《英语修辞学》第十章
英语修辞学课件
Type Three: what
What sculpture is to a block of marble, education is to the soul. 教育之于心灵犹如雕刻之于大理石。 What salt is to food, wit and humor are to conversation and literature
这首诗是诗人借物抒情诗人感慨人间有些人妄自尊大浅薄自傲负心薄义但若直接说出便成了乏味的说教而用拟人的手法将花变成人让花儿自己现身说法十分巧妙地将诗人的心理感受转移到花儿身上
Figures of Speech
Figures Of Speech In English Stylisre of speech in which one thing is liken to another, in such a way as to clarify and enhance an image. It is an explicit comparison recognizable by the use of the word like or as. ( A Dictionary of Literary Terms)
Type Four: than
w A home without love is no more than a body without a soul. w He had no more idea of money than a cow
Type Five: and
w Love and cough can not be hid. 爱情像咳嗽一样是掩盖不了的。 w Truth and roses have thorns about them. w Kings and bears often worry their keepers. w A word and stone let go cannot be recalled. 说出去的话就像抛出去的石子，是收不 回的。
修辞学
A professor tapped on his desk and shouted: “Gentlemen—order!” The entire class yelled: “Beer!”
For reading and better appreciation The language of English.
4. It can be beneficial for our thesis or even for further study . (a specific one or one in a specific work with examples) Comparison of the similar figures of speech Comparison of the same one in Chinese and English Comparison of the same one in different fields (literature-ad. Speaking-writing) One special figure of speech in a work and its functions
Some usages in life: your thesis
The Differences between Puns in Literature and Advertisements The Death Euphemism in The Dream of the Red Chamber
Some usages in life: humor or persuasion in communication
What we try to achieve:
2. We will compare figures of speech in Chinese and English and know how to translate them and related sentences into Chinese.
英语修辞学RhetoricofWordsandExpressions1解析
Short words: monosyllabic words of Anglo-Saxon origin
Long words: polysyllabic words of Latin, French or Greek origin.
One-syllable words were once considered not conducive to elegant, scholarly or artistic expression; the abundant use of polysyllabic words often makes for a heavy cumbersome effect.
They could create a certain flow and rhythm to the sentences sounding like stream of consciousness as monosyllabic words are generally more simple.
Lexical Options — Short Words or Long Words (3) OLivia: Stay, I prithee, tell me what thou think'st of
agree/concur; prove/verify; surrender/capitulate
英语修辞学(课堂教案)
蔡岚岚Why Do We Learn Rhetoric?•To understand the author’s intention better.•To find out the common ways people know the world and ways people express themselves.•To appreciate the beauty, explicit or not, of the language.•To learn how to achieve an effective communication.Introduction to Rhetorical Devices1. Phonetic Devices1.1 Alliteration 头韵Eg. a rolling roadtongue twisters: She sells seashells on the seashore.Peter piper picked a peck of pickled pepper.1.2 Euphony 谐音Eg. hate- late; powers- flowers1.3 Assonance 半谐音Eg. Thou still unravished br i de of qu i etness,Thou foster ch i ld of s i lence and slow t i me.（Keats: Ode on a Grecian Urn）a coffin shop-- a coffee shop; a flowery dell-- a flowery cell1.4 Onomatopoeia 拟声Eg. dog: bay, snarl, growl, howl, whine…1.5 Homeoteleuton 叠韵: similarity in endingsEg. Instead of rivets there came an inva sion, an inflic tion, a visita tion.To Bertie, Jeeves is as incomprehen sible as he is indispens able.2. Lexical Devices2.1 Lexical Options2.1.1 Short Words and Long Words2.1.2 Common Words and Learned WordsEg. payment- liquidation; refer to- allude to; glasses- spectacles;name/ surname- cognomen2.1.3 Formal, Informal or Colloquial WordsEg. deception- trick- rip-off; residence- house- digs;commence- start/begin- kick off2.1.4 General or Specific WordsEg. (n.) the building- the library; big cities- Shanghai, New York, London;(adj.) a fine day- sunny, warm, cloudless(adv.) speak well- clearly, with perfect diction;(v.) walk- stroll, march, stride; stagger2.1.5 Concrete or Abstract Words2.1.6 Referential or Emotive Words2.1.7 Choice between Synonymous WordsEg. fat- stout; high- tall; wide- broad; thin- lean2.2 Choice of Abbreviations2.2.1 Acronyms2.2.1.1 initialism: UN; WTO2.2.1.2 part of a word: TV; ID2.2.1.3 an expression or sentence: DINK; ASAP(asap); AWOL(awol);MARLBORO2.2.1.4 number or similar sound: F2F; Gr82.2.2 Clippings2.2.2.1 first syllable: advertisement, laboratory, professor, automobile2.2.2.2 middle syllable: flu (influenza), fridge (refrigerator)2.2.2.3 last syllable: omnibus, telephone, internet, airplane2.2.3 Blendsbrunch: br eakfast+ l unch; digicam: dig ital+ cam era; newscast: news+ broad cast2.3 Lexical Repetition3. Syntactic Devices3.1 Long and Short Sentence3.2 The Simple Sentence3.3 The Compound Sentence3.4 The Complex Sentence3.5 Syntactic Scheme of Inversion3.6 Syntactic Scheme of Omission3.7 Syntactic Scheme of Addition or Insertion3.8 Syntactic Scheme of Repetition3.9 Syntactic Scheme of Climax and Anti-climax3.10 Rhetorical Question3.11 Apodioxis3.12 ApostropheGeneral principles and features of English & Chinese rhetoric1.英语关系词丰富，介词、连词、关系代词和关系副词等的充分利用，使英语成为一种更为形式的语言，即以形合为主的语言。
《英语修辞学》第一章
Ⅰ About the Course
➢ 1. Optional course of English Major ➢ 2. Learners: Seniors of English Major ➢ 3. Main content:
General idea about English rhetoric a brief and interesting survey of the history of rhetoric with emphasis on several major classical rhetoricians and their theories and application
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Ⅱ Definition of Rhetoric ➢ Whoever does not study rhetoric will become a victim
of it. ---Ancient Greek wall inscription
➢ Histories make men wise; poets, witty; the mathematics, subtle; natural philosophy, deep, moral, grave; logic and rhetoric, able to contend. ---Francis Bacon
assignments
➢5. Text Book
胡曙中：《现代英语修辞学》，上海外语教育出版社，2011年9月第1版
➢6. Reference Books
黄 任：《英语修辞与写作》，上海外语教育出版社，1999. 张秀国：《英语修辞学》，清华大学出版社、北京交通大
学出版社，2005 李鑫华：《英语修辞格详论》，上海外语教育出版社，2000
英语修辞学
• 像母亲的手一样柔软。（童鞋）
Phonetic rhetoric
• Once tasted, always loved.（饮料） • （10）Big thrills. Small bills.（出租车） • Pepsi-Cola hits the spot, • Twelve full ounces, that’s a lot, • Twice as much for a nickel, too, • Pepsi-Cola is the drink for you.
Discuss: Identify the different meanings of “rhetoric” in the following phrases/sentences:
• 1. Cold war diplomacy and rhetoric • 2. As the clamor for basic skills continue to grow, it may be time for the fourth R—Rhetoric—to reenter the classroom.
Assignments and Point distribution
• • • •
• • • •
Assignments: 1. Presentation (Group Work) 2. some assignments by the instructor 3. questions for you to think out of class
Point distribution: 1. class attendence:10% 2. class participation and assignments:30% 3. final exam:60%
12、《英语修辞学》教学大纲
《英语修辞学》课程教学大纲课程编号：320031-2009020239-4学时：32学分（含课外学时）学分：2分适用对象：英语专业本科学生课程类别：专业理论课考核要求：考试使用教材及主要参考书：黄仁主编，《英语修辞学概论》，上海外语教育出版社1999年8月王玉龙主编，《英语修辞学》，高等教育出版社，2004年林六晨主编，《英语语法教程》，武汉大学出版社，2006年一、课程的性质和任务该课程属于高校英语专业必修课，也是语言实践能力培训课，它的主要任务是通过一个学期的教学，从语言修辞技能等方面全面提高专业高年级学生的综合技能。
二、课程教学目的与要求《英语修辞学》系英语专业第七学期开设的一门专业选修课，目的在于使学生提高欣赏英语语言之美、提高英语写作能力、帮助学生巩固、提高其英语应用能力等。
仅仅了解修辞学一般知识和常用修辞格，还不能保证学生能够写出非常漂亮的文章。
在学生掌握了修辞手段之后，还要结合英语学习中的其他技能和手段，要有清楚、连贯的思维，要有正确、深刻的见解，要能熟练地掌握英语语法和常用表达法，要会根据不同内容和题材使用恰如其分的词语，才有可能写出好的文章。
三、学时分配章节课程内容学时1 课程简介 22 隐喻和明喻 63 转喻和换喻 64 夸张和典故 45 排比和对照 46 拟人和转移修饰法 47 长句理解 6四、教学中应注意的问题该课程英语专业高年级技能课，教学内容含量大，难度高，所以在实际教学中，教学内容应根据学生的实际水平进行调整，教学进度也应根据实际情况进行调整。
尤其要注意实际技巧的定期测试和评估，并且按照评估结果调整教学内容和进度，只有这样才能达到应有的教学目的。
五、教学内容第一章：课程简介1．基本内容：修辞学的定义和功能2．教学基本要求：通过2个学时的课堂教学实践培训，学生能基本掌握英语修辞学的定义和基本功能。
3．教学重点难点：重点是英语修辞学的定义和功能方面知识的掌握。
4．教学建议：（一）强调学生在训练的同时理解和掌握英语修辞学的定义，要通过经常收听VOA或BBC新闻，以及经常朗读和背诵规范的英语短文来提高自己的英语修辞能力。
《英语修辞学》第十一章
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The Lion and the Mouse
➢ Allegories are effective in teaching or explaining some abstract idea. They are favorably used in moral teaching.
➢ Allegory is in essence a figurative representation of some abstract truth by the use of symbolic language.
A Lion was awakened from sleep by a Mouse running over his face. Rising up angrily, he caught him and was about to kill him, when the Mouse piteously entreated, saying: "If you would only spare my life, I would be sure to repay your kindness." The Lion laughed and let him go.
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(2) Allegory has no determinate length. It can be as short as a few words (as in some English proverbs), or as long as a whole passage or a whole novel.
《英语修辞》题库及答案
《英语修辞》题库及答案《英语修辞》题库及答案I. Transference of T erms of Rhetorical Devices1. Transference of Terms of Rhetorical Devices from English to ChineseSimile------ Allusion------Personification------ Parallelism------Synaesthesia------ Oxymoron------Synecdoche------ Anticlimax------Euphemism------ Alliteration------Metaphor------ Antithesis------Transferred Epithet------ Paradox------Metonymy------ climax------Understatement------ Repetition------Hyperbole------ Assonance------2. Transference of Terms of Rhetorical Devices from Chinese to English隐喻------ 对照------移就------ 隽语------转喻------ 层递------低调陈述------ 重复------夸张------ 元韵------明喻------ 引喻------拟人------ 平行------通感------ 矛盾修饰----提喻------ 突降------委婉语------ 头韵------II. Identify the rhetorical devices according to the given definitions.1. It’s repetition of an initial sound, usually of a conson ant or cluster, in two or more words of a phrase, line of poetry, etc.A. ParallelismB. MetonymyC. AlliterationD. Metaphor2. It’s a figure of speech containing an implied comparison, in which a word or phrase ordinarily and pri marily used of one thing is applied to another.A. MetaphorB. HyperboleC. SimileD. Personification3. It’s the humorous use of words, or of words which are formed or sounded alike but have different meanings, in such a way as to play on two or more of the possible applications; a play on words.A. AllusionB. PunC. ClimaxD. Oxymoron4. It’s a figure of speech that consists in using the name of one thing for that of something else with w hich it is associated.A. ParallelismB. MetonymyC. AlliterationD. Metaphor5. It’s a statement that is not strong enough to express facts or feelings with full force; or It’s a statement that expresse s an idea, etc, too weakly.A. ParallelismB. ClimaxC. Rhetorical QuestionD. Understatement6. It’s a figure of speech in which something of an unpleasant, distressing, or indelicate nature is described in less offensive terms, as in the expressions “under the weather” for “ill” or “passed away” for died”.A. MetaphorB. HyperboleC. EuphemismD. Parallelism7. It’s usually an implicit reference, perhaps to another work of literature or art, to a person or an event.A. AllusionB. SimileC. MetaphorD. Synecdoche8. It’s a figure of speech that consists of phrases or sentences of similar construction and meaning placed side by side, balancing each other.A. ParallelismB. AntithesisC. IronyD. Repetition9. It’s a figure of speech that combines incongruous and apparently contradictory words and meaning for a special effect.A. AllusionB. PunC. ClimaxD. Oxymoron10. It is a sentence in which the last part expresses something lower than the first. In fact, a bathetic declension from a noble tone to one less exalted. The effect can be comic and is often intended to be so.A. RepetitionB. AnticlimaxC. ParadoxD. Climax11. It’s a figure of speech in which one thing is likened to another, in such a way as to clarify and enhance an image. It is an explicit comparison.A. MetaphorB. HyperboleC. SimileD. Personification12. It’s a figure of speec h in which human qualities and abilities are attributed to inanimate objects, animals, abstractions, and eventsA. MetaphorB. HyperboleC. SimileD. Personification13. It’s a figure of speech in which a sensation produced in one modality when a stimulus is applied to another modality, as when the hearing of a certain sound induces the visualization of a certain colorA. SynaesthesiaB. AntithesisC. Oxymoron14. It’s a figure of speech in whi ch a part is used for a whole, an individual for a class, a material for thing, or reverse of any of these.A. SimileB. MetaphorC. AllusionD. Synecdoche15. It’s a figure of speech that greatly exaggerates the truth.A. MetaphorB. HyperboleC. SimileD. Personification16. The rhetorical opposing or contrasting of ideas by means of grammatically paralleled arrangements of words, clauses, or sentencesA. SynaesthesiaB. AntithesisC. OxymoronD. Metonymy17. It refers to the repeating of any element in an utterance, including sound… a word or phrase, a pattern of accents.. or an arrangement of lines…A. RepetitionB. AntithesisC. AlliterationD. Parallelism18. It’s a method of humorous or subtly sarcastic expression in which the intended meaning of the words used is the direct opposite of their usual sense.B. HyperboleC. IronyD. Simile19. It’s a literary or artis tic work that imitates the characteristic style of an author or a work for comic effect or ridicule.A. MetaphorB. PunC. SimileD. Parody20. A figure of speech in which a single word, usually a verb or adjective, is syntactically related to two or more words, with only one of which it seems logically connected.A. RepetitionB. AntithesisC. ZeugmaD. ParallelismIII. Identify the rhetorical devices employed by the boldfaced words in the following sentences.1. O dear! O dear! What shall I do? I have lost my love and my lipstick too.A. RepetitionB. AnticlimaxC. ParadoxD. Climax2. Australia is so kind, just tickle her with a hoe, and she laughs with harvest.A. MetaphorB. HyperboleC. SimileD. Personification3. My heart is like a singing bird.A. MetaphorB. ParodyC. SimileD. Oxymoron4. When Della had finished crying, she went to the window and looked out sadly at a grey cat walking along a grey fence in a grey back-yard.A. ParallelismB. AntithesisC. IronyD. Repetition5. On the 14th of March, at a quarter to three in the afternoon, the great living thinker ceased to think. He had been left alone for scarcely two minutes, and when we came back we found him in his armchair, peacefully gone to sleep but---- forever.A. MetaphorB. HyperboleC. EuphemismD. Parallelism6. O, wind, if winter comes, can spring be far behind?A. ParallelismB. ClimaxC. Rhetorical QuestionD. Understatement7. Of all the students in the class I like him the best.A. AnastropheB. AnticlimaxC. Rhetorical QuestionD. Understatement8. You can ask him for the meaning of the word. He is like a walking dictionary.A. MetaphorB. HyperboleC. SimileD. Oxymoron9. Books are the ever-burning lamps.A. MetaphorB. HyperboleC. SimileD. Oxymoron10. Money makes the mare go.A. ParadoxB. AssonanceC. AlliterationD. Simile11. There was an audible stillness, in which the common voice sounded strange.A. MetaphorB. HyperboleC. SimileD. Oxymoron12. Praise is like sunlight to the human spirit we cannot flower and grow without it.A. MetaphorB. HyperboleC. SimileD. Oxymoron13. One teacher writes that instead of drowning students’ compositions in critical red ink, the teacher will get far more constructive results by finding one or two things which have been done better than last time, and commenting favorably on them.A. ParallelismB. Transferred EpithetC. AlliterationD. Metaphor14. He looked at me with a bitter look.A. SynaesthesiaB. AntithesisC. OxymoronD. Metaphor15. ---Why are Sunday and Saturday the strongest days in a week?---Because the rest are week (weak) days.A. MetaphorB. PunC. SimileD. Irony16. All the world’s a stage, and all the men and women merely players.A. AntithesisB. HyperboleC. SimileD. Personification17. ---Why can you never expect a fisherman to be generous?---Because his business make him sell fish (selfish).A. MetaphorB. PunC. SimileD. Irony18. Women were running out to the line of march, crying and laughing and kissing the men good-bye.A. AntithesisB. HyperboleC. RepetitionD. Parallelism19. Money is a bottomless sea, in which honor, conscience, and truth may be drowned.A. MetaphorB. PunC. SimileD. Irony20.I wish I could write better.A. PunB. HyperboleC. ClimaxD. UnderstatementIV. Identify the rhetorical devices employed in the following sentences.1. Praise is like sunlight to the human spirit we cannot flower and grow without it. ( )2. One teacher writes that instead of drowning st udents’ compositions in critical red ink, the teacher will get far more constructive results by finding one or two things which have been done better than last time, and commenting favorably on them. ( )3. And, it being low water he went out with the tide.( )4. They were short of hands at harvest time.( )5. In the dock, she found scores of arrows piercing her chest.( )6. With this faith we will be able to work together, to pray together, to struggle together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom together, knowing that we will be free one day.( )7. The drunkard smashed the glasses, upturned the table, and hit an old woman.( )8. One mad action is not enough to prove a man mad.( )9. He intended to take an opportunity this afternoon of speaking to Irene. A word in time saves nine.( )10. No X in Nixon.( )11. All the world’s a stage, a nd all the men and women merely players.( )12. He looked at me with a bitter look. ( )13. The man is no fool.( )14. You want your pound of flesh, don’t you?( )15. The child is father of the man.( )16. Perhaps, perhaps Mera might come.( )17. A professor tapped on his desk and shouted, “Gentlemen, order!”The entire class yelled, “Beer.” ( )18. I used to organize my father’s tools, my mother’s kitchen utensils, my sister’s boyfriend s.( )19. A man from the continent was traveling in England. He had c aught a very bad cold. He coughed day and night… He put on his coat and hat and went to a chemist’s. When asked what he wanted, the traveler said, “I want something for my cow,please.”( )20. Have you ever been to an Irish Wedding? I have just returned fr om one…21. Wit without learning is like a tree without fruit.( )22. I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed!( )23. The senator pledged to oppose war, fight poverty, protect individual freedom and name a new state flower. ( )24. It is a quarter to five in the morning, the sun has already climbed above the horizon; the birds are busy celebrating the new day and have eagerly been in search of food. ( )25.Who wouldn’t have dreamed of becoming rich overnight? ( )26. What she had said I didn’t hear. ( )V. Two or more than two rhetorical devices are used in the following sentences. Read and select the rhetorical devices in each sentence.1. Time is like a fashionable host, that slightly shakes his passing guest by the band; and with his arms stretched, a s he would fly, grasps in the comer.The welcomes ever smile, and farewell goes out sighing.A. MetaphorB. HyperboleC. SimileD. Personification2. The seed ye sow, another reaps;The wealth ye find, another keeps;The robes ye weave, another wears;The arms ye forge, another bears.A. ParallelismB. AntithesisC. AlliterationD. Repetition3. Every man has in himself a continent of undiscovered character. Happy is he who acts the Columbus to his own soul.A. SimileB. MetaphorC. AllusionD. Synecdoche4. Miss Bolo went straight home in a flood of tears and a sedan chair.A. MetaphorB. HyperboleC. SimileD. Syllepsis5. These little thoughts are the rustles of leaves; they have their whisper of joy in my mind.A. MetaphorB. HyperboleC. SimileD. Personification6. A drop of ink may make a million think.A. PunB. AntithesisC. AlliterationD. Metonymy7. How soon hath Time, the subtle thief of youth, stolen on his wing my three and twentieth year!A. MetaphorB. HyperboleC. SimileD. Personification8. She did experiments after experiments. There was failure, success, more failure, a little success, a little more success.A. MetonymyB. ClimaxC. HyperboleD. Repetition9. The mother is undergoing the joyful pain, and the painful joy of childbirth.A. HyperboleB. AntithesisC. OxymoronD. Metonymy10. Why are lawyers all uneasy sleepers? Because they lie first on one side and then on the other, and remain wide wake all the time.A. PunB. AnticlimaxC. Rhetorical QuestionD. Understatement11. A lie can travel half way around the world while the truth is putting on its shoes.A. MetaphorB. HyperboleC. SimileD. Personification12. It is useless for the sheep to pass resolutions in favor of vegetarianism while the wolf remains of a different opinion.A. MetaphorB. HyperboleC. SimileD. Personification13. He was such a marvelous teacher that whenever he recognized a spark of genius you could be sure he’d water it.A. MetaphorB. UnderstatementC. IronyD. Paradox14. Polly, I love you. You are the whole world to me, and the moon and the stars and the constellation of out space.A. PunB. HyperboleC. ClimaxD. Understatement15. Then Night, like some great loving mother, gently lays her hand at our fevered head, and turns our little tear-stained face up to hers, and smiles.A. MetaphorB. HyperboleC. SimileD. Personification16. On Sunday they pray for you and on Monday they prey on you.A. AntithesisB. ParallelismC. AlliterationD. PunVI. Revise the following sentences with the given rhetorical devices.1. David’s beloved grandfather passed away last week.2. He looked at me with a sad look.3. Sorry, my pocket can’t afford such a pair of shoes.4. I never believe until then that any meal could defeat me, but on that day I met my Waterloo.5. Her hostility melted.6. She is lovely, kind-hearted and has a quick mind.7. I was knocked down by a motorcycle, but it was not serious.8. He is a man of wide experience and who is also very popular with the farmers.9. To chew carefully and eating slowly are necessary for good digestion.10. On the train I met with a girl from my hometown and who just graduated from Tianjin University with MA degree.11. My heart is like a singing bird.12. She is as cool as a cucumber..13. They were short of hands at harvest time.14. The bad news was a dagger into her heart.15. They stormed the speaker with questions.16. He looked at me with a bitter look17. You want your pound of flesh?18. He doesn’t have an idea of his own. He just parrots what other people say.19. His grandfather passed away recently.20. Her happiness vanished like the morning dew.VII. Find the rhetorical devices employed in the following passage.AA Dream of Rainbow(1) When I was small, I often gazed into the sky, It was bright blue, with a few sheets of cloud floating. Especially after a rain,after a rain, there would appear a splendid and glamorous rainbow, which was like a great bridge hung in thesky. How I wished I had been an eagle soaring up to the bridge! I was obsessed with it. Grandma told me that in the heaven lived supernatural beings, and that it was the kind-hearted and well-behaved people who could step into the heaven through the rainbow. She taught me to be a good boy; then I would have a chance to walk on the rainbow some day.(2) It was a beautiful dream. Gradually, I grew up to be a high school student. However, I buried myself in lesson, exercises and even boring tests all day long. Day in and day out. Such a pressing routine has deprived me of my interest as well as my chance to gaze into the sky.(3) In the summer of 1998,after finished the college entrance examination, I had time for relaxing myself at last. One day, shortly after a heavy thundershower, I opened the window and then pleasant smells of the earth greeted me. I couldn’t help breathing deeply with my eyes closed. After some while, I opened my eyes satisfactorily. Just guess what I saw. The blue sky! Or rather the blue-gray sky. It seemed that I met an old friend, who had changed so much that I could hardly recognize him. I craned my head out to look for the rainbow of which I have a deep love. But to my disappointment, she didn’t appear in the sky. Why could it be that!(4) Now, I come to understand it is the pollution that made the rainbow so strange to me and compelled her to be away from me. In the past few years, economic prosperity has been greatly promoted at the cost of air and environmental pollution. As result, while people are enjoying the prosperity, they are suffering a great deal from pollution. No wonder scientists say this is therevenge of nature! It is never too late to mend anyhow. Now more and more people have become coolly aware of its harmful consequences; and effective measures have been taken for anti-pollution. I believe that pollution will be able to disappear in the near future and our sky will be able to renew its bright blue as it used to.(5) Last night, I dreamed a beautiful dream: I saw a rainbow that has been never seen for ages. Then I flew in the sky to the rainbow as lf I had wings. When I landed on such a gorgeous bridge, all supernatural beings gave me a warm welcome…Rhetorical Devices used:Paragraph(1)__________________________________________________________________________________________________________Paragraph(2)__________________________________________________________________________________________________________Paragraph(3)__________________________________________________________________________________________________________Paragraph(4)__________________________________________________________________________________________________________Paragraph(5)________________________________________________________________________________________________________BThe Olympic Aspiration of an Ordinary Chinese Farmer(1) The Beijing’s bid for the 2008 Olympics reflects the common aspiration of the 1.3 billion Chinese people. Apart fromBeijing, every city of China has been launching a series of rich and varied supporting activities. However, the country folks are no less enthusiastic than the town people, and they have their own way. Comparatively speaking, the events in cities are tremendous in power and grandeur; while the activities in the countryside are like a gentle breeze anda mild rain. The earnest aspiration of rural resident for the Olympic bid can be mirrored just from an ordinary Chinese farmer -----my uncle, who is 68 years old, living in a small village about 100km east of Shijiazhuang, Hebei Privine.(2) During the week-long Labour Day holiday, I went to see him. I was very happy to find him hale and hearty. But nine years ago, he suffered from severe T.B. Ever since his recovery a year later, he has taken exercise: doing Taijiquan, kicking shuttlecock, especially having a long walk every morning at all seasons. His good health is attributed to his regular physical exercise, and he thus realize what an important role it plays in building up the health of a person as well as that of the whole nation.(3) Last year, when he heard the news on TV that Beijing decided to participate in the bid for hosting the 2008 Olympic Games, he felt quite excited and threw himself into fervent support. Since then, reading newspapers becomes a must every day. He has accumulated an intimate knowledge of the Olympics, such as its brief history, its creed, its motto,(4) My visit to him was turned into a sole conversation about the Olympics. After a comprehensive analysis, he told me that he has o ne gratification and one anxiety about the Beijing’s bid. His gratification is that the Beijing’s bid enjoys worldwide support, and most countries in the world favor Beijing as a host of the 2008 Summer Games. As to his anxiety, that is Paris andToronto are the two most formidable rivals for Beijing. Over 90 per cent of all 123 IOC members have ever been to Paris, but only 40 per cent have been to Beijing. More unfavorably, the US congress created all sorts of obstacles in an attempt to block China’s bidding wheel. “What does it matter if we meet some difficulties? ” he said resolutely. “ I am still confident of the final success.” He expressed his hope that he would go to Beijing to watch the Games in 7 years.(5) Now, the rural areas have seen a steadily growing economy. The great majority of farmers enjoy a high standard of living. They know that the hosting of the Games will be a boost to the country’s econom ic prosperity and tourism, and can bring them a better life. At the same time, people from all over the world can get a good opportunity to see through sport a real China ----its honest and hospitable people, its ancient and splendid culture, its 300-year-old and vitalizing capital, its rural scenery, its historical sites, its scenic attraction…(6) The Beijing 2008 Summer Olympics is being longed for by all Chinese people from as high as state leaders to as country folks like my uncle.Rhetorical Devices used:Paragraph(1)__________________________________________________________________________________________________________Paragraph(2)__________________________________________________________________________________________________________Paragraph(3)__________________________________________________________________________________________________________Paragraph(4)__________________________________________________________________________________________________________Paragraph(5)__________________________________________________________________________________________________________Paragraph(6)__________________________________________________________________________________________________________CAn Unforgettable Trip(1) The train was cracking for Qinhuangdao -----a beautiful city which I had been longing for, and which often appeared in my dreams. My thoughts had already flown out to the sea: the red sun shining in the sky, millions of shells and pebbles on the beach, lots of people playing in the water, and the waves breaking and foaming. With the dreamlike scene, smile crept up and stayed on my face. Four hours passed, and we arrived at our destination late at night.(2) We set out very early the next morning. Just several minutes later, the wind brought us the scent of the sea, and the sea greeted us. Jumping off the car, I ran wildly along the shore.I was amazed at the vast surface and the blue water, which were far more magnificent than I had imaged. Some birds were flying above and singing beautiful songs; A couple of ships were sailing at a distance; the sea and the sky converged in the distance so that I couldn’t tell one from another. Throwing off my shoes, I stepped into the water -----waves lightly patting my legs, gentle breeze kissing my checks, fresh air penetrating my lungs. I couldn’t he lp shouting loudly to release my deep depression.(3) Just a month ago, I failed the postgraduate entrance exam against 3 points. God treated me so unfairly that I almost lost my confidence in the future. But now facing the vast sea , I felt how small I was, and how insignificant my personal gains and losses were. The grandeur of nature relaxed me a lo t and gave me much inspiration. The world isn’t as dismal as I thought. Before this I had only seen the dark side of the coin instead of both. It is true that I often met with troubles, but worries, troubles, even misfortune are not everything. Life is bea utiful yet transient so that I shouldn’t sink into depression all the time. Instead, as a youth, I should embrace life and enjoy life. I once read a philoso phical saying from a book : “ Yesterday is an invalid check; tomorrow is a kind of deposit which can’t be used; today is the money in front of you.” So I must value today and let yesterday go and let all gloominess go. Woken up from the meditation by gust of hailing, I found the sun jumping above sea, it lights made everything bright. I cried, “ A new day is coming.”(4) Now, I have learned to love life. I can find happiness and beauty from my surrounding: the bright sun, the blue sky, the green grass, the beautiful flowers, the singing bird, the smiling faces---all can bring me joy and satisfaction. Oh, an unforgettable trip.Rhetorical Devices used:Paragraph(1)_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Paragraph(2)_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Paragraph(3)_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Paragraph(4)__________________________________________________________________________________________________________DSingers Shouldn’t Earn More Than Composers(1) With the steady growth in the county’s economy as well as the people’s living standard, people attach more importance to the colorful cultural life. As a result, many pop stars rise to fame overnight, even making a huge fortune ayear. On the other hand, the composers of popular songs that make these singers famous earn only a small fraction of what these “ noted stars” earn. Recently, this phenomenon has aroused wide concern, and heated public debate has arisen.(2) The pains and gains of the so-called stars are not matched. One hour’s performance may bring them thousand of yuan, while the composers are too far behind to catch up, so it is unfair and discouraging. Most of the composers, as we know, are musicians and experts in music who devote themselves to research and composition of knowledge. Singing stars are always the idols of youngsters. Many of them get rich quick without toil and sweat, thereby making youngsters disbelieve in the maxim “ No pains, no gains”; some of them even have an extravagant and wasteful way of living, which is tremendously tempting and misleading.(3) Of course, every thing has two faces. It goes withoutsaying that the stars e nrich people’s entertainment and make our life colorful; anyhow, the bright side should not keep us from criticizing its dark one.(4) All in all, I should say that the pop stars do not deserve such high payment than composers do. The government should levy heavier income tax on these stars in order to narrow the gap between the income of so-called pop stars and that of composers.Rhetorical Devices used:Paragraph(1)_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Paragraph(2)_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Paragraph(3)_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Paragraph(4)_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________《英语修辞》作业参考答案I.1．明喻引喻拟人平行通感矛盾修饰法提喻突降。
英语修辞学 Lecture 1 Introduction of English Rhetoric
移就/转喻
词语修辞格： Semantic Figures of Speech
Synaesthesia 通感 hyperbole/overstatement understatement 低调陈述 Irony 反语 Oxymoron 矛盾修饰法 Paradox 隽语 Euphemism 委婉语 pun 双关
Category 1
交际修辞（Communicative Rhetoric）： 无论说话或写作，把思想感情表达得明白、 通顺，要求在选词择句时，语意明确、文理 通顺、结构妥贴、语言平易好懂，这样才能 正确地说明客观事物，表达主观意愿，完成 交际任务。 美学修辞（Aesthetic Rhetoric）：要求语 言表现得生动、形象，富于说服力和感染力， 最大限度地发挥语言的表达功能，给人以美 的享受。
Parallelism/parallel structure Repetition 反复 Antithesis 对照/对偶 层进 Climax Anti-climax 突降 Ellipsis 省略 Inversion / anastrophe 倒装
排比
Category 2
Passive rhetoric: How to choose the proper words and sentences to express the ideas, and make the language: accuracy, euphonic, and coherent. Active rhetoric: How to apply the figures of speech properly so as to make the content more exact, vivid and lively. It mainly concerns the usage of the figures of speech.