谈托福独立写作主体段的论证模式
托福培训丨托福独立写作主体段结构怎么写
托福培训丨托福独立写作主体段结构怎么写朗阁托福培训中心曹美玲托福写作考试要求考生在30分钟内完成一篇不少于300字的文章。
但是通过观察不难发现，在北美考试中，对于写作这个模块来说，要真正拿到比较高的分数基本遵循一个the more, the better的原则。
同样地，对于一篇托福作文来说，想拿到一个可观的分数，字数尽量不要少于400单词。
很多考生就会感到恐慌，如何在30分钟内写到这么多字数是一个巨大的挑战。
那么如何写到如此丰富的内容呢？很多考生会选择大量篇幅拓展开头段和结尾段。
这是一个错误的做法，因为一篇文章的中心无疑是在中间的主体段。
因此，摸索出一个特定的主体段段落结构无疑是托福写作的核心。
好的主体段不仅是一篇托福作文字数的体现，更是逻辑思维的体现。
那么托福作文的主体段有哪些写作模式呢？朗阁托福培训中心的老师通过长期的总结与研究，将在本文中结合最新考题，对主体段落结构进行分析，让烤鸭们有更深刻全面的理解。
主体段基本遵循总分结构，即写一个主旨句，再围绕主旨句用各种论证方法进行充分的拓展和论证。
我们常用的论证方法有：举例论证，对比论证，原因论证，结果论证，解释说明，数据法，假设论证。
当然一篇文章不可能用到所有的论证，每一段的论证模式也会根据思路不同有所不同。
尽量保持论证多样性，不要死板地成为模式化作文。
那么，如何将这些论证灵活地连成一篇作文呢？用得最多的方法就是启-承-转-合结构。
下面我们将结合今年1月23日的考题进行分析。
Some people think that some lessons for young students (aged 5-8) including video games are effective ways and interesting, while other people think this way is distracting and waste time. What is your opinion?对于5到8岁的学生来说，开设电子游戏课程是有益还是有害的。
托福写作的论证方式
托福写作的论证方式托福写作的文体是argumentative essay (议论文)，所以在写作时，时刻要记住一个完整的论证就是论点+论据。
那么我们在写议论文时，有哪些论证方式呢?一般而言，常见的有5种。
一起来学习一下!托福写作的论证方式1. 举例论证：定义：列举确凿、充分，有代表性的事例证明论点。
通过列举典型事例，具体有力地证明了中心论点，增强了说服力。
这些事例可以是发生在我们平常生活中的小事，也可以是名人轶事，新闻报道或者历史事件。
举例的惯用表达:1) For example / For instance, ...2) A (具体) aptly illustrates B (抽象) = A is an apt illustration of B = To illustrate = As an illustration3) A case in point is ....4) The story of... best demonstrates this point5) T o pick / take... as an example 托福真题：Competition between friends always has a negative effect on their friendship.举例论证示范：Nevertheless, competition between friends does not necessarily put a dent in the friendship. On the contrary, friendship can be consolidated as long as friends help one another over the course of competition. A case in point is my niece who had a contest with his intimate friend Lucas. They both agreed that whoever obtained the lower score in the final exam of math had to buy a great present for the winner. During the preparation for the exam, they often shared useful materials and compared notes about some complicated problems. In the end, my niece did not perform as well as his friend Lucas, however, he still kept his promise and bought a PSP for Lucas. When asked the question whether this competition did damage to their friendship. My niece disapproved such statement and maintained that thecontest provided a wonderful opportunity to strengthen their friendship. Hence healthy competition of this kind is wholesome for friendship, indeed.2. 反面论证定义：从某个论点的对立面入手，通过证明它的错误来体现该论点的正确。
托福独立写作如何进行分段论述
托福独立写作如何进行分段论述托福独立写作如何进行分段论述?议论文格式要求不可不知托福独立写作段落要求介绍在应试型议论文写作中,通常遵循引言段-主体段-结论段的〝三步曲〞.主题段落提供了论证观点的理由,是整个文章的主体,占分最大.一篇满分作文必须论据充分.1.Write a topic sentence for each paragraph you plan to write. Each topicsentence should relate to your thesis statement and introduce what the paragraphwill be about. If you find that the topics you want to discuss do not supportthe thesis statement you have written, revise your thesis statement orreconsider your topic sentences.(每个主体段都必须有一个明确的主题句)2.Write ideas that support your topic sentences. The topic sentence foreach paragraph tells the reader what the paragraph will be about. The ideasstated in the rest of the paragraph should all relate to the topic sentence. (支持句必须围绕主题句展开)托福独立写作如何进行分段?新托福满分作文(5分)也要求〝is well organized and well developed,using clearlyappropriate e_planations, e_emplifications, and/ordetails〞,同样必须通过主体段落发展来实现.一般来说,一篇议论文必须包含至少两个主体段.每个主体段都必须有明确的主题句〝topicsentence〞和若干支持句〝supporting sentences〞.他们共同组成文章的理由段,对全文的论点提供理由支持.托福写作解析:Money and success托福写作练习题目:Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Only people who earna lot of money are successful. Use specific reasons and e_amples to support youranswer.写作思路分析:不能同意.Only是绝对修饰词.确实,往往成功的一个表象是金钱的多少.钱不是衡量成功的唯一的标准.黑社会分子(members of criminal syndicate).一些黑心的商人(evil-mindedbusinessman).有些职业收入远不如其他行业,比如,我国的教师,护士.成功的定义更应该基于社会贡献:甘地(Gandhi)就身无分文(without a cash in his pocket);特蕾莎修女( NurseTheresa )也是好例子.不同意挣了很多钱的人是成功的(1)钱不代表一切.很多人非常富有,但是是因为他们的成就,人们才认为他成功/(2)有些人非常贫穷,如有些科学家,但是他们作出了巨大的成就,被认为所纪念,他们虽然没有钱,也一样成功的(3)有些人虽然挣了很多钱,但是都是非法的,所以他们并不成功.参考范文:Money and successSince people s criteria for success differ, there is much debate overwhether only those who make a lot of money are successful. As far as I amconcerned, in today s society that stresses on individual achievement, moneyprovides the best evaluation of one s accomplishment.To begin with, as a standardized measurement used for comparing values, money is objective rather than subjective, so it is considered an authentic reflection of one s achievement. As different people hold different understandings of success, assessing the amount of one s earnings has become universally accepted as a rule to measure one s success. Each year, FortuneMagazine publishes a special issue to rank the top 100 most successful peoplethroughout the world according to their yearly income, because there are noother methods to rely on.In addition, the amount of money one makes is the consequence of one s hardwork and talent. To deny the accomplishment wealth brings is equal to deny thesources from which it springs. In the past, I only believed in spiritual valuesand then leapt rashly to the conclusion that the best thing in life involves nomoney at all. It is my uncle who showed me the significance of money and changedmy opinion. He told me he respected money and made it a goal to strive for inhis way towards success. Because he would have to pay a price for it in terms oftime, thought and energy. Gradually, I came to realize it is the mental andphysical labor he devotes in the process of making money that paves his way forselfaccomplishment, and thus deserves appreciation and respect.Finally, money is the most powerful possession in one s lifetime. Aseveryone knows, success is the ability to do whatever one wants to and to besatisfied with oneself. There is hardly anything that can be done without acertain amount of money. Indeed, with money, one can meet his or her materialdemand in life, such as taking effective medicines, living in magnificenthouses, eating various delicious food, and so on. Also, with money, one can do alot of meaningful things to benefit others, such as donations to poor people.All these will not only satisfy one s need for personal fulfillment, but alsoadd grandness to one s success.In conclusion, money serves as a measurement of one s achievement. But weshould keep in mind that only those who obtain money by hardworking and use itto benefit the society are really successful.托福写作解析:Member vs leader一.托福写作练习题目:Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is better to be amember of a group than to be the leader of a group. Use specific reasons ande_amples to support your answer.二.写作思路分析讨论做leader的好处:主动,可以操纵更多的资源,获得更多;缺点:风险大讨论做member的好处:安逸;没有风险;缺点:收获较小做leader和member一定程度上与一个人的性格有关.另外,还要看是做什么的group.视情况而定.不同意,应当成为团队的领袖(1)当领袖有责任感,领袖总是要做最多的工作,这激励着自己能把事情作好.(2)锻炼自己的团队合作能力.(3)能够学到更多的知识.三.参考范文Member vs. leaderAccording to my opinion, it is always better to be a leader than afollower. True leader show initiative. They take actions and they assumeresponsibilities. A leader makes a decision. Some followers may approve of thedecision, others may complain about it. However, these followers all chose tofollow, not to lead. They chose not to make a decision. That s how I amdifferent. I am not a follower. I want to make decisions.A good leader will not react to events, but will anticipate them. A leaderwill start a plan of action and then will persuade others to follow. For e_ample, a class president at a local college may feel that the relationshipbetween the community and the campus is not a good one. The citizens may feelthat the college kids make too much noise on the street, litter public areas,and shop in other communities. A good class president will recognize that thecommunity and the campus depend on one another. The president will ask thestudent body to keep noise down, help clean up the neighborhood, and work withbusinesses to attract students. A good leader takes the initiative.Good leaders must be action-oriented. Having taken the initiative, theymust see the job though. They have to take charge and lead the followers. Theyhave to motivate and encourage the followers. The followers (in thise_ample,the student body) must understand why good relations with the community arenecessary. The followers must be persuaded to do something about it.I enjoy taking the initiative, determining the direction, and beingresponsible for my actions. I do not want to suffer through other people sstupid decisions. If there are going to be stupid ways to do something, let thembe mine. Would not you agree?托福写作解析:Hand vs machine托福写作练习题目:Some items (such as clothes or furniture) can be made by hand or bymachine. Which do you prefer —items made by hand or items made by machine? Usereasons and specific e_amples to e_plain your choice.写作思路分析:这道题选择比较自由,无论选哪一种都行,只要列出几个好的理由.(注意,家具也有很多种,根据不同的种类,也可以有不同的偏好)手工:可以按照特定要求制作,有特色;成本高;机械:一般批量生产,所以相对缺乏特色;成本低喜欢用机器做的东西(1)机器做的东西比较便宜(2)机器做的东西比较耐久(DURABLE,LASTING).(3)机器做的东西更加好看.参考范文:Hand vs. machineFrom my point of view, there are many factors affecting whether to choosean item made by hand or by machine. The main factor to make a judgment is whether we use the item for our daily life or for collection and decorationpurposes.For items used in our daily life, the choices we make depend on thefollowing factors: function, form, and price. Function is the most importantthing for us. If a product is beautiful, but it is not able to perform thefunction, it can only be called a decoration, or a piece of garbage. Fore_ample, when we buy a TV, what we really care about first it is the quality ofthe picture and sound, how many stations it can receive, and whether it can beconnected easily to the VCR and DVD player at home. The second factor thataffects our choice of a product for daily use is its form. Is the TV too big,too small, or too ugly? Will it fit into the living room? Will it be compatiblewith the colors of other appliances and the furniture? The third factor we mayconsider is the price. Even if we are very happy with the item, there is nomeaning if we cannot afford it.So, in our daily life, there is really no difference whether our clothes orfurniture are made by hand or made by machine. It just doesn t matter as long asthey can perform their function. For items for collection and decoration, it isa completely different story. Ancient tools and historical artifacts have moremarket and educational value than modern day massively produced products, andtraditional handicrafts make good tourist souvenirs and beautiful decoration forthe house. Therefore, when it comes to items for collection and decoration, Iwould definitely choose items made by hand, because they are just sospecial.In conclusion, depending on different items and different uses, I will makedifferent choices.托福独立写作如何进行分段论述。
托福独立写作主体段如何展开？摸清套路合理仿写高分模板
托福独立写作主体段如何展开?摸清套路合理仿写高分模板托福独立写作主体段写作最重要的是逻辑，要让我们的说理逻辑清晰，我们需要借鉴参考一些高分范文的写法，揣摩作者的写作思路和行文架构，尤其是主体段展开的方式。
来看看吧!托福独立写作主体段如何展开?摸清套路合理仿写高分模板题目：Students can use their mobile phones to surf on the Internet or listen to the music while doing their homework.立场：不同意理由：做作业的时候干别的很难集中精力，必定会影响效率【段落示例】[1] Firstly, it is impossible for students to concentrate on their homework while doing something else at the same time. [2] This is because homework usually demands a relatively quiet place and full concentration from the student. [3] Conversely, if a student is doing homework and listening to music or surfing online as well, his or her attention will be torn apart, and the efficiency of finishing homework will be inevitably affected. [4] A good case in point is my own experience. [5] When I am working on a mission such as preparing a presentation, I have to devote all my attention to it and cannot afford any slight disturbance. [6] If I randomly refresh my Weibo or Wechat on cell phone, my job would be bound to last for a longer time.[1] 主题句：It is + adj. + for sb. to do A.[2] 正面说理：This is because….[3] 反面说理：Conversely….[4] 引出例子：A good case in point is X’s experience.[5-6] 阐述例子： Content of the example【模板总结】It is important or beneficial for sb. to do A in order to X. Thisis because A 对于 X 的重要性或者好处。
托福独立写作格式
托福独立写作格式
1.引言：首先，需要引出整篇文章的主题，并简要说明自己的立场。
引言通常包括一个有趣的事实、引用一句名言或者是一个问题，旨在吸引读者的注意力。
2. 主体部分：接下来，需要列出两到三个论点，支持自己的立场。
每个论点都需要有一两个相关的例子，用以证明自己的观点。
建议按顺序列出每个论点，并在每段的开头使用一个主题句，让读者清楚地了解自己的论点。
3. 对立论点：在主体部分的最后一段，需要列举一个对立的论点，并指出其缺陷或不足之处，加强自己的立场。
4. 结论：最后，需要对整个文章进行总结，并重申自己的立场。
可以使用一个总结性的句子来结束文章。
在写作过程中，需要注意语言表达的准确性、逻辑性和连贯性。
尽量使用简洁的句子和合适的词汇，展示出自己的语言水平和思维能力。
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托福写作技巧：主体段之实例论证法
托福写作技巧：主体段之实例论证法托福写作技巧：主体段之实例论证法这种托福写作方法尤其是对于一些考生在开头提出观点之后，就不知道该如何继续下去的情况是一个非常好的解决办法。
这种情况下，考生可以举实例论证，举例是我们解释论证一个观点最好的方式，也是最有说服力的。
托福大作文的主体段是整篇托福作文的核心，在这个部分大家可以应用实例论证的托福写作方法，这样即可以增加字数，有有说服力，是非常实用的写作方法。
下面新东方网托福频道就通过两个例子来为大家更加清晰地介绍一下这个方法。
1、第一种应用实例论证的托福写作方法就是应用名人实例，因为这是大家都知道的事情，能够引起共鸣。
Although sticking to one’s goal is key to success, sometimes one should be ready to give up. Napoleon’s story is a case in point. After Napoleon succeeded in seizing the crown of France, he should have been satisfied with his achievement. But he did not. He went on to conquer the whole Europe. Then after he succeeded in ruling almost the whole Europe, he should have given up this ambition to e某panding his empire. But he did not. He went on to invade Russia and there he suffered a total defeat. Later he was sent into e某ile and died in a lonely island.在这个托福大作文主体中，引用了拿破仑的事迹来加以论证。
英语考试作文-托福写作格式 独立写作常见的两种写作格式
英语考试作文托福写作格式独立写作常见的两种写作格式托福写作包括综合写作和独立写作两部分，综合写作主要考察大家对信息的归纳总结能力，独立写作考察大家英文写作能力。
独立写作想要写好并不容易，需要多加练习，并掌握一些写作技巧。
下面，来给大家介绍一下托福独立写作中常见的两种写作格式。
一.单边论证格式单边论证格式具体写作格式如下：Introduction（引入正文）Background+My Opinion（亮明观点）Body:1.Reason One + Supportiong Sentences(ss表示)（分列论据）2.Reason Two + SS3.Reason Three + SSConclusion:Restatement of My Opinion（总结观点）上述结构中的supporting sentences在议论文中的体现方式是一些论证方法，如举例子(exemplification)，对比对照(contrast& comparison)，列数据(raising figures)，让步(making concession)等来对自己支持的观点进行论证，使考官信服。
而此类结构也是中国学生较熟悉的议论文结构，在各类中国的考试中，如高考英语、大学四六级考试等，应用也较广。
但是单边论证的缺点，就中国学生而言，是较难扩展论证过程，而且像讲道理、举例子等论证方法必须正确使用，显示其逻辑性才能得到高分。
二.双边倾向结构双边倾向结构的文章结构如下:Introduction(引入正文)Background+ My Opinion / Layout（亮明观点）Body:1. Opinion One/ Advantage（论述观点一的优点）Topic sentence+ Reason One + Supporting Sentences+ Reason Two + Supporting Sentences2. Opinion Two/ Disadvantage（论述观点二的缺点）Topic sentence+ Reason One + Supporting Sentences+ Reason Two + Supporting Sentences+ Reason Three + Supporting SentencesConclusion:（总结）Statement of My Opinion (for opinion two/ more disadvantages than advantages)此类结构是双边倾向性结构，是双边结构中的一种。
托福独立写作立论方法有哪些
托福独立写作立论方法有哪些托福独立写作中，要求考生提供一个明确的观点，给自己的文章树立一个理论观点。
托福独立写作要如何立论?下面就是给大家整理的托福独立写作立论方法，希望对你有用!一、托福独立写作的思路托福独立写作要求考生必须提供一个明确的观点，考生不能中庸地将个人观点折中为“既同意又不同意”或者“这种观点不错，那种观点也行得通”。
虽说两边都陈述理由的文章在思路的选择上空间较大，但从立意以及对提问的回答来看是不符合题目要求的。
而恰恰就是这一要求使得很多考生面对只能单纯地“支持或反对”的观点头疼不以，最大的难处就在于如何就一个观点展开思路，提供充分的理由加以论证。
二、段落主题思想要与全文主题观点相匹配首先，段落主旨句提纲挈领。
段落主题句是作者思维的起点，切题的准绳。
好的段落主题句，不但切题，便于围绕主旨句进行扩展，而又常常给读者一种一针见血的感受。
看到段落主题句，读者应大致了解段落要阐述的内容，因而段落主题句通常是一个语法结构完整、内容概括、用词简洁、明了的单句。
通常将段落主题句置于段落的开头，可使文章结构更清晰，说服力更强。
然后，顺着段落主题句的方向写作。
有了段落主题句后，还需要顺着段落主题句的方向，参照提纲中的思路，从而完成各个段落。
写作段落时，要尽可能多地搜集细节来支持主题。
确定托福独立写作思路步骤1、首先应该审题，尤其关注作文题目中的绝对性词汇。
比如：Improving school is most important factor to sucessful development of country. 看到most ，我们自然想到用他因法。
2、其次用20秒的时间，整理脑中所有能用的素材，让这些素材称为支持你段落的骨架，然后开始确定段落的论点。
3、把握好过渡词的使用，和适当的论述方法完善你的作文，使之成为一个逻辑整体。
论述方法：条件(假设)法，比如：if 我按照论点那样做，就能cause siginificant effects，除了用if，还能有with, when, only through + 方式+倒装等。
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谈托福独立写作主体段的论证模式作者：王君来源：《新东方英语》2015年第01期托福独立写作的主体段是独立写作最为核心的部分，主体段的论证质量决定了整个独立写作的质量和成败。
《新托福考试官方指南》对于独立写作论证（development）部分的说明指出：Development is the amount and kinds of support （examples， details， reasons） for your ideas that you present in your essay. To get a top score， your essay should be， according to the rater guidelines，“well developed， using clearly appropriate explanations， exemplifications，and/or details.”这段话中的引号部分是《新托福考试官方指南》中最高档的评分标准对论证的要求，即要求“通过清晰且恰当的解释、例证和/或细节来充分论证观点”。
那么如何才能达到论证充分的要求呢？本文笔者就提供一些实用的托福独立写作主体段的论证展开模式，供考生参考和学习。
“因果+例证”模式这种模式是最为常用的一种主体段展开方式。
因果论证是指通过前因后果的关系来解释为什么段落分论点能够支撑全文总论点。
在运用因果论证时，考生可以使用一些表达因果关系的词汇和短语来加强因果逻辑，比如表示原因的有because、as、since、now that、considering that、given that、in that、this is because、due to、owing to、thanks to、because of、on account of、as a result of、as a consequence of、“the reason why … is that”等;表示从因到果的有cause、lead to、result in、contribute to、give rise to、give birth to等;表示前果后因的有result from、attribute A to B、ascribe A to B等;表示结果的有so、thus、hence、therefore、as a result、as a consequence、consequently、accordingly、this is why等。
例证是指运用更加具体的例子和细节来细化因果说理部分，且段落主题句、因果说理部分以及例子和细节之间必须相互呼应，这样才能够达到主体段论证充分的要求。
下面这个段落是一位考生在考前限时训练时写的。
写作的题目是：父母应不应该限制孩子看电视的时间？该考生选择的观点是父母应该限制孩子看电视的时间，该段落阐述的理由是“看电视会影响孩子的学习”。
The first reason why I prefer to hold this position is that children may get addicted to TV as they are too young to organize their study and free time. Without limit on the amount of time spent watching TV， children may watch TV all day long， which is very harmful for their studies. As a consequence， the time they spend studying is insufficient and it is impossible for them to achieve well at school. Take my neighbor’s daughter Jessica as an example. As her father didn’t care much about how much time she spent watching TV， Jessica watched it for about six hours per day. Considering she had to go to school，there wasn’t enough time for her to finish all her homeworkand review what she had learned at school. After becoming addicted to TV， Jessica failed the final exams in three courses. Cases like this abound among teenagers. So I believe if parents want their children to do well at school， they have to limit the amount of time they can watch TV.该考生首先通过因果说理解释了为什么看电视会影响孩子的学习，然后举出了一个具体的例子，将说理部分加以细化，表明看电视的确会影响学习。
例子和说理之间互相印证，从而证明了段落的主题句。
“因果+例证+对比”模式除了因果说理和例证之外，有时候为了充实段落内容，更为详尽地证明主题句，考生可以结合对比论证的手法，将对比论证和因果、举例相结合。
考生可以利用on the contrary、by contrast、however等表达引出对比的内容。
对比论证又可以分为一事物和另一事物的对比、现在和过去的对比、有和无的对比等几种情况，下面分别来具体说明。
1 一事物和另一事物的对比托福独立写作的某些题目会涉及一件事和另一件事的对比，或是一种做法和另一种做法的对比，或是一个物体和另一个物体的对比。
为了充分凸显自己选择的一方的好处，考生除了证明自己选择的一方如何好，还可以使用对比手法，证明另一方不好。
下面这个段落是一位考生在考前限时训练时写的。
写作的题目是：学生一个学期学3～4门课程好呢，还是更多课程好？该考生认为学习3～4门课程更好，不应该学习太多课程。
这个段落阐述的理由是“课程少一点，学习效率更高”。
First and foremost， not taking too many subjects contributes to effective study. Students have limited time. If they take too many subjects， there will be less time for each one. If a student studies eight hours per day and takes four subjects， he/she would have two hours to study and revise each one. However， if this student takes eight subjects， he/she can only spend one hour on each one. Obviously， two hours of study time for each subject is much better than one hour of study time，since students can understand the topic more deeply and do more practice.该考生在论证中使用了对比论证的方法，对比了学习3～4门课程和学习更多课程的效果差别，从而有效地证明了学习更多课程不利于学习效果的提升。
2 现在和过去的对比托福独立写作的题目中有一类题目涉及过去和现在的对比，或是涉及科技带来的改变，比如：“Do you agree or disagree with the following statement？ Technology makes peopl e’s livessimpler rather than more complicated.”对于这类题目，考生在段落内部展开论证时就可以通过对比过去来突出现在。
下面这个段落是一位考生在考前限时训练时写的。
针对上面的题目，该考生认为科技让人们的生活变得更简单了。
这个段落的主题是“科技发展使日常生活变得更加简单”。
To begin with， our daily life has been greatly simplified. Specifically， the time taken for traveling and communicating has been shortened through the advent of new modes of transportation and the media of communication. In the past， if you wanted to travel to a distant place， you might ride a horse or a bicycle and it would seem to take up the rest of your life due to the unexploited areas without roads and the extremely low speed. But nowadays， citizens are able to travel internationally within hours. In addition， many years ago， particularly in China， if you wanted to communicate with your relatives， you were supposed to rush to the post office， put your mail into the mailbox，and then the mail was transported several days later by a low-speed train. By the time your relatives received the letter and replied to you， a few months would have passed. However， today you are able to send a “to-the-point” e-mail with a click of your mouse and people will response within minutes.在这个段落内部，该考生从交通和通讯两个子层面对比了过去和现在的差异，凸显了段落主题句强调的“日常生活变得更加简单”。