托福培训丨托福独立写作主体段的论证方式
托福培训丨托福独立写作主体段结构怎么写
托福培训丨托福独立写作主体段结构怎么写朗阁托福培训中心曹美玲托福写作考试要求考生在30分钟内完成一篇不少于300字的文章。
但是通过观察不难发现，在北美考试中，对于写作这个模块来说，要真正拿到比较高的分数基本遵循一个the more, the better的原则。
同样地，对于一篇托福作文来说，想拿到一个可观的分数，字数尽量不要少于400单词。
很多考生就会感到恐慌，如何在30分钟内写到这么多字数是一个巨大的挑战。
那么如何写到如此丰富的内容呢？很多考生会选择大量篇幅拓展开头段和结尾段。
这是一个错误的做法，因为一篇文章的中心无疑是在中间的主体段。
因此，摸索出一个特定的主体段段落结构无疑是托福写作的核心。
好的主体段不仅是一篇托福作文字数的体现，更是逻辑思维的体现。
那么托福作文的主体段有哪些写作模式呢？朗阁托福培训中心的老师通过长期的总结与研究，将在本文中结合最新考题，对主体段落结构进行分析，让烤鸭们有更深刻全面的理解。
主体段基本遵循总分结构，即写一个主旨句，再围绕主旨句用各种论证方法进行充分的拓展和论证。
我们常用的论证方法有：举例论证，对比论证，原因论证，结果论证，解释说明，数据法，假设论证。
当然一篇文章不可能用到所有的论证，每一段的论证模式也会根据思路不同有所不同。
尽量保持论证多样性，不要死板地成为模式化作文。
那么，如何将这些论证灵活地连成一篇作文呢？用得最多的方法就是启-承-转-合结构。
下面我们将结合今年1月23日的考题进行分析。
Some people think that some lessons for young students (aged 5-8) including video games are effective ways and interesting, while other people think this way is distracting and waste time. What is your opinion?对于5到8岁的学生来说，开设电子游戏课程是有益还是有害的。
谈托福独立写作主体段的论证模式
谈托福独立写作主体段的论证模式作者：王君来源：《新东方英语》2015年第01期托福独立写作的主体段是独立写作最为核心的部分，主体段的论证质量决定了整个独立写作的质量和成败。
《新托福考试官方指南》对于独立写作论证（development）部分的说明指出：Development is the amount and kinds of support （examples， details， reasons） for your ideas that you present in your essay. To get a top score， your essay should be， according to the rater guidelines，“well developed， using clearly appropriate explanations， exemplifications，and/or details.”这段话中的引号部分是《新托福考试官方指南》中最高档的评分标准对论证的要求，即要求“通过清晰且恰当的解释、例证和/或细节来充分论证观点”。
那么如何才能达到论证充分的要求呢？本文笔者就提供一些实用的托福独立写作主体段的论证展开模式，供考生参考和学习。
“因果+例证”模式这种模式是最为常用的一种主体段展开方式。
因果论证是指通过前因后果的关系来解释为什么段落分论点能够支撑全文总论点。
在运用因果论证时，考生可以使用一些表达因果关系的词汇和短语来加强因果逻辑，比如表示原因的有because、as、since、now that、considering that、given that、in that、this is because、due to、owing to、thanks to、because of、on account of、as a result of、as a consequence of、“the reason why … is that”等;表示从因到果的有cause、lead to、result in、contribute to、give rise to、give birth to等;表示前果后因的有result from、attribute A to B、ascribe A to B等;表示结果的有so、thus、hence、therefore、as a result、as a consequence、consequently、accordingly、this is why等。
托福写作的论证方式
托福写作的论证方式托福写作的文体是argumentative essay (议论文)，所以在写作时，时刻要记住一个完整的论证就是论点+论据。
那么我们在写议论文时，有哪些论证方式呢?一般而言，常见的有5种。
一起来学习一下!托福写作的论证方式1. 举例论证：定义：列举确凿、充分，有代表性的事例证明论点。
通过列举典型事例，具体有力地证明了中心论点，增强了说服力。
这些事例可以是发生在我们平常生活中的小事，也可以是名人轶事，新闻报道或者历史事件。
举例的惯用表达:1) For example / For instance, ...2) A (具体) aptly illustrates B (抽象) = A is an apt illustration of B = To illustrate = As an illustration3) A case in point is ....4) The story of... best demonstrates this point5) T o pick / take... as an example 托福真题：Competition between friends always has a negative effect on their friendship.举例论证示范：Nevertheless, competition between friends does not necessarily put a dent in the friendship. On the contrary, friendship can be consolidated as long as friends help one another over the course of competition. A case in point is my niece who had a contest with his intimate friend Lucas. They both agreed that whoever obtained the lower score in the final exam of math had to buy a great present for the winner. During the preparation for the exam, they often shared useful materials and compared notes about some complicated problems. In the end, my niece did not perform as well as his friend Lucas, however, he still kept his promise and bought a PSP for Lucas. When asked the question whether this competition did damage to their friendship. My niece disapproved such statement and maintained that thecontest provided a wonderful opportunity to strengthen their friendship. Hence healthy competition of this kind is wholesome for friendship, indeed.2. 反面论证定义：从某个论点的对立面入手，通过证明它的错误来体现该论点的正确。
托福独立写作如何进行分段论述
托福独立写作如何进行分段论述托福独立写作如何进行分段论述?议论文格式要求不可不知托福独立写作段落要求介绍在应试型议论文写作中,通常遵循引言段-主体段-结论段的〝三步曲〞.主题段落提供了论证观点的理由,是整个文章的主体,占分最大.一篇满分作文必须论据充分.1.Write a topic sentence for each paragraph you plan to write. Each topicsentence should relate to your thesis statement and introduce what the paragraphwill be about. If you find that the topics you want to discuss do not supportthe thesis statement you have written, revise your thesis statement orreconsider your topic sentences.(每个主体段都必须有一个明确的主题句)2.Write ideas that support your topic sentences. The topic sentence foreach paragraph tells the reader what the paragraph will be about. The ideasstated in the rest of the paragraph should all relate to the topic sentence. (支持句必须围绕主题句展开)托福独立写作如何进行分段?新托福满分作文(5分)也要求〝is well organized and well developed,using clearlyappropriate e_planations, e_emplifications, and/ordetails〞,同样必须通过主体段落发展来实现.一般来说,一篇议论文必须包含至少两个主体段.每个主体段都必须有明确的主题句〝topicsentence〞和若干支持句〝supporting sentences〞.他们共同组成文章的理由段,对全文的论点提供理由支持.托福写作解析:Money and success托福写作练习题目:Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Only people who earna lot of money are successful. Use specific reasons and e_amples to support youranswer.写作思路分析:不能同意.Only是绝对修饰词.确实,往往成功的一个表象是金钱的多少.钱不是衡量成功的唯一的标准.黑社会分子(members of criminal syndicate).一些黑心的商人(evil-mindedbusinessman).有些职业收入远不如其他行业,比如,我国的教师,护士.成功的定义更应该基于社会贡献:甘地(Gandhi)就身无分文(without a cash in his pocket);特蕾莎修女( NurseTheresa )也是好例子.不同意挣了很多钱的人是成功的(1)钱不代表一切.很多人非常富有,但是是因为他们的成就,人们才认为他成功/(2)有些人非常贫穷,如有些科学家,但是他们作出了巨大的成就,被认为所纪念,他们虽然没有钱,也一样成功的(3)有些人虽然挣了很多钱,但是都是非法的,所以他们并不成功.参考范文:Money and successSince people s criteria for success differ, there is much debate overwhether only those who make a lot of money are successful. As far as I amconcerned, in today s society that stresses on individual achievement, moneyprovides the best evaluation of one s accomplishment.To begin with, as a standardized measurement used for comparing values, money is objective rather than subjective, so it is considered an authentic reflection of one s achievement. As different people hold different understandings of success, assessing the amount of one s earnings has become universally accepted as a rule to measure one s success. Each year, FortuneMagazine publishes a special issue to rank the top 100 most successful peoplethroughout the world according to their yearly income, because there are noother methods to rely on.In addition, the amount of money one makes is the consequence of one s hardwork and talent. To deny the accomplishment wealth brings is equal to deny thesources from which it springs. In the past, I only believed in spiritual valuesand then leapt rashly to the conclusion that the best thing in life involves nomoney at all. It is my uncle who showed me the significance of money and changedmy opinion. He told me he respected money and made it a goal to strive for inhis way towards success. Because he would have to pay a price for it in terms oftime, thought and energy. Gradually, I came to realize it is the mental andphysical labor he devotes in the process of making money that paves his way forselfaccomplishment, and thus deserves appreciation and respect.Finally, money is the most powerful possession in one s lifetime. Aseveryone knows, success is the ability to do whatever one wants to and to besatisfied with oneself. There is hardly anything that can be done without acertain amount of money. Indeed, with money, one can meet his or her materialdemand in life, such as taking effective medicines, living in magnificenthouses, eating various delicious food, and so on. Also, with money, one can do alot of meaningful things to benefit others, such as donations to poor people.All these will not only satisfy one s need for personal fulfillment, but alsoadd grandness to one s success.In conclusion, money serves as a measurement of one s achievement. But weshould keep in mind that only those who obtain money by hardworking and use itto benefit the society are really successful.托福写作解析:Member vs leader一.托福写作练习题目:Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is better to be amember of a group than to be the leader of a group. Use specific reasons ande_amples to support your answer.二.写作思路分析讨论做leader的好处:主动,可以操纵更多的资源,获得更多;缺点:风险大讨论做member的好处:安逸;没有风险;缺点:收获较小做leader和member一定程度上与一个人的性格有关.另外,还要看是做什么的group.视情况而定.不同意,应当成为团队的领袖(1)当领袖有责任感,领袖总是要做最多的工作,这激励着自己能把事情作好.(2)锻炼自己的团队合作能力.(3)能够学到更多的知识.三.参考范文Member vs. leaderAccording to my opinion, it is always better to be a leader than afollower. True leader show initiative. They take actions and they assumeresponsibilities. A leader makes a decision. Some followers may approve of thedecision, others may complain about it. However, these followers all chose tofollow, not to lead. They chose not to make a decision. That s how I amdifferent. I am not a follower. I want to make decisions.A good leader will not react to events, but will anticipate them. A leaderwill start a plan of action and then will persuade others to follow. For e_ample, a class president at a local college may feel that the relationshipbetween the community and the campus is not a good one. The citizens may feelthat the college kids make too much noise on the street, litter public areas,and shop in other communities. A good class president will recognize that thecommunity and the campus depend on one another. The president will ask thestudent body to keep noise down, help clean up the neighborhood, and work withbusinesses to attract students. A good leader takes the initiative.Good leaders must be action-oriented. Having taken the initiative, theymust see the job though. They have to take charge and lead the followers. Theyhave to motivate and encourage the followers. The followers (in thise_ample,the student body) must understand why good relations with the community arenecessary. The followers must be persuaded to do something about it.I enjoy taking the initiative, determining the direction, and beingresponsible for my actions. I do not want to suffer through other people sstupid decisions. If there are going to be stupid ways to do something, let thembe mine. Would not you agree?托福写作解析:Hand vs machine托福写作练习题目:Some items (such as clothes or furniture) can be made by hand or bymachine. Which do you prefer —items made by hand or items made by machine? Usereasons and specific e_amples to e_plain your choice.写作思路分析:这道题选择比较自由,无论选哪一种都行,只要列出几个好的理由.(注意,家具也有很多种,根据不同的种类,也可以有不同的偏好)手工:可以按照特定要求制作,有特色;成本高;机械:一般批量生产,所以相对缺乏特色;成本低喜欢用机器做的东西(1)机器做的东西比较便宜(2)机器做的东西比较耐久(DURABLE,LASTING).(3)机器做的东西更加好看.参考范文:Hand vs. machineFrom my point of view, there are many factors affecting whether to choosean item made by hand or by machine. The main factor to make a judgment is whether we use the item for our daily life or for collection and decorationpurposes.For items used in our daily life, the choices we make depend on thefollowing factors: function, form, and price. Function is the most importantthing for us. If a product is beautiful, but it is not able to perform thefunction, it can only be called a decoration, or a piece of garbage. Fore_ample, when we buy a TV, what we really care about first it is the quality ofthe picture and sound, how many stations it can receive, and whether it can beconnected easily to the VCR and DVD player at home. The second factor thataffects our choice of a product for daily use is its form. Is the TV too big,too small, or too ugly? Will it fit into the living room? Will it be compatiblewith the colors of other appliances and the furniture? The third factor we mayconsider is the price. Even if we are very happy with the item, there is nomeaning if we cannot afford it.So, in our daily life, there is really no difference whether our clothes orfurniture are made by hand or made by machine. It just doesn t matter as long asthey can perform their function. For items for collection and decoration, it isa completely different story. Ancient tools and historical artifacts have moremarket and educational value than modern day massively produced products, andtraditional handicrafts make good tourist souvenirs and beautiful decoration forthe house. Therefore, when it comes to items for collection and decoration, Iwould definitely choose items made by hand, because they are just sospecial.In conclusion, depending on different items and different uses, I will makedifferent choices.托福独立写作如何进行分段论述。
托福独立写作主体段写法技巧——单一观点篇
托福独立写作主体段写法技巧——单一观点篇（经典版）编制人：__________________审核人：__________________审批人：__________________编制单位：__________________编制时间：____年____月____日序言下载提示：该文档是本店铺精心编制而成的，希望大家下载后，能够帮助大家解决实际问题。
文档下载后可定制修改，请根据实际需要进行调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种类型的经典范文，如演讲稿、总结报告、合同协议、方案大全、工作计划、学习计划、条据书信、致辞讲话、教学资料、作文大全、其他范文等等，想了解不同范文格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by this editor. I hope that after you download it, it can help you solve practical problems. The document can be customized and modified after downloading, please adjust and use it according to actual needs, thank you!In addition, this shop provides you with various types of classic sample essays, such as speech drafts, summary reports, contract agreements, project plans, work plans, study plans, letter letters, speeches, teaching materials, essays, other sample essays, etc. Want to know the format and writing of different sample essays, so stay tuned!托福独立写作主体段写法技巧——单一观点篇托福独立写作对于很多托福考生来说是取得高分难以逾越的一道鸿沟，这不仅需要大量的练习，还需掌握其中的诀窍。
托福独立写作论证方法之--因果论证
托福独立写作论证方法之--因果论证在托福写作中，有一种方法是因果论证法，这种方法在很多写作题目上都是非常有用的，那么今天就为大家带来托福独立写作论证方法之--因果论证，告诉大家怎样用因果论证法。
托福独立写作论证方法之--因果论证首先明确，在托福独立写作中怎样的论证称得上一个“好论证”呢?如果你的论证可以说服考官，那么这就是一个成功的论证。
如果考官读完你的论证，觉得言之无理甚至还想反驳，那就是一个比较失败的论证，你的写作分数也就只能拿到20分左右。
如果你的论证整体符合逻辑，仅仅有一些小的论证瑕疵，那么写作分数会拿到25分左右，也就是大部分同学的目标写作分数段。
这5期音频课，我会为大家讲解如何做好独立写作中的“论证”。
首先介绍独立写作中常用的论证方法：因果论证;对比论证;举例论证;数据论证;多事例论证。
今天先介绍第一种论证方法：因果论证。
因果论证的逻辑关系非常直白：因为……所以……。
但是很多同学都难以构建合理的因果逻辑链条。
比如这道题：Agree or disagree: Teachers should assign homework for students every day.如果你的topic sentence是“每天布置作业可以提高学生的学习成绩”，后面的论证就是要解释这句话成立的原因。
很多考生的的逻辑论证是：每天做作业有利于复习，因此考试可以取得高分。
这是一个中规中矩的论证，只能被评价为“说得通”，但是不会让考官赞同为“很有道理”。
那么怎样的因果逻辑才会得到考官的青睐呢?首先来讲一个最简单的逻辑论证套路：三段论。
这是逻辑学上最简单的一个逻辑判定过程，分为大前提、小前提以及结论三部分。
举个例子：大前提：胖子都爱吃肉;小前提：小明是个胖子;结论：小明爱吃肉。
这就是一个三段式逻辑论证链条。
这种逻辑方式成立的前提是：大前提和小前提都要在普遍认知里是基本正确的。
那我们来验证一下以上的这个论证逻辑。
大前提“胖子都爱吃肉”的论断不够有说服力;小前提“小明是个胖子”是一个合理的判断;最后得出的结论“小明爱吃肉”的说服力也就不足。
托福独立写作格式
托福独立写作格式
1.引言：首先，需要引出整篇文章的主题，并简要说明自己的立场。
引言通常包括一个有趣的事实、引用一句名言或者是一个问题，旨在吸引读者的注意力。
2. 主体部分：接下来，需要列出两到三个论点，支持自己的立场。
每个论点都需要有一两个相关的例子，用以证明自己的观点。
建议按顺序列出每个论点，并在每段的开头使用一个主题句，让读者清楚地了解自己的论点。
3. 对立论点：在主体部分的最后一段，需要列举一个对立的论点，并指出其缺陷或不足之处，加强自己的立场。
4. 结论：最后，需要对整个文章进行总结，并重申自己的立场。
可以使用一个总结性的句子来结束文章。
在写作过程中，需要注意语言表达的准确性、逻辑性和连贯性。
尽量使用简洁的句子和合适的词汇，展示出自己的语言水平和思维能力。
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托福写作技巧：主体段之实例论证法
托福写作技巧：主体段之实例论证法托福写作技巧：主体段之实例论证法这种托福写作方法尤其是对于一些考生在开头提出观点之后，就不知道该如何继续下去的情况是一个非常好的解决办法。
这种情况下，考生可以举实例论证，举例是我们解释论证一个观点最好的方式，也是最有说服力的。
托福大作文的主体段是整篇托福作文的核心，在这个部分大家可以应用实例论证的托福写作方法，这样即可以增加字数，有有说服力，是非常实用的写作方法。
下面新东方网托福频道就通过两个例子来为大家更加清晰地介绍一下这个方法。
1、第一种应用实例论证的托福写作方法就是应用名人实例，因为这是大家都知道的事情，能够引起共鸣。
Although sticking to one’s goal is key to success, sometimes one should be ready to give up. Napoleon’s story is a case in point. After Napoleon succeeded in seizing the crown of France, he should have been satisfied with his achievement. But he did not. He went on to conquer the whole Europe. Then after he succeeded in ruling almost the whole Europe, he should have given up this ambition to e某panding his empire. But he did not. He went on to invade Russia and there he suffered a total defeat. Later he was sent into e某ile and died in a lonely island.在这个托福大作文主体中，引用了拿破仑的事迹来加以论证。
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托福培训丨托福独立写作主体段的论证方式朗阁托福培训中心丁仡然在托福独立写作当中主体段的写作水平往往是决定一篇文章高分与否的关键所在，可以说一篇文章70-80%的分数是取决于主体段写作的好坏的。
而托福独立写作主体段对于写作的层次和论证方式又有着一定的讲究和固定的要求。
本文中，朗阁托福培训中心的老师就给广大考生介绍一下托福写作主体段有哪些主要的论证方式以及范例的讲解。
首先，我们先说一下托福写作主体段的一般写作层次和论证方式：主体段一般由四句话组成：第一句：topic sentence（主题句）第二句：supporting sentences（1-2句支持句），使用具体的因果论证或者假设论证、并列关系等来具体的解释说明主题句。
第三句：举例子（写出一个长长的例子用于举例论证）第四句：这一段的小结（可以使用对比论证或者因果论证等小结这一段）知道了每段主体段的写作结构后，现在我们就来谈谈具体的每个主体段的论证方式：第一种：举例论证可以这么说，举例论证是所有论证方法里，尤其是托福写作里面最重要也是必须要用的一种论证方式，因为根据评分标准，在托福4-5分的标准里都明确提出了：5分：using clearly appropriate explanations, exemplifications, and/or details4分：using appropriate and sufficient explanations, exemplifications, and/or details而无论是托福，雅思还是SAT考试都是严格的按照评分标准来批改的，所以根据这个标准学生必须要重视和用出举例论证，否则托福写作无法拿到高分。
接下来问题来了，究竟老美喜欢的举例论证有几种形式呢？接下来笔者就为考生们一一回答。
第一种：以for example, for instance, such as等词组引出的句子，这种也是最普遍或者用的最多的一种。
下面为大家举一个例子：题目：It is sometimes said borrowing money from a friend can harm or damage the friendship. Do you agree? Why or why not?在这篇文章的第二和第三主体段里，考官的高分范文分别用了：For example, a friend borrowed some money from his or her friend and did not return it.下面一段用了：for example , when my friend asks me to baby-sit her child while she is taking her classes I agree because i know that she desperately needs my help in order to finish her degree and save some money.分析：高手在写文章的时候很喜欢说打个比方之类的话，这样的论证方法既满足了高评分的需要，也形象生动地说明了你前面主题句的论点，而且段落字数也得到了增加，可以说是高分文章必不可少的要点之一。
还有一种举例论证方式：以according to my personal experience or other people’s experience为开头引出举例论证。
分析：各位同学要记住美国人做事情很喜欢DIY, 因为在美国，个体的劳动力很贵，很多美国人做事情都喜欢自己亲自实践或者采取他人做事情的经验，如果你得出的结论或者论点是基于亲身的经历或者他人的实战经验，那美国人是很相信你所说的话的。
记住这是美国人的思想或者文化之一。
下面为大家举一个例子：题目：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People should read only those books that about real events, real people, and established facts.在这篇文章的第一段我们可以看到：From my everyday experience and observation I can stand that fiction, miracles and fairy tales are required in our daily life.这里我们清楚地看到作者这里明确说出了根据他自己每天的经验和观察得出的观点，很好地论证了他前面提及的完全不同意题目里讲的这个观点，符合典型的美国人思维逻辑。
第二种：递进法论证分析：可以这么说，递进法是托福三个主体段在相互连接的时候要用到的连接段落的方法，一般所采用的连接词有：first of all/firstly, from one side引出第一个主体段，然后用secondly, second of all, from the other side, moreover等来引出第二个主体段，然后用Thirdly, finally等引出第三个主体段。
符合评分标准里well organized and well developed（5分）的要求下面为大家举一个例子：题目：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Parents or other adult relatives should make important decisions for their (15-18 year-old) teenage children.这篇文章的三个主体段的开头，高分范文分别用了：First of all, teenage children have the tendency to live in their own fantasies. Second of all, I think that parents have the right to interfere in their children’s lives.Finally, I think teenage children should be more open-minded with their parents.分析：我们看到这三个主体段分别用了以上的连接词来表示段落和段落之间的递进关系，引出了每一段的开头。
这种表示递进的连接词学生可以适当背一两个就行，考试的时候用出来就好了，因为考试的时候是几乎每篇文章都适用的。
第三种：对比论证这种论证方法可以说在托福写作比较类的题型里面比较常见，这里很多同学比较困惑什么是比较类题型。
这里我给大家先解释一下：1. 有明显的比较级的单词：than。
题目例子：Your job has greater happiness than your social life.2. 给你两样东西a or b, 问你喜欢哪一个？或者哪一个更加好？题目例子：Some movies are serious, designed to make the audience think. Other movies are designed primarily to amuse and entertain. Which type of movie do you prefer?接下来我给大家举一个典型的对比论证的例子：题目：Life today is easier and more comfortable than it was when your grandparents were children. (TPO 6)其中三段的主体段里面作者都会用到对比论证：第一个主体段：However, people were much more stable and care-free when our grandparents were children; they did not have to learn a second language in order to get a better job, or read a lot in order to get informed.第二个主体段：But several decades ago, people treasured their friends and maintained relatively close interpersonal relations, which is much more enjoyable than the estrangements we are experiencing.第三个主体段：Several decades ago, people could still live closer to nature and make rational use of modern technology, which to me is the essence of human living experience.（本范文来源于网络）分析：这里我想跟同学们说，在对比类型的文章里面，一定要在每一段的最后用到对比论证，突出自己支持或者表明的观点的好处或者是对的，而另外一个不支持的观点是错误的或者有很多弊端的，达到肯定自己的观点，否定对方观点的作用，这是在对比性文章里面必须使用的论证方法。
第四种：转折关系和因果论证这种论证方法往往在主体段的第二句写支持句的时候和最后一句转折句中出现。
接下来我们来看一下典型的例子：Does modern technology help students learn more information and learn it more quickly? (2011.08.02 Independent Writing)第三个主体段作者写到：Furthermore, modern technology gives students an illusion that information and real knowledge is easy to learn – just by clicking mouse or watching videos.But in fact this forms only the first step towards useful information and effective learning, as learning of any kind requires full concentration and interactive thinking, which are almost absent in the process of popular e-learning experience.（本范文来源于网络）分析：这里我们可以看到作者先是说出了使用现代化高科技学习表面上看是只要轻点鼠标和看视频就可以学习到有用的知识，但是作者马上用转折关系的连词but说到这个只是有效学习的第一步，然后引出用as连接的因果关系论证的句子：任何种类的学习都需要全神专注，交互性的思考，而这点是在现在比较流行的电子学习经历当中所缺失的。