微生物专业术语
微生物学资料整理.
微⽣物学资料整理.五号楷体加粗部分，你们懂得！⼀名词解释1.微⽣物：指所有形体微⼩、单细胞或多细胞，结构简单或⽆细胞结构，⼀般⽤⾁眼⽆法直接观察，必须借助于显微镜才能了解其形态或结构的低等⽣物。
2.微⽣物学：是研究微⽣物在⼀定条件下的形态结构、⽣理⽣化、遗传变异以及微⽣物的⽣态、进化、分类，及其与⼈类、动物、植物、⾃然界之间的相互作⽤等⽣命活动规律的⼀门学科3.磷壁酸：磷壁酸是G+细菌细胞壁所特有的化学成分，包括⽢油型与核糖醇型两类。
每⼀类⼜根据其分布位置可分为壁磷壁酸和膜磷壁酸。
它们以磷酸⼆酯键连接在NAM的第六位C原⼦上。
4.细菌荚膜：是细菌⽣长到⼀定阶段时在细胞表⾯形成的⼀层松散透明、粘度⼤、粘液或胶质状的物质。
5.肽聚糖单体：由双糖单位、四肽尾和肽桥三部分组成。
6.鞭⽑：是指着⽣在运动微⽣物表⾯的1-数根细长、波纹或⽑发状的丝状结构。
7.菌⽑：细菌表⾯着⽣的许多⽐鞭⽑短、细且直的丝状结构。
其主要功能：利于细胞附着于物体表⾯。
8.伴孢晶体：主要存在于苏云⾦杆菌中，是⼀种菱形的多肽晶体。
9.芽孢：指某些细菌在⽣长后期在细胞内形成⼀个圆形或椭圆形、厚壁、含⽔量极低、抗逆性极强的休眠体。
由于其发⽣在细胞的内部，为了与放线菌、霉菌的分⽣孢⼦相区别，也称其为内⽣孢⼦。
10.细菌菌落：是指细菌通过繁殖，在固体培养基表⾯或内部形成的⾁眼可见的具有⼀定形态的⼦细菌群体。
11.⽴客⽒次体：⼀类形体微⼩、杆状或球杆状，G-，⼤多数营寄⽣⽣活的原核微⽣物。
主要寄⽣在动物体内，但也可寄⽣在植物体内12.霉菌：是丝状真菌的总称，在营养物表⾯可形成绒⽑状、蜘蛛⽹状或絮状体的⼩型真菌。
分类学上⾪属于藻状菌纲、⼦囊菌纲和半知菌类。
13.酵母菌：是⼀类单细胞、卵圆形，球形或柠檬状的真菌。
但也有的酵母细胞分裂后不分开，相互连接形成丝状，称假丝酵母。
14.病毒：是超显微的、⾮细胞结构的、只含有⼀种核酸、仅在活体细胞中寄⽣，在细胞外以⼤分⼦状态存在的⼀类微⽣物。
名词术语-微生物学
微生物学第一章绪论术语或名词1．微生物(microorganism) 因太小，一般用肉眼看不清楚的生物。
这些微小生物包括：无细胞结构不能独立生活的病毒、亚病毒(类病毒、拟病毒、朊病毒)；具原核细胞结构的真细菌、古生菌以及具真核细胞结构的真菌(酵母、霉菌、蕈菌等)、单细胞藻类、原生动物等。
但其中也有少数成员是肉眼可见的。
2．微生物学(microbiology) 研究肉眼难以看清的称之为微生物的生命活动的科学，分离和培养这些微小生物需要特殊技术。
3．分子微生物学(molecularmicrobiology) 在分子水平上研究微生物生命活动规律的科学。
4．细胞微生物学(cellularmicrobiology) 重点研究微生物与寄主细胞相互关系的科学。
5．微生物基因组学(microbic genomics) 研究微生物基因组的分子结构、信息含量及其编码的基因产物的科学。
6．自生说(spontaneousgeneration) 一个古老的学说，认为一切生命有机体能够从无生命的物质自然发生的。
7．安东·列文虎克(AntonyvanLeeuwenhoek，1632—1723) 荷兰商人，他是真正看见并描述微生物的第一人，他利用自制放大倍数为50～300倍的显微镜发现了微生物世界(当时被称之为微小动物)，首次揭示了一个崭新的生物世界——微生物界。
8．路易斯·巴斯德(LouisPasteur，1822—1895) 法国人，原为化学家，后来转向微生物学研究领域，为微生物学的建立和发展做出了卓越的贡献，成为微生物学的奠基人。
主要贡献：用曲颈瓶实验彻底否定了“自生说”，从此建立了病原学说，推动了微生物学的发展；研究了鸡霍乱，发现将病原菌减毒可诱发免疫性，以预防鸡霍乱病；其后他又研究了牛、羊炭疽病和狂犬病，并首次制成狂犬疫苗，证实其免疫学说，为人类防病、治病做出了重大贡献；分离到了许多引起发酵的微生物，并证实酒精发酵是由酵母菌引起的，也发现乳酸发酵、醋酸发酵和丁酸发酵都是不同细菌所引起的，为进一步研究微生物的生理生化和工业微生物学奠定了基础。
微生物的分类
分子分类法
• 在分子水平上对生物个体的信息大分子 DNA、RNA和蛋白质进行研究， 将获得 的遗传信息用于对生物个体的分类鉴定。
• 原核生物中， 目前常用的分子分类法包括 G+C mol%、DNA-DNA杂交、16srRNA序 列分析及DNA指纹图谱等。
( 四 ) 核酸的碱基组成和分子杂交
与形态及生理生化特性的比较不同，对DNA的 碱基组成的比较和进行核酸分子杂交是直接比较不 同微生物之间基因组的差异，因此结果更加可信。
2. 核酸分子杂交： a）DNA-DNA杂交； b）DNA-rRNA杂交； c）rRNA-rRNA杂交；
直接分析比较DNA的碱基排列顺序
------由于技术上的困难目前尚难以普遍地进行； 核酸分子杂交(hybridization)间接比较不同微生物DNA
碱基排列顺序的相似性
3. 16S rDNA
• 最有代表性和最有影响的细菌分类系统 《伯杰氏细菌鉴定手册》
（Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology) 1923年, 1925年, 1930年, 1934年, 1939年, 1948年, 1957年, 1974年分别出版了第一至第 八版，1994年出了第九版 以形态、生理生化、G + C mol%、生态分布等 特征为主
• 中国工业微生物菌种保藏管理中心, China Center of Industrial Culture Collection (CICC) 网址：/
• 中国普通微生物保藏管理中心, China General Microbiological Culture Collection Cente (CGMCC) 网址：/
菌种保藏机构
福州大学《微生物》名词术语
福州大学《微生物》名词术语第一章绪论微生物（microorganism，microbe）一切肉眼看不见或看不清楚的微小生物的总称。
是一些个体微小（＜0.1mm）、构造简单的低等生物，包括属于原核类的细菌、放线菌、支原体、立克次氏体、衣原体和蓝细菌（过去称蓝藻或蓝绿藻），属于真核类的真菌（酵母菌和霉菌）、原生动物和显微藻类，以及属于非细胞类的病毒、类病毒和朊病毒等。
生物工程学（biotechnology）以生物学（特别是其中的微生物学、遗传学、生物化学和细胞学）的理论和技有用术为基础，结合化工、机械、电子计算机等现代工程技术，充分运用分子生物学的最新成就，自觉地操纵遗传物质，定向地改造生物或其功能，短期内创造出具有超远缘性状的新物种，再通过合适的生物反应器对这类“工程菌”或“工程细胞株”进行大规模的培养，以生产大量有用代谢产物或发挥它们独特生理功能的一门新兴技术。
微生物学（microbiology）在细胞、分子或群体水平上研究微生物的形态构造、生理代谢、遗传变异、生态分布和分类进化等生命活动基本规律，并将其应用于工业发酵、医学卫生和生物工程等领域的科学，其根本任务是发掘、利用和改善有益微生物，控制、消灭或改造有害微生物。
第二章原核微生物的形态与构造细菌（bacteria）细菌是一类细胞细而短（细胞直径约0.5μm，长度约0.5～5μm）、结构简单、细胞壁坚韧、以二等分裂方式繁殖和水生性较强的原核微生物。
细胞壁（cell wall）细胞壁是位于细胞最外的一层厚实、坚韧的外被，主要由肽聚糖构成，有固定外形和保护细胞等多种功能。
原生质体（protoplast）在人工条件下用溶菌酶除尽原来的细胞壁或用青霉素抑制细胞壁的合成后，所留下的仅由细胞膜包裹着的脆弱细胞，一般由革兰氏阳性菌形成。
球状体（sphaeroplast）还残留部分细胞壁的原生质体，一般由革兰氏阴性细菌所形成。
L型细菌专指那些在实验室中通过自发突变而形成的遗传性稳定的细胞壁缺陷菌株。
微生物学名词解释
微生物学名词解释
1.内毒素:是革兰氏阴性菌细胞壁外层的组分之一，其化学成分是脂多糖。
因它在活细胞中不分泌到体外，仅在细菌死亡后自溶或人工裂解时才释放，故称内毒素。
2.COD:即化学需氧量，是表示水体中有机物含量的一个简便的间接指标，指1L污水中所含的有机物在用强氧化剂将它氧化后，所消耗氧的毫克数。
3.抗体:是高等动物体在抗原物质的刺激下，由浆细胞产生的一类能与相应抗原在体内外发生特异性结合的免疫球蛋白。
4.原养型:一般指营养缺陷型突变株经回复突变或重组后产生的菌株，其营养要求在表型上与野生型相同遗传型均用[A+B+]表示。
5.消毒:是一种采用较温和的理化因素，仅杀死物体表面或者内部一部分对人体或动、植物有害的病原菌，而对被消毒的对象基本无害的措施。
6.温和噬菌体:是指噬菌体侵入宿主细胞后，由于前者的基因整合到后者的基因组上，并随后者的复制而进行同步复制，因而不引起宿主细胞裂解的噬菌体成为温和噬菌体。
7.单克隆抗体:指由一纯系B淋巴细胞克隆经分化、增殖后的浆细胞所产生的单一成分、单一特异性的免疫球蛋白分子。
8.艾姆斯实验:是一种利用细菌营养缺陷型的回复突变来检测环境或食品中是否存在化学致癌剂的简便有效方法。
9.转导:通过温和噬菌体的媒介，把供体细胞中的小片段DNA携带到受体细胞中，通过交换与整合，使后者获得前者部分遗传性状的现象，称为转导。
10.生物固氮:是指大气中的分子氮通过微生物固氮酶的催化而还原成氨的过程，生物界只有原核生物才具有固氮能力。
医学微生物学
医学微⽣物学绪论⼀、名词解释1、微⽣物（microorganism）：是存在于⾃然界的⼀⼤群体型微⼩、结构简单、⾁眼直接看不见，必须借助光学显微镜或电⼦显微镜放⼤数百倍、数千倍，甚⾄数万倍才能观察到的微⼩⽣物。
2、病原微⽣物：少数微⽣物具有致病性，能引起⼈类和动、植物的病害，这些微⽣物称为病原微⽣物。
3、机会致病性微⽣物：有些微⽣物在正常情况下不致病，只有在抵抗⼒低下导致致病，这类微⽣物称为机会致病性微⽣物。
⼆、微⽣物的分类及特点按其⼤⼩、结构、组成等分为三类：1、⾮细胞型微⽣物是最⼩的⼀类微⽣物。
⽆典型的细胞结构，⽆产⽣能量的酶系统，只能在活细胞内⽣长增殖。
核酸类型为DNA或RNA。
如病毒。
2、原核细胞型微⽣物⽆核膜、核仁。
细胞器不完整，只有核糖体。
DNA和RNA同时存在。
细菌种类繁多，包括细菌、放线菌、⽀原体、⾐原体、⽴克次体、螺旋体。
3、真核细胞型微⽣物细胞分化程度⾼，有核膜和核仁。
细胞器完整。
如真菌。
三、微⽣物与⼈类的关系绝⼤数微⽣物对⼈类和动、植物是有益的，⽽且有些是必需的。
只有少数微⽣物引起⼈类和动、植物的病害。
第⼀章细菌的形态与结构⼀、名词解释1、中介体（mesosome）:细菌部分细胞膜内陷、折叠、卷曲形成的囊状物，称为中介体。
2、质粒（plasmid）质粒是染⾊体外的物质，存在于细胞质中。
为闭合双链环状DNA，带有遗传信息，控制细菌某些特定的遗传性状。
3、芽孢（spore）：某些细菌在⼀定的条件范围下，胞质脱⽔浓缩，在菌体内形成⼀个圆形或卵圆形⼩体，是细菌的休眠形式，称为芽孢。
功能：对热⼒、⼲燥、辐射、化学消毒剂等理化因素均有强⼤的抵抗⼒。
表现为：○1芽孢含⽔较少，蛋⽩质不易受热变性；○2芽孢具有多层致密的厚膜，理化因素不易渗⼊；芽孢的核⼼和⽪质中含有吡啶⼆羧酸，其与钙结合⽣成盐能提⾼芽孢中各种酶的热稳定性。
4、荚膜（capsule）：某些细菌在细胞壁外包绕⼀层粘液性物质，厚度⼤于等于0.2微⽶，边界明显者称为荚膜。
微生物专业术语(英语)
杂色曲霉素 A versicolorin A[孢子]切落abjunction抑殖素ablastin流产菌素abortin[孢子]缢断abstriction分生孢子盘acervulus醋化作用acetification产乙酸菌acetogen消色差透镜achromatic lens抗酸细菌染色法acid-fast staining 酸化作用acidification嗜酸菌acidophilic bacteria拉霉素aclacinomycin顶生孢子acrospore放线酮actidione, cycloheximide 放线菌actinomycetes放线菌素actinomycin活性污泥activated sludge活性干酵母active dry yeast腺伴随病毒adeno associated virus 腺病毒adenovirus粘附素adhesin阿霉素adriamycin 锈孢子aeciospore锈子器aecium气生菌丝体aerial mycelium需氧菌aerobe需氧培养aerobic cultivation需氧呼吸aerobic respiration需氧生活aerobiosis产气菌aerogen趋氧性aerotaxis耐氧菌aerotorelant bacteria粘菌体aethalium黄曲霉毒素aflatoxin琼脂agar琼脂平板agar plate琼脂斜面agar slant伞菌氨酸agarfitine蘑菇素agaricin蘑菇酸agaricinic acid攻击素aggressin攻击力aggressivity陈酿化aging农业微生物学agricultural microbiology土壤杆菌素agrobacteriocin静息孢子akinete阿氏染色Albert‘s staining侧生孢子aleuriospore藻蓝素algocyan, leucocyan腊肠形孢子allantospore异株克生物质allelopathic substances 异种克生[现象] allelopathy别藻蓝素allophycocyanin虫道真菌ambrosia fungi氨丁苷菌素ambutyrosin偏害共栖amensalism美国模式培养物保藏所American Type Culture Collection, ATCC无隔孢子amerospore埃姆斯试验Ames test氨化作用ammonification两端单[鞭]毛菌amphitrichate兼性营养amphitrophy两性霉素amphotericin阿明露法amylo process厌氧菌anaerobe厌氧培养室anaerobic chamber 厌氧培养anaerobic cultivation 厌氧消化anaerobic digestion厌氧呼吸anaerobic respiration 厌氧生活anaerobiosis不产气菌anaerogen无性型anamorph[菌丝]融合anastomosis雄配子androgamete雄核发育androgenesis雄器柄androphore产雄器孢子androspore环痕孢子annellospore菌环annulus无氧光细菌anoxyphotobacteria 安丝菌素ansamitocin拮抗作用antagonism抗蠕霉素anthelmycin雄器antheridium抗菌剂antibacterial agent抗生素antibiotic抗生谱antibiotic spectrum抗白喉血清antidiphtheric serum 消泡剂antifoam agent抗真菌剂antifungal agent抗原性漂移antigenic drift抗原性转变antigenic shift抗溶[菌]素antilysin抗代谢物antimetabolites抗微生物剂antimicrobial agent抗霉素antimycin防腐antisepsis防腐剂antiseptic抗血清antiserum抗毒素antitoxin[噬菌体]顶体apex[噬菌体]顶部壳粒apical capsomere 顶体apicle除疟霉素aplasmomycin全消色差透镜apochromatic lens 无融合生殖apomixis囊托apophysis子囊盘apothecium[菌体]附器appendage阿泊拉霉素apramycin水生微生物学aquatic microbiology虫媒病毒arbovirus古细菌archaebacteria古始生物界archetista流通蒸汽灭菌器Arnold steam sterilizor 节分生孢子arthroconidium节孢子arthrospore子囊果ascocarp产囊丝ascogenous hypha子囊菌ascomycetes子囊孢子ascospore子囊孢子形成ascosporulation子囊座ascostroma子囊ascus无菌操作aseptic technique曲霉菌素aspergillin曲霉毒素aspertoxin无孢子酵母菌asporogenous yeasts[病毒]装配assembly同化作用assimilation伴随病毒associated virus非共生固氮作用asymbiotic nitrogen fixation减毒株attenuated strain减毒作用attenuation高压灭菌器autoclave高压灭菌autoclaving自身接种autoinoculation 自溶素autolysin自溶[现象] autolysis自动气锁automatic airlock自养菌autotrophic bacteria自养演替autotrophic succession 自养autotrophy自身疫苗autovaccine自身菌苗autovaccine生长谱auxanogram生长谱测定[法] auxanography营养缺陷型auxotroph除虫菌素avermectin纯性培养axenic cultivation纯性培养物axenic culture轴丝axial filament固氮菌剂azotogen拟接合孢子azygospore单性合子azygote葡萄球菌A蛋白staphylococcal protein A, SPA杆菌肽bacitracin菌血症bacteremia细菌bacteria菌落计数器bacterial colony counter菌苗bacterial vaccine细菌毒力bacterial virulence杀细菌剂bactericide杀[细]菌素bactericidin[细]菌[叶]绿素bacteriochlorophyll细菌素bacteriocin菌红素bacterioerythrin细菌荧光素bacteriofluorescein细菌学bacteriology溶菌作用bacteriolysis溶[细]菌反应bacteriolytic reaction 噬菌体bacteriophage噬菌体分型bacteriophage typing 噬菌体学bacteriophagology菌紫素bacteriopurpurin[细菌]紫膜质bacteriorhodopsin 细菌小体bacteriosome抑菌作用bacteriostasis抑菌剂bacteriostat细菌毒素bacteriotoxin亲菌素bacteriotropin类菌体bacteroid掷孢子ballistospore嗜压菌barophilic bacteria[噬菌体]基片丝base-plate fibril [噬菌体]基片插孔base-plate hub[噬菌体]基片楔突base-plate wedge 基础培养基basic medium担子果basidiocarp担子菌basidiomycetes担子体basidiophore担孢子basidiospore担子basidium分批培养batch cultivation[罐]批发酵batch fermentation卡介苗BCG vaccine豆芽汁培养基bean sprouts medium 牛肉汁beef broth牛肉膏beef extract双环霉素bicyclomycin二分分裂binary fission双目显微镜binocular microscope 生物测定bioassay生化培养基biochemical medium 生物转化bioconversion沼气biogas生物防治biological control生物制品biological products生物质biomass生物量biomass生物圈biosphere生物型biotype生物变型biovar双相培养biphasic cultivation两极染色bipolar staining双囊壁子囊bitunicate ascus杀稻瘟素blasticidin芽分生孢子blastoconidium芽生孢子blastospore盲传blind passage水华blooms下面发酵bottom fermentation下面酵母bottom yeast麸曲bran koji酿造brewing酿造技术brewing technique明视野显微镜bright field microscope 肉汤培养broth cultivation肉汤培养物broth culture布氏菌素brucellin芽殖budding[噬菌体]裂解量burst size丁苷菌素butirosin, butyrosin杀假丝菌素candicidin 烛罐candle jar孢丝capillitium卷曲霉素capreomycin, capromycin[病毒]壳体capsid[病毒]壳粒capsomer, capsomere荚膜capsule石炭酸品红carbol fuchsin碳平衡carbon balance一氧化碳营养菌carboxydotrophic bacteria洋红霉素carminomycin类葫萝卜素carotenoids带菌者carrier带[病]毒者carrier载体噬菌体carrier phage[水解]酪蛋白氨基酸casamino acids柄细菌caulobacteria香柏油cedar oil天青菌素celesticetin细胞系cell line细胞株cell strain纤维素酶cellulase中生芽孢central spore壳心centrum头孢菌素cephalosporin单端丛[鞭]毛菌cephalotricha化能自养菌chemoautotrophic bacteria 化能自养chemoautotrophy化能异养菌chemoheterotrophic bacteria 化能无机营养菌chemolithotrophic bacteria化能无机营养chemolithotrophy化能有机营养菌chemoorganotrophic bacteria化能有机营养chemoorganotrophy恒化器chemostat趋化性chemotaxis化学疗法chemotherapy化能营养chemotrophy向化性chemotropism化学型chemotype化学变型chemovar中国微生物菌种保藏管理委员会China Committee for Culture Collection of Microorganisms, CCCCM中国微生物学会Chinese Society for Microbiology, CSM衣原体chlamydia厚壁孢子chlamydospore氯霉素chloromycetin, chloramphenicol金霉素chloroteracycline, aureomycin 载色体chromatophore产色细菌chromogenic bacteria色霉素chromomycin创新霉素chuangxinmycin[流感病毒]朱氏抑制物Chu-inhibitor ,β－inhibitor壶菌chytrid孢子角cirrus锁状细胞clamp cell锁状联合clamp connection棒酸clavulanic acid闭囊果cleistocarp闭囊壳cleistothecium顶极群落climax community氯林肯霉素clindamycin 杯伞素clitocybine克隆clone封闭生长系统closed growth system 聚簇cluster盾状体clypeus凝固酶coagulase凝固酶因子coagulase factor球杆菌coccobacillus球菌coccus半透明型突变噬斑cococarde协同培养co-cultivation多核细胞coenocyte多核配子coenogamete多核孢子囊coenosporangium多核合子coenozygote共固定化作用co-immobilization大肠菌素colicin, colicine大肠杆菌素生成因子colicinogenic factor 大肠菌类coliform group大肠[杆]菌指数coli-index粘菌素colistin大肠[杆]菌值colititre噬菌体]颈部collar囊领collarette菌落colony菌落形成单位colony forming units, CFU囊轴columella联合疫苗combined vaccine偏利共栖commensalism伴生种companions相容性compatibility 感受态competence兢争[共栖] competition互补complementation完全培养基complete medium复合对称complex symmetry[噬菌体]串联体concatemer凹玻片concave slide条件致死conditional lethal条件突变株conditional mutant条件致病菌conditioned pathogen分生孢子果conidiocarp分生孢子梗conidiophore分生孢子conidium[噬菌体]接合分裂conjugate division 接合[作用] conjugation[噬菌体]颈圈connector聚生体consortium缢缩[作用] constriction污染物contaminant污染contamination连续培养continuous cultivation连续发酵continuous fermentation 连续灭菌continuous sterilization 庖肉培养基cooked meat medium鬼伞菌素coprinin索状因子cord factor蛹虫草菌素cordycepin[噬菌体]髓部core核心core菌丝束coremium[芽孢]皮层cortex香菇菌素cortinellin棒状菌corynebacteria粘粒cosmid对染[法] counterstaining盖玻片cover glass临界杀菌浓度critical killing dilution 交叉复活cross reactivation深低温保藏[法] cryopreservation隐性前噬菌体cryptic prophage隐生现象cryptobiosis立体对称cubical symmetry培养cultivation培养物culture 培养瓶culture flask移种culture transfering盘菌cup fungi[噬菌体]自愈curing蓝细菌cyanobacteria藻青素cyanophycin藻青素颗粒cyanophycin granule环丝氨酸cycloserine环孢菌素cyclosporin杯碟法cylinder plate method囊状体cystidium松胞菌素cytochalasin胞霉素cytomycin致细胞病变[效应] cytopathic effect, CPE质型多角体病毒cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus,CPV大曲Daqu (massive raw stater for alcholic liquor)暗视野dark-field暗视野显微镜dark-field microscope暗视野显微术dark-field microscopy子菌落daughter colony道诺霉素daunomycin衰亡期decline phase分解者decomposer深层菌落deep colony干扰缺损颗粒defective interfering particle[病毒]缺损突变株defective mutant缺损病毒defective virus确定成分培养基defined medium干燥培养基dehydrated medium反硝化作用denitrification 反硝化细菌denitrifying bacteria浓核病毒densovirus,DNV皮肤坏死毒素dermatonecrotoxin越霉素destomycin生物致劣deterioration鉴定细菌学determinative bacteriology 诊断微生物学diagnostic microbiology 透析培养dialysis cultivation乳品微生物学diary microbiology双峰生长曲线diauxie growth curve砖格孢子dictyospore双胞孢子didymospore[分辨]干涉差显微镜Differential interference contrast microscope, DICM鉴别培养基differential medium鉴别染色法differential staining稀释法dilution method稀释平板分离法dilution-plate method 双态性真菌dimorphic fungi双态现象dimorphism白喉毒素diphtheria toxin2,6-吡啶二羧酸dipicolinic acid, DPA 双杆菌diplobacillus双球菌diplococcus盘状子囊果discocarp消毒剂disinfectant消毒disinfection双孢担孢子dispore异化作用dissimilation偏端霉素distamycin 供体donor休眠dormancy倍增时间doubling time抗药基因drug resistant gene抗药性菌株drug resistant strain药物敏感性drug susceptibility抗药性drug-resistance干热灭菌dry heat sterilization杜氏发酵管Durham‘s fermentation tube侏儒型菌落dwarf colony菌群失调dysbacteriosis[病毒]早期基因early genes[病毒]早期蛋白early protein齿孔酸eburicoic acid艾柯病毒ECHO virus隐蔽期eclipse period内外生菌根ectendomycorrhiza外生菌根ectomycorrhiza毛外癣菌ectothrix成斑效率efficiency of plating弹丝elater电[子显微]镜electron microscope 原[生小]体elementary body伊红甲烯蓝琼脂EMB agar远藤培养基Endo‘s medium内生担子endobasidium内分生孢子endoconidium内源变量endogenenous variable 内源病毒endogenous virus内生菌根endomycorrhiza内生孢子endospore内共生endosymbiosis毛内癣菌endothrix内毒素endotoxin 滋养培养基enriched medium富集培养基enrichment medium 肠球菌素enterococcin肠毒素enterotoxin肠道病毒enterovirus虫生真菌entomogenous fungi昆虫病原微生物entomopathogen 昆虫痘病毒entomopox virus, EPV [病毒]包膜抗原envelope antigen [细菌]包被抗原envelope antigen 包膜envelope, peplos上担子epibasidium表皮溶解毒素epidermolytic toxin 囊层被epithecium红斑毒素erythrogenic toxin红霉素erythromycin抑酯酶素esterastin病原学etiology真细菌eubacteria真核生物eukaryote广温微生物eurythermal microorganism真病毒euvirus扁枝衣霉素everninomicin剥脱性毒素exfoliative toxin外壁exine芽孢外膜exitine外生孢子exospore[孢子]外壁exosporium外毒素exotoxin指数生长exponential growth胞外酶extracellular enzyme极端细菌extreme bacteria乙型肝炎e抗原HBeAg420 因子factor 420兼性厌氧菌facultative anaerobe 苛求菌fastidious microorganism黄癣菌丝favic chandelier mycelium 反馈抑制feed back inhibition可发酵性fermentability发酵fermentation发酵[能]力fermentation capacity发酵罐fermenter硬壁[细]菌类fermicutes冯巴赫瓶Fernbach flask致育因子fertility factor富尔根染色Feulgen staining[噬菌体]尾丝抗原fiber antigen溶纤维蛋白溶酶fibrinolysin丝状型菌落filamentous type colony 过滤除菌filtration sterilization[噬菌体]伞毛fimbrium[狂犬病]固定毒fixed virus鞭毛抗原flagellar antigen鞭毛基体flagellar basal body鞭毛蛋白flagellin鞭毛flagellum平罐酸败菌flat sour bacteria平[罐]酸败flat-sour spoilage亚麻浸渍flax retting菌群flora区系flora荧光显微镜fluorescence microscope 食品微生物学food microbiology食物中毒food poisoning足细胞foot cell脚胞foot cell前芽孢forespore间型霉素formycin 健霉素fortimicin磷霉素fosfomycin, phosphonomycin [蜜蜂]幼虫腐臭病foulbrood分部培养[法] fractional cultivation断裂fragmentation弗氏[细胞]压碎器French cell press子实体fruiting body真菌fungi抑真菌剂fungistat菌丝索funiculus镰孢菌酸fusarinic acid顶生厚壁孢子fuseau配囊交配gametangial copulation配子囊gametangium配子gamete配子母细胞gametocyte气泡gas vacuoleGC值GC values明胶液化gelatine liquefication基因簇gene cluster基因转移gene transfer普通微生物学general microbilogy 遗传转化genetic transformation 基因型genotype艮他霉素gentamicin[放线菌]土臭味素geosmins芽孔germ pore芽缝germ slit芽管germ tube无菌动物germ-free animal无菌植物germ-free plant杀菌剂germicides菌蜕ghost巨大菌落giant colony产孢体gleba滑行gliding 滑行细菌gliding bacteria胶霉毒素gliotoxin葡萄糖效应glucose effect多糖包被glycocalyx悉生生物学gnotobiology悉生生物gnotobiote微生子gonidium谷氏菌素gougerotin薄壁[细]菌类gracilicutes梯度平板gradient plate革兰氏染色Gram staining短杆菌肽gramicidin革兰氏阴性菌Gram-negative bacteria 革兰氏阳性菌Gram-positive bacteria 颗粒体granule颗粒体蛋白granulin细菌淀粉粒granulose颗粒体症病毒granulosis virus, GV灰霉素grisein灰黄霉素griseofulvin生长因子growth factor顾氏小体Guarnieri‘s bodies溶血[作用] haemolysis嗜盐菌halophilic bacteria囊间丝hamathecium悬滴法hanging drop method乙型肝炎核心抗原HBcAg乙型肝炎表面抗原HBsAg[噬菌体]头部head热固定heat fixation螺旋对称helical symmetry卷旋孢子helicospore辅助病毒helper virus血细胞吸附hemadsorption, HD血凝抑制hemagglutination inhibition 血细胞凝集hemagglutination, HA 血凝素hemagglutinin半担子hemibasidium溶血素hemolysin溶血试验hemolytic test除莠菌素herbicidin除莠霉素herbimycin隔担子heterobasidium异形[囊]胞heterocyst异型发酵heterofermentation异型发酵乳酸菌heterofermentative lactic bacteria异形配子heterogamete异配生殖heterogamy异源性heterology异宗配合heterothallism异养菌heterotrophic bacteria异养潜能heterotrophic potential 异养演替heterotrophic succession 异养heterotrophy杂合[现象] heterozygosis异形合子heterozygote[病毒]六邻体hexonmer,hexons高频重组high frequency of recombination, Hfr高倍物镜high power objective变异H-O variation H-O固着器holdfast无隔担子holobasidium全型holomorph全霉素holomycin 同型[产]乙酸细菌homoacetogenic bacteria同担子homobasidium同型发酵homofermentation同型发酵乳酸菌homofermentative lactic bacteria同源免疫噬菌体homoimmune phage同源性homology同宗配合homothallism[蓝细菌]连锁体hormogonium宿主范围突变株host range mutant透明质酸酶hyaluronidase硫化氢试验hydrogen sulfide production test产氢菌hydrogenogens氢营养菌hydrogenotrophic bacteria产氢产乙酸细菌hydrogen-producing acetogenic bacteria潮霉素hygromycin子实层hymenium子实层体hymenophore菌丝hypha虫菌体hyphal body菌丝段hyphal fragment溶菌丝作用hypholytic action附着枝hyphopodium休眠孢子囊hypnosporangium休眠孢子hypnospore下担子hypobasidium地下真菌hypogeal fungi下子座hypostroma囊基膜hypothallus囊层基hypothecium缝裂壳hyste二十面体对称icosahedral symmetry二十面[体]壳体icosahedron capsid 鉴定identification 特需营养要求型idiotroph岛霉素ilamycin固定化细胞immobilized cell免疫粘连血凝测定immune adherence hemagglutination assay, IAHA半知菌imperfect fungi原位培养in situ cultivation体外in vitro体内in vivo烧灼灭菌incineration rothecium包含体inclusion body内含颗粒inclusion granule培养箱incubator墨汁荚膜染色India-ink capsule staining指示菌indicator土著区系indigenous flora土著菌群indigenous flora吲哚试验indole test诱发变异induced variation[可]诱导噬菌体inducible phage菌裙indusium工业微生物学industrial microbiology传染infection感染infection侵染infection感染中心infectious center侵染中心infectious center半感染剂量infectious dose 50%, ID 50 侵染剂量infective dose, ID 感染剂量infective dose, ID侵染性infectivity感染性infectivity[衣原体]始体initial body接种环inoculating loop接种针inoculating needle接种箱inoculation hood接种inoculation, inoculating, inoculate接种物inoculum无囊盖类inoperculatae干扰[现象] interference干扰素interferon国际微生物学会联合会International Union of Microbiological Societies, IUMS种间分子氢转移interspecies H transfer肠道细菌intestinal bacteria 芽孢内膜intine胞内酶intracellular enzyme 侵袭力invasiveness倒置显微镜invert microscope 衰老型involution form虹彩病毒irido virus铁细菌iron bacteria同形配子囊isogametangium 同形配子isogamete同配生殖isogamy分离isolation分离培养基isolation medium 同形孢子isospore 天神霉素istamycin双氢除虫菌素ivermectin交沙霉素josamycin卡那霉素kanamycin春日霉素kasugamycin致死颗粒killer particle柯斯特染料Koester‘s stain日本酒曲koji曲酸kojic acid克氏瓶Kolle flask科氏试验Kolmer test柯氏氧化酶试剂Kovac‘s oxidase reagent柯氏试剂Kovac‘s reagent延滞期lag phaseλ噬菌体lambda particles phage蓝氏链球菌分群试验Lancefield‘sstreptococcal grouping test兔化法lapinization兔化毒lapinized virus[病毒]晚期基因late genes[病毒]晚期蛋白late protein潜伏病毒latent virus菌苔lawn渗漏突变体leaky mutant豆血红蛋白leghaemoglobin赖夫松鞭毛染色Leifson‘s flagella staining透镜lens麻风菌素lepromin杀白细胞素leucocidin白细胞溶素leucolysin 柱晶白霉素leucomycin林可霉素lincomycin脂多糖类lipopolysaccharides液体曲liquid koji液体培养基liquid medium液氮保藏[法] liquid nitrogen cryopreservation液态发酵liquid state fermentation无机营养菌lithotrophic bacteria石蕊牛奶litmus milk活菌苗live bacterial vaccine活疫苗live vaccine子囊腔locule吕氏甲烯蓝Lo effler‘s methylene blue吕氏血清培养基Loeffler‘s serum medium对数期log phase丛[鞭]毛菌lophotricha低倍物镜low power objective弱毒株low virulent strain鲁戈氏碘液Lugol‘s iodine solution 发光细菌luminous bacteria冻干[保藏]法lyophilization[噬菌体]裂解阻抑lysis inhibition溶原现象lysogenesis溶原性细菌lysogenic bacteria溶原性转换lysogenic conversion 溶原化lysogenization溶原性lysogeny溶葡萄球菌素lysostaphin溶菌酶lysozyme 裂解周期lytic cycle细菌L-型L-form of bacterium辅酶M coenzyme M麦氏[立克次氏体]染色Macchiavello‘s staining麦氏培养基MacConkey medium大分生孢子macroconidium放大率magnification主发酵main fermentation孔雀石绿溶液malachite green solution[马]鼻疽菌素试验mallein test麦芽汁malt wort曼德勒尔滤器Mandler filter手动气锁manual airlock海洋微生物学marine microbiology醪液mash异染粒matachromatic granules交配型mating type美登素maytenin肉膏meat extract医学微生物学medical microbiology 培养基medium薄膜滤器membrane filter疵壁[细]菌类mendosicutes柱孢子囊merosporangium中温菌mesophilic bacteria间体mesosome半自养mesotrophy代谢共栖metabiosis甲烷粒体methanochondria 产甲烷菌methanogen产甲烷[作用] methanogenesis甲基红试验methyl red test甲烯蓝还原试验methylene blue reduction test甲基营养菌methylotrophic bacteria甲基营养methylotrophy酒霉素methymycin梗基metulae微需氧菌microaerobe微生物生物化学microbial biochemistry 微生物生态学microbial ecology微生物生态系统microbial ecosystem微生物遗传学microbial genetics微生物浸矿microbial leaching微生物杀虫剂microbial pesticide微生物生理学microbial physiology 微生物传感器microbial sensor微生物分类学microbial taxonomy微体microbody微荚膜microcapsule小分生孢子microconidium微包囊microcyst微生物区系microflora显微操作micromanipulation显微操作器micromanipulator微量营养micronutrient微生物microorganism显微镜microscope显微镜集光器microscope condenser 镜检microscopic examination显微肥达氏凝集试验microscopic Widal agglutination test微孔滤器millipore filter最小感染量minimal infecting dose, MID最小抑菌浓度minimal inhibitory concentration, MIC最小致死量minimal lethal dose, MLD 光神霉素mithramycin丝裂霉素mitomycin混合培养mixed cultivation混合培养物mixed culture霉菌mold, mould柔膜细菌mollicutes莫能菌素monensin单形现象monomorphism单鞭毛菌monotricha[噬菌体]畸形体monster形态型morphotype形态变型morphovar最大机率法most probable number method, MPNM最大机率数most probable number, MPN粘液型菌落mucoid colony多分体病毒multicomponent virus多粒包埋型病毒multiple embedded virus复分裂multiple fission胞壁酸muramic acid毒蝇碱muscarine蘑菇mushrooms 诱变剂mutagen诱变mutagenesis突变体mutant突变mutation互利共栖mutualism菌丝酰胺mycelianamide菌丝体mycelium菌丝球mycelium pellet真菌中毒mycetism含菌细胞mycetosome杀真菌剂mycocide[菌]醭mycoderm, pellicle 分枝菌酸mycolic acid真菌学mycology菌霉素mycomycin真菌噬菌体mycophage霉酚酸mycophenolic acid菌根mycorrhiza菌根真菌mycorrhizal fungi真菌毒素mycotoxin真菌病毒mycovirus麦迪霉素mydecamycin, midecamycin 真菌醇mykol粘孢子myxospore裸露病毒[粒]体naked virion天然培养基natural medium暗霉素nebramycin致坏死寄生物necroparsite坏死病毒necrosis virus负染[色法] negative staining 负链negative strand内氏小体Negri‘s body新霉素neomycin纺锤菌素netropsin神经氨酸酶neuraminidase神经毒性neurotoxicity神经毒素neurotoxin神经毒力neurovirulence无关共栖neutralism中和试验neutralization test根瘤菌剂nitragin硝酸盐还原试验nitrate reduction test 硝化作用nitrification硝化细菌nitrobacteria氮平衡nitrogen balance固氮作用nitrogen fixation固氮细菌nitrogen fixing bacteria诺卡菌素nocardin结节状菌丝nodular mycelium无隔菌丝nonseptate hypha正常菌群normal flora新生霉素novobiocin核型多角体病毒nuclear polyhedrosis virus, NPV核壳nucleocapsid类核nucleoid数值分类法numerical taxonomy营养琼脂nutrient agar营养肉汤nutrient broth制霉菌素nystatin 菌体抗原O antigen物镜objective专性厌氧菌obligate anaerobe赭曲毒素ochratoxin目镜ocular目镜测微计ocular micrometer[流感病毒] O-D相变异O-D variation 粉孢子梗oidiophore粉孢子oidium油浸物镜oil immersion objective老培养物old culture旧结核菌素old tuberculin, OT竹桃霉素oleandomycin微[量]动[力]作用oligodynamic action 微嗜氮菌oligonitrophilic bacteria贫[营]养细菌oligotrophic bacteria 肿瘤病毒oncovirus一步生长[曲线] one step growth卵配子oogamete藏卵器oogonium卵菌oomycetes卵质ooplasm卵球oosphere卵孢子oospore敞口发酵open fermentation开放生长系统open growth system 操纵子operon蛇孢菌素ophiobollin机会致病菌opportunistic pathogen 有机营养菌organotrophic bacteria 嗜高渗细菌osmophilic bacteria 孔口ostiole牛津杯Oxford cup氧化酶试验oxidase test需氧量oxygen requirement生氧光细菌oxyphotobacteria向氧性oxytropism古微生物学paleomicrobiology 泛嗜性病毒pantropic virus侧丝paraphysis类侧丝paraphysoid准性生殖parasexuality寄生parasitism伴胞晶体parasporal crystal巴龙霉素paromomycin过客病毒passenger virus巴氏效应Pasteur effect巴氏消毒法pasteurization病原体pathogen致病性pathogenicity致病型pathotype致病变型pathovar展青霉素patulin梳状菌丝pectinafe mycelium 果胶酶pectinase菌膜pellicle[病毒]侵入penetration青霉酸penicillic acid青霉素penicillin青霉素酶penicillinase 帚状枝penicillus[病毒]五邻体pentomer,pentons包膜突起peplomerbody肽聚糖peptidoglycan[蛋白]胨peptone[蛋白]胨酵母膏葡萄糖培养基peptone-yeast extract-glucose medium完全真菌perfect fungi产气荚膜梭菌素perfringocin包被peridium周丝periphysis类周丝periphysoid周质鞭毛periplasmic flagella壁膜间隙periplasmic space子囊壳perithecium周[鞭]毛菌peritricha通透酶permease鼠疫菌素pesticin培养皿Petri dish石油微生物学petroleum microbiology 费氏[溶菌]现象Pfeiffer‘s phenomenon 噬菌体型phagetype噬菌体变型phagevar鬼笔[毒]环肽phalloidin相差显微镜phase contrast microscope 噬粒phasmid石炭酸系数phenol coefficient表型phenotype表型混杂phenotypic mixing瓶梗phialide 瓶梗孢子phialospore磷平衡phosphorus balance光同化作用photo-assimilation光能自养菌photoautotrophic bacteria 光能自养photoautotrophy光能异养菌photoheterotrophic bacteria光能无机营养菌photolithotrophic bacteria光能无机营养photolithotrophy光能有机营养菌photoorganotrophic bacteria光能有机营养photoorganotrophy光复活作用photoreactivation光合作用细菌photosynthetic bacteria 趋光性phototaxis光养菌phototrophic bacteria 光营养phototrophy向光性phototropism有隔担子phragmobasidium 多隔孢子phragmospore藻胆素phycobilin藻胆蛋白phycobiliprotein藻胆蛋白体phycobilisome藻青蛋白phycocyanin藻蓝胆素phycocyanobilin藻红蛋白phycoerythrin藻红[胆]素phycoerythrobilin 噬藻体phycophage叶际微生物phyllospheric microorganism 植物杀菌素phytocidin毒植物素phytotoxin菌盖pileus菌毛蛋白pilin[噬菌体]先导蛋白pilot protein菌毛pilus游动合子planozygote蚀斑plaque噬斑plaque蚀斑形成单位plaque forming unit,PFU 噬斑突变株plaque mutants质粒plasmid质粒不相容性plasmid incompatibility 平板plate平板培养plate cultivation平板培养物plate culture平板划线plate streaking平板接种plating肺炎[链]球菌溶血素pneumolysin 肺炎球菌毒素pneumotoxin痘疱试验pock assay毒蘑菇poisonous mushroom多重营养缺陷型polyauxotroph [噬菌体]聚合头部polyhead多角体蛋白polyhedrin多角体polyhedron多角体病毒polyhedrosis virus 多形现象polymorphism多态[现象] polymorphism多粘菌素polymyxin 多氧菌素polyoxin[噬菌体]聚合尾鞘polysheath聚硅酸盐平板polysilicate plate多价菌苗polyvalent bacterial vaccine 多价疫苗polyvalent vaccine聚β羟基丁酸盐poly-β-hydroxy butyrate混合分型血清pooled typing serum孔出孢子porospore正链positive strand马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂potato dextrose agar, PDA倾注培养[法] pour plate method捕食真菌predacious fungi捕食作用predation前原噬菌体preprophage原始培养物primary culture前发酵primary fermentation 原发性感染原primary invader 原生演替primary succession 灵菌红素prodigiosin灵菌毒素prodigiosus toxin[噬菌体]生产性感染productive infection原配子囊progametangium原配子progamete始祖生物progenote原核生物prokaryote启动子promotor原噬菌体prophage原孢子囊prosporangium 蛋白质包膜protein envelope原生生物protista原生生物学protistology原担子protobasidium初级合作protocooperation原生植物protophyte原生质体protoplast原生质体融合protoplast fusion原生质体再生protoplast regeneration 原养型prototroph原养菌prototrophic bacteria原囊壁子囊prototunicate ascus原生动物protozoan原生动物学protozoology原病毒provirus假菌丝体pseudomycelium拟侧丝pseudoparaphysis假肽聚糖pseudopeptidoglycan拟包被pseudoperidium假隔膜pseudoseptum假型病毒pseudotype virus假病毒体pseudovirion嗜冷[细]菌psychrophilic bacteria纯培养pure cultivation纯培养物pure culture纯化purification纯化蛋白衍生物purified protein derivative, PPD紫膜purple membrane紫色无硫细菌purple nonsulfur bacteria 腐败putrefaction器孢子pycnidiospore分生孢子器pycnidium[锈菌]性孢子pycniospore[锈菌]性孢子器pycnium器菌核pycnosclerotium绿脓[菌]素pyocyanin绿脓杆菌溶血素pyocyanolysin 绿脓菌荧光素pyofluorescein核菌pyrenomycetes致热原pyrogen曲Qu(raw starter)荚膜膨胀试验quellung test球拍状菌丝体racquet mycelium受体破坏酶receptor destroying enzyme, RDE受体recipient重组体recombinant重组recombination重组子recon重分配redistribution再接种reinoculation影印培养法replica plating复制replication病毒复制replication of virus复制周期replicative cycle复制子replicon生殖菌丝体reproductive mycelium耐药[性决定]因子resistance determining factor抗药因子resistance factor 耐药性转移因子resistance transfer factor, RTF分辨率resolving power静息细胞resting cell局限转导restricted transduction逆[转]录病毒retro virus沤麻retting疫苗再接种revaccination逆[转]录酶reverse transcriptase 制反转录酶素revistin根霉促进素rhizopin根霉蝶呤rhizopterin根际微生物rhizospheric microorganism红假单胞菌素rhodopseudomonacin 核糖霉素ribostamycin, vistamycin立克次氏体rickettsia利福霉素rifamycin龟裂杀菌素rimocidin环状染色体ring chromosome瑞斯托菌素ristocetin杆菌rod滚管培养法rolling tube cultivation 滚管技术rolling tube technique根瘤root nodule根瘤细菌root nodule bacteria蔷薇霉素rosamicin粗糙型菌落rough colony粗糙型rough type红比霉素rubidomycin瘤胃微生物学rumen microbiology 锈病rust disease锈菌rust fungi沙氏葡萄糖琼脂Sabouraud‘s dextrose agar糖化剂sacchariferous agents糖化作用saccharification相模霉素sagamicin盐霉素salinomycin沙门-志贺氏琼脂Salmonella-Shigella agar, S.S.agar腐生菌saprophytic bacteria腐生营养saprophytic nutrition腐生现象saprophytism八叠球菌sarcina肉瘤霉素sarkomycin卫星病毒satellite virus卫星现象satellitism扫描电[子显微]镜scanning electron microscope, SEM裂殖schizogenesis裂殖植物schizophyte菌核sclerotium线形孢子scolecospore暗细菌scotobacteria次生菌落secondary colony后发酵secondary fermentation继发性感染原secondary invader次生菌丝体secondary mycelium次生演替secondary succession扇形突变secter mutation种子罐seeding tank 酒母seeding yeast赛氏[细菌]滤器Seitz filter选择性培养基selective medium半连续[型]发酵semicontinuous fermentation半固体培养基semisolid medium半合成培养基semisynthetic medium 敏化细菌sensitized bacteria有隔菌丝septate hypha隔膜septum血清学鉴定serological identification 血清学特异性serological specificity 血清型serotype血清变型serovar刚毛seta性因子sex factor性丝sex pilus摇合培养shake cultivation振荡培养shake cultivation浅盘发酵shallow tray fermentation 鞘sheath鞘细菌sheathed bacteria制唾酸酶素siastatin嗜铁菌siderophilic bacteria青贮饲料silage单细胞蛋白single cell protein, SCP单粒包埋型病毒singly embedded virus 紫苏霉素sisomicin斜面培养slant cultivation斜面培养物slant culture载玻片slide 玻片培养slide cultivation玻片培养物slide culture粘细菌slime bacteria粘液层slime layer粘菌slime mold, slime mould慢病毒slow virus涂片smear光滑型菌落smooth colony光滑型smooth type黑粉病smut disease黑粉菌smut fungi土壤微生物学soil microbiology固体培养基solid medium固态发酵solid state fermentation 比生长速率specific growth rate无特定病原动物specific pathogen free animals, SPFA壮观霉素spectinomycin, actinospectacin精子团spermatium精子器spermogonium球状胞sphaerocyst原生质球spheroplast刺突spike螺旋菌丝spiral mycelium螺旋霉素spiramycin螺[旋]菌spirilla酸败spoilage自然发生说，无生源说spontaneous generation, abiogenesis孢囊果sporangiocarp 小孢子囊sporangiole孢囊柄sporangiophore孢囊孢子sporangiospore孢[子]囊sporangium孢子spore芽孢spore孢子球spore ball孢子印spore print杀芽孢剂sporicide分生孢子座sporodochium有孢子酵母菌sporogenous yeasts 孢子梗sporophore孢原质sporoplasm孢子形成sporulation芽孢形成sporulation。
微生物基本术语
微生物基本术语abnormal excision 不正常切离acervulus 分生孢子盘acidophiles 嗜酸菌acidotolerant microorganism 耐酸微生物acquired specific immunity 获得特异性免疫activated acetic acid pathway 活性乙酸途径或厌氧乙酰辅酶A途径activated sludge 活性污泥actinomycetes 放线菌acute infection 急性感染adjuvant 佐剂，adsorption 吸附全称免疫佐剂aerial mycelium 气生菌丝aerobe 好氧菌aerotolerant anaerobe 耐氧菌agglutination reaction 凝集反应akinete 静息孢alkalophiles 嗜碱菌allergy 变态反应或过敏反应allotype 同种异型alternative pathway 旁路途径American type culture collection（ATCC）美国菌种保藏中心ammonification 氨化作用amphitrichaete 两端鞭毛菌anaerobe 厌氧菌anaerobic acetyl-CoA pathway 厌氧乙酰辅酶A途径又称活性乙酸途径anaerobic glove box 厌氧手套箱anaerobic jar 厌氧罐anamnestic response 回忆应答anastomosis 菌丝联结antibody 抗体antibody-dependent cell-mediated 抗体依赖性细胞介导的细胞毒作用cytotoxity（ADCC）antibody titer 抗体滴度antigen 抗原antigen binding fragment 抗原结合片断antigenic determinant 抗原决定簇或表位antigenic valence 抗原结合价antigenicity 抗原性antigen presenting cell 抗原呈递细胞antisepsis 防腐apothecium 子囊盘apparent infection 显性感染archae 古细菌artificial active immunization 人工自动免疫artificial immunization 人工免疫artificial passive immunization 人工被动免疫ascocarp 子囊果ascus 子囊ascus spore 子囊孢子assimilatory nitrate reduction 硝酸盐同化作用attenuated vaccine 减毒活疫苗autoantigen 自身抗原autolysis 自溶autotroph 自养型auxanography 生长谱法auxoautotrophs 自养型微生物auxohetertrophs 异养型微生物auxotroph 营养缺陷型bacillus 杆菌bacterial leaching 细菌沥滤bacteriocidation 杀菌bacteriolysis 溶菌bacteriophage 噬菌体bacteriorhodopsin 细菌视紫红质bacteroids 类菌体bactogen 恒化器bactoprenol 细菌萜醇barophiles 嗜压菌basal body 基体basophilie 嗜碱微生物basotolerant microorganism 耐碱微生物batch culture 单批培养或密封培养biofilm 生物膜birth scar 蒂痕bud scar 芽痕budding 芽殖burst size 裂解量capsid 衣壳capsomere（capsomer）衣壳粒capsule 荚膜carboxysome 羧化体carrier state 带菌状态caryoganmy 核配carbon source 碳源cellular immunity 细胞免疫cell wall 细胞壁cell membrane 细胞膜central immune organ 中枢淋巴器官或一级淋巴器官chemostat 恒化器chemotherapeutant 化学治疗剂chemotherapy 化疗chlamydia 衣原体chronic infection 慢性感染classes 类别classical pathway 经典途径cleistothecium 闭囊壳clone 细胞群或克隆closed culture 密封培养或单批培养cluster of differentiation（CD）分化群coagulase 血浆凝固酶coccus 球菌colicinogenic factor Col因子collagenase 胶原酶colony 菌落combined vaccine 联合疫苗common antigen 共同抗原competence 感受态complement 补体complement receptor 补体受体complementarity-determining region（CDR）互补性决定区又称高变区complete antigen 完全抗原complete medium 完全培养基complete transduction 完全转导complex medium 天然培养基conditional lethal mutant 条件致死突变型conformational eterminant 构象决定簇或不连续决定簇conjugant 接合子conjugation 接合constant region 恒定区或C区continuous autoclaving 连续加压灭菌法continuous determinan 连续决定簇或顺序决定簇continuous culture 连续培养或开放培养continuous fermentation 连续发酵core 核心corrosion 腐蚀cortex 皮层culturable 可培养的cyanobacteria 蓝细菌cyanophycin 藻青素cytoplasm 细胞质dead vaccine 死疫苗death phase 死亡期或衰亡期decay 腐朽decline phase 衰亡期或死亡期defective phase 缺陷噬菌体defined medium 组合培养基degeneration 衰退delayed type hypersensitivity initiator 迟发型超敏T细胞或迟发型T细胞denitrification 反硝化作用desulfuration 脱硫作用deterioration 变质differertial medium 鉴别培养基disconformational determinant 不连续表位或构象决定簇disinfection 消毒donor 供体菌double lysogen 双重溶源菌doubling time 倍增时间或代时downstream processing 下游工程dry hot sterilization 干热灭菌eclipse phase 隐晦期effective stage 效应阶段elementary body 原体endospore 芽孢endotoxin 内毒素enrichment culture 富集培养enriched medium 加富培养基Entner-Doudoroff pathway ED途径envelope 包膜enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay（ELISA）酶联免疫吸附试验epibiotic microbe 附生微生物episome 附加体epitope 表位或抗原决定簇exotoxin 外毒素exosporium 芽胞壁exponential phase 指数期或对数期extreme microorganism 极端微生物facultative aerobe 兼性厌氧菌fermentation 发酵fermenter 发酵罐fertility factor F因子fibrinolysin 血纤维蛋白溶即酶链激酶fimbria 菌毛fission 裂殖filament 鞭毛丝flagellum 鞭毛fluctuation test 变量试验forespore 前芽孢fractional heat sterilization 湿热灭菌framework region（FR）骨架区crystalisable fragment 可结晶片断或Fc片断fructification 子实体fruiting body 子实体fungus（复fungi）真菌gene-deleted vaccine 基因缺失疫苗generalized transduction 普遍转导generation time 代时或倍增时间group antigen 类属抗原growth curve 生长曲线growth factor 生长因子growth rate constant 生长速率常数halophiles 嗜盐菌hapten 半抗原haustorium 吸器heavy region 重链或H链heterocaryon 异核体heterocyte 异形孢heterogeneity 异质性或不均一性heterolactic fermentation 异型乳酸发酵hetertroph 异养型hexon 六邻体high frequency recombination 高频重组high frequency transduction 高频转导high temperature short time 高温瞬时法hinge chain 铰链区homolactic fermentation 同型乳酸发酵hook 鞭毛鞘humoral immunity 体液免疫hyaluronidase 透明质酸酶，又称扩散因子hypersensitivity 过敏反应或变态反应hypervariable region（HVR）高变区又称互补性决定区hyphae 菌丝immune response 免疫应答immunity 免疫性immunocyte 免疫细胞immunodiffusion tests 免疫扩散实验immunogen 免疫原immunogenicity 免疫原性immunoglobulin 免疫球蛋白immunological adjuvant 免疫佐剂，简称佐剂immunologic defence 免疫防御immunologic homeostasis 免疫稳定immunologic serveillance 免疫监视immunoreactivity 免疫反应性immuno tolerance 免疫耐受inapparent infection 隐性感染inclusion body 包涵体incomplete antigen 不完全抗原inductive stage 感应阶段infective centre 感染中心initial body 始体innate immunity 先天免疫又称非特异性免疫inoculum 接种interferon 干扰素interleukin 白细胞介素intracellular-accumulation phase 胞内累积期invastiveness 侵袭力isotype 同种型joining chain J链或连接链killer cell 杀伤细胞lag phase 延滞期或停滞期或适应期latent phase 潜伏期lawn 菌苔layer plating method 夹层培养法life cycle 生命周期或生活史lectin pathway of complement activation 凝集素途径lipopolysaccharide 脂多糖liquid medium 液体培养基live vaccine 活疫苗local infection 局部感染logarithmic phase 对数期或指数期lomasome 膜边体lophotrichaete 丛毛菌low frequency transduction 低频转导low temperature holding time 低温维持法lysis from without 自外裂解lysogen 溶源菌lysogenic phage 溶源噬菌体lysogenic conversion 溶源转变lysogeny 溶源性macrophage 巨噬细胞medium 培养基mendosicutes 疵壁菌mesosome 间体metachromatic granule 异染粒microaerophilic bacteria 微好氧菌microbiology 微生物学microcapsule 微荚膜microflora 微生物区系microorganism, microbe 微生物mildew 霉变minimal medium 基本培养基mitogen 有丝分裂原monoclonal antibody 单克隆抗体monotrichaete 单毛菌most probable number（MPN）最大可能数mo（u）ld 霉菌mouldness 霉变multiplicity of infection 感染复数mycelium 菌丝体mycoplasma 支原体natural killer cell 自然杀伤细胞即NK细胞net 菌网newcombe experiment 涂布试验nitrate respiration 硝酸盐呼吸nitrification 硝化作用nitrogenase 固氮酶nitrogen source 氮源nonculturable 不可培养的non-specific immunity 非特异性免疫又称先天免疫normal autoclaving 常规加压灭菌法normal flora 正常菌群nuclear body 核质体nucleic acid vaccine 核酸疫苗nuecleocapsid 核衣壳open culture 开放培养或连续培养parasexual hybridization 准性杂交parasexual reproduction 准性生殖parasexuality 准性生殖parasitism 寄生parasporal crystal 伴孢晶体pasteurization 巴氏消毒法pathogenicity 致病力penetration 侵入penton 五邻体peptidoglycan 肽聚糖peribacterial membrane 类菌体周膜peripheral immune organ 外周免疫器官periplasmic space 周质空间perithecium 子囊壳peritrichaete 周毛菌phage 噬菌体phenol coefficient（p.c）石炭酸系数phototroph 光能营养型phycobilisome 藻胆蛋白体phycocyanin 藻青蛋白pilus 菌毛plaque 噬菌斑plaque-forming unit （pfu）噬菌斑形成单位plasmid 质粒plastid 质体plateau 平稳期poly-β-hydroxybutyrate 聚-β-羟丁酸precipitation reaction 沉淀反应preservation 菌种保藏primary immune response 初次应答primary lymphatic organ 一级淋巴器官或中枢淋巴器官prion 朊病毒productive cycle 增殖性生活周期prophage 前噬菌体prototroph 原养型psychrophiles 嗜冷菌pure culture 纯培养物pure isolate 纯分离物pycnidium 分生孢子器radioimmunoassay（RIA）放射免疫分析recombinant-vector vaccine 载体疫苗rejuvenation 复壮relaxed replication control 松弛型复制控制replica plating 平板影印培养试验replication 增殖resistance factor R因子或抗性因子resistant mutant 抗性突变型restricted transduction 局限转导reversevaccinology 反向疫苗学rhizosphere microorganism 根际微生物rickettsia 立克次氏体rhizobium 根瘤菌rhizoid 假根rolling circle model 滚环复制rough 粗糙satellite virus 卫星病毒sclerotium 菌核secondary immune response 再次应答secretory piece 分泌片selected medium 选择培养基self tolerance 自身免疫耐受semi-defined medium 半组合培养基semi-solid medium 半固体培养基sequential determinant 顺序决定簇或连续决定簇serology 血清学sexduction 性导sex fimbria 性菌毛sex pilus 性菌毛single protein 单细胞蛋白slime layer 粘液层smooth 光滑solid medium 固体培养基specialized transduction 局限转导specific antigen 特异性抗原specific immunity 特异性免疫spirochaeta 螺旋体spirillum 螺菌spirilla 螺旋菌spontaneous lysis 自外裂解spore 芽孢sporangium 芽孢囊或孢子囊sporodochium 分生孢子座sporocarp 子实体spreading factor 扩散因子，现称透明质酸酶stationary phase 稳定期或恒定期、最高生长期sterilization 灭菌stolon 匍匐菌丝strain 菌株streptokinase 链激酶即血纤维蛋白溶酶strict aerobe 专性好氧菌stringent replication control 严紧型复制控制subclasses 亚类substrate mycelium 基质菌丝subtype 亚型sulfur oxidation 硫化作用superantigen 超抗原supplemental medium 补充培养基synochronous culture 同步培养synochronous growth 同步生长synthetic medium 合成或综合培养基systemic infection 系统感染teichoic acid 磷壁酸temperate phage 温和噬菌体thermophiles 嗜热菌thylakoid 类囊体thymus dependent antigen 胸腺依赖抗原thymus independent antigen 非胸腺依赖抗原titre 效价tolerogen 耐受原toxin 毒素toxoid 类毒素transduction 转导transfection 转染transformant 转化子transformation 转化transposible element 转座因子transposon 转座子或转位子、易位子tumor inducing plasmid Ti质粒turbidostat 恒浊器tyndallization 间歇灭菌法type 型type culture 典型菌种undefined medium 天然培养基vegetative mycelium 营养菌丝体vaccine 疫苗valency 结合价variable region 可变区或V区vibro 弧菌virion 病毒体或病毒粒子viroid 类病毒virulence 毒力virulent phage 烈性噬菌体virus 病毒water activity 水活度wild type 野生型xanthan 黄原胶或黄杆胶yeast 酵母菌zoogloea 菌胶团。
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杂色曲霉素 A versicolorin A[孢子]切落abjunction抑殖素ablastin流产菌素abortin[孢子]缢断abstriction分生孢子盘acervulus醋化作用acetification产乙酸菌acetogen消色差透镜achromatic lens抗酸细菌染色法acid-fast staining 酸化作用acidification嗜酸菌acidophilic bacteria拉霉素aclacinomycin顶生孢子acrospore放线酮actidione, cycloheximide 放线菌actinomycetes放线菌素actinomycin活性污泥activated sludge活性干酵母active dry yeast腺伴随病毒adeno associated virus 腺病毒adenovirus粘附素adhesin阿霉素adriamycin 锈孢子aeciospore锈子器aecium气生菌丝体aerial mycelium需氧菌aerobe需氧培养aerobic cultivation需氧呼吸aerobic respiration需氧生活aerobiosis产气菌aerogen趋氧性aerotaxis耐氧菌aerotorelant bacteria粘菌体aethalium黄曲霉毒素aflatoxin琼脂agar琼脂平板agar plate琼脂斜面agar slant伞菌氨酸agarfitine蘑菇素agaricin蘑菇酸agaricinic acid攻击素aggressin攻击力aggressivity陈酿化aging农业微生物学agricultural microbiology土壤杆菌素agrobacteriocin静息孢子akinete阿氏染色Albert‘s staining侧生孢子aleuriospore藻蓝素algocyan, leucocyan腊肠形孢子allantospore异株克生物质allelopathic substances 异种克生[现象] allelopathy别藻蓝素allophycocyanin虫道真菌ambrosia fungi氨丁苷菌素ambutyrosin偏害共栖amensalism美国模式培养物保藏所American Type Culture Collection, ATCC无隔孢子amerospore埃姆斯试验Ames test氨化作用ammonification两端单[鞭]毛菌amphitrichate兼性营养amphitrophy两性霉素amphotericin阿明露法amylo process厌氧菌anaerobe厌氧培养室anaerobic chamber 厌氧培养anaerobic cultivation 厌氧消化anaerobic digestion厌氧呼吸anaerobic respiration 厌氧生活anaerobiosis不产气菌anaerogen无性型anamorph[菌丝]融合anastomosis雄配子androgamete雄核发育androgenesis雄器柄androphore产雄器孢子androspore环痕孢子annellospore菌环annulus无氧光细菌anoxyphotobacteria 安丝菌素ansamitocin拮抗作用antagonism抗蠕霉素anthelmycin雄器antheridium抗菌剂antibacterial agent抗生素antibiotic抗生谱antibiotic spectrum抗白喉血清antidiphtheric serum 消泡剂antifoam agent抗真菌剂antifungal agent抗原性漂移antigenic drift抗原性转变antigenic shift抗溶[菌]素antilysin抗代谢物antimetabolites抗微生物剂antimicrobial agent抗霉素antimycin防腐antisepsis防腐剂antiseptic抗血清antiserum抗毒素antitoxin[噬菌体]顶体apex[噬菌体]顶部壳粒apical capsomere 顶体apicle除疟霉素aplasmomycin全消色差透镜apochromatic lens 无融合生殖apomixis囊托apophysis子囊盘apothecium[菌体]附器appendage阿泊拉霉素apramycin水生微生物学aquatic microbiology虫媒病毒arbovirus古细菌archaebacteria古始生物界archetista流通蒸汽灭菌器Arnold steam sterilizor 节分生孢子arthroconidium节孢子arthrospore子囊果ascocarp产囊丝ascogenous hypha子囊菌ascomycetes子囊孢子ascospore子囊孢子形成ascosporulation子囊座ascostroma子囊ascus无菌操作aseptic technique曲霉菌素aspergillin曲霉毒素aspertoxin无孢子酵母菌asporogenous yeasts[病毒]装配assembly同化作用assimilation伴随病毒associated virus非共生固氮作用asymbiotic nitrogen fixation减毒株attenuated strain减毒作用attenuation高压灭菌器autoclave高压灭菌autoclaving自身接种autoinoculation 自溶素autolysin自溶[现象] autolysis自动气锁automatic airlock自养菌autotrophic bacteria自养演替autotrophic succession 自养autotrophy自身疫苗autovaccine自身菌苗autovaccine生长谱auxanogram生长谱测定[法] auxanography营养缺陷型auxotroph除虫菌素avermectin纯性培养axenic cultivation纯性培养物axenic culture轴丝axial filament固氮菌剂azotogen拟接合孢子azygospore单性合子azygote葡萄球菌A蛋白staphylococcal protein A, SPA杆菌肽bacitracin菌血症bacteremia细菌bacteria菌落计数器bacterial colony counter菌苗bacterial vaccine细菌毒力bacterial virulence杀细菌剂bactericide杀[细]菌素bactericidin[细]菌[叶]绿素bacteriochlorophyll细菌素bacteriocin菌红素bacterioerythrin细菌荧光素bacteriofluorescein细菌学bacteriology溶菌作用bacteriolysis溶[细]菌反应bacteriolytic reaction 噬菌体bacteriophage噬菌体分型bacteriophage typing 噬菌体学bacteriophagology菌紫素bacteriopurpurin[细菌]紫膜质bacteriorhodopsin 细菌小体bacteriosome抑菌作用bacteriostasis抑菌剂bacteriostat细菌毒素bacteriotoxin亲菌素bacteriotropin类菌体bacteroid掷孢子ballistospore嗜压菌barophilic bacteria[噬菌体]基片丝base-plate fibril [噬菌体]基片插孔base-plate hub[噬菌体]基片楔突base-plate wedge 基础培养基basic medium担子果basidiocarp担子菌basidiomycetes担子体basidiophore担孢子basidiospore担子basidium分批培养batch cultivation[罐]批发酵batch fermentation卡介苗BCG vaccine豆芽汁培养基bean sprouts medium 牛肉汁beef broth牛肉膏beef extract双环霉素bicyclomycin二分分裂binary fission双目显微镜binocular microscope 生物测定bioassay生化培养基biochemical medium 生物转化bioconversion沼气biogas生物防治biological control生物制品biological products生物质biomass生物量biomass生物圈biosphere生物型biotype生物变型biovar双相培养biphasic cultivation两极染色bipolar staining双囊壁子囊bitunicate ascus杀稻瘟素blasticidin芽分生孢子blastoconidium芽生孢子blastospore盲传blind passage水华blooms下面发酵bottom fermentation下面酵母bottom yeast麸曲bran koji酿造brewing酿造技术brewing technique明视野显微镜bright field microscope 肉汤培养broth cultivation肉汤培养物broth culture布氏菌素brucellin芽殖budding[噬菌体]裂解量burst size丁苷菌素butirosin, butyrosin杀假丝菌素candicidin 烛罐candle jar孢丝capillitium卷曲霉素capreomycin, capromycin[病毒]壳体capsid[病毒]壳粒capsomer, capsomere荚膜capsule石炭酸品红carbol fuchsin碳平衡carbon balance一氧化碳营养菌carboxydotrophic bacteria洋红霉素carminomycin类葫萝卜素carotenoids带菌者carrier带[病]毒者carrier载体噬菌体carrier phage[水解]酪蛋白氨基酸casamino acids柄细菌caulobacteria香柏油cedar oil天青菌素celesticetin细胞系cell line细胞株cell strain纤维素酶cellulase中生芽孢central spore壳心centrum头孢菌素cephalosporin单端丛[鞭]毛菌cephalotricha化能自养菌chemoautotrophic bacteria 化能自养chemoautotrophy化能异养菌chemoheterotrophic bacteria 化能无机营养菌chemolithotrophic bacteria化能无机营养chemolithotrophy化能有机营养菌chemoorganotrophic bacteria化能有机营养chemoorganotrophy恒化器chemostat趋化性chemotaxis化学疗法chemotherapy化能营养chemotrophy向化性chemotropism化学型chemotype化学变型chemovar中国微生物菌种保藏管理委员会China Committee for Culture Collection of Microorganisms, CCCCM中国微生物学会Chinese Society for Microbiology, CSM衣原体chlamydia厚壁孢子chlamydospore氯霉素chloromycetin, chloramphenicol金霉素chloroteracycline, aureomycin 载色体chromatophore产色细菌chromogenic bacteria色霉素chromomycin创新霉素chuangxinmycin[流感病毒]朱氏抑制物Chu-inhibitor ,β－inhibitor壶菌chytrid孢子角cirrus锁状细胞clamp cell锁状联合clamp connection棒酸clavulanic acid闭囊果cleistocarp闭囊壳cleistothecium顶极群落climax community氯林肯霉素clindamycin 杯伞素clitocybine克隆clone封闭生长系统closed growth system 聚簇cluster盾状体clypeus凝固酶coagulase凝固酶因子coagulase factor球杆菌coccobacillus球菌coccus半透明型突变噬斑cococarde协同培养co-cultivation多核细胞coenocyte多核配子coenogamete多核孢子囊coenosporangium多核合子coenozygote共固定化作用co-immobilization大肠菌素colicin, colicine大肠杆菌素生成因子colicinogenic factor 大肠菌类coliform group大肠[杆]菌指数coli-index粘菌素colistin大肠[杆]菌值colititre噬菌体]颈部collar囊领collarette菌落colony菌落形成单位colony forming units, CFU囊轴columella联合疫苗combined vaccine偏利共栖commensalism伴生种companions相容性compatibility 感受态competence兢争[共栖] competition互补complementation完全培养基complete medium复合对称complex symmetry[噬菌体]串联体concatemer凹玻片concave slide条件致死conditional lethal条件突变株conditional mutant条件致病菌conditioned pathogen分生孢子果conidiocarp分生孢子梗conidiophore分生孢子conidium[噬菌体]接合分裂conjugate division 接合[作用] conjugation[噬菌体]颈圈connector聚生体consortium缢缩[作用] constriction污染物contaminant污染contamination连续培养continuous cultivation连续发酵continuous fermentation 连续灭菌continuous sterilization 庖肉培养基cooked meat medium鬼伞菌素coprinin索状因子cord factor蛹虫草菌素cordycepin[噬菌体]髓部core核心core菌丝束coremium[芽孢]皮层cortex香菇菌素cortinellin棒状菌corynebacteria粘粒cosmid对染[法] counterstaining盖玻片cover glass临界杀菌浓度critical killing dilution 交叉复活cross reactivation深低温保藏[法] cryopreservation隐性前噬菌体cryptic prophage隐生现象cryptobiosis立体对称cubical symmetry培养cultivation培养物culture 培养瓶culture flask移种culture transfering盘菌cup fungi[噬菌体]自愈curing蓝细菌cyanobacteria藻青素cyanophycin藻青素颗粒cyanophycin granule环丝氨酸cycloserine环孢菌素cyclosporin杯碟法cylinder plate method囊状体cystidium松胞菌素cytochalasin胞霉素cytomycin致细胞病变[效应] cytopathic effect, CPE质型多角体病毒cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus,CPV大曲Daqu (massive raw stater for alcholic liquor)暗视野dark-field暗视野显微镜dark-field microscope暗视野显微术dark-field microscopy子菌落daughter colony道诺霉素daunomycin衰亡期decline phase分解者decomposer深层菌落deep colony干扰缺损颗粒defective interfering particle[病毒]缺损突变株defective mutant缺损病毒defective virus确定成分培养基defined medium干燥培养基dehydrated medium反硝化作用denitrification 反硝化细菌denitrifying bacteria浓核病毒densovirus,DNV皮肤坏死毒素dermatonecrotoxin越霉素destomycin生物致劣deterioration鉴定细菌学determinative bacteriology 诊断微生物学diagnostic microbiology 透析培养dialysis cultivation乳品微生物学diary microbiology双峰生长曲线diauxie growth curve砖格孢子dictyospore双胞孢子didymospore[分辨]干涉差显微镜Differential interference contrast microscope, DICM鉴别培养基differential medium鉴别染色法differential staining稀释法dilution method稀释平板分离法dilution-plate method 双态性真菌dimorphic fungi双态现象dimorphism白喉毒素diphtheria toxin2,6-吡啶二羧酸dipicolinic acid, DPA 双杆菌diplobacillus双球菌diplococcus盘状子囊果discocarp消毒剂disinfectant消毒disinfection双孢担孢子dispore异化作用dissimilation偏端霉素distamycin 供体donor休眠dormancy倍增时间doubling time抗药基因drug resistant gene抗药性菌株drug resistant strain药物敏感性drug susceptibility抗药性drug-resistance干热灭菌dry heat sterilization杜氏发酵管Durham‘s fermentation tube侏儒型菌落dwarf colony菌群失调dysbacteriosis[病毒]早期基因early genes[病毒]早期蛋白early protein齿孔酸eburicoic acid艾柯病毒ECHO virus隐蔽期eclipse period内外生菌根ectendomycorrhiza外生菌根ectomycorrhiza毛外癣菌ectothrix成斑效率efficiency of plating弹丝elater电[子显微]镜electron microscope 原[生小]体elementary body伊红甲烯蓝琼脂EMB agar远藤培养基Endo‘s medium内生担子endobasidium内分生孢子endoconidium内源变量endogenenous variable 内源病毒endogenous virus内生菌根endomycorrhiza内生孢子endospore内共生endosymbiosis毛内癣菌endothrix内毒素endotoxin 滋养培养基enriched medium富集培养基enrichment medium 肠球菌素enterococcin肠毒素enterotoxin肠道病毒enterovirus虫生真菌entomogenous fungi昆虫病原微生物entomopathogen 昆虫痘病毒entomopox virus, EPV [病毒]包膜抗原envelope antigen [细菌]包被抗原envelope antigen 包膜envelope, peplos上担子epibasidium表皮溶解毒素epidermolytic toxin 囊层被epithecium红斑毒素erythrogenic toxin红霉素erythromycin抑酯酶素esterastin病原学etiology真细菌eubacteria真核生物eukaryote广温微生物eurythermal microorganism真病毒euvirus扁枝衣霉素everninomicin剥脱性毒素exfoliative toxin外壁exine芽孢外膜exitine外生孢子exospore[孢子]外壁exosporium外毒素exotoxin指数生长exponential growth胞外酶extracellular enzyme极端细菌extreme bacteria乙型肝炎e抗原HBeAg420 因子factor 420兼性厌氧菌facultative anaerobe 苛求菌fastidious microorganism黄癣菌丝favic chandelier mycelium 反馈抑制feed back inhibition可发酵性fermentability发酵fermentation发酵[能]力fermentation capacity发酵罐fermenter硬壁[细]菌类fermicutes冯巴赫瓶Fernbach flask致育因子fertility factor富尔根染色Feulgen staining[噬菌体]尾丝抗原fiber antigen溶纤维蛋白溶酶fibrinolysin丝状型菌落filamentous type colony 过滤除菌filtration sterilization[噬菌体]伞毛fimbrium[狂犬病]固定毒fixed virus鞭毛抗原flagellar antigen鞭毛基体flagellar basal body鞭毛蛋白flagellin鞭毛flagellum平罐酸败菌flat sour bacteria平[罐]酸败flat-sour spoilage亚麻浸渍flax retting菌群flora区系flora荧光显微镜fluorescence microscope 食品微生物学food microbiology食物中毒food poisoning足细胞foot cell脚胞foot cell前芽孢forespore间型霉素formycin 健霉素fortimicin磷霉素fosfomycin, phosphonomycin [蜜蜂]幼虫腐臭病foulbrood分部培养[法] fractional cultivation断裂fragmentation弗氏[细胞]压碎器French cell press子实体fruiting body真菌fungi抑真菌剂fungistat菌丝索funiculus镰孢菌酸fusarinic acid顶生厚壁孢子fuseau配囊交配gametangial copulation配子囊gametangium配子gamete配子母细胞gametocyte气泡gas vacuoleGC值GC values明胶液化gelatine liquefication基因簇gene cluster基因转移gene transfer普通微生物学general microbilogy 遗传转化genetic transformation 基因型genotype艮他霉素gentamicin[放线菌]土臭味素geosmins芽孔germ pore芽缝germ slit芽管germ tube无菌动物germ-free animal无菌植物germ-free plant杀菌剂germicides菌蜕ghost巨大菌落giant colony产孢体gleba滑行gliding 滑行细菌gliding bacteria胶霉毒素gliotoxin葡萄糖效应glucose effect多糖包被glycocalyx悉生生物学gnotobiology悉生生物gnotobiote微生子gonidium谷氏菌素gougerotin薄壁[细]菌类gracilicutes梯度平板gradient plate革兰氏染色Gram staining短杆菌肽gramicidin革兰氏阴性菌Gram-negative bacteria 革兰氏阳性菌Gram-positive bacteria 颗粒体granule颗粒体蛋白granulin细菌淀粉粒granulose颗粒体症病毒granulosis virus, GV灰霉素grisein灰黄霉素griseofulvin生长因子growth factor顾氏小体Guarnieri‘s bodies溶血[作用] haemolysis嗜盐菌halophilic bacteria囊间丝hamathecium悬滴法hanging drop method乙型肝炎核心抗原HBcAg乙型肝炎表面抗原HBsAg[噬菌体]头部head热固定heat fixation螺旋对称helical symmetry卷旋孢子helicospore辅助病毒helper virus血细胞吸附hemadsorption, HD血凝抑制hemagglutination inhibition 血细胞凝集hemagglutination, HA 血凝素hemagglutinin半担子hemibasidium溶血素hemolysin溶血试验hemolytic test除莠菌素herbicidin除莠霉素herbimycin隔担子heterobasidium异形[囊]胞heterocyst异型发酵heterofermentation异型发酵乳酸菌heterofermentative lactic bacteria异形配子heterogamete异配生殖heterogamy异源性heterology异宗配合heterothallism异养菌heterotrophic bacteria异养潜能heterotrophic potential 异养演替heterotrophic succession 异养heterotrophy杂合[现象] heterozygosis异形合子heterozygote[病毒]六邻体hexonmer,hexons高频重组high frequency of recombination, Hfr高倍物镜high power objective变异H-O variation H-O固着器holdfast无隔担子holobasidium全型holomorph全霉素holomycin 同型[产]乙酸细菌homoacetogenic bacteria同担子homobasidium同型发酵homofermentation同型发酵乳酸菌homofermentative lactic bacteria同源免疫噬菌体homoimmune phage同源性homology同宗配合homothallism[蓝细菌]连锁体hormogonium宿主范围突变株host range mutant透明质酸酶hyaluronidase硫化氢试验hydrogen sulfide production test产氢菌hydrogenogens氢营养菌hydrogenotrophic bacteria产氢产乙酸细菌hydrogen-producing acetogenic bacteria潮霉素hygromycin子实层hymenium子实层体hymenophore菌丝hypha虫菌体hyphal body菌丝段hyphal fragment溶菌丝作用hypholytic action附着枝hyphopodium休眠孢子囊hypnosporangium休眠孢子hypnospore下担子hypobasidium地下真菌hypogeal fungi下子座hypostroma囊基膜hypothallus囊层基hypothecium缝裂壳hyste二十面体对称icosahedral symmetry二十面[体]壳体icosahedron capsid 鉴定identification 特需营养要求型idiotroph岛霉素ilamycin固定化细胞immobilized cell免疫粘连血凝测定immune adherence hemagglutination assay, IAHA半知菌imperfect fungi原位培养in situ cultivation体外in vitro体内in vivo烧灼灭菌incineration rothecium包含体inclusion body内含颗粒inclusion granule培养箱incubator墨汁荚膜染色India-ink capsule staining指示菌indicator土著区系indigenous flora土著菌群indigenous flora吲哚试验indole test诱发变异induced variation[可]诱导噬菌体inducible phage菌裙indusium工业微生物学industrial microbiology传染infection感染infection侵染infection感染中心infectious center侵染中心infectious center半感染剂量infectious dose 50%, ID 50 侵染剂量infective dose, ID 感染剂量infective dose, ID侵染性infectivity感染性infectivity[衣原体]始体initial body接种环inoculating loop接种针inoculating needle接种箱inoculation hood接种inoculation, inoculating, inoculate接种物inoculum无囊盖类inoperculatae干扰[现象] interference干扰素interferon国际微生物学会联合会International Union of Microbiological Societies, IUMS种间分子氢转移interspecies H transfer肠道细菌intestinal bacteria 芽孢内膜intine胞内酶intracellular enzyme 侵袭力invasiveness倒置显微镜invert microscope 衰老型involution form虹彩病毒irido virus铁细菌iron bacteria同形配子囊isogametangium 同形配子isogamete同配生殖isogamy分离isolation分离培养基isolation medium 同形孢子isospore 天神霉素istamycin双氢除虫菌素ivermectin交沙霉素josamycin卡那霉素kanamycin春日霉素kasugamycin致死颗粒killer particle柯斯特染料Koester‘s stain日本酒曲koji曲酸kojic acid克氏瓶Kolle flask科氏试验Kolmer test柯氏氧化酶试剂Kovac‘s oxidase reagent柯氏试剂Kovac‘s reagent延滞期lag phaseλ噬菌体lambda particles phage蓝氏链球菌分群试验Lancefield‘sstreptococcal grouping test兔化法lapinization兔化毒lapinized virus[病毒]晚期基因late genes[病毒]晚期蛋白late protein潜伏病毒latent virus菌苔lawn渗漏突变体leaky mutant豆血红蛋白leghaemoglobin赖夫松鞭毛染色Leifson‘s flagella staining透镜lens麻风菌素lepromin杀白细胞素leucocidin白细胞溶素leucolysin 柱晶白霉素leucomycin林可霉素lincomycin脂多糖类lipopolysaccharides液体曲liquid koji液体培养基liquid medium液氮保藏[法] liquid nitrogen cryopreservation液态发酵liquid state fermentation无机营养菌lithotrophic bacteria石蕊牛奶litmus milk活菌苗live bacterial vaccine活疫苗live vaccine子囊腔locule吕氏甲烯蓝Loeff ler‘s methylene blue吕氏血清培养基Loeffler‘s serum medium对数期log phase丛[鞭]毛菌lophotricha低倍物镜low power objective弱毒株low virulent strain鲁戈氏碘液Lugol‘s iodine solution 发光细菌luminous bacteria冻干[保藏]法lyophilization[噬菌体]裂解阻抑lysis inhibition溶原现象lysogenesis溶原性细菌lysogenic bacteria溶原性转换lysogenic conversion 溶原化lysogenization溶原性lysogeny溶葡萄球菌素lysostaphin溶菌酶lysozyme 裂解周期lytic cycle细菌L-型L-form of bacterium辅酶M coenzyme M麦氏[立克次氏体]染色Macchiavello‘s staining麦氏培养基MacConkey medium大分生孢子macroconidium放大率magnification主发酵main fermentation孔雀石绿溶液malachite green solution[马]鼻疽菌素试验mallein test麦芽汁malt wort曼德勒尔滤器Mandler filter手动气锁manual airlock海洋微生物学marine microbiology醪液mash异染粒matachromatic granules交配型mating type美登素maytenin肉膏meat extract医学微生物学medical microbiology 培养基medium薄膜滤器membrane filter疵壁[细]菌类mendosicutes柱孢子囊merosporangium中温菌mesophilic bacteria间体mesosome半自养mesotrophy代谢共栖metabiosis甲烷粒体methanochondria 产甲烷菌methanogen产甲烷[作用] methanogenesis甲基红试验methyl red test甲烯蓝还原试验methylene blue reduction test甲基营养菌methylotrophic bacteria甲基营养methylotrophy酒霉素methymycin梗基metulae微需氧菌microaerobe微生物生物化学microbial biochemistry 微生物生态学microbial ecology微生物生态系统microbial ecosystem微生物遗传学microbial genetics微生物浸矿microbial leaching微生物杀虫剂microbial pesticide微生物生理学microbial physiology 微生物传感器microbial sensor微生物分类学microbial taxonomy微体microbody微荚膜microcapsule小分生孢子microconidium微包囊microcyst微生物区系microflora显微操作micromanipulation显微操作器micromanipulator微量营养micronutrient微生物microorganism显微镜microscope显微镜集光器microscope condenser 镜检microscopic examination显微肥达氏凝集试验microscopic Widal agglutination test微孔滤器millipore filter最小感染量minimal infecting dose, MID最小抑菌浓度minimal inhibitory concentration, MIC最小致死量minimal lethal dose, MLD 光神霉素mithramycin丝裂霉素mitomycin混合培养mixed cultivation混合培养物mixed culture霉菌mold, mould柔膜细菌mollicutes莫能菌素monensin单形现象monomorphism单鞭毛菌monotricha[噬菌体]畸形体monster形态型morphotype形态变型morphovar最大机率法most probable number method, MPNM最大机率数most probable number, MPN粘液型菌落mucoid colony多分体病毒multicomponent virus多粒包埋型病毒multiple embedded virus复分裂multiple fission胞壁酸muramic acid毒蝇碱muscarine蘑菇mushrooms 诱变剂mutagen诱变mutagenesis突变体mutant突变mutation互利共栖mutualism菌丝酰胺mycelianamide菌丝体mycelium菌丝球mycelium pellet真菌中毒mycetism含菌细胞mycetosome杀真菌剂mycocide[菌]醭mycoderm, pellicle 分枝菌酸mycolic acid真菌学mycology菌霉素mycomycin真菌噬菌体mycophage霉酚酸mycophenolic acid菌根mycorrhiza菌根真菌mycorrhizal fungi真菌毒素mycotoxin真菌病毒mycovirus麦迪霉素mydecamycin, midecamycin 真菌醇mykol粘孢子myxospore裸露病毒[粒]体naked virion天然培养基natural medium暗霉素nebramycin致坏死寄生物necroparsite坏死病毒necrosis virus负染[色法] negative staining 负链negative strand内氏小体Negri‘s body新霉素neomycin纺锤菌素netropsin神经氨酸酶neuraminidase神经毒性neurotoxicity神经毒素neurotoxin神经毒力neurovirulence无关共栖neutralism中和试验neutralization test根瘤菌剂nitragin硝酸盐还原试验nitrate reduction test 硝化作用nitrification硝化细菌nitrobacteria氮平衡nitrogen balance固氮作用nitrogen fixation固氮细菌nitrogen fixing bacteria诺卡菌素nocardin结节状菌丝nodular mycelium无隔菌丝nonseptate hypha正常菌群normal flora新生霉素novobiocin核型多角体病毒nuclear polyhedrosis virus, NPV核壳nucleocapsid类核nucleoid数值分类法numerical taxonomy营养琼脂nutrient agar营养肉汤nutrient broth制霉菌素nystatin 菌体抗原O antigen物镜objective专性厌氧菌obligate anaerobe赭曲毒素ochratoxin目镜ocular目镜测微计ocular micrometer[流感病毒] O-D相变异O-D variation 粉孢子梗oidiophore粉孢子oidium油浸物镜oil immersion objective老培养物old culture旧结核菌素old tuberculin, OT竹桃霉素oleandomycin微[量]动[力]作用oligodynamic action 微嗜氮菌oligonitrophilic bacteria贫[营]养细菌oligotrophic bacteria 肿瘤病毒oncovirus一步生长[曲线] one step growth卵配子oogamete藏卵器oogonium卵菌oomycetes卵质ooplasm卵球oosphere卵孢子oospore敞口发酵open fermentation开放生长系统open growth system 操纵子operon蛇孢菌素ophiobollin机会致病菌opportunistic pathogen 有机营养菌organotrophic bacteria 嗜高渗细菌osmophilic bacteria 孔口ostiole牛津杯Oxford cup氧化酶试验oxidase test需氧量oxygen requirement生氧光细菌oxyphotobacteria向氧性oxytropism古微生物学paleomicrobiology 泛嗜性病毒pantropic virus侧丝paraphysis类侧丝paraphysoid准性生殖parasexuality寄生parasitism伴胞晶体parasporal crystal巴龙霉素paromomycin过客病毒passenger virus巴氏效应Pasteur effect巴氏消毒法pasteurization病原体pathogen致病性pathogenicity致病型pathotype致病变型pathovar展青霉素patulin梳状菌丝pectinafe mycelium 果胶酶pectinase菌膜pellicle[病毒]侵入penetration青霉酸penicillic acid青霉素penicillin青霉素酶penicillinase 帚状枝penicillus[病毒]五邻体pentomer,pentons包膜突起peplomerbody肽聚糖peptidoglycan[蛋白]胨peptone[蛋白]胨酵母膏葡萄糖培养基peptone-yeast extract-glucose medium完全真菌perfect fungi产气荚膜梭菌素perfringocin包被peridium周丝periphysis类周丝periphysoid周质鞭毛periplasmic flagella壁膜间隙periplasmic space子囊壳perithecium周[鞭]毛菌peritricha通透酶permease鼠疫菌素pesticin培养皿Petri dish石油微生物学petroleum microbiology 费氏[溶菌]现象Pfeiffer‘s phenomenon 噬菌体型phagetype噬菌体变型phagevar鬼笔[毒]环肽phalloidin相差显微镜phase contrast microscope 噬粒phasmid石炭酸系数phenol coefficient表型phenotype表型混杂phenotypic mixing瓶梗phialide 瓶梗孢子phialospore磷平衡phosphorus balance光同化作用photo-assimilation光能自养菌photoautotrophic bacteria 光能自养photoautotrophy光能异养菌photoheterotrophic bacteria光能无机营养菌photolithotrophic bacteria光能无机营养photolithotrophy光能有机营养菌photoorganotrophic bacteria光能有机营养photoorganotrophy光复活作用photoreactivation光合作用细菌photosynthetic bacteria 趋光性phototaxis光养菌phototrophic bacteria 光营养phototrophy向光性phototropism有隔担子phragmobasidium 多隔孢子phragmospore藻胆素phycobilin藻胆蛋白phycobiliprotein藻胆蛋白体phycobilisome藻青蛋白phycocyanin藻蓝胆素phycocyanobilin藻红蛋白phycoerythrin藻红[胆]素phycoerythrobilin 噬藻体phycophage叶际微生物phyllospheric microorganism 植物杀菌素phytocidin毒植物素phytotoxin菌盖pileus菌毛蛋白pilin[噬菌体]先导蛋白pilot protein菌毛pilus游动合子planozygote蚀斑plaque噬斑plaque蚀斑形成单位plaque forming unit,PFU 噬斑突变株plaque mutants质粒plasmid质粒不相容性plasmid incompatibility 平板plate平板培养plate cultivation平板培养物plate culture平板划线plate streaking平板接种plating肺炎[链]球菌溶血素pneumolysin 肺炎球菌毒素pneumotoxin痘疱试验pock assay毒蘑菇poisonous mushroom多重营养缺陷型polyauxotroph [噬菌体]聚合头部polyhead多角体蛋白polyhedrin多角体polyhedron多角体病毒polyhedrosis virus 多形现象polymorphism多态[现象] polymorphism多粘菌素polymyxin 多氧菌素polyoxin[噬菌体]聚合尾鞘polysheath聚硅酸盐平板polysilicate plate多价菌苗polyvalent bacterial vaccine 多价疫苗polyvalent vaccine聚β羟基丁酸盐poly-β-hydroxy butyrate混合分型血清pooled typing serum孔出孢子porospore正链positive strand马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂potato dextrose agar, PDA倾注培养[法] pour plate method捕食真菌predacious fungi捕食作用predation前原噬菌体preprophage原始培养物primary culture前发酵primary fermentation 原发性感染原primary invader 原生演替primary succession 灵菌红素prodigiosin灵菌毒素prodigiosus toxin[噬菌体]生产性感染productive infection原配子囊progametangium原配子progamete始祖生物progenote原核生物prokaryote启动子promotor原噬菌体prophage原孢子囊prosporangium 蛋白质包膜protein envelope原生生物protista原生生物学protistology原担子protobasidium初级合作protocooperation原生植物protophyte原生质体protoplast原生质体融合protoplast fusion原生质体再生protoplast regeneration 原养型prototroph原养菌prototrophic bacteria原囊壁子囊prototunicate ascus原生动物protozoan原生动物学protozoology原病毒provirus假菌丝体pseudomycelium拟侧丝pseudoparaphysis假肽聚糖pseudopeptidoglycan拟包被pseudoperidium假隔膜pseudoseptum假型病毒pseudotype virus假病毒体pseudovirion嗜冷[细]菌psychrophilic bacteria纯培养pure cultivation纯培养物pure culture纯化purification纯化蛋白衍生物purified protein derivative, PPD紫膜purple membrane紫色无硫细菌purple nonsulfur bacteria 腐败putrefaction器孢子pycnidiospore分生孢子器pycnidium[锈菌]性孢子pycniospore[锈菌]性孢子器pycnium器菌核pycnosclerotium绿脓[菌]素pyocyanin绿脓杆菌溶血素pyocyanolysin 绿脓菌荧光素pyofluorescein核菌pyrenomycetes致热原pyrogen曲Qu(raw starter)荚膜膨胀试验quellung test球拍状菌丝体racquet mycelium受体破坏酶receptor destroying enzyme, RDE受体recipient重组体recombinant重组recombination重组子recon重分配redistribution再接种reinoculation影印培养法replica plating复制replication病毒复制replication of virus复制周期replicative cycle复制子replicon生殖菌丝体reproductive mycelium耐药[性决定]因子resistance determining factor抗药因子resistance factor 耐药性转移因子resistance transfer factor, RTF分辨率resolving power静息细胞resting cell局限转导restricted transduction逆[转]录病毒retro virus沤麻retting疫苗再接种revaccination逆[转]录酶reverse transcriptase 制反转录酶素revistin根霉促进素rhizopin根霉蝶呤rhizopterin根际微生物rhizospheric microorganism红假单胞菌素rhodopseudomonacin 核糖霉素ribostamycin, vistamycin立克次氏体rickettsia利福霉素rifamycin龟裂杀菌素rimocidin环状染色体ring chromosome瑞斯托菌素ristocetin杆菌rod滚管培养法rolling tube cultivation 滚管技术rolling tube technique根瘤root nodule根瘤细菌root nodule bacteria蔷薇霉素rosamicin粗糙型菌落rough colony粗糙型rough type红比霉素rubidomycin瘤胃微生物学rumen microbiology 锈病rust disease锈菌rust fungi沙氏葡萄糖琼脂Sabouraud‘s dextrose agar糖化剂sacchariferous agents糖化作用saccharification相模霉素sagamicin盐霉素salinomycin沙门-志贺氏琼脂Salmonella-Shigella agar, S.S.agar腐生菌saprophytic bacteria腐生营养saprophytic nutrition腐生现象saprophytism八叠球菌sarcina肉瘤霉素sarkomycin卫星病毒satellite virus卫星现象satellitism扫描电[子显微]镜scanning electron microscope, SEM裂殖schizogenesis裂殖植物schizophyte菌核sclerotium线形孢子scolecospore暗细菌scotobacteria次生菌落secondary colony后发酵secondary fermentation继发性感染原secondary invader次生菌丝体secondary mycelium次生演替secondary succession扇形突变secter mutation种子罐seeding tank 酒母seeding yeast赛氏[细菌]滤器Seitz filter选择性培养基selective medium半连续[型]发酵semicontinuous fermentation半固体培养基semisolid medium半合成培养基semisynthetic medium 敏化细菌sensitized bacteria有隔菌丝septate hypha隔膜septum血清学鉴定serological identification 血清学特异性serological specificity 血清型serotype血清变型serovar刚毛seta性因子sex factor性丝sex pilus摇合培养shake cultivation振荡培养shake cultivation浅盘发酵shallow tray fermentation 鞘sheath鞘细菌sheathed bacteria制唾酸酶素siastatin嗜铁菌siderophilic bacteria青贮饲料silage单细胞蛋白single cell protein, SCP单粒包埋型病毒singly embedded virus 紫苏霉素sisomicin斜面培养slant cultivation斜面培养物slant culture载玻片slide 玻片培养slide cultivation玻片培养物slide culture粘细菌slime bacteria粘液层slime layer粘菌slime mold, slime mould慢病毒slow virus涂片smear光滑型菌落smooth colony光滑型smooth type黑粉病smut disease黑粉菌smut fungi土壤微生物学soil microbiology固体培养基solid medium固态发酵solid state fermentation 比生长速率specific growth rate无特定病原动物specific pathogen free animals, SPFA壮观霉素spectinomycin, actinospectacin精子团spermatium精子器spermogonium球状胞sphaerocyst原生质球spheroplast刺突spike螺旋菌丝spiral mycelium螺旋霉素spiramycin螺[旋]菌spirilla酸败spoilage自然发生说，无生源说spontaneous generation, abiogenesis孢囊果sporangiocarp 小孢子囊sporangiole孢囊柄sporangiophore孢囊孢子sporangiospore孢[子]囊sporangium孢子spore芽孢spore孢子球spore ball孢子印spore print杀芽孢剂sporicide分生孢子座sporodochium有孢子酵母菌sporogenous yeasts 孢子梗sporophore孢原质sporoplasm孢子形成sporulation芽孢形成sporulation。