采矿工程 毕业外文翻译
采矿工程英语译文
练习1矿井系统选择的标准图9.2显示了各种采矿方法的生产分布图。
由于现在在短壁工作面工作的少于12个人，所以采用长臂综采法。
很显然连续采煤法越来越受欢迎不是因为每个单元的生产能力增加，而是因为相同吨位的产出需要的人少。
然而，长臂开采的生产率更高是因为每个采矿单元与生俱来的连续开采潜力使其有更大的生产能力。
虽然如此，讨论选择一个系统比另一个系统好要考虑很多因素，这样会让每种形式的细节分析变得明显。
这个表格列出了很多矿井选择特定系统时考虑的各种因素，提供了像自然条件，开采经验，社会关注点，市场条件等重要因素。
一些选择是相当明显的，然而一些是不明显的。
通常，这些选择更能反映出个人偏见。
例如，当缝隙是坚硬的或包含坚硬的杂质，传统的开采方法（爆破）比通过连续开采剥开煤层更容易。
当眼前的隧道顶部很坏时,长臂开采更容易也能够提供更全面的支撑。
常规开采需求的大量设备可能会导致柔软底部的撕裂，所以常规开采比连续开采需要一个坚固的底部。
由于常规开采在房柱式系统已经比在任何老矿区实行时间都长，由于劳动监察部门最熟悉这种方法和设备，在新矿的开采方法选取中这将是一个重要的考虑因素。
然而，如果对于新的从业人员，选择这种传统方法是不太可能的，因为它需要更多的技巧去协调许多设备以及人力。
但是，对于维护人员就不是这样的。
由于传统设备比连续采矿设备更简单，更可靠，更容易保持状态，一个没有经验的维修组更适合使用常规开采的矿区。
市场对于采矿系统的发展有过很大的影响。
而连续开采通常认为已经开始约在1947年，实际上再更早就有了。
在1920年代早期，McKinley Entry Driver，一个出生很早地使用连续开采方法的矿工，加入的很多条目在Illinois.然而煤炭生产靠它，和几乎如今的所有连续开采矿工，这对于全国上下的取暖需求不是很畅销，所以它产生了低回报。
随着实用市场的到来，所有的煤都是粉碎后使用的，连续采煤机已获得广泛的认可。
采矿工程毕业设计外文翻译----新技术和新理论的采矿业跨世纪发展
原文：DEVELOPING OF TRANS-CENTURY MINING SUBJECTWITH NEW TECHNOLOGY AND NEW THEORYAbstract：Mining subject needs further development and towards which the development would being the problems concerned over all along and to be succeeded with the public good enough attention to discussions to reach an identify of views admittedly. The emergence in succession of new-and-high techs in the mid-and late twentieth century is perhaps the most fascinating and epoch-marking event that has given to all the subjects certain but different degrees of impacts to become more closely interrelative and interdepartmental each other and feature specifically from that of the past for their entirely new conceptions in the result of formulating many new theories，new technologies and new subjects that mining subject is inevitably and unexceptionally the one inclusive. The acuter gives in this paper his opinion regarding the problem of the development of mining subject proving with many convincible facts and most informative new idea,Key words: mining subject; mineral industry; mineral economics; new-and-high tech.1 The Importance of Mining Industry in the National EconomyToday, it has been paid unprecedented attention to the development of technology worldwide.The advance of space engineering,information engineering，biological engineering and marine engineering，the discovery and the research and development of the new energy and new materials increasingly change every aspect of human life both at present and in the future.The words "Science and Technology being the First Production Force" has fatherly and penetratingly pointed out the important role of new technology in the course of national economy construction.In the competition of several big countries in the world striving for the exploration of outer space，one should not forget the essential fact that there are more than five billion people living on the earth. To assure the survival of mankind on the earth，four essential requirements should be considerably fulfilled，namely，the nutrients，materials，fuels and the environment. The nutrients mainly are air，water，forests，grains and miscellaneous plants，all of which are acquired from the nature. The materials refer to iron，ferrous metals，rare metals，precious metals，chemical raw materials and building materials. The fuels cover coal，petroleum，natural gas ,oil shale，uranium，thorium and other radioactive elements. These also occur in nature. The last one is the ecological environment depending on which mankind lives. In the above three essential substances，the materials and fuels are through mining engineering extract from bining industry is a conventional industry, however，with the advance of the new technologies and the introduction of them into mining industry which will be reduced of itself final1y- a technology-intensive industry. The emergence of highly mechanized and automated mines and robot-operated manless working face marks the renewal and substitution of technologies of mining industry and proves the fact that mining industry.However，is conventional industry, but not sunset industry. As long as mankind live on the earth，mining industry will last forever and never decline and fall，instead，as man's living demands increases，the output of fuels and raw materials will be increased by a big marg and mineral industry will still gain a much greater development.2The Object of Study of the Mining Subject2. 1 The Tasks and the Special Features of 1liining SubjectHistorically and the Special Features of 1liining Subject the development of mining subject has its own course of change and development both at home and abroad. Since mining industry is closely related with geology, metallurgical and energy industry consequently in the subject relationships，they are interrelative and interdepartmental each other. As mining subject branch of science dealing with the extraction and utilization of minerals and the resources from inside the earth，on the sake of the complexity and multiplicity of the rock mass and mineral resources of great nature which makes the basic theories of mining subject being more complicated than that of any other engineering subject. Especially in the following aspects featured: the objects of mining subjects are the ore bodies occurred in nature that they differ each other in structure，quality，and property.3Five Urgent Requirements on the Tendency towards the Trans-century Development of Modern Mining Subjects3. 1 Renewing the Knowledge of Strata 11ZechanicsAbove all rock and or ore properties are the prerequisites of the subjects of the study of mining engineering regardless of whether it is excavation，comminuting or strata ,stability strata mechanics is required to make the study along two aspects:(1)From the micro-study to the macro-study(2) The study of the contradictions between rock-breaking and rock stability in the course of mining and excavating. Therefore it is a very broad field of academic studyComparing with common solid materials，rocks are featured structurally for their non-homo.3.2 AnewKnowledgeofMiningEngineeringSystem-the"hian-Nature-Rfachine" Systern ，System engineering had found in recent years very rapid development，and wide applications m mining engineering. Been modeled after the "man-machine’s Generally, mining systems engineering considerably studies had system model used in aerospace engineering and other departments of en Bering. In recent years，Prof. Fettwice of the Montan University of Austria and the author of this paper both had put forth the opinion that the objects of mining engineerm8 Machine are ore bodies and rock strata, the activities of mining engineering are those played with by the man in getting the knowledge of the environment underground.3.3 Reforming the Conventional Mining Technologies and Industries withModern New technologiesThe major policy of China of reforming the conventional industries with new-and-high techsof great importance and no doubt to its conventional industries.The essential features of new-and-high techs are highly technology-intensive.Just as discussed in the beginning of this paper，speaking with respect to the reforming of mining engineering and coal industry with new-and-high techs，it is essential to introduce merely those ones which enable to make these two industries swiftly commercialized. Since mine is concerned with the natural surroundgas of ground，the newtechs，however，as those used in aerospace engineering in the care for "going up to sky" when used for 0gettingdown intothe earthin mining engineering practices evidently are needed to make completely different modalities. In 1080s，Berlin Poly }ethnic university had applied optic fiber telecommunication technology- in underground mining，giving rise to abundant interference problems of earth magnetism，electricity and light wave, and the insulation of strata to the conduction electronic waves. The BPM man had the problems s finally tailed，however，through a long time of research work. Therefore，to have the minerals industries well prepared technically for the 21st century，to paying great attention the following fields of study are required3.3.4Making the study of market-economy mineral economics theoriesFor a long time that the mineral economics theory in China had been given distinct features of planning economy，while in the theory itself，mineral resources were not recognized ascommodities and had no prices. Consequently，even though the mineral products had pricesbut were distorted ones making all national mining enterprises non-profitable and to exist depending on governmental policy-subsidization. Now the country, however，has changed intosocialist market economy, most mineral enterprises radically cannot accommodate themselvesto this new situation，in particular，from the point of view of "Enriching the peasants" policyto put forward to the exploitation of mineral resources，the near-term policy of the so-called“wherever there’ water，flow it fast"，which had made the mineral industry from the repeated view-point of and the enriching the Pleasants policy, has caused the price deficit due to lowselling-price of minerals into even worse situation of disorder，no-restraint and anarchy ofscrambling for extracting the mineral resources putting the mineral industries in a tight spot unabling to feed themselves. Under this circumstance，the importance of undertaking the softscience research right now becomes more conspicuous to the mineral industries than ever before. One can predict that had the theoretical study of mineral economics theory been made ,portent break troughs，that it would radically change the face of our mineral industries.3.5 Relationship between Mineral Engineering and Natural EcologyMining engineering is the removal of rocks and minerals to the surface throughexcavations from underground deep in the earth or from the ground surface leaving the excavated space so formed. Every turn meters Surface every year subsidence in China. of the commodity flow of mining products reaches billion cubic Obviously it has caused many negative effects，for example:(1)uses of waste rock which results in the damages of farming lands and houses;(2) Large volrefuse and tailings occupy large area of land; and (3) Coal and oil burning products give off waste materials，such as exhaust gas，waste liquids，and solids and pollute the environment. In China，80 percent of 1. 1 billion tons of coalburned as fuel，from which，dust，sulpher and the of NO2and CO2 and the effective less heating effect seriously constitutes a menace to the ecological environment of China and the neighboring countries.4Suggestions opment of to the Science and Technology Circles of the Nation for the Develop-the Mining Subject4.1 An Unguent AppealNo doubt the "flying up into the sky" technology is the one most advanced，however，thegetting down into the earth" technology in mining engineering is no less complex，and even more difficult to pin down. It is no wonder that people consider that mineral engineering beingmuch simpler and pay less attention for lack of the knowledge of the resulting in the low rate ofmineral recovery and low rate of mineral extracting. For this country, but to spend a greatmany of valuable hard currency to import those actually need not to import raw materials andelse，naturally this is not favorable to the development of national economy. Hoping the science and technology circles，in particular their leading departments，renewing their recognitions to this awkward situation，and give necessary support to the urgently-needed topics of research studies of the mineral industries.4.2 National Resource PolicyNational resource policy concerns the future for many generations.Hoping the government population institutions relevant learn Iron the lesson of the past population policy，to take measures as early as possible to have the print up of mineral resources centralized.4.3 Mineral Investment PolicyThe investment policy and the set up of mineral industries should be dire; iron: tm common industries to assure in the long run the first energy supply 1vit} necessary and appropriate support.4.4 Make Ready the SuccessorsTo make ready the successors for the mineral industries and the development of the mining subjects，suggesting to give preferential treatment to the university.Admissionssystem and the recruitment of mineral workersand set mineral science.Foundation as an important subject independent from the foundations of those.Basic science in the natural science foundation.The aim of writing this paper is to hone that in the tonguingA of this centuryminim subject in China will have a new prosperous development with the of new technology to theory under the guidance of the national science policy.译文：新技术和新理论的采矿业跨世纪发展摘要：煤炭产业需要更长远的发展，对工作中所讨论的热点在工业中出现新的理论和高科技成功使用在二十世纪末是最美好的，作为被关心的问题需要较快一步的发展，在20世纪中后期产生的新型、高速的新技术是最有吸引力和标志性的，即使在所有行业中不同的冲击变得起来越相关以及部门间彼此合作并明确地叙述许多新的理论，煤炭行业的新科技和新理论是不可避免的，并且包括一切的不可能性。
采矿工程 毕业设计_外文翻译 英译汉 中英文
ROOM-AND-PILLAR METHOD OF OPEN-STOPE MINING空场采矿法中的房柱采矿法Chapter 1.A Classification of the Room-and-Pillar Method of Open-Stope Mining第一部分，空场采矿的房柱法的分类OPEN STOPING空场采矿法An open stope is an underground cavity from which the initial ore has been mined. Caving of the opening is prevented (at least temporarily) by support from the unmined ore or waste left in the stope,in the form of pillars,and the stope walls (also called ribs or abutments). In addition to this primary may also be required using rockbolts , reinforcing rods, split pipes ,or shotcrete to stabilize the rock surface immediately adjacent to the opening. The secondary reinforcement procedure does not preclude the method classified as open stoping.露天采场台阶是开采了地下矿石后形成的地下洞室。
通过块矿或采场的支柱和（也称为肋或肩）采场墙形式的废料的支持来（至少是暂时的）预防放顶煤的开幕。
除了这个，可能还需要使用锚杆，钢筋棒，分流管，或喷浆，以稳定紧邻开幕的岩石表面。
矿物加工毕业设计英译汉
Ore handlingIntroductionOre handling,which may account for30-60%of the total delivered price of raw materials, covers the processes of transportation,storage,feeding,and washing of the ore en route to,or during,its various stages of treatment in the mill.Since the physical state of ores in situ may range from friable,or even sandy material,to monolithic deposits with the hardness of granite,the methods of mining and provisions for the handling of freshly excavated material will vary extremely widely.Ore that has been well broken can be transported by trucks,belts,or even by sluicing,but large lumps of hard ore may need individual blasting.Modem developments in microsecond delay fuses and plastic explosive have resulted in more controllable primary breakage and easier demolition of occasional very large lumps.At the same time,crushers have become larger and lumps up to2 m in size can now be fed into some primary units.Open-pit ore tends to be very heterogeneous,the largest lumps often being over1.5m in diameter.The broken ore from the pit,after blasting,is loaded directly into trucks,holding up to200t of ore in some cases,and is transported directly to the primary crushers.Storage of such ore is not always practicable,due to its"long-ranged"particle size which causes segregation during storage,the fines working their way down through the voids between the larger particles;extremely coarse ore is sometimes difficult to start moving once it has been stopped.Sophisticated storage and feed mechanisms are therefore often dispensed with,the trucks depositing their loads directly into the mouth of the primary crusher.The operating cycle on an underground mine is complex.Drilling and blasting are often performed on one shift,the ore broken in this time being hoisted to the surface during the other two shifts of the working day.The ore is transported through the passes via chutes and tramways and is loaded into skips,holding as much as30t of ore,to be hoisted to the surface. Large rocks are often crushed underground by primary breakers in order to facilitate loading and handling at this stage.The ore,on arrival at the surface,having undergone some initial crushing,is easier to handle than that from an open pit mine and storage and feeding is usually easier,and indeed essential,due to the intermittent arrival of skips at the surface.The removal of harmful materialsOre entering the mill from the mine(run-of-mine ore)normally contains a small proportion of material which is potentially harmful to the mill equipment and processes.For instance,large pieces of iron and steel broken off from mine machinery can jam in the crushers.Wood is a major problem in many mills as this is ground into a fine pulp and causes choking or blocking of screens,etc.It can also choke flotation cell ports,consume flotation reagents by absorption and decompose to give depressants,which render valuable minerals unfloatable.Clays and slimes adhering.to the ore are also harmful as they hinder screening,filtration,and thickening,and again consume valuable flotation reagents.All these must be removed as far as possible at an early stage in treatment.Hand sorting from conveyor belts has declined in importance with the development of mechanised methods of dealing with large tonnages,but it is still used when plentiful cheap labour is available.Crushers can be protected from large pieces of"tramp"iron and steel by electromagnets suspended over conveyor belts(Figure2.1).These powerful electromagnets can pick up large pieces of iron and steel travelling over the belt and,at intervals,can be swung away from the belt and unloaded.Guard magnets,however,cannot be used to remove tramp iron from magnetic ores,such as those containing magnetite,nor will they remove non-ferrous metals or non-magnetic steels from the ore.Metal detectors,which measure the electrical conductivity of the material being conveyed,can be fitted over or around conveyor belts.The electrical conductivity of ores is much lower than that of metals and fluctuations in electrical conductivity in the conveyed material can be detected by measuring the change that tramp metal causes in a given electromagnetic field.When a metal object causes an alarm,the belt automatically stops and the object can be removed.It is advantageous with non-magnetic ores to precede the metal detector with a heavy guard magnet which will remove the ferromagnetic tramp metals and thus minimise belt stoppages.Large pieces of wood which have been"flattened out"by passage through a primary crusher can be removed by passing the ore feed over a vibrating scalping screen.Here the apertures of the screen are slightly larger than the maximum size of particle in the crusher discharge,allowing the ore to fall through the apertures and the flattened wood particles to ride over the screen and be collected separately.Wood can be further removed from the pulp discharge from the grinding mills by passing the pulp through a fine screen.Again,while the ore particles pass through the apertures,the wood collects on top of the screen and can be periodically removed.Washing of run-of-mine ore can be carried out to facilitate sorting by removing obscuring dirt from the surfaces of the ore particles.However,washing to remove very fine material,or slimes,of little or no value,is more important.Washing is normally performed after primary crushing as the ore is then of a suitable size to be passed over washing screens.It should always precede secondary crushing as slimes severely interfere with this stage.The ore is passed through high-pressure jets of water on mechanically vibrated screens. The screen apertures are usually of similar size to the particles in the feed to the grinding mills, the reason for which will become apparent.In the circuit shown in Figure2.2material passing over the screen,i.e.washed ore,is transported to the secondary crushers.Material passing through the screens is classified into coarse and fine fractions by a mechanical classifier or hydrocyclone or both.It may be beneficial to classify initially in a mechanical classifier as this is more able to smooth out fluctuations in flow than is the hydrocyclone and it is better suited to handling coarse material.The coarse product from the classifier,designated"washing plant sands",is either routed direct to the grinding mills or is dewatered over vibrating screens before being sent to mill storage.A considerable load,therefore,is taken off the dry crushing section.The fine product from classification,i.e.the"slimes",may be partially dewatered in shallow large diameter settling tanks known as thickenersand the thickened pulp is either pumped to tailings disposal or,if containing values,pumped direct to the concentration process,thus removing load from the grinding section.In the circuit shown,the thickener overflows are used to feed the high-pressure washing sprays.Water conservation in this manner is practised in most mills.Wood pulp may again be a problem in the above circuit,as it will tend to float in the thickener,and will choke the water spray nozzles unless it is removed by retention on a fine screen.Ore transportationIn a mineral processing plant,operating at the rate of400,000td-1this is equivalent to about28t of solid per minute,requiting up to75m3min-1of water.It is therefore important to operate with the minimum upward or horizontal movement and with the maximum practicable pulp density in all of those stages subsequent to the addition of water to the system. The basic philosophy requires maximum use of gravity and continuous movement over the shortest possible distances between processing units.Dry ore can be moved through chutes,provided they are of sufficient slope to allow easy sliding,and sharp turns are avoided.Clean solids slide easily on a15-25°steel-faced slope, but for most ores,a45-55°working slope is used.The ore may be difficult to control if the slope is too steepThe belt conveyor is the most widely used method of handling loose bulk materials. Belts now in use are with capacities up to20,000th-1and single flight lengths exceeding 15,000m("Bulk Materials Handling",2005),with feasible speeds of up to10m s-1.The standard rubber conveyor belt has a foundation of sufficient strength to withstand the driving tension and loading strains.This foundation,which may be of cotton,nylon,or steel cord,is bound together with a rubber matrix and completel y covered with a layer of vulcanised rubber.The carrying capacity of the belt is increased by passing it over troughing idlers.These are support rollers set normal to the travel of the belt and inclined upward from the centre so as to raise the edges and give it a trough-like profile.There may be three or five in a set and they will be rubbercoated under a loading point,so as to reduce the wear and damage from impact.Spacing along the belt is at the maximum interval which avoids excessive sag.The return belt is supported by horizontal straight idlers which overlap the belt by a few inches at each side.To induce motion without slipping requires good contact between the belt and drive pulley.(Figure2.3).This may not be possible with a single180~turn over a pulley and some form of"snubbed pulley"drive or"tandem"drive arrangement may be more effective.The belt system must incorporate some form of tensioning device to adjust the belt for stretch and shrinkage and thus prevent undue sag between idlers,and slip at the drive pulley. In most mills,gravity-operated arrangements are used which adjust the tension continuously (Figure2.4).Hydraulics have also been used extensively,and when more refined belt-tension control is required,especially in starting and stopping long conveyors,load-cell-controlled electrical tensioning devices are used.The reliability of belt systems has been enhanced by advances in control technology, making possible a high degree of fail-safe automation.A series of belts should incorporate an interlock system such that failure of any particular belt will automatically stop preceding belts. Interlock with devices being fed by the belt is important for the same reasons.It should not be possible to shut down any machine in the system without arresting the feed to the machine atthe same time and,similarly,motor failure should lead to the automatic tripping of all preceding belts and machines.Sophisticated electrical,pneumatic and hydraulic circuits have been widely employed to replace all but a few manual operations.Several methods can be used to minimise loading shock on the belt.A typical arrangement is shown in Figure2.5where the fines are screened on to the belt first and provide a cushion for the larger pieces of rock.Feed chutes must be designed to deliver the bulk of the material to the centre of the belt and at a velocity close to that of the belt.Ideally it should be the same,but in practice this condition is seldom obtained,particularly with wet sand or sticky materials.Where conditions will allow,the angle of the chute should be as great as possible,thereby allowing it to be gradually placed at lesser angles to the belt until the correct speed of flow is obtained.The material,particularly if it is heavy,or lumpy,should never be allowed to strike the belt vertically.Baffles in transfer chutes,to guide material flow,are now often remotely controlled by hydraulic cylinders.The conveyor may discharge at the head pulley,or the load may be removed before the head pulley is reached.The most satisfactory device for achieving this is a tripper.This is an arrangement of pulleys by which the belt is raised and doubled back so as to give it a localised discharge point.It is usually mounted on wheels,running on tracks,so that the load can be delivered at several points,over a long bin or into several bins.The discharge chute on the tripper can deliver to one or both sides of the belt.The tripper may be moved by hand,by head and tail ropes from a reversible hoisting drum,or by a motor.It may be automatic, moving backwards and forwards under power from the belt drive.Shuttle belts are reversible self-contained conveyor units mounted on carriages,whichpermit them to be moved lengthwise to discharge to either side of the feed point.The range of distribution is approximately twice the length of the conveyor.They are often preferred to trippers for permanent storage systems because they require less head room and,being without reverse bends,are much easier on the belt.Where space limitation does not permit the installation of a belt conveyor,gravity bucket elevators can be used(Figure2.1).These provide only low handling rates with both horizontal conveying and elevating of the material.The elevator consists of a continuous line of buckets attached by pins to two endless roller chains running on tracks and driven by sprockets.The buckets are pivoted so that they always remain in an uptight position and are dumped by means of a ramp placed to engage a shoe on the bucket,thus turning it into the dumping position.Sandwich conveyor systems can be used to transport solids at steep inclines from30to 90°.The material being transported is"sandwiched"between two belts which hold the material in position and prevent it from sliding back down the conveyor even after the conveyor has stopped or tripped.As pressure is applied to material to hold it in place,it is important the material has a reasonable internal friction angle.The advantage of sandwich belt conveyors is that they can transport material at steep angles at similar speeds to conventional belt conveyors("Sandwich Conveyors",2005).Screw conveyors are another means of transporting dry or damp particles or solids.The material is pushed along a troughby the rotation of a helix,which is mounted on a central shaft.The action of the screw conveyor allows for virtually any degree of mixing of different materials and allows for the transportation of material on any incline from the horizontal to vertical.The main limitation of screw conveyors is their capacity,which has a maximum rate of about300m3/h(Perry and Green,1997).Hydraulic transport of the ore stream normally takes over from dry transportation at the grinding stage in most modem mills.Pulp may be made to flow through open launders by gravity in some unders are gently sloping troughs of rectangular,triangular or semicircular section,in which the solid is carried in suspension,or by sliding or rolling.The slope must increase with particle size,with the solid content of the suspension,and with specific gravity of the solid.The effect of depth of water is complex;if the particles are carried in suspension,a deep launder is advantageous because the rate of solid transport is increased.If the particles are carried by rolling,a deep flow may be disadvantageous.In plants of any size,the pulp is moved through piping via centrifugal pumps.Pipelines should be as straight as possible to prevent abrasion at bends.The use of oversize pipe is dangerous whenever slow motion might allow the solids to settle and hence choke the pipe. The factors involved in pipeline design and installation are complex and include the solid-liquid ratio,the average pulp density,the density of the solid constituents,the size analysis and particle shape,and the fluid viscosity(Loretto and Laker,1978).Centrifugal pumps are cheap in capital cost and maintenance,and occupy little space (Wilson,1981;Pearse,1985).Single-stage pumps are normally used,lifting up to30m and in extreme cases100m.Their main disadvantage is the high velocity produced within the impeller chamber,which may result in serious wear of the impeller and chamber itself, especially when a coarse sand is being pumped.Ore storageThe necessity for storage arises from the fact that different parts of the operation of mining and milling are performed at different rates,some being intermittent and some continuous,some being subject to frequent interruption for repair,and others being essentially batch processes.Thus,unless reservoirs for material are provided between the different steps,the whole operation is rendered spasmodic and,consequently,uneconomical.The amount of storage necessary depends on the equipment of the plant as a whole,its method of operation,and the frequency and duration of regular and unexpected shutdowns of individual units.For various reasons,at most mines,ore is hoisted for only a part of each day.On the other hand,grinding and concentration circuits are most efficient when running continuously. Mine operations are more subject to unexpected interruption than mill operations,and coarse-crushing machines are more subject to clogging and breakage than fine crushers, grinding mills and concentration equipment.Consequently,both the mine and the coarse ore plant should have a greater hourly capacity than the fine crushing and grinding plants,and storage reservoirs should be provided between them.Ordinary mine shutdowns,expected or unexpected will not generally exceed a24h duration,and ordinary coarse-crushing plant repairs can be made within an equal period if a good supply of spare parts is kept on hand. Therefore,if a24h supply of ore that has passed the coarse-crushing plant is kept in reserve ahead of the mill proper,the mill can be kept running independent of shutdowns of less than a 24h duration in mine and coarse-crushing plant.It is wise to provide for a similar mill shutdown and,in order to do this,the reservoir between coarse crushing plant and mill must contain at all times unfilled space capable of holding a day's tonnage from the mine.This is not economically possible,however,with many of the modem very large mills;there is a trend now to design such mills with smaller storage reservoirs,often supplying less than a two-shift supply of ore,the philosophy being that storage does not do anything to the ore,and can,in some cases,have an adverse effect by allowing the ore to oxidise.Unstable sulphides must be treated with minimum delay,and wet ore cannot be exposed to extreme cold as it will freeze and be difficult to move.矿石处理矿石运搬所花费的费用，大概占所有原材料输送的过程的30%-60%。
采矿工程毕业翻译
2013 届毕业文献翻译题目文献翻译专业班级采矿工程学号 09010901xx学生姓名刘xx指导教师张电吉指导教师职称教授学院名称环境与城市建设学院完成日期： 2013 年 6 月日Room and pillar Mining MethodsBullock(1982a),quoting previous data, showed that room and pillar mining together with stope and pillar mining accounted for most of the underground mining in the United States. He estimated that 60% of noncoal minerals (about 80 million tons or 70 Mt) and 90% of coal ( about 290 million tons or 260 Mt) were obtained by room and pillar methods, and it is unlikely that things are radically different today. The method is cheap, highly productive, easily mechanized, and relatively simple to design.The room and pillar mining method (Fig.5. 2) is a type of open stoping used in near horizontal deposits in reasonably competent rock, where the roof is supported primarily by pillars. Ore is extracted from rectangular shaped rooms or entries in the ore body, leaving parts of the ore between the entries as pillars to support the hanging wall or roof. The pillars are arranged in a regular pattern, or grid, to simplify planning and operation. They can be any shape but are usually square or rectangular. The dimensions of the rooms and pillars depend on many design factors. These include the stability of the hanging wall and the strength of the ore in the pillars, the thickness of the deposit, and the depth of mining. The objective of design is to extract the maximum amount of ore that is compatible with safe working conditions. The ore left in the pillars is usually regarded as irrecoverable or recoverable only with backfill in noncoal mines.applications of pillar mining have been discussed by Hamrin ( 1982) and Hittman( Anon. . 1976) among others. Suitable conditions include ore that are horizontal or have a dip of less than 30°. A major requirement is that the hanging wall is relatively competent over a short period of time, or is capable of support by rock bolts that are used extensively in room and pillar mining. The method：! is particularly suited to bedded deposits of moderate thickness (2 to 6 m) such as coal-the main application一salt, potash, and limestone.Figure.5.2Room and pillar mining method.1, Methods of Room and Pillar MiningRoom and pillar mining takes place in sections or panels, which are usually rectangular and regular in plan. In hard rock mining of horizontal ore bodies, the method is very similar to open stoping. In many cases, ore grade control may be the primary requirement in mine design, and ground control and ventilation secondary considerations. This may lead to an ad hoc room and pillar design with irregular- , nonrecoverable pillars of low-grade ore.Hard-rock room and pillar mining is a effectively method of open stoping (stope and pillar mining) at a low angle to the horizontal, excavating rooms and leaving supporting pillars.Where mineral values vary, the method is similar to the old “gophering" method of mining where random excavations followed highly mineralized zones. Where mineral values are consistent, the mine layout can be regular. The method differs from most hard-rock mining methods in that gravity flow is limited, and ore must be loaded in the excavation where it has been blasted and transported from that point. In large operations this involves trucks and loaders or load — haul — dumps ( LHDs).There are various methods of room and pillar stoping. The most common are full-face slicing breast stoping and multiple slicing or bench and breast stoping. In the former, the rooms are opened to their full vertical height with no mineral or economic value left in the roof or the floor. probably the reasonable safe limit for full-face slicing is 8 to 10 m depending on drilling and support equipment, and beyond this, multiple slicing is used.2. Production CycleFor hard-rock ore bodies ,the basic cycle is similar to hard-rock tunneling four main elements, (1)mark out and drill blast holes , usually in a wedge pattern , (2) ,and ventilate to remove blast fumes ,(3) introduce mucker and muck and load，and ④scale the face and walls and bolt the roof where necessary. There is considerable complexity in the interaction among these elements that make up a basic critical path. In order to estimate the cycle time, it is necessary to determine unit loading and drilling rates and task times for these elements and also to estimate how subsidiary elements and tasks such as haulage and ventilation takeup may impinge upon the critical path in a badly organized mine.3.Panel DevelopmentA panel layout for a typical room and pillar mine in a noncoal mine is illustrated as follows ：The excavation height is about 4.5m,and the normal sloping practice is to drive a single development drift about 10. 5 m wide a distance of about four or five rooms into the ore body. This will serve as the main haulage drift. Pillars are then marked out on the drift walls and rooms driven between them.To drill and blast the initial drive when the only exposed or free face is the drive face, some form of cut pattern is used. This is known as the “ face round or “ swing and in a 4. 5 by 10.5 m face will comprise 60 to 70 holes of about 8 mm to a depth at 3 to 3. 6 m. If more than one face is exposed,a group of holes may be drilled at a low angle to the free face in what is known as a " slab round or slabbing or “slashing”. This requires less explosive and less drilling than a single face. the most common form of face round is a wedge or V, cut although bum cuts can also beDrilling is carried out with jumbo-mounted hydraulic drills ；loading is usually by gathering arm loader, although in modern mines, trackless LHD vehicles are used to the load to a transfer raise where it is reloaded into trucks or conveyors.房柱法Bullock在1982年提出房柱法,它指在矿房与矿柱里回采矿物，在美国大多数地下开采应用柱式开采。
采矿工程专业毕业设计外文文献翻译(中英文翻译)
外文原文：Adopt the crest of the coal work noodles plank managementproblem studyCrest the plank management is the point that adopts a safe management of the coal work noodles.Statistics according to the data, crest the plank trouble has 60% of the coal mine trouble about, adopting the trouble of the coal work noodles and having a crest 70% of the plank trouble above.Therefore, we have to strengthen a plank management, reducing to adopt the coal work noodles crest the occurrence of the plank trouble.1,the definition of the crest,scaleboard and it categorizeEndow with the existence coal seam on of the close by rock strata be called a plank, endow with the existence coal seam under of the close by rock strata be called scaleboard.Crest the rock,strength of the scaleboard and absorb water sex and digging to work the management of the noodles contain direct relation, they is certain crest the plank protect a way and choose to adopt the empty area processing method of main basis.1.1 planks categorizeAccording to rock,thickness and return to adopt process to fall in the 垮of difficult easy degree, crest the plank is divided into the false crest,direct crest and old crest.According to direct crest sport to adopt a field to the influence for press, the direct crest is divided into broken up,unsteady,medium etc. stability,stability,strong and tough crest plank etc. is five.According to old crest the sport Be work mineral inside the noodles press to present degree and to work safe threat of noodles of size, the old crest is is divided in to press very and severely, press mightiness, press to compare obviously, don't obviously press etc. is four.1.2 scaleboards categorizeAccording to the opposite position relation of the rock strata and the coal seam, the scaleboard is divided into direct bottom with the old bottom.Locate coal seam directly under of the rock strata be called direct bottom;locate the direct bottom or coal seam under of the rock strata be called old bottom.The coal seam crest the scaleboard type expects the influence of the geology structure sport after be subjected to the deposition environment and, its growth in different region degree dissimilarity, the coal seam possibility for have isn't whole.2,crest that need to be control plank classification and adopt the processing way of the empty areaAccording to different crest the plank type and property, choose to pay to protect a way and adopt the empty area processing method differently, is a plank management of basic principle.2.1 crest needed to pull to make plank classificationPress a knothole rock strata strength, the crest plank that needs to be control can is divided into: general crest the plank,slowness descend to sink a plank and is whole fall the crest of the cave in the danger plank etc..2.2 work noodles adopt the processing method of the empty areaThe processing method that adopts empty area mainly has: all 垮s fall a method,partial full to fill a method,the coal pillar to prop up a method to alleviate to descend to sink a method slowly etc..3,crest the plank pressure present a characteristic3.1 top the cover rock strata of the sport regulation and the work in front pay to accept pressure to distribute behindDuring the period of mine, adopt empty area above of the rock strata will take place ambulation, according to crest the plank change mind condition, taking the cranny rock strata in up the cover rock strata follow the work noodles to push forward the direction demarcation as three areas: the coal wall prop up the influence area,leave layer area and re- press solid area.The noodles opens to slice an eye to go to push forward forward in the process from the work, break original should the equilibrium of the dint field, cause should the dint re- distribute.Be adopting the coal work noodles to become to pay to accept pressure in front and back, it concretely distributes shape to have something to do with adopting the empty area processing method.3.2 first times to press to press a main manifestation with the periodFirst time to press a main manifestation:BE a plank"by oneself the vield song" range enlargement;the coal wall transform and fall to fall(the slice help);pay to protect to drill bottom etc..First time to press to want to keep on more and suddenly and generally for 2-3 days.Period to press a main manifestation:Main manifestation BE:crest the plank descend to sink nasty play increment of speed, crest the plank descend to sink quantity to become big;pay what pillar be subjected to load widespread increment;adopt empty area to hang a crest;pay pillar to make a noise;cause the coal wall slice to help,pay pillar to damage,crest plank occurrence the step descend to sink etc..If pay the pillar parameter choice to be unsuited to a proper or single body to pay the pillar stability worse, may cause the partial crest or crest plank follow the work noodles to slice to fall etc..4,crest the plank choice for protectThe work noodles the function for protect decelerate a plank to descend to sink, supporting to control a crest to be apart from the knothole integrity inside the crest, assurance work space safety.4.1 choices that protect material and formPay to protect material to mainly there are the metals support and the wood support.Pay to protect a form to mainly have a little the pillar to protect,the cote type protect to press a support with liquid.4.2s protect a specification choiceWhile choosing to pay to protect specification, mainly control the following 2:00:1.Control the work noodles adopt high and its variety.Generally can according to drill a holethe pillar form or have already dug the tunnel data of to make sure to adopt high.From last the movable regulation of the cover rock strata, can the initial assurance crest plank at biggest control a crest to be apart from place of average biggest descend to sink quantity, select to pay a pillar model number suitablely2 control the crest plank of the normal appearance to descend to sink the quantity and support can the draw back pute the biggest and high Hmax and minimum and high Hmin that pays pillar, select specification of pay the prehensive the pillar model number and specification, check related anticipate, assurance the model number of the pillar.5,the work noodles manages everyday of pointEveryday crest the point of plank management is the with accuracy certain protects density and control a method, right arrangement and organize to adopt coal and control a crest to relate to in fixed time, strengthen to pay to protect the quality management before press, the assistance that chooses to use a good necessity protect etc., attain to expel to emit a trouble, assurance the purpose of[with] efficiency.1 choice that protects density and controls a methodAccording to the work noodles crest plank rock,adopt a periodic to press obvious degree, press strength and to press in front and back a crest knothole variety a circumstance etc., the certain protect density and control a method.It adopt coal in 2 production lines with control of the crest to relate to in fixed timePeriod to don't obviously press to adopt a field, emphasize to pay to protect,adopt coal, control a parallel homework, possibly contract to adopt coal,return to pillar to put distance between an operations with speed the work noodles propulsion degree;period to press more and obviously adopt a field, at to press in front and back adopt different of,control the relation organization project, before press should not adopt coal,put a crest in the meantime homework, press after should adopt to adopt coal,put a crest to keep minimum wrong be apart from parallel homework.Field to strengthen to pay to protect the quality management assurance to pay pillar to have to prop up dint,prevent°from paying pillar to drill bottom enough before press,right adoption the assistance protect.Adopt the coal work noodles crest, the plank manages everyday of the key lie in raising the spot management,the operation level, paying to protect and adapt to adopt a field to press and crest the scaleboard variety circumstance, adopt right of the assistance protect measure, well exertivecontrol a result.译文：采煤工作面的顶板管理问题探讨顶板管理是采煤工作面安全管理的重点。
采矿工程毕业设计英文翻译
Underground MiningMost present-day mining in Europe occurs under 2000 to 4000 ft of overburden, as more easily mined coal deposits have been depleted. At this depth most mines are developed as shaft mines. All personnel, material, and coal have to be hoisted trough these shaft. Considering the two factors of hoisting capacity and required length of shaft, a considerable investment is necessary to reach the coal-bearing strata. The requires huge investments. Openings at this depth have to be equipped with costly supports, and periodic reworking and repair is necessary.Mines not only extend horizontally but also vertically through the development of new levels. The life of the mines is thus extend considerably, and surface installations can be amortize over a longer period.The more limited reserves have forced companies into mining less favorable deposits, and European government require that all possible deposits be mined to conserve the nation’s energy resources. These factor and the large percentage of inclined seams and faults make mining very difficult and costly. The population density and the heavy surface buildup cause additional expense in the form of payments for subsidence damage to surface structures. Therefore, backfilling is frequently practiced to reduce subsidence. The close spacing of faults often severely limits the size of a mining section, forcing frequent moves and excessive development work.The thickness of the overburden results in very high ground pressure. This would require extremely large pillars if the room and pillar method was applied. Additionally, support is required for any opening, adding prohibitive costs to a multiple-entry room and pillar operation.As a result, single-entry longwall operations requiring the minimum number of entries and allowing maximum recovery of resources is the mining method almost exclusively practiced.Shaft mines dominate the European coal mining industry. Shafts 20 to 30 ft in diameter, with circular cross section, lined with masonry, concrete, or steel are the dominant meansof gaining access to the coal-bearing strata. They are often extended beyond the last mining level to provide for future expansion. As in the Unite States, shafts are developed by drilling, blasting, and excavating or by large-diameter shaft-boring equipment. Shaft boring is more frequently used, particularly on the smaller and shorter subshaft, which connect the different levels but do not extend to the surface.Haulage in the shaft is usually accomplished by hoisting of the filled mine cars on multistage cages or by skips. Pumping of coal slurry is also done in special cases.The complex system of forces and the resulting rock mechanical problems developed by mining activities at different levels result in significant differences between European and US underground development. The rock mechanical interaction of the extraction operations at the various levels require that all deposits be mined as completely as possible. Pillars left after mining create zones of extreme and often unmanageable ground control problem, as well as a high probability of roof bounce.Since the number of entries is kept to a minimum because of cost, no bleeder systems are provided. If retreat mining is practiced, only two entries are advanced in to a new mining area.Panels are laid out as large as possible. The large-panel layout is used as another means of reducing the number ofentries. Minded–out panels are sealed off to prevent spontaneous combustion through the removal of oxygen.The main levels, with extensive entry systems, are used for coal, supply, and personnel haulage and for ventilation. They are often spaced with little regard to the position of the coal seams, because the deposits are reached selectively through other means. In the past, 165-or330-ft intervals were selected while increasing ground pressures and development and maintenance increase substantially, requiring large volumes of air for cooling. As a result, entry cross sections at these levels have to be increase.Fig.9.1 German multilevel, multiseam shaft-type coal mine.Underground facilities：(1) main shaft with skip hoisting;(2) exhaust ventilation shaft with multistage cage;(3) third-level station;(4) blind shaft with cylindrical storage bin;(5) blind shaft with car-hoisting facilities;(6) main entry;(7) main entry;(8) section or panel entry;(9) road heading machine(10) longwall section with plow;(11) longwall section with shearer;(12) longwall section in a steeply pitching seam mined manually with air picks;(13) longwall section in steeply pitching seam with plow;(14) minded-out gob area;(15) ventilation lock;(16) belt conveyor as main haulage;(17) main car haulage;(18) storage bin and skip-loading facilities;(19) supply haulage with a mono-rail;(20) supply haulage with mine cars;(21) monorail system as personnel carrier;(22) worker-trip cars;(23) pump station. Surface facilities:(a) hoisting tower with overhead hoist;(b) shaft building;(c) head frame;(d) main exhaust fan and diffuser;(e) coal preparation plant with loading facilities;(f) coking coal silo;(g) container vehicle for filling of coke ovens;(h) coke oven battery;(i) coke watering car;(k) coke quenching tower;(l) gas tank;(m) water-treatment plant;(n) refuse pile;(o) power plant;(p) cooling tower;(q) water tower;(r) supply storage area;(s) sawmill;(t) training and teaching center.地下采煤目前，大部分欧洲的煤矿开采都已经达到了2000到4000英尺，主要是因为浅部容易开采的煤层都已经采完。
采矿工程专业毕业论文外文翻译
英文原文：Analytical model and application of stressdistribution on mining coal floorAbstract：Given the analysis of underground pressure，a stress calculation model of cola floor stress has been established based on a theory of elasticity．The model presents the law of stress distribution on the relatively fixed position of the mining coal floor：the extent of stress variation in a fixed floor position decreases gradually along with depth．The decreasing rate of the vertical stress is clearly larger than that of the horizontal stress at a specific depth．The direction of the maximum principal stress changes gradually from a vertical direction to a horizontal direction with the advance of the working face．The deformation and permeability of the rock mass of the coal floor are obtained by contrasting the difference of the principal stress established from theoretical calculations with curves of stress-strain and permeability-strain from tests．Which is an important mechanical basis for preventing water inrush from confined aquifers．Key words：model；coal floor；stress distribution；analysis1 IntroductionWith the development of coal seam mining，The stress field of rock strata of coal seam floors will change and continue to be redistributed because of the effect of mining．The results will bring on floor deformation，displacement and possible destruction to attain a new balance[1]．A study of the law of stress distribution of floors has important，practical implications in understanding deformation and destructive characteristics and predicting water inrush from floors and for designing suitable locations for tunnels and selecting maintenance methods when depth increased．At present，the study of the law of stress distribution of floors mostly proceeds from a number of calculations based on finite element analyses and similar material tests[2-6]．In this paper，the study of stress distribution of floors in relatively fixed positions is discussed analytically with a theory of elasticity and we present an application combined with actual data of a particular site．2 Fundamental principleThe formulas of stress distribution are derived from the superposition principle，given the theory of elasticity on distributed loads on a semi-infinite plane[7-8]．The vertical distribution load of AB on a semi-infinite plane is assumed to be q(x)，as illustrated in Fig.1.We want to solve the state of stress at a specific point inside a semi-infinite plane，such as point M ．Supposing the coordinate of point is (x，z)，the micro-1ength dζfrom the origin of coordinate is ζon the AB segment，the micro-concentration force d p=q dζis regarded as its force and the state of stress of the micro-concentration force at point is defined as follows．In order to calculate the stress at point M from all distributed loads，the stress which is caused by every micro-concentration force is superposed．We need to integrate Eq.(1) from ζ= -a to ζ= b and Eq.(1) then becomes：3 Stress calculation of coal seam floor3.1Foundation of the mechanical modelBased on the theory of underground pressure，the mechanical model of supporting pressure in front of the working face can be simplified，as shown in Fig.2[9-11]．Where the OA segment is the plastic area，with a length of x0；the AB segment is the elastic area，with a length of L0x0．In order to calculate easily the supporting pressure of both areas p z(1)，p z(2)，without losing its rational，we can assume the following two linear functions：Where is the supporting pressure of the plastic area(kPa)，the supporting pressure of the elastic area(kPa)，the maximum stress concentration coefficient，the width of the plastic area(m)，H the buried depth of the coal floor(m)，the width of the area affected by the supporting pressure(m) and is the average weight of the volume of the over-lying strata (kN/m3) ．3.2Stress calculation processAccording to the theory of elasticity on distributed loads on a semi-infinite plane，we can use Eq.(2) to calculate the vertical stresses σz(1) and σz(2) and the horizontal stresses σx(1)and σx(2)which are affected by the supporting pressures and ．The stress equations at point M(x, z) can then be obtained correspondingly by superposition (this calculation neglects the effect of the transferred load from the goaf and the overlying strata movement as well as the effect of the initial ground stress because it does not produce subsidiary stress at point M；largely we considered the action of the supporting pressure in front of the working face). The calculations are as follows：Therefore，σz = σz(1)+σz(2)(4) and σx = σx(1)+σx(2)(5). By coordinate transformation(x = x(n = 0，1，2，…))，x is regarded as x0 in Eqs.(4) and (5) and the stress values of each section can be calculated，where the variable expresses the relative distance from the pushing position of the working face to the origin of the coordinate system. Given the related parameters of supporting pressures，the stress values，located at the relatively fixed floor section，(x =) at different depths，can be calculated by computer when the working faces advance.When x = x，Eqs.(4) and (5) can be represented as follows：3.3Example analysisGiven the actual geological conditions and mining technology at the 2702 working face of the Yangcun Colliery of the Yanzhou Mining Group Limited Company，the following related parameters are determined：=3，=5 m，=50 m，=25 kN/m3 and H=500 ing Eqs.(6) and (7)，the stress distribution curves are obtained on the relatively fixed floor section x=at different depths with the working face advancing by calculation. The results are shown means of computer in Figs. 3 and 4.Fig. 3 shows that vertical stress maintains its maximum at the interface between the coal seam and floor on the section x=from the original coordinates and then quickly decreases with the increasing depth and slowly decreases at a specific depth. A similar situation is obtained when the working face advances，i.e.，the range of the vertical stress decreases with an increase in depth. From the results it can be seen that the range of depth, given the variation of vertical stress, is relatively large, i.e., within 40 m. The range of the vertical stress is clearly smaller after the working face advances 30 m.According to the relationship of the variation between vertical and horizontal stress, the multiplication of the variation of vertical stress and its corresponding coefficient of horizontal pressure (λ) is equal to the increment of horizontal stress at the point M[1]. Then the increment of horizontal stress and the horizontal stress at the point M continues to be superposed, which is inversed analysis when the working face advances 30 m. The results of the variation in stress show that the vertical stress is larger than the horizontal stress when the working face is at its original position: the maximum principal stress is the vertical stress; the minimum principal stress is horizontal stress. Because the rate of decrease of the vertical stress is faster than the horizontal stress, the horizontal stress is larger than the vertical stress within 42 m when the working face advances 30 m (for details, see Fig. 4). Considering the effect of the variation in vertical stress, the horizontal stress is much larger than the vertical stress. The maximum principal stress is the horizontal stress and the minimum principal stress is the vertical stress. It agrees with the partial reasons of the mechanical principle of floor heave[12-14].Fig. 3 also shows that the variation is almost steady on the section x=when the working face advances 30 m. Therefore, the relationship of variation in stress with depth is calculated when the working face advances from 0 to 30 m. The details are shown in Table 1.Table 1 Data of rock characteristics and correlative stress of the floor on 2702 working face in Yangcun colliery (MPa)岩层深度(m)ΔλλΔx=0 m x=30 m x=30 m x=30 mλΔ泥岩0 37.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 37.500.4316.13 16.13 5 27.25 0.04 2.12 2.08 27.21 11.70 13.78砂岩10 22.53 0.28 3.83 3.55 22.250.327.12 10.67 15 19.95 0.77 4.91 4.14 19.18 6.14 10.28 21 18.17 1.46 5.40 3.94 16.71 5.35 9.29石灰岩25 16.75 2.21 5.46 3.25 14.540.284.07 7.32 28 15.55 2.94 5.24 2.30 12.61 3.53 5.83From the analysis of the related data, the stresses + λΔin Table 1 can be regarded as the stress values，obtained from mechanical rock tests. So the variations of the principal stress from theoretical calculations and the results from the servo-controlled tests can be contrasted. Given these contrasts it is seen that, the largest stress value of mudstone is 16.13 MPa and the largest stress value of sandstone10.67 MPa. When combining Fig. 5 with Table 1 it is seen that, the largest calculated principal stress is less than the peak value of the principal stress in Fig. 5, and the calculated section is at an elastic deformation section of Fig. 5, where permeability is relatively weak. So there is still a certain ability of water resistance. It can be shown that the obvious destruction is not produced in the mudstone and sandstone when the working face advances 30 m. This is essentially consistent with the conclusions of the survey report.4 Conclusions1) Based on the mechanical model of the floor, the analysis of stress distribution is obtained on the relatively fixed floor position with an advancing of working face. Owing to heterogeneity and discontinuity of the rock mass of the coal floor, there is a certain divergence between the ideal model and actual conditions. But from analyses and calculations, the basic variation law of stress distribution is discovered on the relatively fixed floor position with an advancing of working face when specific parameters are given for the working face.2) The decreasing rate of the vertical stress is faster than that of the horizontal stress up to a certain depth and the direction of the maximum principal stress is changed from vertical at the original position to horizontal with an advancing of the working face. The horizontal stress is larger than vertical stress within 42 m when the working face advances 30 m.3) The difference between the theoretically calculated principal stress and the results of the servo-controlled penetrability test can be contrasted. Deformation and penetrability can be obtained from the floor rock mass. From an example, it is seen that the mudstone and sandstone of coal floor are at an elastic deformation stage. There is no extreme destruction on the relatively fixed floor section with an advancing of working face and there still is a certain ability of water resistanceAcknowledgementsHere we express our sincere appreciation to director for Zhao Zhenzhong, minister Song Shun of Zhengzhou Coal Industry Group for their help during the course of the sampling. Appreciating Dr. Xi Yantao of China University of Mining and Technology for his help for modification.References：[1] Zhang J C, Zhang Y Z, Liu T Q. Rock Mass Permeability and Coal Mine Water Inrush.Beijing:Geological Publishing House, 1997. (In Chinese)[2] Miao X X, Lu A H, Mao X B, et al. Numerical simulation for roadways in swelling rock undercoupling function of water and ground pressure. Journal of China University ofMining and Technology, 2002, 12(2): 120-125.[3] Gong P L, Hu Y Q, Zhao Y S, et al. Three-dimensional simulation study on law of deformationand breakage of coal floor on mining above aquifer. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2005, 24(23): 4396-4402. (In Chinese)[4] Shi L Q, Han J. Floor Water-Inrush Mechanism and Prediction. Xuzhou: China University ofMining and Technology Press, 2004. (In Chinese)[5] Jing H W, Xu G A, Ma S Z. Numerical analysis on displacement law of discontinuous rockmass in broken rock zone for deep roadway. Journal of China University of Mining and Technology, 2001, 11(2): 132-137.[6] Liu Y D, Zhang D S, Wang Ii S, et al. Simulation analysis of coal mining with top-coal cavingunder hard-and-thick strata. Journal of China University of Mining and Technology,2006, 16(2): 110-114.[7] Dun Z L, Gao J M. Mechanics of Elasticity and Its Application in Geotechnical Engineering.Beijing: China Coal Industry Publishing House, 2003. (In Chinese)[8] Xu Z L. A Concise Course in Elasticity. Beijing: Higher Education Press, 2002. (In Chinese)[9] Liu W Q, Miao X X. Numerical analysis of finite deformation of overbroken rock mass in gobarea based on Euler model of control volume. Journal of China University of Mining and Technology, 2006, 16(3): 245-248.[10] Jiang F X. Rock Pressure and Stress Control. Beijing: China Coal Industry Publishing House,2004. (In Chinese)[11] Qian M G, Shi P W. Rock Pressure and Stress Control. Xuzhou: China University of Miningand Technology Press, 2003. (In Chinese)[12] Xu N Z, Tu M. The mechanism and control of floor heave of road driving along next goaf ofhigh seam. Journal of Anhui University of Science and Technology (Natural Science), 2004, 24(2): 1-4. (In Chinese)[I3] Wang W J, Hou C J. Study of mechanical principle of floor heave of roadway driving along next goaf in fully mechanized sub-level caving face. Journal of Coal Science and Engineering, 2001, 7(1): 13-17.[14] Zhai X X, Li D Q, Shao Q, et al. Control over surrounding rocks deformation of soft floorand whole-coal gateways with trapezoidal supports. Journal of China University of Mining and Technology, 2005, 15(2): 118-123.中文译文：采场底板岩层应力的分析模型及应用摘要：在分析矿山压力的基础上，运用弹性理论建立了煤层底板应力分析计算模型。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
附件C ：译文高效矿井微震监测作者：美国 宾夕法尼亚州立大学 戈毛成时间：2004年5月6日成稿; 2004年8月24日修订; 2005年3月7日发表。
摘要：在过去的20年中，微震技术已经从一个纯理论研究岩爆的基本手段，成为监测在具有岩爆倾向的煤矿安全的重要工具。
本文探讨了高效矿井微震监测方案的重要问题。
对于这样一个项目的关键技术问题从三个方面进行了讨论：监测规划，数据处理和微震活动地点。
一个有效的监测计划，将是不可能没有对煤矿管理的坚定承诺。
相关的管理和排雷行动问题进行了讨论，包括监测方案整合，微震数据的有效利用，以及对煤矿安全监察和生产力方案中获益。
关键词： 微震、监测、岩爆、震源位置、采矿地面控制1.简介冲击地压，指爆炸的岩石和煤突然且强烈地释放出储存在巨大岩石当中或者地质结构当中的能量。
他们一直威胁着煤矿安全，造成矿井口的灾难性故障，采矿作业瘫痪，采矿设备破坏，并构成一个严重威胁安全的地下工作者。
1958年，在矿岩爆舍新星的斯普林希尔煤炭牺牲了75条生命。
2003年，在美国的布莱克和达理，报告声称在过去60年，一共有100人死于岩爆造成灾难的分别。
由岩爆释放的能量可以是惊人的。
1995年，岩爆震级5.2的本地 M L 记录在怀俄明州苏威天然碱矿，在整个1000米× 2000米控制板倒塌。
美国的煤炭开采业经历了20世纪20年代以来的颠簸，与震级高达4.5（ 布莱克和达理，2003年 ）。
广泛用于岩爆技术的学习活动的是微震监测技术。
该技术由物质产生的研究破坏或指导教师评定成绩 (五级制)：指导教师签字：者阻断过程中的信号。
该微震实时监测技术能力，事件源位置，震级和震源机制而言，使之成为研究地震活动与煤矿有关的地面控制问题的理想工具。
这些岩石现象强调发射微观层面的声音最初由两位美国矿务局（USBM）的研究人员，奥伯特和杜瓦尔，在进行了矿（深处坚硬岩石的声波研究，奥伯特，1975年）后发现于20世纪30年代末期。
在60年代初，南非研究人员开始利用这一现象，研究岩爆问题（与深金矿库克，1963年）。
这种早期的研究令人信服地证明中央监控单元的可行性矿山微震的岩爆的位置，由微技术。
在60年代中期的，一个主要的USBM开始研究方案，以使微震监测技术成服务于采矿的安全有效的工具。
此方案发展而来的硬件和软件，为研究和现场试验的进行了在此期间奠定了技术（该基金会的微震的工业用和布莱克顿，1970年和礼顿和杜瓦尔，1972 ）。
20世纪80年代中期到90年代初，加拿大采矿中发生严重的自然岩爆问题。
超过20个岩爆倾向的煤矿为了日常监测从而安装微系统。
从20世纪90年代到80年代后期，在加拿大联邦政府资助的加拿大，安大略省政府和大型采矿公司进行了大规模冲击地压研究。
这一研究很大程度上改变了微震技术在加拿大采矿工业中的角色，它不再单单是一种研究的工具，还是意味着采矿安全和环境控制的基本的检测工具。
本文探讨了高效矿井微震监测方案的重要问题。
讨论从三个方面进行：监测规划，数据处理和微震活动地点。
虽然本文的重点是技术问题，重要的是要注意，没有一个从矿山管理公司的承诺，一个有效的监测计划将是不可能实现的。
2.监测系统的规划和优化仔细规划是建立一个有效的监测方案的基础，对系统的长期业绩产生深远的影响。
在这个阶段有三个重要问题需要解决：工程评估监测目标和监测情况;监测系统的大小测定（通道数），以及传感器阵列布局优化。
此外，矿山环境要求苛刻严格的维修程序，因为监测系统迅速降解。
2.1工程评估和监测监控客观条件在规划阶段的首要任务是对包括目标区，监测精度，以及相关的监测情况在内的监测目标，进行全面的评估。
由于挖掘是一个动态的过程，这一评估应兼顾短期和长期监测的需要。
为了实现这一目标，应进行全面的分析基础上，与开采条件，如采矿方法，矿山布局，地面控制实践，矿山开发经营，地质材料和结构，冲击地压危险的潜在关系，并强调矿址条件。
由于这项工程评估结果，监测系统的大小来确定。
这种分析在传感器安装位置的选择上提供有用信息应也可行。
2.2使用大通道系统所需要的通道数取决于几个因素。
其中最重要的是该区域面积覆盖、位置精度要求、信号水平预期、岩层。
可据类似条件的矿井参考来作出初步估计。
使用一个比较大通道系统是良好的做法是。
为什么一个大通道体系是日常监测方案的关键？这个问题的一个简单回答是微震系统的效率，首先由其足够的信号捕捉能力衡量。
如果系统检测有困难的预期信号，系统的价值下降。
这是一个主要问题微震技术面临前的大通道系统。
对大通道的信号检测系统的效率是由于两种机制。
首先，大声道音响系统，有效地缩短我们之间的潜在来源和传感器的距离。
如果我们考虑一个事实，一个微震活动能量迅速衰减，因为衰减和扩散效应的几何距离，缩短了信号的旅行距离是唯一的解决办法。
第二，微震信号的排放量一般都在挂钩方向的信号强度显着的变化方向。
唯一的解决这个问题是有足够的传感器周围的潜在来源。
2.3传感器阵列的设计和优化传感器阵列结构是指传感器配置所要的位置用于事件。
从技术角度来看，它可能是影响监测的准确性和可靠性最重要的因素。
该阵列结构的根本重要性归因于传感器系统就确定位置的稳定来源，或者换句话说，它决定了结果影响初始误差对位置。
一个好的阵列有效将初始误差对位置结果的影响降到最低。
相对定位精度阵列与一个三传感器进行演示，双曲三角场与一个传感器阵列，其中通告表示传感器位置（1988年戈之后）。
该数组的影响所表现出的（密度为数组的准确性相关的双曲场与阵列的位置，相对的是显示戈，1988 ）。
这图清楚地表明在中心定位精度最好，并随阵列迅速减小。
最糟糕的地区是传感器的背后。
因为输入数据错误是不可避免的（如到达时间，速度和传感器坐标），源定位的精度在很大程度上取决于对减少影响这些初始误差的效率。
良好的阵列结构对于可靠和准确的源位置来说至关重要。
传感阵列特别重要的是他的长期限对日常控制程序的影响，获得矿井位置控制的精确性很大程度上取决于阵列的使用，因此，传感阵列的设计是计划阶段的核心任务。
其中，我们必须审慎在设计过程中考虑的重要方面。
以下是这些方面的简短的讨论。
2.3.1长期和短期的监控需求地下监测系统的安装是一个非常耗时和昂贵的操作。
无论是当前还是长期监测的需要，为了尽量减少将在稍后进行的更改，必须彻底评估。
2.3.2现场调查在规划阶段，对潜在的传感器所在位置的物理条件进行评估。
除了他们的可达性，该大开口或重大的不连续性网站不应该被屏蔽。
在安装现场岩应能胜任和良好的耦合效应可以实现的。
2.3.3总体规划采矿业是一个动态的过程。
生产和开发活动往往发生在几个不同的位置。
为了设计一个数组，它的有效不只是为整个矿井，但也为那些特俗的领域，你必须了解这些基本阵列的影响。
以下是总体规划的几个基本规则。
•监察卷应包括三个维度与内外放置的监测量传感器。
•周围的传感器应在一段距离外的目标区，因为那里往往存在于周围的传感器附近的不稳定区。
这是穷人的做法是内卷的所有传感器的监测。
•数组应该是平衡的。
与拥挤的传感器的位置将超过加权，阵列的不平衡造成的。
•二维数组应该避免。
这种数组类型提供了非常差在其垂直方向的准确性。
•特别设计的传感器对可能在某些方向增援，在特定地点的覆盖面（戈，1988）。
2.3.4模拟分析总体规划后制成，其作用可能是通过仿真进一步研究分析。
这项研究的重点应该是定位的准确性，而不是个人数字模式。
该阵列可被罚款作为本研究的结果调整。
2.3.5标定方法的研究阵列校准到位后应定期研究，他们将提供有关的最可靠的监测精度信息，以及作为影响的传感器阵列，岩爆数据都可以做为宗旨。
2.4系统维护实践经验表明，保持其最佳的性能水平在矿井监控系统的定期维护是最关键的因素之一。
矿山微震监测为代表的极恶劣的环境。
传感器和导线可以很容易因采矿活动和落石。
水和过多的水分可能会导致传感器故障的问题。
地面裂缝可能会显着降低传感器信号强度。
从采矿，运输，通风地方骚乱可能造成高背景噪声。
这些问题的任何可能会严重影响监测系统的性能。
3.微震数据处理在一个矿址记录微震数据可能会非常复杂。
这通常是由于过度的背景噪音在矿址主办。
微震信号往往是部分甚至完全淹没了噪音，使其难以识别输入信号的实际到达时间。
“清洁”的信号也可以很复杂。
有些并发症是由于其他活动与正在审议的事件无关。
此外，这些信号的很大一部分原因可能是我们通常会假设S波抵达代替P波的到来。
如果这些信号没有歧视时，它会导致数据库的重大污染。
加拿大的日常监测的经验表明，处理微震数据由有效的监控的能力来定。
这部分中，我们将讨论微震数据处理程序的两个重要方面：噪音过滤和抵达物类型的鉴定。
3.1频率分析和过滤数据数据处理的首要任务是过滤背景噪音。
这需要有关两个信号和噪声的频率分布的详细研究。
如果信号的主要频率范围是不同的噪音，我们可以单独使用所需的过滤器设置从背景噪声信号。
下面是由作者从一个微震监测系统的效率受到严重影响的石灰石矿，最新研究背景噪音的例子。
一份详细的研究进行了测试案例的特点微震信号和噪音，并具有代表性的波形，包括手动检查从数据库的所有波形，频率分析。
三种典型的噪声类型被确定，其中高频噪音（“200赫兹）由于各种采矿活动现场，低噪声频率和循环”（<10赫兹）的活动所造成的距离机械，并在60赫兹的电活动噪声。
图。
2 显示了这样一个例子。
具有高噪声100 Hz滤波器[低通滤波级微震信号（A）原始波形，（B）滤波后的信号通过一个100 Hz的低通滤波器，（C）原始信号频率的频谱，（D）频率的过滤信号]频谱。
3.2确定到达者的身体状况除了噪音消除，数据处理中的另一个重要任务是到达种类鉴定。
初至由一个传感器检测到的不一定是由于P波，因为它一直是最微震研究假设。
这是一个非常复杂的现象。
除了P波，先来港定居人士，可能是由于S波，甚至是其他值。
出类拔萃的是那些移民是不是由于物理源引发的车站活动期间大部分时间窗口。
抵港旅客的重要性，能够找出这些依赖于两个事实。
首先，它会引入错误到我们的数据库，如果这些重大的系统性来港定居的混合和假设为P波到达。
其次，S波和孤立点引发的例子并不罕见或孤立的事件。
数据分析的实际日常监测记录的信号表明，很大一部分可能是由于这些移民（葛和Kaiser，1990 ）。
图。
3就是这样一个例子。
这个数字显示了一个抵达型分布为434位触发地雷的数据库事件序列功能作为选秀权。
S波移民占总数的41％，其他的约10％。
如果假设P波到达用来服务于S波来港定居人士和噪声，事件位置输入数据将受到严重污染。
事实上，这是对于许多日常监控系统在初期表现不佳负责唯一最重要的问题。
这种技术意味着提供了一个独特的类型识别的到来，并已通过了许多地雷，监测的准确性和效率大幅提高。