罗斯《公司理财》(第9版)配套题库【课后习题-风险与收益：市场历史的启示】
罗斯《公司理财》(第9版)课后习题(第13~15章)【圣才出品】
罗斯《公司理财》（第9版）课后习题第13章风险、资本成本和资本预算一、概念题1．资产贝塔（asset beta）答：资产贝塔是指企业总资产的贝塔系数。
除非完全依靠权益融资，否则不能把资产贝塔看作普通股的贝塔系数。
其公式为：其中，β权益是杠杆企业权益的贝塔。
公式包括两部分，即负债的贝塔乘以负债在资本结构中的百分比；权益的贝塔乘以权益在资本结构中的百分比。
这个组合包括企业的负债和权益，所以组合贝塔就是资产贝塔。
在实际中，负债的贝塔很低，一般假设为零。
若假设负债的贝塔为零，则：对于杠杆企业，权益／（负债+权益）一定小于1，所以β资产<β权益，将上式变形，有：有财务杠杆的情况下，权益贝塔一定大于资产贝塔。
2．经营杠杆（operating leverage）答：经营杠杆是指由于固定成本的存在而导致息税前利润变动大于产销业务量变动的杠杆效应。
对经营杠杆的计量最常用的指标是经营杠杆系数或经营杠杆度。
经营杠杆系数，是指息税前利润变动率相当于销售量变动率的倍数。
用公式可以表示为：式中，EBIT为息税前利润；F为固定成本。
经营杠杆系数不是固定不变的。
当企业的固定成本总额、单位产品的变动成本、销售价格、销售数量等因素发生变动时，经营杠杆系数也会发生变动。
经营杠杆系数越高，对经营杠杆利益的影响就越强，经营杠杆风险也就越高。
经营杠杆越大，企业的贝塔系数就越大。
3．权益资本成本（cost of equity capital）答：权益资本成本就是投资股东要求的回报率，用CAPM模型表示股票的期望收益率为：其中，R F是无风险利率；是市场组合的期望收益率与无风险利率之差，也称为期望超额市场收益率或市场风险溢价。
所以要估计企业权益资本成本，需要知道以下三个变量：①无风险利率；②市场风险溢价；③公司权益的贝塔系数。
4．加权平均资本成本（weighted average cost of capital，r WACC）答：平均资本成本是权益资本成本和债务资本成本的加权平均，所以，通常称之为加权平均资本成本，r WACC，其计算公式如下：式中的权数分别是权益占总价值的比重，即和负债占总价值的比重，即。
经济学-罗斯公司理财第九版第十章课后答案对应版
罗斯公司理财第九版第十章课后答案对应版第十章：风险与收益：市场历史的启示1. 因为公司的表现具有不可预见性。
2. 投资者很容易看到最坏的投资结果，但是确很难预测到。
3. 不是，股票具有更高的风险，一些投资者属于风险规避者，他们认为这点额外的报酬率还不至于吸引他们付出更高风险的代价。
4. 股票市场与赌博是不同的，它实际是个零和市场，所有人都可能赢。
而且投机者带给市场更高的流动性，有利于市场效率。
5. 在80 年代初是最高的，因为伴随着高通胀和费雪效应。
6. 有可能，当投资风险资产报酬非常低，而无风险资产报酬非常高，或者同时出现这两种现象时就会发生这样的情况。
7. 相同，假设两公司2 年前股票价格都为P0，则两年后G 公司股票价格为1.1*0.9* P0，而S 公司股票价格为0.9*1.1 P0，所以两个公司两年后的股价是一样的。
8. 不相同，Lake Minerals 2年后股票价格= 100(1.10)(1.10) = $121.00 而SmallTown Furniture 2年后股票价格= 100(1.25)(.95) = $118.759. 算数平均收益率仅仅是对所有收益率简单加总平均，它没有考虑到所有收益率组合的效果，而几何平均收益率考虑到了收益率组合的效果，所以后者比较重要。
10. 不管是否考虑通货膨胀因素，其风险溢价没有变化，因为风险溢价是风险资产收益率与无风险资产收益率的差额，若这两者都考虑到通货膨胀的因素，其差额仍然是相互抵消的。
而在考虑税收后收益率就会降低，因为税后收益会降低。
11. R = [($104 – 92) + 1.45] / $92 = .1462 or 14.62%12. Dividend yield = $1.45 / $92 = .0158 or 1.58%Capital gains yield = ($104 – 92) / $92 = .1304 or 13.04%13. R = [($81 – 92) + 1.45] / $92 = –.1038 or –10.38%Dividend yield = $1.45 / $92 = .0158 or 1.58%Capital gains yield = ($81 – 92) / $92 = –.1196 or –11.96%14.15. a. To find the average return, we sum all the returns and divide by the number of returns, so: Arithmetic average return = (.34 +.16 + .19 – .21 + .08)/5 = .1120 or 11.20% b. Using the equation to calculate variance, we find:Variance = 1/4[(.34 – .112)⌒2 + (.16 – .112)⌒2 + (.19 – .112)⌒2 + (–.21 – .112)⌒2 +(.08 – .112)⌒2] = 0.041270So, the standard deviation is:Standard deviation = (0.041270)⌒1/2 = 0.2032 or 20.32%16. a. To calculate the average real return, we can use the average return of the asset and the average inflation rate in the Fisher equation. Doing so, we find:(1 + R) = (1 + r)(1 + h)则r = (1.1120/1.042) – 1=.0672 or 6.72%b. The average risk premium is simply the average return of the asset, minus the average real riskfree rate, so, the average risk premium for this asset would be:RP = R –f R= .1120 – .0510= .0610 or 6.10%17. We can find the average real risk-free rate using the Fisher equation. The average realrisk-free rate was: (1 + R) = (1 + r)(1 + h)r f = (1.051/1.042) – 1= .0086 or 0.86%And to calculate the average real risk premium, we can subtract the average risk-free rate from the average real return. So, the average real risk premium was:rp = r – r f = 6.72% – 0.86%= 5.85%18. Apply the five-year holding-period return formula to calculate the total return of the stock over the five-year period, we find:5-year holding-period return = [(1 + R1)(1 + R2)(1 +R3)(1 +R4)(1 +R5)] – 1= [(1 + .1843)(1 + .1682)(1 + .0683)(1 + .3219)(1 – .1987)] – 1= 0.5655 or 56.55%19. To find the return on the zero coupon bond, we first need to find the price of the bond today. Since one year has elapsed, the bond now has 29 years to maturity, so the price today is: P1 = $1,000/1.0929 = $82.15There are no intermediate cash flows on a zero coupon bond, so the return is the capital gains, or: R = ($82.15 – 77.81) / $77.81 = .0558 or 5.58%20. The return of any asset is the increase in price, plus any dividends or cash flows, all divided by the initial price. This stock paid no dividend, so the return was:R = ($82.01 – 75.15) / $75.15 = .0913 or 9.13%This is the return for three months, so the APR is:APR = 4(9.13%) = 36.51%And the EAR is:EAR = (1 + .0913)⌒4 – 1 = .4182 or 41.82%21.22. To calculate the arithmetic and geometric average returns, we must first calculate the return for each year. The return for each year is:R1 = ($55.83 – 49.62 + 0.68) / $49.62 = .1389 or 13.89%R2 = ($57.03 – 55.83 + 0.73) / $55.83 = .0346 or 3.46%R3 = ($50.25 – 57.03 + 0.84) / $57.03 = –.1042 or –10.42%R4 = ($53.82 – 50.25 + 0.91)/ $50.25 = .0892 or 8.92%R5 = ($64.18 – 53.82 + 1.02) / $53.82 = .2114 or 21.14%The arithmetic average return was:R A = (0.1389 + 0.0346 – 0.1042 + 0.0892 + 0.2114)/5 = 0.0740 or 7.40%And the geometric average return was:R G = [(1 + .1389)(1 + .0346)(1 – .1042)(1 + .0892)(1 + .2114)]1/5 – 1 = 0.0685 or 6.85% 23. To find the return on the coupon bond, we first need to find the price of the bond today. Since one year has elapsed, the bond now has six years to maturity, so the price today is:P1 = $70(PVIFA8%,6) + $1,000/1.086 = $953.77You received the coupon payments on the bond, so the nominal return was:R = ($953.77 – 943.82 + 70) / $943.82 = .0847 or 8.47%And using the Fisher equation to find the real return, we get:r = (1.0847 / 1.048) – 1 = .0350 or 3.50%24. Looking at the long-term government bond return history in Table 10.2, we see that the mean return was 6.1 percent, with a standard deviation of 9.4 percent. Inthe normal probability distribution, approximately 2/3 of the observations are within one standard deviation of the mean. This means that 1/3 of the observations are outside one standard deviation away from the mean. Or:Pr(R15.5)≈1/3But we are only interested in one tail here, that is, returns less than –3.3 percent, so: Pr(RYou can use the z-statistic and the cumulative normal distribution table to findthe answer as well. Doing so, we find:z = (–3.3% – 6.1)/9.4% = –1.00Looking at the z-table, this gives a probability of 15.87%, or:Pr(RThe range of returns you would expect to see 95 percent of the time is the mean plus or minus 2 standard deviations, or:The range of returns you would expect to see 99 percent of the time is the mean plus or minus 3 standard deviations, or:99% level: R ± 3 = 6.1% ± 3(9.4%) = –22.10% to 34.30%。
罗斯公司理财第九版原版书课后习题Cha15
Our conversations with corporate treasurers suggest to us that the use of book values is popular because of the volatility of the stock market. It is frequently claimed that the inherent volatility of the stock market makes market-based debt ratios move around too much. It is also true that restrictions of debt in bond covenants are usually expressed in book values rather than market values. Moreover, firms such as Standard & Poor’s and Moody’s use debt ratios expressed in book values to measure creditworthiness.A key fact is that whether we use book or market values, debt ratios for U.S. non-financial firms generally have been well below 100 percent of total equity in recent years; that is, firms generally use less debt than equity.Summary and ConclusionsThe basic sources of long-term financing are long-term debt, preferred stock, and common stock. This chapter described the essential features of each.1. We emphasized that common shareholders have:1. Residual risk and return in a corporation.2. Voting rights.3. Limited liability if the corporation elects to default on its debt and must transfer some orall of its assets to the creditors.2. Long-term debt involves contractual obligations set out in indentures. There are many kinds ofdebt, but the essential feature is that debt involves a stated amount that must be repaid. Interest payments on debt are considered a business expense and are tax deductible.3. Preferred stock has some of the features of debt and some of the features of common equity.Holders of preferred stock have preference in liquidation and in dividend payments compared to holders of common equity.4. Firms need financing for capital expenditures, working capital, and other long-term uses. Mostof the financing is provided from internally generated cash flow. In the United States only about 25 percent of financing comes from new debt and new equity. Only firms in Japan have historically relied more on external financing than on internal financing.5. In the 1980s and recently, U.S. firms retired massive amounts of equity. These share buybackshave been financed with new debt.Concept Questions1. Bond Features What are the main features of a corporate bond that would be listed in theindenture?2. Preferred Stock and Debt What are the differences between preferred stock and debt?3. Preferred Stock Preferred stock doesn’t offer a corporate tax shield on the dividends paid.Why do we still observe some firms issuing preferred stock?4. Preferred Stock and Bond Yields The yields on nonconvertible preferred stock are lowerthan the yields on corporate bonds. Why is there a difference? Which investors are the primary holders of preferred stock? Why?5. Corporate Financing What are the main differences between corporate debt and equity? Whydo some firms try to issue equity in the guise of debt?6. Call Provisions A company is contemplating a long-term bond issue. It is debating whether toinclude a call provision. What are the benefits to the company from including a call provision? What are the costs? How do these answers change for a put provision?7. Proxy What is a proxy?8. Preferred Stock Do you think preferred stock is more like debt or equity? Why?9. Long-Term Financing As was mentioned in the chapter, new equity issues are generally onlya small portion of all new issues. At the same time, companies continue to issue new debt. Why docompanies tend to issue little new equity but continue to issue new debt?10. Internal versus External Financing What is the difference between internal financing andexternal financing?11. Internal versus External Financing What factors influence a firm’s choice of external versusinternal equity financing?12. Classes of Stock Several publicly traded companies have issued more than one class of stock.Why might a company issue more than one class of stock?13. Callable Bonds Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: In an efficient market,callable and noncallable bonds will be priced in such a way that there will be no advantage or disadvantage to the call provision. Why?14. Bond Prices If interest rates fall, will the price of noncallable bonds move up higher than thatof callable bonds? Why or why not?15. Sinking Funds Sinking funds have both positive and negative characteristics for bondholders.Why?Questions and Problems connect™BASIC (Questions 1–7)1. Corporate Voting The shareholders of the Unicorn Company need to elect seven newdirectors. There are 600,000 shares outstanding currently trading at $39 per share. You would like to serve on the board of directors; unfortunately no one else will be voting for you. How much will it cost you to be certain that you can be elected if the company uses straight voting? How much will it cost you if the company uses cumulative voting?2. Cumulative Voting An election is being held to fill three seats on the board of directors of afirm in which you hold stock. The company has 5,800 shares outstanding. If the election is conducted under cumulative voting and you own 300 shares, how many more shares must you buy to be assured of earning a seat on the board?3. Cumulative Voting The shareholders of Motive Power Corp. need to elect three new directorsto the board. There are 1,200,000 shares of common stock outstanding, and the current share price is $9. If the company uses cumulative voting procedures, how much will it cost to guarantee yourself one seat on the board of directors?4. Corporate Voting Power Inc. is going to elect six board members next month. Betty Brownowns 15.2 percent of the total shares outstanding. How confident can she be of having one of her candidate friends elected under the cumulative voting rule? Will her friend be elected for certain if the voting procedure is changed to the staggering rule, under which shareholders vote on three board members at a time?5. Zero Coupon Bonds You buy a zero coupon bond at the beginning of the year that has a facevalue of $1,000, a YTM of 7 percent, and 25 years to maturity. If you hold the bond for the entire year, how much in interest income will you have to declare on your tax return?6. Valuing Callable Bonds KIC, Inc., plans to issue $5 million of bonds with a coupon rate of 12percent and 30 years to maturity. The current market interest rates on these bonds are 11 percent.In one year, the interest rate on the bonds will be either 14 percent or 7 percent with equal probability. Assume investors are risk-neutral.1. If the bonds are noncallable, what is the price of the bonds today?2. If the bonds are callable one year from today at $1,450, will their price be greater or lessthan the price you computed in (a)? Why?7. Valuing Callable Bonds New Business Ventures, Inc., has an outstanding perpetual bond witha 10 percent coupon rate that can be called in one year. The bond makes annual couponpayments. The call premium is set at $150 over par value. There is a 40 percent chance that the interest rate in one year will be 12 percent, and a 60 percent chance that the interest rate will be 7 percent. If the current interest rate is 10 percent, what is the current market price of the bond?INTERMEDIATE (Questions 8-13)8. Valuing Callable Bonds Bowdeen Manufacturing intends to issue callable, perpetual bondswith annual coupon payments. The bonds are callable at $1,250. One-year interest rates are 11 percent. There is a 60 percent probability that long-term interest rates one year from today will be13 percent, and a 40 percent probability that they will be 9 percent. Assume that if interest ratesfall the bonds will be called. What coupon rate should the bonds have in order to sell at par value?9. Valuing Callable Bonds Illinois Industries has decided to borrow money by issuing perpetualbonds with a coupon rate of 8 percent, payable annually. The one-year interest rate is 8 percent.Next year, there is a 35 percent probability that interest rates will increase to 9 percent, and there is a 65 percent probability that they will fall to 6 percent.1. What will the market value of these bonds be if they are noncallable?2. If the company decides instead to make the bonds callable in one year, what coupon willbe demanded by the bondholders for the bonds to sell at par? Assume that the bonds will be called if interest rates rise and that the call premium is equal to the annual coupon.3. What will be the value of the call provision to the company?10. Bond Refunding An outstanding issue of Public Express Airlines debentures has a callprovision attached. The total principal value of the bonds is $250 million, and the bonds have an annual coupon rate of 8 percent. The company is considering refunding the bond issue. Refunding means that the company would issue new bonds and use the proceeds from the new bond issuance to repurchase the outstanding bonds. The total cost of refunding would be 12 percent of the principal amount raised. The appropriate tax rate for the company is 35 percent. How low does the borrowing cost need to drop to justify refunding with a new bond issue?11. Bond Refunding Charles River Associates is considering whether to call either of the twoperpetual bond issues the company currently has outstanding. If the bond is called, it will be refunded, that is, a new bond issue will be made with a lower coupon rate. The proceeds from the new bond issue will be used to repurchase one of the existing bond issues. The information about the two currently outstanding bond issues is:The corporate tax rate is 35 percent. What is the NPV of the refunding for each bond? Which, if either, bond should the company refinance?12. Interest on Zeroes Tesla Corporation needs to raise funds to finance a plant expansion, andit has decided to issue 25-year zero coupon bonds to raise the money. The required return on the bonds will be 9 percent.1. What will these bonds sell for at issuance?2. Using the IRS amortization rule, what interest deduction can the company take on thesebonds in the first year? In the last year?3. Repeat part (b) using the straight-line method for the interest deduction.4. Based on your answers in (b) and (c), which interest deduction method would TeslaCorporation prefer? Why?13. Zero Coupon Bonds Suppose your company needs to raise $30 million and you want to issue30-year bonds for this purpose. Assume the required return on your bond issue will be 8 percent, and you’re evaluating two issue alternatives: An 8 percent semiannual coupon bond and a zero coupon bond. Your company’s tax rate is 35 percent.1. How many of the coupon bonds would you need to issue to raise the $30 million?How many of the zeroes would you need to issue?2. In 30 years, what will your company’s repayment be if you issue the coupon bonds? Whatif you issue the zeroes?CHALLENGE (Questions 14-15)14. Valuing the Call Feature Consider the prices of the following three Treasury issues as ofFebruary 24, 2009:The bond in the middle is callable in February 2010. What is the implied value of the call feature? (Hint: Is there a way to combine the two noncallable issues to create an issue that has the same coupon as the callable bond?)15. Treasury Bonds The following Treasury bond quote appeared in The Wall Street Journal onMay 11, 2004.Why would anyone buy this Treasury bond with a negative yield to maturity? How is this possible?。
罗斯《公司理财》(第9版)课后习题(第1~3章)【圣才出品】
罗斯《公司理财》（第9版）课后习题第1章公司理财导论一、概念题1．资本预算（capital budgeting）答：资本预算是指综合反映投资资金来源与运用的预算，是为了获得未来产生现金流量的长期资产而现在投资支出的预算。
资本预算决策也称为长期投资决策，它是公司创造价值的主要方法。
资本预算决策一般指固定资产投资决策，耗资大，周期长，长期影响公司的产销能力和财务状况，决策正确与否影响公司的生存与发展。
完整的资本预算过程包括：寻找增长机会，制定长期投资战略，预测投资项目的现金流，分析评估投资项目，控制投资项目的执行情况。
资本预算可通过不同的资本预算方法来解决，如回收期法、净现值法和内部收益率法等。
2．货币市场（money markets）答：货币市场指期限不超过一年的资金借贷和短期有价证券交易的金融市场，亦称“短期金融市场”或“短期资金市场”，包括同业拆借市场、银行短期存贷市场、票据市场、短期证券市场、大额可转让存单市场、回购协议市场等。
其参加者为各种政府机构、各种银行和非银行金融机构及公司等。
货币市场具有四个基本特征：①融资期限短，一般在一年以内，最短的只有半天，主要用于满足短期资金周转的需要；②流动性强，金融工具可以在市场上随时兑现，交易对象主要是期限短、流动性强、风险小的信用工具，如票据、存单等，这些工具变现能力强，近似于货币，可称为“准货币”，故称货币市场；③安全性高，由于货币市场上的交易大多采用即期交易，即成交后马上结清，通常不存在因成交与结算日之间时间相对过长而引起价格巨大波动的现象，对投资者来说，收益具有较大保障；④政策性明显，货币市场由货币当局直接参加，是中央银行同商业银行及其他金融机构的资金连接的主渠道，是国家利用货币政策工具调节全国金融活动的杠杆支点。
货币市场的交易主体是短期资金的供需者。
需求者是为了获得现实的支付手段，调节资金的流动性并保持必要的支付能力，供应者提供的资金也大多是短期临时闲置性的资金。
Cha07罗斯公司理财第九版原版书课后习题
Cha07罗斯公司理财第九版原版书课后习题to abandon, and timing options.4. Decision trees represent an approach for valuing projects with these hidden, or real, options.Concept Questions1. Forecasting Risk What is forecasting risk? In general, would the degree of forecasting risk begreater for a new product or a cost-cutting proposal? Why?2. Sensitivity Analysis and Scenario Analysis What is the essential difference betweensensitivity analysis and scenario analysis?3. Marginal Cash Flows A coworker claims that looking at all this marginal this and incrementalthat is just a bunch of nonsense, and states, “Listen, if our average revenue doesn’t exceed our average cost, then we will have a negative cash flow, and we will go broke!” How do you respond?4. Break-Even Point As a shareholder of a firm that is contemplating a new project, would yoube more concerned with the accounting break-even point, the cash break-even point (the point at which operating cash flow is zero), or the financial break-even point? Why?5. Break-Even Point Assume a firm is considering a new project that requires an initialinvestment and has equal sales and costs over its life. Will the project reach the accounting, cash, or financial break-even point first? Which will it reach next? Last? Will this order always apply?6. Real Options Why does traditional NPV analysis tend to underestimate the true value of acapital budgeting project?7. Real Options The Mango Republic has just liberalized its markets and is now permittingforeign investors. Tesla Manufacturing has analyzed starting a project in the country and has determined that the project hasa negative NPV. Why might the company go ahead with the project? What type of option is most likely to add value to this project?8. Sensitivity Analysis and Breakeven How does sensitivity analysis interact with break-evenanalysis?9. Option to Wait An option can often have more than one source of value. Consider a loggingcompany. The company can log the timber today or wait another year (or more) to log the timber.What advantages would waiting one year potentially have?10. Project Analysis You are discussing a project analysis witha coworker. The project involvesreal options, such as expanding the project if successful, or abandoning the project if it fails. Your coworker makes the following statement: “This analysis is ridiculous. We looked at expanding or abandoning the project in two years, but there are many other options we should consider. For example, we could expand in one year, and expand further in two years. Or we could expand in one year, and abandon the project in two years. There are too many options for us to examine.Because of this, anything this analysis would give us is worthless.” How would you evaluate this statement? Considering that with any capital budgeting project there are an infinite number of real options, when do you stop the option analysis on an individual project?Questions and Problems: connect?BASIC (Questions 1–10)1. Sensitivity Analysis and Break-Even Point We are evaluating a project that costs$724,000, has an eight-year life, and has no salvage value. Assume that depreciation is straight-line to zero over the life of the project. Sales are projected at 75,000 units per year. Price per unit is $39, variable cost per unit is $23, and fixed costs are $850,000 per year. The tax rate is 35 percent, and we require a 15 percent return on this project.1. Calculate the accounting break-even point.2. Calculate the base-case cash flow and NPV. What is the sensitivity of NPV to changes inthe sales figure? Explain what your answer tells you about a 500-unit decrease in projected sales.3. What is the sensitivity of OCF to changes in the variable cost figure? Explain what youranswer tells you about a $1 decrease in estimated variable costs.2. Scenario Analysis In the previous problem, suppose the projections given for price, quantity,variable costs, and fixed costs are all accurate to w ithin ±10 percent. Calculate the best-case and worst-case NPV figures.3. Calculating Breakeven In each of the following cases, find the unknown variable. Ignoretaxes.4. Financial Breakeven L.J.’s Toys Inc. just purchased a $250,000 machine to produce toy cars.The machine will be fully depreciated by the straight-line method over its five-year economic life.Each toy sells for $25. The variable cost per toy is $6, and the firm incurs fixed costs of $360,000 each year. The corporate tax rate for the company is 34 percent. The appropriate discount rate is12 percent. What is the financial break-even point for the project?5. Option to Wait Your company is deciding whether to invest in a new machine. The newmachine will increase cash flow by $340,000 per year. You believe the technology used in the machine has a 10-year life; in other words, no matter when you purchase the machine, it will be obsolete 10 years from today. The machine is currently priced at $1,800,000. The cost of the machine will decline by $130,000 per year until it reaches $1,150,000, where it will remain. If your required return is 12 percent, should you purchase the machine? If so, when should you purchase it?6. Decision Trees Ang Electronics, Inc., has developed a new DVDR. If the DVDR is successful,the present value of the payoff (when the product is brought to market) is $22 million. If the DVDR fails, the present value of the payoff is $9 million. If the product goes directly to market, there is a50 percent chance of success. Alternatively, Ang can delay the launch by one year and spend $1.5million to test market the DVDR. Test marketing would allow the firm to improve the product and increase the probability of success to 80 percent. The appropriate discount rate is 11 percent.Should the firm conduct test marketing?7. Decision Trees The manager for a growing firm is considering the launch of a new product. Ifthe product goes directly to market, there is a 50 percent chance of success. For $135,000 the manager can conduct a focus group that will increase the product’s chance of success to 65 percent. Alternatively, the manager has the option to pay a consulting firm $400,000 to research the market and refine the product. The consulting firm successfully launches new products 85 percent of the time. If the firm successfully launches the product, the payoff will be $1.5 million. If the product is a failure, the NPV is zero. Which action will result in the highest expected payoff to the firm?8. Decision Trees B&B has a new baby powder ready to market. If the firm goes directly to themarket with the product, there is only a 55 percent chance of success. However, the firm can conduct customer segment research, which will take a year and cost $1.8 million. By going through research, B&B will be able to better target potential customers and will increase the probability of success to 70 percent. If successful, the baby powder will bring a present value profit (at time of initial selling) of $28 million. If unsuccessful, the present value payoff is only $4 million. Should the firm conduct customer segment research or go directly to market? The appropriate discount rate is15 percent.9. Financial Break-Even Analysis You are considering investing in a company that cultivatesabalone for sale to local restaurants. Use the following information:The discount rate for the company is 15 percent, the initial investment in equipment is $360,000, and the project’s economic life is seven years. Assume the equipment is depreciated on a straight-line basis over the project’s life.1. What is the accounting break-even level for the project?2. What is the financial break-even level for the project?10. Financial Breakeven Niko has purchased a brand new machine to produce its High Flight lineof shoes. The machine has an economic life of five years. The depreciation schedule for the machine is straight-line with no salvage value. The machine costs $390,000. The sales price per pair of shoes is $60, while the variable cost is $14. $185,000 of fixed costs per year are attributed to the machine. Assume that the corporate tax rate is 34 percent and the appropriate discount rate is 8 percent. What is the financial break-even point?INTERMEDIATE (Questions 11–25)11. Break-Even Intuition Consider a project with a required return of R percent that costs $I andwill last for N years. The project uses straight-line depreciation to zero over the N-year life; there are neither salvage value nor net working capital requirements.1. At the accounting break-even level of output, what is the IRR of this project? The paybackperiod? The NPV?2. At the cash break-even level of output, what is the IRR of this project? The paybackperiod? The NPV?3. At the financial break-even level of output, what is the IRR of this project? The paybackperiod? The NPV?12. Sensitivity Analysis Consider a four-year project with the following information: Initial fixedasset investment = $380,000; straight-line depreciation to zero over the four-year life; zero salvage value; price = $54; variable costs = $42; fixed costs = $185,000; quantity sold = 90,000 units; tax rate = 34 percent. How sensitive is OCF to changes in quantity sold?13. Project Analysis You are considering a new product launch. The project will cost $960,000,have a four-year life, and have no salvage value; depreciation is straight-line to zero. Sales are projected at 240 units per year; price per unit will be $25,000; variable cost per unit will be $19,500; and fixed costs will be $830,000 per year. The required return on the project is 15 percent, and the relevant tax rate is 35 percent.1. Based on your experience, you think the unit sales, variable cost, and fixed costprojections given here are probably accurate to within ±10 percent. What are the upper and lower bounds for these projections? What is the base-case NPV? What are the best-case and worst-case scenarios?2. Evaluate the sensitivity of your base-case NPV to changes in fixed costs.3. What is the accounting break-even level of output for this project?14. Project Analysis McGilla Golf has decided to sell a newline of golf clubs. The clubs will sell for$750 per set and have a variable cost of $390 per set. The company has spent $150,000 for a marketing study that determined the company will sell 55,000 sets per year for seven years. The marketing study also determined that the company will lose sales of 12,000 sets of its high-priced clubs. The high-priced clubs sell at $1,100 and have variable costs of $620. The company will also increase sales of its cheap clubs by 15,000 sets. The cheap clubs sell for $400 and have variable costs of $210 per set. The fixed costs each year will be $8,100,000. The company has also spent $1,000,000 on research and development for the new clubs. The plant and equipment required will cost $18,900,000 and will be depreciated on a straight-line basis. The new clubs will also require an increase in net working capital of $1,400,000 that will be returned at the end of the project. The tax rate is 40 percent, and the cost of capital is 14 percent. Calculate the payback period, the NPV, and the IRR.15. Scenario Analysis In the previous problem, you feel that the values are accurate to withinonly ±10 percent. What are the best-case and worst-case NPVs? (Hint: The price and variable costs for the two existing sets of clubs are known with certainty; only the sales gained or lost are uncertain.)16. Sensitivity Analysis McGilla Golf would like to know the sensitivity of NPV to changes in theprice of the new clubs and the quantity of new clubs sold. What is the sensitivity of the NPV to each of these variables?17. Abandonment Value We are examining a new project. We expect to sell 9,000 units per yearat $50 net cash flow apiece for the next 10 years. In otherwords, the annual operating cash flow is projected to be $50 × 9,000 = $450,000. The relevant discount rate is 16 percent, and the initial investment required is $1,900,000.1. What is the base-case NPV?2. After the first year, the project can be dismantled and sold for $1,300,000. If expectedsales are revised based on the first year’s performance, when would it make sense to abandon the investment? In other words, at what level of expected sales would it make sense to abandon the project?3. Explain how the $1,300,000 abandonment value can be viewed as the opportunity cost ofkeeping the project in one year.18. Abandonment In the previous problem, suppose you think it is likely that expected sales willbe revised upward to 11,000 units if the first year is a success and revised downward to 4,000 units if the first year is not a success.1. If success and failure are equally likely, what is the NPV of the project? Consider thepossibility of abandonment in answering.2. What is the value of the option to abandon?19. Abandonment and Expansion In the previous problem, suppose the scale of the project canbe doubled in one year in the sense that twice as many units can be produced and sold. Naturally, expansion would be desirable only if the project were a success. This implies that if the project is a success, projected sales after expansion will be 22,000. Again assuming that success and failure are equally likely,what is the NPV of the project? Note that abandonment is still an option if the project is a failure. What is the value of the option to expand?20. Break-Even Analysis Your buddy comes to you with a sure-fire way to make some quickmoney and help pay off your student loans. His idea is to sell T-shirts with the words “I get” on them. “You get it?” He says, “You see all those bumper stickers and T-shirts that say ‘got milk’ or ‘got surf.’ So this says, ‘I get.’ It’s funn y! All we have to do is buy a used silk screen press for $3,200 and we are in business!” Assume there are no fixed costs, and you depreciate the $3,200 in the first period. Taxes are 30 percent.1. What is the accounting break-even point if each shirt costs $7 to make and you can sellthem for $10 apiece?Now assume one year has passed and you have sold 5,000 shirts! You find out that the Dairy Farmers of America have copyrighted the “got milk” slogan and are requiring you to pay $12,000 to continue operations. You expect this craze will last for another three years and that your discount rate is 12 percent.2. What is the financial break-even point for your enterprise now?21. Decision Trees Young screenwriter Carl Draper has just finished his first script. It has action,drama, and humor, and he thinks it will be a blockbuster. He takes the script to every motion picture studio in town and tries to sell it but to no avail. Finally, ACME studios offers to buy the script for either (a) $12,000 or (b) 1 pe rcent of the movie’s profits. There are two decisions the studio will have to make. First is to decide if the script is good or bad, and second if the movieis good or bad. First, there is a 90 percent chance that the script is bad. If it is bad, the studio does nothing more and throws the script out. If the script is good, they will shoot the movie. After the movie is shot, the studio will review it, and there is a 70 percent chance that the movie is bad. If the movie is bad, the movie will not be promoted and will not turn a profit. If the movie is good, the studio will promote heavily; the average profit for this type of movie is $20 million. Carl rejects the $12,000 and says he wants the 1 percent of profits. Was this a good decision by Carl?22. Option to Wait Hickock Mining is evaluating when to open a gold mine. The mine has 60,000ounces of gold left that can be mined, and mining operations will produce 7,500 ounces per year.The required return on the gold mine is 12 percent, and it will cost $14 million to open the mine.When the mine is opened, the company will sign a contract that will guarantee the price of gold for the remaining life of the mine. If the mine is opened today, each ounce of gold will generate an aftertax cash flow of $450 per ounce. If the company waits one year, there is a 60 percent probability that the contract price will generate an aftertax cash flow of $500 per ounce and a 40 percent probability that the aftertax cash flow will be $410 per ounce. What is the value of the option to wait?23. Abandonment Decisions Allied Products, Inc., is considering a new product launch. The firmexpects to have an annual operating cash flow of $22 million for the next 10 years. Allied Products uses a discount rate of 19 percent for new product launches. The initial investment is $84 million.Assume that the project has no salvage value at the end of its economic life.1. What is the NPV of the new product?2. After the first year, the project can be dismantled and sold for $30 million. If theestimates of remaining cash flows are revised based on the first year’s experience, at what level of expected cash flows does it make sense to abandon the project?24. Expansion Decisions Applied Nanotech is thinking about introducing a new surface cleaningmachine. The marketing department has come up with the estimate that Applied Nanotech can sell15 units per year at $410,000 net cash flow per unit for the next five years. The engineeringdepartment has come up with the estimate that developing the machine will take a $17 million initial investment. The finance department has estimated that a 25 percent discount rate should beused.1. What is the base-case NPV?2. If unsuccessful, after the first year the project can be dismantled and will have an aftertaxsalvage value of $11 million. Also, after the first year, expected cash flows will be revised up to 20 units per year or to 0 units, with equal probability. What is the revised NPV?25. Scenario Analysis You are the financial analyst for a tennis racket manufacturer. Thecompany is considering using a graphitelike material in its tennis rackets. The company has estimated the information in the following table about the market for a racket with the newmaterial. The company expects to sell the racket for six years. The equipment required for the project has no salvage value. The required return for projects of this type is 13 percent, and the company has a 40 percent tax rate. Should you recommend the project?CHALLENGE (Questions 26–30)26. Scenario Analysis Consider a project to supply Detroit with 55,000 tons of machine screwsannually for automobile production. You will need an initial $1,700,000 investment in threading equipment to get the project started; the project will last for five years. The accounting department estimates that annual fixed costs will be $520,000 and that variable costs should be $220 per ton;accounting will depreciate the initial fixed asset investment straight-line to zero over the five-year project life. It also estimates a salvage value of $300,000 after dismantling costs. The marketing department estimates that the automakers will let the contract at a selling price of $245 per ton.The engineering department estimates you will need an initial net working capital investment of $600,000. You require a 13 percent return and face a marginal tax rate of 38 percent on this project.1. What is the estimated OCF for this project? The NPV? Should you pursue this project?2. Suppose you believe that the accounting department’sinitial cost and salvage valueprojections are accurate only to within ±15 percent; the marketing department’s price estimate is accurate only to within ±10 percent; and the engineering department’s net working capital estimate is accurate only to within ±5 p ercent. What is your worst-case scenario for this project? Your best-case scenario? Do you still want to pursue the project? 27. Sensitivity Analysis In Problem 26, suppose you’re confident about your own projections, butyou’re a little unsure about Detroit’s actual machine screw requirements. What is the sensitivity of the project OCF to changes in the quantity supplied? What about the sensitivity of NPV to changes in quantity supplied? Given the sensitivity number you calculated, is there some minimum level of output below which you wouldn’t want to operate? Why?28. Abandonment Decisions Consider the following project for Hand Clapper, Inc. The companyis considering a four-year project to manufacture clap-command garage door openers. This project requires an initial investment of $10 million that will be depreciated straight-line to zero over the project’s life. An initial investment in net working capital of $1.3 million is required to support spare parts inventory; this cost is fully recoverable whenever the project ends. The company believes it can generate $7.35 million in pretax revenues with $2.4 million in total pretax operating costs. The tax rate is 38 percent, and the discount rate is 16 percent. The market value of the equipment over the life of the project is as follows:Lumber is sold by the company for its “pond value.” Pond value is the amount a mill will pay for a log delivered to the mill location. The price paid for logs delivered to a mill is quoted in dollars per thousands of board feet (MBF), and the price depends on the grade of the logs. The forest Bunyan Lumber is evaluatingwas planted by the company 20 years ago and is made up entirely of Douglas fir trees. The table here shows the current price per MBF for the three grades of timber the company feels will come from the stand:Steve believes that the pond value of lumber will increase at the inflation rate. The company is planning to thin the forest today, and it expects to realize a positive cash flow of $1,000 per acre from thinning. The thinning is done to increase the growth rate of the remaining trees, and it is always done 20 years following a planting.The major decision the company faces is when to log the forest. When the company logs the forest, it will immediately replant saplings, which will allow for a future harvest. The longer the forest is allowed to grow, the larger the harvest becomes per acre. Additionally, an older forest has a higher grade of timber. Steve has compiled the following table with the expected harvest per acre in thousands of board feet, along with the breakdown of the timber grades:The company expects to lose 5 percent of the timber it cuts due to defects and breakage.The forest will be clear-cut when the company harvests the timber. This method of harvesting allows for faster growth of replanted trees. All of the harvesting, processing, replanting, andtransportation are to be handled by subcontractors hired by Bunyan Lumber. The cost of the logging is expected to be $140 per MBF. A road system has to be constructed and is expected to cost $50 per MBF on average. Sales preparation and administrative costs, excluding office overhead costs, are expected to be $18 per MBF.As soon as the harvesting is complete, the company will reforest the land. Reforesting costs include the following:All costs are expected to increase at the inflation rate.Assume all cash flows occur at the year of harvest. For example, if the company begins harvesting the timber 20 years from today, the cash flow from the harvest will be received 20 years from today. When the company logs the land, it will immediately replant the land with new saplings. The harvest period chosen will be repeated for the foreseeable future. The company’s nominal required return is 10 percent, and the inflation rate is expected to be 3.7 percent per year. Bunyan Lumber has a 35 percent tax rate.Clear-cutting is a controversial method of forest management. To obtain the necessary permits, Bunyan Lumber has agreed to contribute to a conservation fund every time it harvests the lumber. If the company harvested the forest today, the required contribution would be $250,000. The company has agreed that the required contribution will grow by 3.2 percent per year. When should the company harvest the forest?。
Cha07 罗斯公司理财第九版原版书课后习题
to abandon, and timing options.4. Decision trees represent an approach for valuing projects with these hidden, or real, options.Concept Questions1. Forecasting Risk What is forecasting risk? In general, would the degree of forecasting risk begreater for a new product or a cost-cutting proposal? Why?2. Sensitivity Analysis and Scenario Analysis What is the essential difference betweensensitivity analysis and scenario analysis?3. Marginal Cash Flows A coworker claims that looking at all this marginal this and incrementalthat is just a bunch of nonsense, and states, “Listen, if our average revenue doesn’t exceed our average cost, then we will have a negative cash flow, and we will go broke!” How do you respond?4. Break-Even Point As a shareholder of a firm that is contemplating a new project, would yoube more concerned with the accounting break-even point, the cash break-even point (the point at which operating cash flow is zero), or the financial break-even point? Why?5. Break-Even Point Assume a firm is considering a new project that requires an initialinvestment and has equal sales and costs over its life. Will the project reach the accounting, cash, or financial break-even point first? Which will it reach next? Last? Will this order always apply?6. Real Options Why does traditional NPV analysis tend to underestimate the true value of acapital budgeting project?7. Real Options The Mango Republic has just liberalized its markets and is now permittingforeign investors. Tesla Manufacturing has analyzed starting a project in the country and has determined that the project has a negative NPV. Why might the company go ahead with the project? What type of option is most likely to add value to this project?8. Sensitivity Analysis and Breakeven How does sensitivity analysis interact with break-evenanalysis?9. Option to Wait An option can often have more than one source of value. Consider a loggingcompany. The company can log the timber today or wait another year (or more) to log the timber.What advantages would waiting one year potentially have?10. Project Analysis You are discussing a project analysis with a coworker. The project involvesreal options, such as expanding the project if successful, or abandoning the project if it fails. Your coworker makes the following statement: “This analysis is ridiculous. We looked at expanding or abandoning the project in two years, but there are many other options we should consider. For example, we could expand in one year, and expand further in two years. Or we could expand in one year, and abandon the project in two years. There are too many options for us to examine.Because of this, anything this analysis would give us is worthless.” How would you evaluate this statement? Considering that with any capital budgeting project there are an infinite number of real options, when do you stop the option analysis on an individual project?Questions and Problems: connect™BASIC (Questions 1–10)1. Sensitivity Analysis and Break-Even Point We are evaluating a project that costs$724,000, has an eight-year life, and has no salvage value. Assume that depreciation is straight-line to zero over the life of the project. Sales are projected at 75,000 units per year. Price per unit is $39, variable cost per unit is $23, and fixed costs are $850,000 per year. The tax rate is 35 percent, and we require a 15 percent return on this project.1. Calculate the accounting break-even point.2. Calculate the base-case cash flow and NPV. What is the sensitivity of NPV to changes inthe sales figure? Explain what your answer tells you about a 500-unit decrease in projected sales.3. What is the sensitivity of OCF to changes in the variable cost figure? Explain what youranswer tells you about a $1 decrease in estimated variable costs.2. Scenario Analysis In the previous problem, suppose the projections given for price, quantity,variable costs, and fixed costs are all accurate to within ±10 percent. Calculate the best-case and worst-case NPV figures.3. Calculating Breakeven In each of the following cases, find the unknown variable. Ignoretaxes.4. Financial Breakeven L.J.’s Toys Inc. just purchased a $250,000 machine to produce toy cars.The machine will be fully depreciated by the straight-line method over its five-year economic life.Each toy sells for $25. The variable cost per toy is $6, and the firm incurs fixed costs of $360,000 each year. The corporate tax rate for the company is 34 percent. The appropriate discount rate is12 percent. What is the financial break-even point for the project?5. Option to Wait Your company is deciding whether to invest in a new machine. The newmachine will increase cash flow by $340,000 per year. You believe the technology used in the machine has a 10-year life; in other words, no matter when you purchase the machine, it will be obsolete 10 years from today. The machine is currently priced at $1,800,000. The cost of the machine will decline by $130,000 per year until it reaches $1,150,000, where it will remain. If your required return is 12 percent, should you purchase the machine? If so, when should you purchase it?6. Decision Trees Ang Electronics, Inc., has developed a new DVDR. If the DVDR is successful,the present value of the payoff (when the product is brought to market) is $22 million. If the DVDR fails, the present value of the payoff is $9 million. If the product goes directly to market, there is a50 percent chance of success. Alternatively, Ang can delay the launch by one year and spend $1.5million to test market the DVDR. Test marketing would allow the firm to improve the product and increase the probability of success to 80 percent. The appropriate discount rate is 11 percent.Should the firm conduct test marketing?7. Decision Trees The manager for a growing firm is considering the launch of a new product. Ifthe product goes directly to market, there is a 50 percent chance of success. For $135,000 the manager can conduct a focus group that will increase the product’s chance of success to 65 percent. Alternatively, the manager has the option to pay a consulting firm $400,000 to research the market and refine the product. The consulting firm successfully launches new products 85 percent of the time. If the firm successfully launches the product, the payoff will be $1.5 million. If the product is a failure, the NPV is zero. Which action will result in the highest expected payoff to the firm?8. Decision Trees B&B has a new baby powder ready to market. If the firm goes directly to themarket with the product, there is only a 55 percent chance of success. However, the firm can conduct customer segment research, which will take a year and cost $1.8 million. By going through research, B&B will be able to better target potential customers and will increase the probability of success to 70 percent. If successful, the baby powder will bring a present value profit (at time of initial selling) of $28 million. If unsuccessful, the present value payoff is only $4 million. Should the firm conduct customer segment research or go directly to market? The appropriate discount rate is15 percent.9. Financial Break-Even Analysis You are considering investing in a company that cultivatesabalone for sale to local restaurants. Use the following information:The discount rate for the company is 15 percent, the initial investment in equipment is $360,000, and the project’s economic life is seven years. Assume the equipment is depreciated on a straight-line basis over the project’s life.1. What is the accounting break-even level for the project?2. What is the financial break-even level for the project?10. Financial Breakeven Niko has purchased a brand new machine to produce its High Flight lineof shoes. The machine has an economic life of five years. The depreciation schedule for the machine is straight-line with no salvage value. The machine costs $390,000. The sales price per pair of shoes is $60, while the variable cost is $14. $185,000 of fixed costs per year are attributed to the machine. Assume that the corporate tax rate is 34 percent and the appropriate discount rate is 8 percent. What is the financial break-even point?INTERMEDIATE (Questions 11–25)11. Break-Even Intuition Consider a project with a required return of R percent that costs $I andwill last for N years. The project uses straight-line depreciation to zero over the N-year life; there are neither salvage value nor net working capital requirements.1. At the accounting break-even level of output, what is the IRR of this project? The paybackperiod? The NPV?2. At the cash break-even level of output, what is the IRR of this project? The paybackperiod? The NPV?3. At the financial break-even level of output, what is the IRR of this project? The paybackperiod? The NPV?12. Sensitivity Analysis Consider a four-year project with the following information: Initial fixedasset investment = $380,000; straight-line depreciation to zero over the four-year life; zero salvage value; price = $54; variable costs = $42; fixed costs = $185,000; quantity sold = 90,000 units; tax rate = 34 percent. How sensitive is OCF to changes in quantity sold?13. Project Analysis You are considering a new product launch. The project will cost $960,000,have a four-year life, and have no salvage value; depreciation is straight-line to zero. Sales are projected at 240 units per year; price per unit will be $25,000; variable cost per unit will be $19,500; and fixed costs will be $830,000 per year. The required return on the project is 15 percent, and the relevant tax rate is 35 percent.1. Based on your experience, you think the unit sales, variable cost, and fixed costprojections given here are probably accurate to within ±10 percent. What are the upper and lower bounds for these projections? What is the base-case NPV? What are the best-case and worst-case scenarios?2. Evaluate the sensitivity of your base-case NPV to changes in fixed costs.3. What is the accounting break-even level of output for this project?14. Project Analysis McGilla Golf has decided to sell a new line of golf clubs. The clubs will sell for$750 per set and have a variable cost of $390 per set. The company has spent $150,000 for a marketing study that determined the company will sell 55,000 sets per year for seven years. The marketing study also determined that the company will lose sales of 12,000 sets of its high-priced clubs. The high-priced clubs sell at $1,100 and have variable costs of $620. The company will also increase sales of its cheap clubs by 15,000 sets. The cheap clubs sell for $400 and have variable costs of $210 per set. The fixed costs each year will be $8,100,000. The company has also spent $1,000,000 on research and development for the new clubs. The plant and equipment required will cost $18,900,000 and will be depreciated on a straight-line basis. The new clubs will also require an increase in net working capital of $1,400,000 that will be returned at the end of the project. The tax rate is 40 percent, and the cost of capital is 14 percent. Calculate the payback period, the NPV, and the IRR.15. Scenario Analysis In the previous problem, you feel that the values are accurate to withinonly ±10 percent. What are the best-case and worst-case NPVs? (Hint: The price and variable costs for the two existing sets of clubs are known with certainty; only the sales gained or lost are uncertain.)16. Sensitivity Analysis McGilla Golf would like to know the sensitivity of NPV to changes in theprice of the new clubs and the quantity of new clubs sold. What is the sensitivity of the NPV to each of these variables?17. Abandonment Value We are examining a new project. We expect to sell 9,000 units per yearat $50 net cash flow apiece for the next 10 years. In other words, the annual operating cash flow is projected to be $50 × 9,000 = $450,000. The relevant discount rate is 16 percent, and the initial investment required is $1,900,000.1. What is the base-case NPV?2. After the first year, the project can be dismantled and sold for $1,300,000. If expectedsales are revised based on the first year’s performance, when would it make sense to abandon the investment? In other words, at what level of expected sales would it make sense to abandon the project?3. Explain how the $1,300,000 abandonment value can be viewed as the opportunity cost ofkeeping the project in one year.18. Abandonment In the previous problem, suppose you think it is likely that expected sales willbe revised upward to 11,000 units if the first year is a success and revised downward to 4,000 units if the first year is not a success.1. If success and failure are equally likely, what is the NPV of the project? Consider thepossibility of abandonment in answering.2. What is the value of the option to abandon?19. Abandonment and Expansion In the previous problem, suppose the scale of the project canbe doubled in one year in the sense that twice as many units can be produced and sold. Naturally, expansion would be desirable only if the project were a success. This implies that if the project is a success, projected sales after expansion will be 22,000. Again assuming that success and failure are equally likely, what is the NPV of the project? Note that abandonment is still an option if the project is a failure. What is the value of the option to expand?20. Break-Even Analysis Your buddy comes to you with a sure-fire way to make some quickmoney and help pay off your student loans. His idea is to sell T-shirts with the words “I get” on them. “You get it?” He says, “You see all those bumper stickers and T-shirts that say ‘got milk’ or ‘got surf.’ So this says, ‘I get.’ It’s funny! All we have to do is buy a used silk screen press for $3,200 and we are in business!” Assume there are no fixed costs, and you depreciate the $3,200 in the first period. Taxes are 30 percent.1. What is the accounting break-even point if each shirt costs $7 to make and you can sellthem for $10 apiece?Now assume one year has passed and you have sold 5,000 shirts! You find out that the Dairy Farmers of America have copyrighted the “got milk” slogan and are requiring you to pay $12,000 to continue operations. You expect this craze will last for another three years and that your discount rate is 12 percent.2. What is the financial break-even point for your enterprise now?21. Decision Trees Young screenwriter Carl Draper has just finished his first script. It has action,drama, and humor, and he thinks it will be a blockbuster. He takes the script to every motion picture studio in town and tries to sell it but to no avail. Finally, ACME studios offers to buy the script for either (a) $12,000 or (b) 1 percent of the movie’s profits. There are two decisions the studio will have to make. First is to decide if the script is good or bad, and second if the movie is good or bad. First, there is a 90 percent chance that the script is bad. If it is bad, the studio does nothing more and throws the script out. If the script is good, they will shoot the movie. After the movie is shot, the studio will review it, and there is a 70 percent chance that the movie is bad. If the movie is bad, the movie will not be promoted and will not turn a profit. If the movie is good, the studio will promote heavily; the average profit for this type of movie is $20 million. Carl rejects the $12,000 and says he wants the 1 percent of profits. Was this a good decision by Carl?22. Option to Wait Hickock Mining is evaluating when to open a gold mine. The mine has 60,000ounces of gold left that can be mined, and mining operations will produce 7,500 ounces per year.The required return on the gold mine is 12 percent, and it will cost $14 million to open the mine.When the mine is opened, the company will sign a contract that will guarantee the price of gold for the remaining life of the mine. If the mine is opened today, each ounce of gold will generate an aftertax cash flow of $450 per ounce. If the company waits one year, there is a 60 percent probability that the contract price will generate an aftertax cash flow of $500 per ounce and a 40 percent probability that the aftertax cash flow will be $410 per ounce. What is the value of the option to wait?23. Abandonment Decisions Allied Products, Inc., is considering a new product launch. The firmexpects to have an annual operating cash flow of $22 million for the next 10 years. Allied Products uses a discount rate of 19 percent for new product launches. The initial investment is $84 million.Assume that the project has no salvage value at the end of its economic life.1. What is the NPV of the new product?2. After the first year, the project can be dismantled and sold for $30 million. If theestimates of remaining cash flows are revised based on the first year’s experience, at what level of expected cash flows does it make sense to abandon the project?24. Expansion Decisions Applied Nanotech is thinking about introducing a new surface cleaningmachine. The marketing department has come up with the estimate that Applied Nanotech can sell15 units per year at $410,000 net cash flow per unit for the next five years. The engineeringdepartment has come up with the estimate that developing the machine will take a $17 million initial investment. The finance department has estimated that a 25 percent discount rate should beused.1. What is the base-case NPV?2. If unsuccessful, after the first year the project can be dismantled and will have an aftertaxsalvage value of $11 million. Also, after the first year, expected cash flows will be revised up to 20 units per year or to 0 units, with equal probability. What is the revised NPV?25. Scenario Analysis You are the financial analyst for a tennis racket manufacturer. Thecompany is considering using a graphitelike material in its tennis rackets. The company has estimated the information in the following table about the market for a racket with the new material. The company expects to sell the racket for six years. The equipment required for the project has no salvage value. The required return for projects of this type is 13 percent, and the company has a 40 percent tax rate. Should you recommend the project?CHALLENGE (Questions 26–30)26. Scenario Analysis Consider a project to supply Detroit with 55,000 tons of machine screwsannually for automobile production. You will need an initial $1,700,000 investment in threading equipment to get the project started; the project will last for five years. The accounting department estimates that annual fixed costs will be $520,000 and that variable costs should be $220 per ton;accounting will depreciate the initial fixed asset investment straight-line to zero over the five-year project life. It also estimates a salvage value of $300,000 after dismantling costs. The marketing department estimates that the automakers will let the contract at a selling price of $245 per ton.The engineering department estimates you will need an initial net working capital investment of $600,000. You require a 13 percent return and face a marginal tax rate of 38 percent on this project.1. What is the estimated OCF for this project? The NPV? Should you pursue this project?2. Suppose you believe that the accounting department’s initial cost and salvage valueprojections are accurate only to within ±15 percent; the marketing department’s price estimate is accurate only to within ±10 percent; and the engineering department’s net working capital estimate is accurate only to within ±5 percent. What is your worst-case scenario for this project? Your best-case scenario? Do you still want to pursue the project? 27. Sensitivity Analysis In Problem 26, suppose you’re confident about your own projections, butyou’re a little unsure about Detroit’s actual machine screw requirements. What is the sensitivity of the project OCF to changes in the quantity supplied? What about the sensitivity of NPV to changes in quantity supplied? Given the sensitivity number you calculated, is there some minimum level of output below which you wouldn’t want to operate? Why?28. Abandonment Decisions Consider the following project for Hand Clapper, Inc. The companyis considering a four-year project to manufacture clap-command garage door openers. This project requires an initial investment of $10 million that will be depreciated straight-line to zero over the project’s life. An initial investment in net working capital of $1.3 million is required to support spare parts inventory; this cost is fully recoverable whenever the project ends. The company believes it can generate $7.35 million in pretax revenues with $2.4 million in total pretax operating costs. The tax rate is 38 percent, and the discount rate is 16 percent. The market value of the equipment over the life of the project is as follows:Lumber is sold by the company for its “pond value.” Pond value is the amount a mill will pay for a log delivered to the mill location. The price paid for logs delivered to a mill is quoted in dollars per thousands of board feet (MBF), and the price depends on the grade of the logs. The forest Bunyan Lumber is evaluating was planted by the company 20 years ago and is made up entirely of Douglas fir trees. The table here shows the current price per MBF for the three grades of timber the company feels will come from the stand:Steve believes that the pond value of lumber will increase at the inflation rate. The company is planning to thin the forest today, and it expects to realize a positive cash flow of $1,000 per acre from thinning. The thinning is done to increase the growth rate of the remaining trees, and it is always done 20 years following a planting.The major decision the company faces is when to log the forest. When the company logs the forest, it will immediately replant saplings, which will allow for a future harvest. The longer the forest is allowed to grow, the larger the harvest becomes per acre. Additionally, an older forest has a higher grade of timber. Steve has compiled the following table with the expected harvest per acre in thousands of board feet, along with the breakdown of the timber grades:The company expects to lose 5 percent of the timber it cuts due to defects and breakage.The forest will be clear-cut when the company harvests the timber. This method of harvesting allows for faster growth of replanted trees. All of the harvesting, processing, replanting, and transportation are to be handled by subcontractors hired by Bunyan Lumber. The cost of the logging is expected to be $140 per MBF. A road system has to be constructed and is expected to cost $50 per MBF on average. Sales preparation and administrative costs, excluding office overhead costs, are expected to be $18 per MBF.As soon as the harvesting is complete, the company will reforest the land. Reforesting costs include the following:All costs are expected to increase at the inflation rate.Assume all cash flows occur at the year of harvest. For example, if the company begins harvesting the timber 20 years from today, the cash flow from the harvest will be received 20 years from today. When the company logs the land, it will immediately replant the land with new saplings. The harvest period chosen will be repeated for the foreseeable future. The company’s nominal required return is 10 percent, and the inflation rate is expected to be 3.7 percent per year. Bunyan Lumber has a 35 percent tax rate.Clear-cutting is a controversial method of forest management. To obtain the necessary permits, Bunyan Lumber has agreed to contribute to a conservation fund every time it harvests the lumber. If the company harvested the forest today, the required contribution would be $250,000. The company has agreed that the required contribution will grow by 3.2 percent per year. When should the company harvest the forest?。
Cha08 罗斯公司理财第九版原版书课后习题
Earlier in the chapter, we saw how bonds were rated based on their credit risk. What you will find if you start looking at bonds of different ratings is that lower-rated bonds have higher yields.We stated earlier in this chapter that a bond’s yield is calculated assuming that all the promised payments will be made. As a result, it is really a promised yield, and it may or may not be what you will earn. In particular, if the issuer defaults, your actual yield will be lower, probably much lower. This fact is particularly important when it comes to junk bonds. Thanks to a clever bit of marketing, such bonds are now commonly called high-yield bonds, which has a much nicer ring to it; but now you recognize that these are really high promised yield bonds.Next, recall that we discussed earlier how municipal bonds are free from most taxes and, as a result, have much lower yields than taxable bonds. Investors demand the extra yield on a taxable bond as compensation for the unfavorable tax treatment. This extra compensation is the taxability premium.Finally, bonds have varying degrees of liquidity. As we discussed earlier, there are an enormous number of bond issues, most of which do not trade on a regular basis. As a result, if you wanted to sell quickly, you would probably not get as good a price as you could otherwise. Investors prefer liquid assets to illiquid ones, so they demand a liquidity premium on top of all the other premiums we have discussed. As a result, all else being the same, less liquid bonds will have higher yields than more liquid bonds.ConclusionIf we combine everything we have discussed, we find that bond yields represent the combined effect of no fewer than six factors. The first is the real rate of interest. On top of the real rate are five premiums representing compensation for (1) expected future inflation, (2) interest rate risk, (3) default risk, (4) taxability, and (5) lack of liquidity. As a result, determining the appropriate yield on a bond requires careful analysis of each of these factors.Summary and ConclusionsThis chapter has explored bonds, bond yields, and interest rates. We saw that:1. Determining bond prices and yields is an application of basic discounted cash flow principles.2. Bond values move in the direction opposite that of interest rates, leading to potential gains orlosses for bond investors.3. Bonds are rated based on their default risk. Some bonds, such as Treasury bonds, have no riskof default, whereas so-called junk bonds have substantial default risk.4. Almost all bond trading is OTC, with little or no market transparency in many cases. As a result,bond price and volume information can be difficult to find for some types of bonds.5. Bond yields and interest rates reflect six different factors: the real interest rate and fivepremiums that investors demand as compensation for inflation, interest rate risk, default risk, taxability, and lack of liquidity.In closing, we note that bonds are a vital source of financing to governments and corporations of all types. Bond prices and yields are a rich subject, and our one chapter, necessarily, touches on only the most important concepts and ideas. There is a great deal more we could say, but, instead, we will move on to stocks in our next chapter.Concept Questions1. Treasury Bonds Is it true that a U.S. Treasury security is risk-free?2. Interest Rate Risk Which has greater interest rate risk, a 30-year Treasury bond or a 30-year21. Using Bond Quotes Suppose the following bond quote for IOU Corporation appears in thefinancial page of today’s newspaper. Assume the bond has a face value of $1,000 and the current date is April 15, 2010. What is the yield to maturity of the bond? What is the current yield?22. Finding the Maturity You’ve just found a 10 percent coupon bond on the market that sells forpar value. What is the maturity on this bond?CHALLENGE (Questions 23–30)23. Components of Bond Returns Bond P is a premium bond with a 9 percent coupon. Bond D isa 5 percent coupon bond currently selling at a discount. Both bonds make annual payments, havea YTM of 7 percent, and have five years to maturity. What is the current yield for Bond P? For BondD? If interest rates remain unchanged, what is the expected capital gains yield over the next year for Bond P? For Bond D? Explain your answers and the interrelationship among the various types of yields.24. Holding Period Yield The YTM on a bond is the interest rate you earn on your investment ifinterest rates don’t change. If you actually sell the bond before it matures, your realized return is known as the holding period yield (HPY).1. Suppose that today you buy a 9 percent annual coupon bond for $1,140. The bond has 10years to maturity. What rate of return do you expect to earn on your investment?2. Two years from now, the YTM on your bond has declined by 1 percent, and you decide tosell. What price will your bond sell for? What is the HPY on your investment? Compare this yield to the YTM when you first bought the bond. Why are they different?25. Valuing Bonds The Morgan Corporation has two different bonds currently outstanding. Bond Mhas a face value of $20,000 and matures in 20 years. The bond makes no payments for the first six years, then pays $800 every six months over the subsequent eight years, and finally pays $1,000 every six months over the last six years. Bond N also has a face value of $20,000 and a maturity of20 years; it makes no coupon payments over the life of the bond. If the required return on boththese bonds is 8 percent compounded semiannually, what is the current price of Bond M? Of Bond N?26. R eal Cash Flows When Marilyn Monroe died, ex-husband Joe DiMaggio vowed to place freshflowers on her grave every Sunday as long as he lived. The week after she died in 1962, a bunch of fresh flowers that the former baseball player thought appropriate for the star cost about $8.Based on actuarial tables, “Joltin’ Joe” could expect to live for 30 years after the actress died.Assume that the EAR is 10.7 percent. Also, assume that the price of the flowers will increase at 3.5 percent per year, when expressed as an EAR. Assuming that each year has exactly 52 weeks, what is the present value of this commitment? Joe began purchasing flowers the week after Marilyn died.27. Real Cash Flows You are planning to save for retirement over the next 30 years. To save forretirement, you will invest $800 a month in a stock account in real dollars and $400 a month in a bond account in real dollars. The effective annual return of the stock account is expected to be 12 percent, and the bond account will earn 7 percent. When you retire, you will combine your money into an account with an 8 percent effective return. The inflation rate over this period is expected to be 4 percent. How much can you withdraw each month from your account in real terms assuminga 25-year withdrawal period? What is the nominal dollar amount of your last withdrawal?28. Real Cash Flows Paul Adams owns a health club in downtown Los Angeles. He charges hiscustomers an annual fee of $500 and has an existing customer base of 500. Paul plans to raise the annual fee by 6 percent every year and expects the club membership to grow at a constant rate of3 percent for the next five years. The overall expenses of running the health club are $75,000 ayear and are expected to grow at the inflation rate of 2 percent annually. After five years, Paul2. How many of the coupon bonds must East Coast Yachts issue to raise the $40 million? Howmany of the zeroes must it issue?3. In 20 years, what will be the principal repayment due if East Coast Yachts issues the couponbonds? What if it issues the zeroes?4. What are the company’s considerations in issuing a coupon bond compared to a zero couponbond?5. Suppose East Coast Yachts issues the coupon bonds with a make-whole call provision. Themake-whole call rate is the Treasury rate plus .40 percent. If East Coast calls the bonds in 7 years when the Treasury rate is 5.6 percent, what is the call price of the bond? What if it is 9.1 percent?6. Are investors really made whole with a make-whole call provision?7. After considering all the relevant factors, would you recommend a zero coupon issue or aregular coupon issue? Why? Would you recommend an ordinary call feature or a make-whole call feature? Why?。
罗斯公司理财第9版ch01配套练习题及答案
3. The balance sheet is made up of what five key components? A) Fixed assets, current liabilities, long term debt, tangible current assets and shareholders equity B) Intangible fixed assets, current liabilities, long-term debt, net income and current assets C) Fixed assets, long-term debt, current assets, current liabilities and shareholders equity D) Current assets, fixed assets, long term debt, shareholders equity and retained earnings E) None of the above. Answer: C Difficulty: Medium Page: 3
罗斯公司理财第九版课后习题答案中文版
第一章1.在所有权形式的公司中,股东是公司的所有者。
股东选举公司的董事会,董事会任命该公司的管理层。
企业的所有权和控制权分离的组织形式是导致的代理关系存在的主要原因。
管理者可能追求自身或别人的利益最大化,而不是股东的利益最大化。
在这种环境下,他们可能因为目标不一致而存在代理问题2.非营利公司经常追求社会或政治任务等各种目标。
非营利公司财务管理的目标是获取并有效使用资金以最大限度地实现组织的社会使命。
3.这句话是不正确的。
管理者实施财务管理的目标就是最大化现有股票的每股价值，当前的股票价值反映了短期和长期的风险、时间以及未来现金流量。
4.有两种结论。
一种极端,在市场经济中所有的东西都被定价。
因此所有目标都有一个最优水平，包括避免不道德或非法的行为，股票价值最大化。
另一种极端,我们可以认为这是非经济现象,最好的处理方式是通过政治手段。
一个经典的思考问题给出了这种争论的答案:公司估计提高某种产品安全性的成本是30美元万。
然而,该公司认为提高产品的安全性只会节省20美元万。
请问公司应该怎么做呢?”5.财务管理的目标都是相同的,但实现目标的最好方式可能是不同的,因为不同的国家有不同的社会、政治环境和经济制度。
6.管理层的目标是最大化股东现有股票的每股价值。
如果管理层认为能提高公司利润，使股价超过35美元,那么他们应该展开对恶意收购的斗争。
如果管理层认为该投标人或其它未知的投标人将支付超过每股35美元的价格收购公司,那么他们也应该展开斗争。
然而,如果管理层不能增加企业的价值,并且没有其他更高的投标价格,那么管理层不是在为股东的最大化权益行事。
现在的管理层经常在公司面临这些恶意收购的情况时迷失自己的方向。
7.其他国家的代理问题并不严重,主要取决于其他国家的私人投资者占比重较小。
较少的私人投资者能减少不同的企业目标。
高比重的机构所有权导致高学历的股东和管理层讨论决策风险项目。
此外,机构投资者比私人投资者可以根据自己的资源和经验更好地对管理层实施有效的监督机制。
罗斯《公司理财》(第9版)配套题库【课后习题-收购、兼并与剥离】
第29章收购、兼并与剥离一、概念题1．熊式收购（bear hug）答：熊式收购是指收购方采取高溢价的敌意收购方式，即使在遭到目标公司董事会的抵制时，也能够得到目标公司一些股东的支持。
在企业收购中，一家企业获得对另一家企业的控制权，前者称为“收购公司”，后者称为“目标公司”。
收购公司首先致函目标公司的董事们，向他们表达收购的意愿，并要求他们对报价迅速作出决定。
如果董事们不同意这个收购，收购公司就可以直接通过要约收购的方式向目标公司的股东们提出收购要求。
2．资产锁定（lockup）答：资产锁定是公司赋予善意收购人（如白衣骑士）的一项选择权，当目标企业在面临敌意收购时，善意收购人可以以一个固定的价格购买目标企业的股票或部分资产（比如皇冠宝石），这只是善意收购人的权利。
由于恶意收购者在收购后，可能失去目标企业的优良资产，资产锁定降低了企业对于收购者的吸引力。
3．投标者（bidder）答：投标者是指计划接管有关企业而向其发出要约，要求用现金或证券换取该企业的股票或资产的企业。
如果该要约被接受，目标企业将会放弃对其股票或资产的控制权，将控制权转移给投标者以换取相应的报酬（如投标者的股票、债务或现金）。
4．吸收合并（merger）答：吸收合并是指一家企业被另一家企业吸收，兼并企业保持其名称和身份，并且收购被兼并企业的全部资产和负债的收购形式。
吸收合并的目标企业不再作为一个独立经营实体而存在。
5．新设合并（consolidation）答：新设合并是指兼并企业和被兼并企业终止各自的法人形式，共同组成一家新的企业。
6．毒丸计划（poison pill）答：毒丸计划包括“负债毒丸计划”和“人员毒丸计划”两种。
其中，“负债毒丸计划”是指目标企业在受到收购威胁的情况下大量增加自身负债，降低企业被收购的吸引力。
例如，发行债券并约定在企业股权发生大规模转移时，债券持有人可要求立刻兑付，从而使收购企业在收购后立即面临巨额现金支出的危险，从而降低了收购企业的收购兴趣。
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第10章风险与收益：市场历史的启示
一、概念题
1．平均数（均值）[average（mean）]
答：平均数是指同类现象的总体内各单位所达到的一般水平或某一数量标志值的代表水平，即总体标志总量除以总体单位总数之商数。
它具有两个特征：①用一个代表性的数值说明被研究总体某种数量特征的一般水平；②把被研究总体某一数量标志值在总体各个单位之间的差异给抽象化了。
要计算分布的算术平均数，首先将所有的数值相加，然后除以数值个数（T）。
用公式可以表示为：
2．正态分布（normal distribution）
答：正态分布是具有两个参数μ和σ2的连续型随机变量的分布，第一个参数μ是遵从正态分布的随机变量的均值，第二个参数σ2是此随机变量的方差，所以正态分布记作N（μ，σ2）。
遵从正态分布的随机变量的概率规律为：取μ邻近的值的概率大，而取离μ越远的值的概率越小；σ越小，分布越集中在μ附近，σ越大，分布越分散。
正态分布的密度函数的特点是：关于μ对称，在μ处达到最大值，在正（负）无穷远处取值为0，在μ±σ处有拐点。
它的形状是中间高两边低，图像是一条位于x轴上方的钟形曲线。
当μ＝0，σ2＝1时，称为标准正态分布，记为N（0，1）。
在正常情况下，这种量可以看作由许多微小的、独立的随机因素作用的总后果，而每一种因素都不能起到压倒一切的主导作用。
具有这种特点的
随机变量，一般都可以认为服从正态分布，股票收益率的分布也常被认为接近正态分布。
3．资本利得（capital gain）
答：资本利得是指资产价格上升而引起的原有资产的实际价值增加，与“资本损失”相对应。
资本利得的大小为资产的现行价格与购买价格之差。
例如，某一资产购买时价格为0.7万美元，现行价格为1万美元，则资本利得为0.3万美元。
资本价值的这种变化是由于该资产的价格水平上升而引起的。
因此，在通货膨胀时，价格呈上升趋势的资产具有保值或升值的功能。
4．风险溢价（risk premium）
答：风险溢价是指高出无风险收益率的回报。
在有效市场假设下，投资者要求的收益率与其所承担的风险是正相关的。
由于承担了比较高的风险，市场必然给予较高的回报。
无风险的资产存在一个基准收益率，市场接受的收益率高于无风险收益率的差就是市场要求相应风险水平所应有的风险溢价。
5．频数（率）分布（frequency distribution）
答：频数分布是指将观测数据进行分组，每组作为一个单元，看样本中的数据在各组的分布情况。
同一组的数据看成是相同的，它们都等于组两端的平均数——组中值。
分组是一般采取等区间分组。
区间长度称组距。
为使分组数据的统计图、表能反映出分布的趋势，分组多少应与样本容量相适应，以突出样本分布的特点并冲淡样本的随机波动为原则。
组频率是组频数除以观察数据的个数（总频数N）所得的比值。
频率直方图与频数直方图有完全相同的图形。
只不过把相应频数直方图纵坐标的单位缩小为原单位长的1/N。
对于股票市场的收益率，常以横轴表示年收益率，纵轴表示落在某收益区间的年份数进行频数分析。
6．标准差（standard deviation）
答：方差和标准差是度量变动程度或离散程度的指标。
标准差是方差的平方根，用SD 或σ表示标准差。
一般情况下，两种收益率相同的证券，方差（或标准差）越大，说明收益的变动幅度越大，风险越大；方差（或标准差）越小，说明收益的变动幅度越小，风险越小。
7．持有期收益率（holding-period return）
答：设R t表示第t年的收益率，则从第一年到第t年的持有期收益率为：
（1+R1）×（1+R2）×…×（1+R t）×…（1+R T）-1
8．方差（variance）
答：方差和标准差是度量变动程度或离散程度的指标。
通常用Var或σ2表示方差，
一般情况下，两种收益率相同的证券，方差（或标准差）越大，说明收益的变动幅度越大，风险越大；方差（或标准差）越小，说明收益的变动幅度越小，风险越小。
二、复习题
1．投资选择既然2005年ViroPharma上涨了约469％，为什么不是所有的投资者都持有ViroPharma?
答：他们都希望持有。
之所以没有持有，肯定是由于他们没有预料到ViroPharma会有如此出色的表现，至少大部分人没有预料到。
2．投资选择既然2005年Majesco Entertainment下跌了约92％，为什么有些投资者还继续持有?为什么他们不在价格大幅下跌之前卖出?
答：与第一题一致，很容易在事后发现这个投资是糟糕的，但是要在事前发现这点就不那么容易了。
3．风险和收益我们已经明白在较长的时期，股票投资会优于债券投资。
但是，长期投资者完全投资于债券的现象却一点也不稀奇。
这些投资者不够理性吗?
答：不是的，因为股市风险更大一些。
一些投资者是典型的风险厌恶者，相对于额外的风险，这些可能的额外收益并不能吸引他们。
4．股票和赌博评价如下说法：炒股票就像赌博。
这种投机性的购买除了人们从这种赌博方式中享受到的乐趣以外，没有任何社会价值。
答：与赌博不同，股市是一个双赢的博弈，每一个人都有可能盈利。
此外，投机者为市场注入了流动性，从而有助于提高效率。
5．通货膨胀的作用见教材表10-1和图10-7，1926～2005年期间，国库券收益率最高是在什么时候?你认为它们为什么会这么高?你的回答依据的是什么关系?
答：国债在八十年代初的收益率最高。
这是在高通货膨胀时期，与费雪效应是一致的。
6．风险溢价在进行某项投资之前，风险溢价有没有可能为负?在这之后，风险溢价有可能变负吗?解释一下。
答：在进行某项投资之前，大多数资产的风险溢价将是正的，投资者会要求一个超过无风险收益率的补偿才愿意把他们的钱投资到风险资产。
在这之后，如果该资产的名义收益率出乎意料的低，无风险的回报率出奇的高，或者这两种情况同时发生，风险溢价就可能是负的。
7．收益2年前General Materials和Standard Fixtures的股票价格是一样的。
第一年，General Materials的股票价格涨了10％，而Standard Fixtures的股票下跌了10％。
第二年，General Materials的股票价格跌了10％，而Standard Fixtures的股票涨了10％。
这两只股票现在的价格是否相同?解释一下。
答：是的，目前股票价格相同。
下表描述了股票的价格变动。
两年前，每只股票有相同的价格P0。
一年后，General Materials的股票价格上升了10%，即1.1P0。
Standard Fixtures 的股票价格下降了10%，即0.9P0。
在第二年，General Materials的股票价格下降了10%，即为0.9×1.1P0，而Standard Fixtures的股票价格的增加了10%，即为1.1×0.9P0。
现在，每股股票的价值是其原来价值的99%：
8．收益2年前Lake Mineral和Small Town Furniture的股票价格是一样的。
2只股票在过去2年的年度收益率是10％。
Lake Mineral的股票每年增长10％。
Small Town Furniture的股票第一年上涨25％，第二年下跌5％。
这两只股票现在的价格是否相同?解释一下。
答：股票价格是不同的。
题中引用的每只股票的收益率数据是算术平均收益率，而不是几何平均收益率。
假设资产每年有相同的回报率，几何平均收益率表示从期初到期末财富的增加。
因此，它能更好的测量期末的财富。
为了理解这一点，假设每只股票期初的股价是100美元，每支股票的期末价格将是：
Lake Minerals的期末价格=100×1.10×1.10=121.00（美元）
Small Town Furniture的期末价格=100×1.25×0.95=118.75（美元）
每当收益率发生变动时，具有较大方差的资产的算术平均收益率和几何平均收益率之间有较大的差异。
9．算术平均和几何平均算术平均收益率和几何平均收益率的差别是什么?假设你在过去的10年投资于某一只股票。
哪一个数字对你更重要一点，算术平均还是几何平均收益率?
答：计算算术平均收益率，仅仅需要加总各期收益再除以收益的期限。
因此，算术平均收益率不考虑复利的影响。
几何平均收益率需要考虑复利的影响。
作为一个投资者，资产最重要的收益率是其几何平均收益率。
10．历史收益本章提到的不同等级资产的历史收益率并没有调整通货膨胀。
倘若调整了通货膨胀，估计的风险溢价会有什么变化?这些收益同时也没有调整税收的影响，倘若调整了税收的影响，这些收益率会有什么变化?波动性又会有什么变化?。