托福TPO14综合写作阅读+听力原文+满分范文【雷哥托福】
托福TPO14综合写作阅读+听力原文+满分范文
【雷哥托福整理】
在备考托福写作的过程中，总是将托福的独立作文放在了第一位，但是实际上，综合作文也是占到了作文总分30分里面的50%的分值，不要等到分数出来了，才发现其实是综合作文的limited或者fair极大的影响了自己的分数。
考过的同学会发现托福综合作文分数不高，很大程度上是受我们听力实力的影响，我们很多托福考生的听力分数只有16分上下的时候，对于托福综合作文的听力妥妥的是束手无策，而且很多托福考生还感觉自己都听懂了，那也只能说明你听懂了大意，但是听力里面要的是每一个细节！请注意，是每一个细节！
雷哥托福小托君给大家分享TPO1-30综合作文部分的阅读和听力文本全集与综合作文的满分作文，以及满分作文的解析。
如果自己的托福综合作文分数如果可以很给力的话，就已经搞定了15分的分数，可极大地缓解托福独立作文的压力。
文末教你如何使用这个材料。
TPO14 综合写作听力+阅读原文
Reading
Every year, forest fires and severe storms cause a great deal of damage to forests in the northwestern United States. One way of dealing with the aftermath of these disasters is called salvage logging, which is the practice of removing dead trees from affected areas and using the wood for lumber, plywood, and other wood products. There are several reasons why salvage logging is beneficial both to a damaged forest and to the economy.
First, after a devastating fire, forests are choked with dead trees. If the trees are not removed, they will take years to decompose; in the meantime, no new trees can grow in the cramped spaces. Salvage logging, however, removes the remains of dead trees
and makes room for fresh growth immediately, which i s likely to help forest areas recover from the disaster.
Also, dead trees do more than just take up space. Decaying wood is a highly suitable habitat for insects such as the spruce bark beetle, which in large numbers can damage live, healthy spruce trees. So by removing rotting wood, salvage logging helps minimize the dangers of insect infestation, thus contributing to the health of the forest.
Third and last, salvage logging has economic benefits. Many industries depend upon the forests for their production, and because of this a fire can have a very harmful effect on the economy. Often, however, the trees that have been damaged by natural disasters still can provide much wood that is usable by industries. Furthermore, salvage logging requires more workers than traditional logging operations do, and so it helps create additional jobs for local residents.
Listening
Professor: Salvage logging may appear to be an effective way of helping forests recover after a destructive fire or storm, but it can actually result in serious
longer-term environmental damage. Its economic benefits are also questionable.
First, cleaning up a forest after a fire or storm does not necessarily create the right conditions for tree growth. In fact, the natural process of wood decomposition enriches the soil and makes it more suitable for future generations of tree. The rapid removal of dead trees can result in soil that lacks the nutrients necessary for growth.
Second, it's true that rotting wood can increase insect populations, but is this really bad for the forest? In fact, spruce bark beetles have lived in Alaskan forest for nearly a hundred years without causing major damage. And of course dead trees do not provide habitats only for harmful insects. They are also used by birds and other insects that are important contributors to the long-term health of forests. In the long
run, therefore, salvage logging may end updoing more harm to forests than harmful insects do.
And third, the economic benefits of salvage logging are small and don’t last very long, in severely damaged forests, much of the lumber can be recovered only by using helicopters and other vehicles that are expensive to use and maintain. Furthermore, jobs created by salvage logging are only temporary and are often fitted by outsiders with more experience or training than local residents have.
首先，就是在自己做托福TPO模考之后，可以根据这里面的听力的文本，来检验自己的听力内容是否抓的足够好，尤其是要看写的够不够全！很多时候，我们的综合作文之所以分低，就是因为听力写的不全！
第二点，也可以用于在托福考试前来做跟读，有不少托福考生跟小托君说，自己的口语实力不够，那么做跟读，仔细地来模仿ETS官方素材，是一个很好的提高自己口语的方式。
毕竟托福口语最终考的，是口语本身说的是否足够流畅，要想在考试的时候说的很流畅，就是要在平时张口多说，只有多说，我们才能够做到足够的流利。
第三点，熟悉托福考试的专业词汇。
不少托福考生之所以在听力考试里面不够给力，是因为对于里面的专业词汇不够熟悉。
毕竟在托福考试过程中，如果核心词汇都不懂的话，那么在听力部分只能是束手就擒了。
因此，各位托福考生可以通过这份综合写作的听力和阅读材料，来熟悉托福作文之中的专业词汇。
由于篇幅有限，托福综合写作满分范文，在雷哥托福微信公众号获取。
新托福TPO14阅读原文及译文(三)
新托福TPO14阅读原文(三)：Pastoralism in Ancient Inner EurasiaTPO14-3：Pastoralism in Ancient Inner EurasiaPastoralism is a lifestyle in which economic activity is based primarily on livestock. Archaeological evidence suggests that by 3000 B.C., and perhaps even earlier, there had emerged on the steppes of Inner Eurasia the distinctive types of pastoralism that were to dominate the region's history for several millennia. Here, the horse was already becoming the animal of prestige in many regions, though sheep, goats, and cattle could also play a vital role. It is the use of horses for transportation and warfare that explains why Inner Eurasian pastoralism proved the most mobile and the most militaristic of all major forms of pastoralism. The emergence and spread of pastoralism had a profound impact on the history of Inner Eurasia, and also, indirectly, on the parts of Asia and Europe just outside this area. In particular, pastoralism favors a mobile lifestyle, and this mobility helps to explain the impact of pastoralist societies on this part of the world.The mobility of pastoralist societies reflects their dependence on animal-based foods. While agriculturalists rely on domesticated plants, pastoralists rely on domesticated animals. As a result, pastoralists, like carnivores in general, occupy a higher position on the food chain. All else being equal, this means they must exploit larger areas of land than do agriculturalists to secure the same amount of food, clothing, and other necessities. So pastoralism is a more extensive lifeway than farming is. However, the larger the terrain used to support a group, the harder it is to exploit that terrain while remaining in one place. So, basic ecological principles imply a strong tendency within pastoralist lifeways toward nomadism (a mobile lifestyle). As the archaeologist Roger Cribb puts it, “The greater the degree of pastoralism, the stronger the tendency toward nomadism.”A modern Turkic nomad interviewed by Cribb commented: "The more animals you have, the farther you have to move."Nomadism has further consequences. It means that pastoralist societies occupy and can influence very large territories. This is particularly true of the horsepastoralism that emerged in the Inner Eurasian steppes, for this was the most mobile of all major forms of pastoralism. So, it is no accident that with the appearance of pastoralist societies there appear large areas that share similar cultural, ecological, and even linguistic features. By the late fourth millennium B.C., there is already evidence of large culture zones reaching from Eastern Europe to the western borders of Mongolia. Perhaps the most striking sign of mobility is the fact that by the third millennium B.C., most pastoralists in this huge region spoke related languages ancestral to the modern Indo-European languages. The remarkable mobility and range of pastoral societies explain, in part, why so many linguists have argued that the Indo-European languages began their astonishing expansionist career not among farmers in Anatolia (present-day Turkey), but among early pastoralists from Inner Eurasia. Such theories imply that the Indo-European languages evolved not in Neolithic (10,000 to 3,000 B.C.) Anatolia, but among the foraging communities of the cultures in the region of the Don and Dnieper rivers, which took up stock breeding and began to exploit the neighboring steppes.Nomadism also subjects pastoralist communities to strict rules of portability. If you are constantly on the move, you cannot afford to accumulate large material surpluses. Such rules limit variations in accumulated material goods between pastoralist households (though they may also encourage a taste for portable goods of high value such as silks or jewelry). So, by and large, nomadism implies a high degree of self-sufficiency and inhibits the appearance of an extensive division of labor. Inequalities of wealth and rank certainly exist, and have probably existed in most pastoralist societies, but except in periods of military conquest, they are normally too slight to generate the stable, hereditary hierarchies that are usually implied by the use of the term class. Inequalities of gender have also existed in pastoralist societies, but they seem to have been softened by the absence of steep hierarchies of wealth in most communities, and also by the requirement that women acquire most of the skills of men, including, often, their military skills.TPO14-3译文：古代内欧的畜牧畜牧是一种靠饲养家畜获利的生活方式。
托福TPO14口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO14口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO14口语Task4阅读文本： Comfort Zone Bias Psychologists have found that when people make important decisions, they often choose to stay in their “comfort zones”, that is, they prefer remaining in comfortable, familiar situations, rather than entering into new, unfamiliar ones. This tendency is often referred to as the comfort zone bias. When people are reasonable content, they often decide not to pursue a new opportunity, even if it attracts them and offers more advantages. Psychologists believe that the comfort zone bias exists not only because we have a natural preference for what we already know, but also because we want to avoid taking risks. 托福TPO14口语Task4听力文本： Now listen to part of a lecture in a psychology class. (male professor) OK, so this comes up a lot when people make career decisions.A friend of mine from college always wanted to be a film reviewer. He was a film major and he loved movies. Most of all, he loved to write about movies. So, when he graduated, he looked for a job as a film reviewer for a newspaper, because as a film reviewer, he gets to see films for free and would be paid to write about them.That's what he loved! But, he couldn't find the job as a film reviewer. So, he took a position as a news reporter instead, for a newspaper, investigating stories, writing about events, what news reporters do.Now, at first, my friend wasn't sure if he'd be any good at this. He'd never been as a news reporter before. But, eventually, he adjusted and gained confidence and he got used to the job. And he realized he was actually a pretty good reporter.Anyway, here's the thing: after a few years, the film reviewer for the paper where he worked quit, and my friend was offered her job. This was his dream, right? Here’s opportunity to be a film reviewer had finally come! And the new job would actually pay more, too.But, did he take the job? No! He turned it down. He told me he’d gotten used to being a news reporter and he just didn't want to try something else. It seemed like too big a change, since, well, there was a chance the new job might not work out. 托福TPO14口语Task4题目： Using the example from the lecture, explain the comport zone bias. 托福TPO14口语Task4满分范文： When making important decisions, people prefer to remain in familiar situations that make them feel comfortable and give up new opportunities. This tendency is called comfort zone bias. And the professor takes his friend's experience. One of his friends in college was a film major who was crazy about films. However, he couldn't find a job as a film reviewer, so he became a news reporter instead. It wasn't easy for him to become a journalist at first, but when he adapted himself to the job, he realized that he was actually good at it, and therefore a job reporter became his comfort zone. So later even when he was offered the position of a film reviewer, he declined it because of his bias toward his reporter job. (181 words) 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO14口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。
TPO14综合写作参考范文兼模板（新）
TPO14综合写作参考范文兼模板TPO14综合写作参考范文兼模板The le turer an d the re ading pa ssage ho ld plete l differ ent vies toard t he prati e of sal vage log ging, hi h is the removal of dead trees f rom a fo rest aft er a fir e or a s torm.Fi rst, the leturer statesthat rem oving de ad trees is notgood for the hea lth of a forestbeause i t depriv es it of the nut rients n eessar f or futur e tree g roth, hi h dead t rees rel ease int o the so il as th e depose. In ont rast, th e readin g passag e states that re moving o ld trees provide s more s pae in h ih ne ge neration s of fre sh trees an gromore hea lthil.S eond, th e leture r argues that so me inset s and bi rds that inhabit dead tr ees arebenefiia l for tr ee groth, and afe thatare thou ght to b e harmfu l have s hon no e videne o f ausing signifi ant dama ge to th e forest. So b e liminati ng bothharmfuland bene fiial bi rds andinsets,salvageloggingma auseunanteddamage t o the fo rest inthe long run. Th e readin g, hoeve r, menti ons onlharmfulinsets a nd the s prue bar k beetle in part iular. I t points out tha t beause learing the for est of d ead tree s also d estros t he habit at of th ese harm ful inse ts, it e nsures t he healt h reover of a fo rest aft er a fir e.Final l ith re gard toeonomi i mpat, th e leture r argues against salvage logging beausethe dead trees a n onl be salvage d at a v er highost, and the emp loment a ssoiated ith sal vage log ging isoften te mporar a nd taken b non-n ative re sidents.On theother ha nd, thereadingargues t hat this pratieprovides manind ustriesith theood nees sar to s ustain t heir pro dution a nd offer emplome nt oppor tunities to loal people.The le turer an d the re ading pa ssage ho ld plete l differ ent viestoard t he prati e of sal vage log ging, hi h is the removal of dead trees f rom a fo rest aft er a fir e or a s torm.Fi rst, the leturer statesthat rem oving de ad trees is notgood for the hea lth of a forestbeause i t depriv es it of the nut rients n eessar f or futur e tree g roth, hi h dead t rees rel ease int o the so il as th e depose. In ont rast, th e readin g passag e states that re moving o ld trees provide s more s pae in h ih ne ge neration s of fre sh trees an gromore hea lthil.S eond, th e leture r argues that so me inset s and bi rds that inhabit dead tr ees arebenefiia l for tr ee groth, and afe thatare thou ght to b e harmfu l have s hon no e videne o f ausing signifi ant dama ge to th e forest. So b e liminati ng bothharmfuland bene fiial bi rds andinsets,salvageloggingma auseunanteddamage t o the fo rest inthe long run. Th e readin g, hoeve r, menti ons onlharmfulinsets a nd the s prue bar k beetle in part iular. I t points out tha t beause learing the for est of d ead tree s also d estros t he habit at of th ese harm ful inse ts, it e nsures t he healt h reover of a fo rest aft er a fir e.Final l ith re gard toeonomi i mpat, th e leture r argues against salvage logging beausethe dead trees a n onl be salvage d at a v er highost, and the emp loment a ssoiated ith sal vage log ging isoften te mporar a nd taken b non-n ative re sidents.On theother ha nd, thereadingargues t hat this pratieprovides manind ustriesith theood nees sar to s ustain t heir pro dution a nd offer emplome nt oppor tunities to loal people.。
托福TPO14听力Conversation1文本+题目+答案解析
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO14听力Conversation1文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO14听力Conversation1文本 Narrator: Listen to a conversation between a student and a library employee. Student: Hi, I am looking for this book, The American Judicial System, and I can’t seem to find it anywhere. I need to read a chapter for my Political Science class. Library Employee: Let me check in the computer. Um, doesn’t seem to be checked out, and it’s not on reserve. You’ve checked the shelves, I assume? Student: Yeah, I even checked other shelves and tables next to where the book should be. Library Employee: Well, it’s still here in the library, so people must be using it. You know, this seems to be a very popular book title. We show six copies, none are checked out, and yet you didn’t even find one copy on the shelves. Is it a big class? Student: Maybe about seventy-five? Library Employee: Well, you should ask your professor to put some of the copies on reserve. You know about the reserve system, right? Student: I know you have to read reserved books in the library and that you have time limits, but I didn’t know that I could ask a professor to put a book on reserve.I mean, I thought the professors make that kind of decision at the beginning of the semester. Library Employee: No, they can put books on reserve at any time during the semester. Student: You know, reserving books seems a bit unfair. What if someone who’s not in the class wants to use the book? Library Employee: That’s why I said some copies! Student: Ah! Well, I’ll certainly talk to my professor about it tomorrow. But what am I going to do tonight? Library Employee: I guess you could walk around the Poli/Sci section and look at the books waiting to be re-shelved. Student: There do seem to be more than normal. Library Employee: We’re a little short-staffed right now. Someone quit recently, so things aren’t getting re-shelved as quickly as usual. I don’t think they’ve hired a replacement yet, so, yeah, the un-shelved books can get a bit out of hand. Student: This may sound a bit weird, but, I’ve been thinking about getting a job. Um, I’ve never worked in a library before, but… Library Employee: That’s not a requirement. The job might still be open. At the beginning of the semester, we were swamped with applications, but, I guess everyone who wants a job has one by now. Student: What can you tell me about the job? Library Employee: Well, we work between six and ten hours a week, so it’s a reasonable amount. Usually we can pick the hours we want to work, but since you’ll be starting so late in the semester, I’m not sure how that would work for you. And, uh, we get paid the normal university rates for student employees. Student: So, who do I talk to? Library Employee: I guess you’d talk to Dr. Jenkins, the head librarian. She does the hiring. 托福TPO14听力Conversation1题目 1.Why does the student go to see the man? A. To find out the status of her job application. B. To get help locating a book she needs for a class. C. To request a book that her professor put on the reserve list. D. To ask how to look up books on the library's computer system. 2.Why is the student having a problem getting the book she wants? A. Other students are using the book in the library. B. The book is kept in the political science library.。
托福TPO14阅读Passage3原文文本+题目+答案解析
¡¡¡¡ÎªÁË°ïÖú´ó¼Ò¸ßЧ±¸¿¼Íи££¬Îª´ó¼Ò´øÀ´Íи£TPO14ÔĶÁPassage3Ô-ÎÄÎı¾+ÌâÄ¿+´ð°¸½âÎö£¬Ï£Íû¶Ô´ó¼Ò±¸¿¼ÓÐËù°ïÖú¡£¡¡¡¡¨ Íи£TPO14ÔĶÁPassage3Ô-ÎÄÎı¾£º¡¡¡¡Pastoralism in Ancient Inner Eurasia¡¡¡¡Pastoralism is a lifestyle in which economic activity is based primarily on livestock. Archaeological evidence suggests that by 3000 B.C., and perhaps even earlier, there had emerged on the steppes of Inner Eurasia the distinctive types of pastoralism that were to dominate the region's history for several millennia. Here, the horse was already becoming the animal of prestige in many regions, though sheep, goats, and cattle could also play a vital role. It is the use of horses for transportation and warfare that explains why Inner Eurasian pastoralism proved the most mobile and the most militaristic of all major forms of pastoralism. The emergence and spread of pastoralism had a profound impact on the history of Inner Eurasia, and also, indirectly, on the parts of Asia and Europe just outside this area. In particular, pastoralism favors a mobile lifestyle, and this mobility helps to explain the impact of pastoralist societies on this part of the world.¡¡¡¡The mobility of pastoralist societies reflects their dependence on animal-based foods. While agriculturalists rely on domesticated plants, pastoralists rely on domesticated animals. As a result, pastoralists, like carnivores in general, occupy a higher position on the food chain. All else being equal, this means they must exploit larger areas of land than do agriculturalists to secure the same amount of food, clothing, and other necessities. So pastoralism is a more extensive lifeway than farming is. However, the larger the terrain used to support a group, the harder it is to exploit that terrain while remaining in one place. So, basic ecological principles imply a strong tendency within pastoralist lifeways toward nomadism (a mobile lifestyle). As the archaeologist Roger Cribb puts it, ¡°The greater the degree of pastoralism, the stronger the tendency toward nomadism.¡± A modern Turkic nomad interviewed by Cribb commented: "The more animals you have, the farther you have to move."¡¡¡¡Nomadism has further consequences. It means that pastoralist societies occupy and can influence very large territories. This is particularly true of the horse pastoralism that emerged in the Inner Eurasian steppes, for this was the most mobile of all major forms of pastoralism. So, it is no accident that with the appearance of pastoralist societies there appear large areas that share similar cultural, ecological, and even linguistic features. By the late fourth millennium B.C., there is already evidence of large culture zones reaching from Eastern Europe to the western borders of Mongolia. Perhaps the most striking sign of mobility is the fact that by the third millennium B.C., most pastoralists in this huge region spoke related languages ancestral to the modern Indo-European languages. The remarkable mobilityand range of pastoral societies explain, in part, why so many linguists have argued that the Indo-European languages began their astonishing expansionist career not among farmers in Anatolia (present-day Turkey), but among early pastoralists from Inner Eurasia. Such theories imply that the Indo-European languages evolved not in Neolithic (10,000 to 3,000 B.C.) Anatolia, but among the foraging communities of the cultures in the region of the Don and Dnieper rivers, which took up stock breeding and began to exploit the neighboring steppes.¡¡¡¡Nomadism also subjects pastoralist communities to strict rules of portability. If you are constantly on the move, you cannot afford to accumulate large material surpluses. Such rules limit variations in accumulated material goods between pastoralist households (though they may also encourage a taste for portable goods of high value such as silks or jewelry). So, by and large, nomadism implies a high degree of self-sufficiency and inhibits the appearance of an extensive division of labor. Inequalities of wealth and rank certainly exist, and have probably existed in most pastoralist societies, but except in periods of military conquest, they are normally too slight to generate the stable, hereditary hierarchies that are usually implied by the use of the term class. Inequalities of gender have also existed in pastoralist societies, but they seem to have been softened by the absence of steep hierarchies of wealth in most communities, and also by the requirement that women acquire most of the skills of men, including, often, their military skills.¡¡¡¡Paragraph 1: Pastoralism is a lifestyle in which economic activity is based primarily on livestock. Archaeological evidence suggests that by 3000 B.C., and perhaps even earlier, there had emerged on the steppes of Inner Eurasia the distinctive types of pastoralism that were to dominate the region's history for several millennia. Here, the horse was already becoming the animal of prestige in many regions, though sheep, goats, and cattle could also play a vital role. It is the use of horses for transportation and warfare that explains why Inner Eurasian pastoralism proved the most mobile and the most militaristic of all major forms of pastoralism. The emergence and spread of pastoralism had a profound impact on the history of Inner Eurasia, and also, indirectly, on the parts of Asia and Europe just outside this area. In particular, pastoralism favors a mobile lifestyle, and this mobility helps to explain the impact of pastoralist societies on this part of the world.¡¡¡¡¨ Íи£TPO14ÔĶÁPassage3ÌâÄ¿£º¡¡¡¡1. The word ¡°prestige¡± in the passage is closest in meaning to¡¡¡¡¡ðinterest¡¡¡¡¡ðstatus¡¡¡¡¡ðdemand。
托福听力TPO14原文Lecture4
托福听力TPO14原文Lecture4下面就让小编来为大家介绍一下托福听力TPO14原文中Lecture4的文本内容吧，大家要好好把握，这些都是非常有价值的材料，同时，大家也可以登录前程百利论坛进行TPO练习辅导，希望能够给准备托福听力的同学带来帮助。
TPO14Lecture4ArcheologyProfessor：When we think of large monumental structures built by early societies and Egyptian pyramid probably comes to mind.But there are some even earlier structures in the British Isles also worth discussing,and besides the well-known circle of massive stones of Stonehenge which don’t get me wrong is remarkable enough,well,other impressive Neolithic structures are found there too.Oh,yes,we are talking about the Neolithic period here,also called new Stone Age,which was the time before stone tools began to be replaced by tools made by bronze and other metals.It was about5000years ago,even before the first Egyptian pyramid that some of amazing Neolithic monuments---tombs, were racketed at the very size around ironed Great Britain and costal islands nearby.I am referring particular to structures that in some cases,look like ordinary natural hills.But we definitely build by humans,well-organized communities of human’s to enclose a chamber or room within stone walls and sometimes with a high,cleverly designed sealing of overlapping stones.These structures are called Passage Graves,because in the chamber,sometime several chambers in fact,could only be entered from the outside through a narrow passage way.Michael：Excuse me,professor,but you said Passage Graves.Was this just monument to honor the dead buried there or were they designed to be used somehow by the living?Professor：Ah,yes!Good question,Michael.Besides being built as tombs,some of these Passage Graves were definitely what we might call Astronomical Calendars,with chambers they flooded with some light on the certain special days of the year,witch must see miraculous and inspired good dealer of they really just wonder.But research indicates that not just light but also the physics of sound help to enhance this religious experience.Michael：How so?Professor：Well,first the echoes.When religious leaders started chanting with echoes bounced off the stonewalls over and over again,it must seem like a whole chorus of other voices,spirits of God maybe join in.But even more intriguing is what physicists called Standing Waves.Basically,the phenomenon of Standing Waves occurs when sound waves of the same frequency reflect off the walls and meet from opposite directions.So,the volume seems to alternate between very loud and very soft.You can stand quite near a man singing in loud voice and hardly hear him.Yet step little further away and voice is almost defining.As you move around chamber,the volume of the sound goes way up and way down,depending on where you are and these standing waves.And often the acoustic makes it hard to identify where sounds are coming from.It is powerful voices that arespeaking to you or chanting from inside your own head.This had to engender powerful sense of all Neolithic worshipers.And another bit of physics I played here is something called Resonance.I know physics,but well I imagine you have all below near of top empty bottles and heard sounds it makes.And you probably notice that depending on its size---each empty bottle plays one particular music note.Or it is the physics might put it,each bottle resonates at a particular frequency.Well, that’s true of these chambers too.If you make a constant noise inside the chamber,maybe by steadily beating drum at certain rate,a particular frequency of sound will resonate.We will ring out intensely,depending on the size of chamber.In some of large chambers though,these intensified sound may be too deep for us to hear,we can feel it.We are mysteriously agitated by a….but it is not a sound our ears can hear.The psychological effects of all these extraordinary sounds can be profound,especially when they seem so disconnected from human doing drumming or chanting.And there can be observable physical effects on people too.In fact,the sounds can cause headaches,feelings of dizziness,increase heartache,that sort of thing,you see.Anyway,what is we experience inside one of these Passage Graves clearly could be far more intense than everyday reality outside which made them very special places.But back to your question,Michael,as to whether these Graves were designed to be used by the living.Well,certainly,we have got to ask economical or calendar function.That seems pretty obvious,and I wanna go into more detail on that now.《考古学》教授：当我们想到早期的社会上人们建造的一些大型建筑物时，埃及金字塔便会浮现于眼前。
新托福tpo14阅读原文及译文（二）
新托福TPO14阅读原文(二)：Maya Water ProblemsTPO14-2：Maya Water ProblemsTo understand the ancient Mayan people who lived in the area that is today southern Mexico and Central America and the ecological difficulties they faced, one must first consider their environment, which we think of as "jungle" or "tropical rainforest." This view is inaccurate, and the reason proves to be important. Properly speaking, tropical rainforests grow in high-rainfall equatorial areas that remain wet or humid all year round. But the Maya homeland lies more than sixteen hundred kilometers from the equator, at latitudes 17 to 22 degrees north, in a habitat termed a "seasonal tropical forest." That is, while there does tend to be a rainy season from May to October, there is also a dry season from January through April. If one focuses on the wet months, one calls the Maya homeland a "seasonal tropical forest"; if one focuses on the dry months, one could instead describe it as a "seasonal desert."From north to south in the Yucatan Peninsula, where the Maya lived, rainfall ranges from 18 to 100 inches (457 to 2,540 millimeters) per year, and the soils become thicker, so that the southern peninsula was agriculturally more productive and supported denser populations. But rainfall in the Maya homeland is unpredictably variable between years; some recent years have had three or four times more rain than other years. As a result, modern farmers attempting to grow corn in the ancient Maya homelands have faced frequent crop failures, especially in the north. The ancient Maya were presumably more experienced and did better, but nevertheless they too must have faced risks of crop failures from droughts and hurricanes.Although southern Maya areas received more rainfall than northern areas, problems of water were paradoxically more severe in the wet south. While that made things hard for ancient Maya living in the south, it has also made things hard for modern archaeologists who have difficulty understanding why ancient droughts caused bigger problems in the wet south than in the dry north. The likely explanation is that an area of underground freshwater underlies the Yucatan Peninsula, but surfaceelevation increases from north to south, so that as one moves south the land surface lies increasingly higher above the water table. In the northern peninsula the elevation is sufficiently low that the ancient Maya were able to reach the water table at deep sinkholes called cenotes, or at deep caves. In low-elevation north coastal areas without sinkholes, the Maya would have been able to get down to the water table by digging wells up to 75 feet (22 meters) deep. But much of the south lies too high above the water table for cenotes or wells to reach down to it. Making matters worse, most of the Yucatan Peninsula consists of karst, a porous sponge-like limestone terrain where rain runs straight into the ground and where little or no surface water remains available.How did those dense southern Maya populations deal with the resulting water problem? It initially surprises us that many of their cities were not built next to the rivers but instead on high terrain in rolling uplands. The explanation is that the Maya excavated depressions, or modified natural depressions, and then plugged up leaks in the karst by plastering the bottoms of the depressions in order to create reservoirs, which collected rain from large plastered catchment basins and stored it for use in the dry season. For example, reservoirs at the Maya city of Tikal held enough water to meet the drinking water needs of about 10,000 people for a period of 18 months. At the city of Coba the Maya built dikes around a lake in order to raise its level and make their water supply more reliable. But the inhabitants of Tikal and other cities dependent on reservoirs for drinking water would still have been in deep trouble if 18 months passed without rain in a prolonged drought. A shorter drought in which they exhausted their stored food supplies might already have gotten them in deep trouble, because growing crops required rain rather than reservoirs.TPO14-2译文：玛雅的水源问题为了了解生活在今天南墨西哥和中美洲地区的古玛雅人，以及他们所面对的生态困境，我们必须先研究他们生活的环境，也就是今天我们所谓的“丛林”或者“热带雨林”。
托福综合写作范文TPO14
TPO 14According to the reading passage, the author believes salvage logging benefits both a damaged forest and the economy. In the lecture, however, the professor asserts that salvage logging can cause severe long-term environment damage.First, the professor argues salvage logging doesn't necessarily create the right condition for tree grows. She points out the fact that the natural progress of wood decomposition makes soil more comfortable for future generations. This contradicts with the idea of the reading passage that salvage logging promote the forest areas recover after disaster by removing dead trees. Second, the professor cast doubt on the author's idea that salvage logging is beneficial to the environment of the forest by decreasing the damage of insect infection. She claims salvage logging may do more harm to forest than harmful insects, saying that dead woods are not only used by harmful insects but also by birds and other contributive insects.Third, though the author thinks salvage logging has economic benefits, the professor contends that the benefits are small and don't last long. She states that the devises used for salvage logging are expensive to use and maintain, and that new jobs are temporary and often fitted by outsiders.Exercise 3According to the reading passage, the author believes drug testing is unnecessary. In the lecture, however, the professor claims that drug testing is actually underestimated.First, the professor cast doubt on the idea of the reading passage that drugging test is time-consuming. He argues that the safety of patients should be No.1 and that the waiting is worthwhile. He illustrates an example that once a new drug was put into market with drugging test only on adults, which caused many death of children later.Second, though the author argues that drug testing is expensive so that some patients cannot afford new drugs, the professor asserts that patients would spend more money without drug testing. He points out that it would cost more if there were anchy side effects, and that the test data helps the research.Third, the professor contends that MedWatch system is not accurate enough, which contradicts the idea of the reading passage that MedWatch system can replace drug testing. He reminds us that the volunteers may be too overworked or overbooked to write down concrete and specific records.。
TPO14-TASK3
阅读部分：University Should Allow Eating in ClassCurrently, there is a university-wide policy that prohibit s eating in the classroom. I disagree with this policy. I think students should be allowed to eat in class. This change would be good for two reasons. For one thing, if students were permitted to eat, they would be able to concentrate better, because students often get hungry during long classes, and hunger makes it difficult to concentrate. Also, if food were allowed in classroom, it would be possible for us to have in-class parties on the last day of class – with snack foods and beverage s–to celebrate the end of each semester. Sincerely,Nancy Myers听力部分：Now listen to two students discussing the letter.(woman) Did you see this letter, Jen?(man) Yeah.(woman) Be kind of nice to do that, huh?(man) No, actually, I don’t think it’s a good idea.(woman) Why not?(man) Well, like the part about how it’ll help students concentrate, I me an, maybe a little snack will help the person who ’s eating it, but, the trouble is that it makes it hard for everyone else to concentrate cause they have to listen to someone munching on chips, or biting into an apple, or crinkling paper wrappers.(woman) I guess it can be kind of disruptive.(man) Yeah! It will interfere with everyone’s concentration. You wouldn’t be able to pay attention with all the noises going on.(woman) OK, I guess I will have to agree with you on that, but what about her other reason? It would be nice to be able to have some fun at the end of the semester,right?(man) No, there’s a problem with that, too.(woman) Why?(man) Well, I don’t think it’s appropriate to use class time for that kind of thing. I mean, the last class is usua lly pretty important, that’s when we do a lot of reviewing for final exams.(woman) True!(man) If we use that time for that, we probably wouldn't have time to do as much reviewing, which means we wouldn't be as well-prepared for exams. (woman) Yeah, I haven’t thought of that.问题部分：The man expresses his opinion about the proposal in the newspaper. Briefly summarize the proposal, then state the man’s opinion and explain the reasons he gives for holding that opinion.v。
托福TPO14听力原文
TPO 14 听力原文Conversation 1Narrator:Listen to a conversation between a student and the librarian employee.Student:Hi, I am looking for this book---the American judicial system. And I can’t seem to findit anywhere. I need to read a chapter for my political science class.Librarian:Let me check in the computer. Um… doesn’t seem to be checked out and it’s not onreserve. You’ve checked the shelves I assume.Student:Yeah, I even checked other shelves and tables next to where the book should be.Librarian:Well, it’s still here in the library. So people must be using it. You know this seems tobe a very popular book tonight. We show six copies. None are checked out. And, yetyou didn’t even find one copy on the shelves. Is it a big class?Student:Maybe about Seventy Five?Librarian:Well, you should ask your professor to put some of the copies on reserve. You knowabout the ‘Reserve system’, right?Student:I know that you have to read reserve books in the library and that you have timelimits. But I didn’t know that I could ask a professor to put a book on the reserve. Imean I thought the professors make that kind of decisions at the beginning of the semester.Librarian:Oh… they can put books on reserve at anytime during the semester.Student:You know reserving book seems a bit unfair. What if someone who is not in the classwants to use the book?Librarian:That’s why I said some copies.Student:Ah, well, I’ll certainly talk to my professor about it tomorrow. But what I am gonna dotonight?Librarian:I guess you could walk around the Poli-Sci ----- ‘Political Science’ section and look atthe books waiting to be re-shelved.Student:There are do seem to be more than normal.Librarian:We are a little short of staff right now. Someone qui t recently, so things aren’t gettingre-shelved as quickly as usual. I don’t think they’ve hired replacement yet, so, yeah,the un-shelved books can get a bit out of hand.Student:This may sound a bit weird. But I’ve been thinking about getting a job. Um… I’venever worked at the library before, But…..Librarian:That’s not a requirement. The job might still be open. At the beginning of the semester we were swamped with applications, but I guess everyone who wants thejob has one by now.Student:What can you tell me about the job?Librarian:Well, we work between six and ten hours a week, so it’s a reasonable amount.Usually we can pick the hours we want to work. But since you’d be starting so late inthe semester, I’m not sure how that would work for you. And… Oh… we get paid thenormal university rates for student employees.Student:So who do I talk to?Librarian:I guess you talk to Dr. Jenkins, the head librarian. She does the hiring.TPO 14 Lecture 1 PsychologyNarrator:Listen to part of a lecture in a psychology classProfessor:We’ve said that the term “Cognition” refers to mental states like: knowing and believing, and to mental processes that we use to arrive at those states. So forexample, reasoning is a cognitive process, so it’s perc eption. We use information thatwe perceive through our senses to help us make decisions to arrive at beliefs and soon. And then there are memory and imagination which relate to the knowledge of things that happen in the past and may happen in the future. So perceiving,remembering, imagining are all internal mental processes that lead to knowing or believing. Yet, each of these processes has limitations, and can lead us to hold mistaken believes or make false predictions. Take memory for example, maybe youhave heard of studies in which people hear a list of related words. Ah…, let`s say a listof different kinds of fruit. After hearing this list, they are presented with several additional words. In this case, we`ll say the additional words were “blanket” and “cheery”. Neither of these words was on the original list, and, well, people will claimcorrectly that “blanket” was not on the original list, they’ll also claim incorrectly thatthe word “cheery” was on the list. Most people are convinced they heard the word “cheery” on the original list. Why do they make such a simple mistake? Well, we think because the words on the list were so closely related, the brain stored only thegist of what they heard. For example, that all the items on the list were types of thefruit. When we tap our memory, our brains often fill in details and quite often thesedetails are actually false. We also see this “fill-in” phenomenon with perception.Perception is the faculty that allows us to process information in the present as we take it via our senses. Again, studies have shown that people will fill in informationthat they thought they perceived even when they didn`t. For example, experimentshave been done where a person hears a sentence, but it is missing the word, that lo gically completes it. They’ll claim to hear that word even though it was never said.So if I were to say…er…the sunrise is in the…and then fill to complete the sentence,people will often claim to have heard the word “east”.In cognitive psychology, we hav e a phrase for this kind of inaccurate “filling in of details”--- it’s called: A Blind Spot. The term originally refers to the place in our eyeswhere the optic nerve connects the back of the eye to the brain. There are no photoreceptors in the area where the nerve connects to the eye. So that particular area ofthe eye is incapable of detecting images. It produces “A Blind Spot” in our field vision.We are unaware of it, because the brain fills in what it thinks belongs in its image, sothe picture always appears complete to us. But the term “blind spot” has also takenon a more general meaning--- it refers to people being unaware of a bias that may affect their judgment about the subject. And the same “blind-spot phenomenon”that affects memory and perception also affects imagination. Imagination is a facultythat some people use to anticipate future events in their lives. But the ease with which we imagine details can lead to unrealistic expectations and can bias our decisions.So…er…Peter, suppose I ask you to image a lunch salad, no problem, right? But I betyou imagine specific ingredients. Did yours have tomatoes, Onion, Lettuce? mine did?Our brains fill in all sorts of details that might not be part of other people’s image of asalad, which could lead to disappointment for us. If the next time we order a salad ina restaurant, we have our imagined salad in mind, that’s not necessarily what we’llget on our plate. The problem is not that we imagine things, but that we assume what we’ve imagined is accu rate. We should be aware that our imagination has thisbuilt-in feature, the blind spot, which makes our predictions fall short of reality.TPO 14 Lecture 2 BiologyNarrator:Listen to part of a lecture in a biology class.Professor:Almost all animals have some way of regulating their body temperature; otherwisethey wouldn’t survive extreme hot or cold conditions---sweating, panting, swimmingto cooler or warmer water; ducking into somewhere cool like a burrow or a hole under a rock; these are just a few. And that’s body is colder or warmer than the surrounding environment, because it’s a microclimate.A microclimate is a group of climate conditions that affect the localized area, weatherfeatures like temperature, wind, moisture and so on. And when I say localized, I mean really localized, because microclimates can be, as the name suggests, pretty small, even less than a square meter. And microclimates are affected by hugenumber of other variables. Obviously weather conditions in the surrounding areas are a factor. But other aspects of the location like, um… the elevation of the land, theplant life nearby, and so on, have a substantial effect on microclimates. And of coursethe human development in the area, eh, a road will affect a nearby microclimate. It’salso interesting to know that microclimates thither or near each other can have verydifferent conditions. In the forest for example, there can be a number of verydifferent microclimates close to each other, because of all the variables I justmentioned.Student:So how does a hole in the ground, a burrow, stay cool in a hot climate?Professor:Well, since cold air sinks, and these spots are shaded, they are usually much coolerthan the surrounding area. And these spots are so important because many animalsrely on microclimates to regulate their body temperature. Hmm, for instance, there isa species of squirrel, in the Western part of the United States that can get really hotwhen they were out foraging for food. So they need a way to cool down. So what’dthey do? They go back to their own burrow. Once they get there, their bodytemperatures decrease very, very quickly. The trip to the burrow prevents thesquirrel from getting too hot.Student:But squirrels are mammals, right? I thought mammals regulate their temperature internally.Professor:Mammals do have the ability to regulate their body temperature, but not all can do itto the same degree, or even the same way. Like when you walk outside on a hot day,you perspire, and your body cools itself down, a classic example of how mammal regulates its own body temperature. But one challenge that squirrels face, well manysmall mammals do, is that because of their size, sweating would make them lose toomuch moisture. They dehydrate. But on the other hand, their small size allows themto fit into very tiny spaces. So for small mammals, microclimates can make a big difference. They rely on microclimates for survival.Student:So cold blood animals, like reptiles, they can’t control their own body temperature,so I can image the effect of microclimate would have on them.Professor:Yes, many reptile insects rely on microclimates to control their body temperature. Alot of reptiles use burrows or stay under rocks to cool down. Of course with reptiles,it’s a balancing act. Staying in the heat for too long can lead to problems, but stayingin the cold can do the same. So reptiles have to be really precise about where they spend their time, even how they position their bodies. And when I say the y’reprecise, I mean it--- some snakes will search out a place under rocks of a specific thickness, because too thin a rock doesn’t keep them cool enough, and too thick a rock will cause them to get too cold. That level of precision is critical to the snake formaintaining its body temperature. And even microscopic organisms rely onmicroclimates for survival.Think about this, decomposing leaves create heat that warms the soil; the warm soilin turn affects the growth, the conditions of organisms there. And those organisms then affect the rate of decomposition of the leaves. So a microclimate can besomething so small and so easily to disturbed that even a tiny change can have a bigimpact. If someone on a hike knocks a couple of rocks over, they could be unwittinglydestroying a microclimate that an animal or organism relies on.TPO 14 Conversation 2Narrator:Listen to a conversation between a student and his faculty adviserAdvisor:Hi ，Steven I schedule this appointment, cause it has been a while since we touch this.Student:I know I have been really busy--- a friend of my works on a school a paper. Heasksme if I would like to try to reporting so I did and I really love it.Advisor:Hey…that's sounds great!Student:Yeah… the first article I wrote it was profile of the chemistry professor---the one whose name teacher the year. My article ran on the front page. When I saw my name, I mean my byline in print, I was hooked. Now I know this is what I want to do--- be a reporter.Advisor:Isn't it great to discover something that you really enjoy? And I read that the articletoo? It was very good.Student:To be honest, the articles got a lot of editing. In fact I barely recognized a couple ofparagraphs. But the editor explained why the changes were made. I learned a lot andmy second article didn't meet nearly many changes.Advisor:Sound like you got a real neck for this.Student:Yeah… anyway, I am glad you schedule this meeting because I want to change mymajor to journalism now.Advisor:Um，the university doesn't offer major in journalism.Student:Oh no…Advisor:But….Student:I… I mean… should I transfer to another school, or major in English?Advisor:Er… wait a minute. Let me explain why the major isn’t offered. Editors at t he newspaper… editors… um… I mean when you apply for a reporting job, editors lookat the two things--- they want to see clips, you know, some of your published articles,though also want to try out, though give you an assignment like… covering a price ofconferences some other event, then see if you can craft the story about it, accurately,on dead line.Student:So they don't even to look at my major?Advisor:It is not that they don't look at it… it is… well, having a degree in something otherthan journalism should actually work to your advantage.Student:How?Advisor:Most journalism specialized these days. They only write about science or business ortechnology for example. Is there a type of reporting you think you may like to specialize then?Student:Well… I think it can be really cool to cover the Supreme Court. I mean… theirdecisionaffects so many people.Advisor:That is really a goal worth striving for. So, why not continue major in political science?And as elective, you could take some Pre-Law classes like Constitution Law, and asfor you work on the student newspaper paper, maybe they let you cover some localcourt cases--- once that the student and professor here would want to read about.Student:Do you know of any？Advisor:I do. Actually, there is case involving this computer software program that one of ourprofessors wrote. The district courts decide in if the university entitle to any of ourprofessors' profits?Student:Wah…. I will definitely follow upon that!TPO 14 Lecture 3 AstronomyNarrator:Listen to part of a lecture in an astronomy class.Professor:OK, last time we talked about ancient agricultural civilizations that observed the starsand then used those observations to keep track of the seasons. But today I want to talk about the importance of stars for early seafarers, about how the fixed patterns of stars were used as navigational aids.OK, you’ve all heard about the Vikings and their impressive navigation skills, but theseafaring people of the pacific islands, the Polynesians and the Micronesians,werequite possibly the world’s greatest navigators. Long before the development of, uh,advanced navigational tools in Europe, pacific islanders were travelling from NewZealand to Hawaii and back again, using nothing but the stars as their navigationalinstruments.Um, the key to the pacific islanders’ success was probably their location near the equator. What that meant was that the sky could be partitioned, divided up, much more symmetrically than it could farther away from the equator. Unlike the Vikings,early observers of the stars in Polynesia or really anywhere along the equator wouldfeel that they were at the very center of things, with the skies to the north and the skies to the south behaving identically, they could see stars going straight up in theeast and straight down in the west. So it was easier to discern the order in the sky than farther north or farther south, where everything would seem more chaotic.Take the case of the Gilbert Islands, they are part of Polynesia, and lie very close tothe equator. And the people there were able to divide the sky into symmetrical boxes,according to the main directions, north, east, south and west. And they couldprecisely describe the location of a star by indicating its position in one of those imaginary boxes. And they realized that you had to know the stars in order tonavigate. In fact there was only one word for both in the Gilbert Islands, when youwanted to the star expert, you ask for a navigator.Um, islanders from all over the pacific learned to use the stars for navigation, and they passed this knowledge down from generation to generation. Some of them utilized stone structures called stone canoes, ah, and these canoes were on land, ofcourse, and you can still see them on some islands today. They were positioned as ifthey were heading in the direction of the points on the sea horizon where certain stars would appear and disappear during the night, and, um, young would-benavigators set by the stones at night and turned in different directions to memorizethe constellations they saw, so they could recognize them and navigate… by them later on when they went out to sea.One important way the Polynesians had for orienting themselves was by using zenithstars. A zenith star was a really bright star that would pass directly overhead atparticular latitude…at a particular distance from the equator, often at a latitude associate with some particular pacific island. So the Polynesians could estimate theirlatitude just by looking straight up, by observing whether a certain zenith star passeddirectly overhead at night, they’d know if they have rates the same latitude as a particular island they were trying to get to. Um, another technique used by the Po lynesians was to look for a star pair, that’s two stars that rise at the same time, orset at the same time, and navigators could use these pairs of stars as reference points,because they rise or set together only at specific latitudes. So navigators might seeone star pair setting together. And, uh…would know how far north or south of the equator they were. And if they kept on going, and the next night they saw the pairsof stars setting separately, then they would know that they were at a different degreeof latitude. So looking at rising and setting star pairs is a good technique. Um…actually it makes more sense with setting stars; they can be watched instead of tryingto guess when they’ll rise.Uh, OK, I think all this shows that navigating doesn’t re ally require fancy navigationalinstruments; the peoples of the pacific islands had such expert knowledge ofastronomy as well as navigation that they were able to navigate over vast stretches ofOpen Ocean. Uh, it's even possible that Polynesian navigators had already sailed tothe Americas, centuries before Columbus.TPO 14 Lecture 4 ArcheologyNarrator:Listen to part of the lecture in the archaeology classProfessor:When we think of large monumental structures built by early societies and Egyptianpyramid probably comes to mind. But there are some even earlier structures in theBritish Isles also worth discussing, and besides the well-known circle of massivestones of Stonehenge which don’t get me wrong is remarkable enough, well, otherimpressive Neolithic structures are found there too. Oh, yes, we are talking about theNeolithic period here, also called new Stone Age, which was the time before stonetools began to be replaced by tools made by bronze and other metals.It was about 5000 years ago, even before the first Egyptian pyramid that some of amazing Neolithic monuments---tombs, were racketed at the very size around ironedGreat Britain and costal islands nearby.I am referring particular to structures that in some cases, look like ordinary naturalhills. But we definitely build by humans, well-organized communities of human’s toenclose a chamber or room within stone walls and sometimes with a high, cleverlydesigned sealing of overlapping stones. These structures are called Passage Graves,because in the chamber, sometime several chambers in fact, could only be entered from the outside through a narrow passage way.Michael:Excuse me, professor, but you said Passage Graves. Was this just monument to honorthe dead buried there or were they designed to be used somehow by the living?Professor:Ah, yes! Good question, Michael. Besides being built as tombs, some of these Passage Graves were definitely what we might call Astronomical Calendars, with chambers they flooded with some light on the certain special days of the year, witchmust see miraculous and inspired good dealer of they really just wonder. Butresearch indicates that not just light but also the physics of sound help to enhance this religious experience.Michael:How so?Professor:Well, first the echoes. When religious leaders started chanting with echoes bouncedoff the stonewalls over and over again, it must seem like a whole chorus of other voices, spirits of God maybe join in. But even more intriguing is what physicistscalledStanding Waves. Basically, the phenomenon of Standing Waves occurs when soundwaves of the same frequency reflect off the walls and meet from opposite directions.So, the volume seems to alternate between very loud and very soft. You can stand quite near a man singing in loud voice and hardly hear him. Yet step little further away and voice is almost defining. As you move around chamber, the volume of thesound goes way up and way down, depending on where you are and these standingwaves. And often the acoustic makes it hard to identify where sounds are coming from. It is powerful voices that are speaking to you or chanting from inside your ownhead. This had to engender powerful sense of all Neolithic worshipers.And another bit of physics I played here is something called Resonance. I know physics, but well I imagine you have all below near of top empty bottles and heardsounds it makes. And you probably notice that depending on its size--- each emptybottle plays one particular music note. Or it is the physics might put it, each bottle resonates at a particular frequency. Well, that’s true of these chambers too. If you make a constant noise inside the chamber, maybe by steadily beating drum at certainrate, a particular frequency of sound will resonate. We will ring out intensely,depending on the size of chamber. In some of large chambers though, theseintensified sound may be too deep for us to hear, we can feel it. We are mysteriouslyagitated by a….but it is not a sound our ears can hear. The psychologic al effects of allthese extraordinary sounds can be profound, especially when they seem sodisconnected from human doing drumming or chanting. And there can be observablephysical effects on people too. In fact, the sounds can cause headaches, feelings ofdizziness, increase heartache, that sort of thing, you see.Anyway, what is we experience inside one of these Passage Graves clearly could befar more intense than everyday reality outside which made them very special places.But back to your question, Michael, as to whether these Graves were designed to beused by the living. Well, certainly, we have got to ask economical or calendarfunction. That seems pretty obvious, and I wanna go into more detail on that now.。