语用学(英语ppt)
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英语语言学第八章 语用学 pragmatics ppt课件
utterance, i.e. the act ostin
How to Do Things with Words (1962)
speech acts: actions performed via utterances
Constatives vs. performatives Constatives: utterances which roughly serves
Semantic meaning: the more constant, inherent side of meaning
Pragmatic meaning: the more indeterminate, the more closely related to context
2. Speech Act Theory
(ii) the relevant participants and circumstances must be appropriate.
B. The procedure must be executed correctly and completely.
C. Very often, the relevant people must have the requisite thoughts, feelings and intentions, and must follow it up with actions as specified.
Minister: addressing the groom) (Groom’s Name), do you take (Bride’s Name) for your lawful wedded wife, to live together after God’s ordinance, in the holy estate of matrimony? Will you love, honor, comfort, and cherish her from this day forward, forsaking all others, keeping only unto her for as long as you both shall live?
How to Do Things with Words (1962)
speech acts: actions performed via utterances
Constatives vs. performatives Constatives: utterances which roughly serves
Semantic meaning: the more constant, inherent side of meaning
Pragmatic meaning: the more indeterminate, the more closely related to context
2. Speech Act Theory
(ii) the relevant participants and circumstances must be appropriate.
B. The procedure must be executed correctly and completely.
C. Very often, the relevant people must have the requisite thoughts, feelings and intentions, and must follow it up with actions as specified.
Minister: addressing the groom) (Groom’s Name), do you take (Bride’s Name) for your lawful wedded wife, to live together after God’s ordinance, in the holy estate of matrimony? Will you love, honor, comfort, and cherish her from this day forward, forsaking all others, keeping only unto her for as long as you both shall live?
语用学(英语ppt)
• Generally speaking, there are two kinds of presupposition : semantic presupposition and pragmatic presupposition
• 1. Existential presupposition: 2. Factive presupposition: 3. Non-factive presupposition 4. Lexical presupposition 5. Structural presupposition 6. Counterfactual presupposition
c. John is not married. c b
2.a. John managed to stop the car. a b & c
b. John stopped the stop the car.
d. John did not manage to stop the car. d c
• A person called Mary exists.
• She has a brother.
• Mary has only one brother.
All are the speaker’s and
• He has a lot of money.
All can be wrong.
The sentence has entailment: • Mary’s brother bought something. • He bought three animals. • He bought two horses. • He bought one horse. • many other logical consequences.
• 1. Existential presupposition: 2. Factive presupposition: 3. Non-factive presupposition 4. Lexical presupposition 5. Structural presupposition 6. Counterfactual presupposition
c. John is not married. c b
2.a. John managed to stop the car. a b & c
b. John stopped the stop the car.
d. John did not manage to stop the car. d c
• A person called Mary exists.
• She has a brother.
• Mary has only one brother.
All are the speaker’s and
• He has a lot of money.
All can be wrong.
The sentence has entailment: • Mary’s brother bought something. • He bought three animals. • He bought two horses. • He bought one horse. • many other logical consequences.
语用学-5--Conversational-implicaturePPT课件
10
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1.2 Defining implicatures
What is intended by the speaker, or the intended
speaker meaning.
Invisible meaning or implicit meaning.
Additional conveyed meaning that is more than
importance of the conditions governing conversation Implicature
2
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What is said what is implied— Conventional implicature Non-conventional implicature General principle of discourse CP Rational cooperative Submaxims (Kant) Aesthtic, social, moral See talking as a special case of purposive
In what context does this dialogue occur?
Please explain the meaning that B intends to convey.
5
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How is it possible for the speaker and the hearer to understand each other?
16
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E.g. It is cold in here. Setting: in a classroom Speaker: teacher hearer: student Analysis: from Searle? Grice? The speaker X intends to make a request of the
语用学PPT
1.5.5 interrelationship of utterance meaning and force
there are two components of speaker meaning--utterance meaning and force, the two components of speaker meaning are closely related, but not inseparable.
e.g. A:It's cold here. B:yes,it's so cold. C:“the weather is so hot outside." D:“i am cold" Do you know what does D mean?
1.5.3 understanding force but not utterance meaning
1.6.2 utterance iபைடு நூலகம்terpretation
The utterance interpretation definition of pragmatics focuses almost exclusively on the process of interpretation from the point of view of the hearer.
eg. Is that your car?
Is the speaker expressing admiration or expressing scorn? Is it a complaint that your car is blocking the drive? Is the speaker request a lift into town?
语用学的PPT
Definitions and background
III Semantics and pragmatics Pragmatics is the study of all those aspects of meaning not captured in a smenatic theory. Or, as Gazdar(1979:2) has put it, assuming that semantics limited to the statement of truth conditions. Pragmatics has as its topic those aspects of the meaning of utterances which cannot be accounted for by straightforward reference to the truth conditions of the sentences uttered. Put crudely: PRAGMATICS=MEANING— TRUTH CONDITIONS.
Definitions and background
IVAspect of speech situations 1.Addressers or addressees 2.The context of an utterance One way of embarking upon the analysis of context is to ask what kinds of knowledge a fluent speaker of a language must possess in order to produce and understand contextually appropriate and comprehensible utterances in that language. Let us list some of these:
Context 英语语用学 ppt课件
physical:
the conversation occurs in a library • epistemic: • libraries are quiet places • linguistic: • sarcastic tone of voice (intonation cues are linguistic) • social context: • you have the right to ask someone to be quiet in a
place where people are supposed to be quiet, especially if their rule-breaking is injurious to the needs of others, which overrides the social norm of not giving orders to total strangers.
d. Visiting aunts can be boring. aunts who are visiting / paying a visit to aunts
e. Mr. Webster, the amiable priest, is going to marry Jane at the church. take Jane as his wife / preside over Jane’s wedding
• Here are four sub-areas involved in fleshing out (完 善）what we mean by context.
• physical context
Epistemic（关于认知的）
context
语用学 deixisppt课件
30从语用学的角度出发虽然违背了指示语以说话人为中心的属性但说话人不以自身为指示中心而把参照点转移到听人或其他听众身上在这个过程中说话人以对方为指示照从对方的角度说从而产生了语用移情
Deixis
指 示 语
1
1. What is Deixis?
1) Knowledge is power. 2) I am the British Prime Minister. 3) The President met the British Prime
2
1.2 Defining Deixis
A technical term from Greek, meaning “pointing” via language.
Any linguistic form used to accomplish this “pointing” is called a deictic expression, which is also called an indexical.
（1）你想在事业上取得成功，你就必须
下一番苦功夫。
（2）他那刻苦钻研的精神你不能不佩服
。
（3）这个人性格内向，不善表达，你问
他十句，他才答你一句。
13
Place deixis: The encoding of temporal points or
spans relative to the location of the speaker Proximal: here Distal: there
5
Deictic expressions include definite noun phrases, personal pronouns, demonstratives, adverbs, tenses, etc.
Deixis
指 示 语
1
1. What is Deixis?
1) Knowledge is power. 2) I am the British Prime Minister. 3) The President met the British Prime
2
1.2 Defining Deixis
A technical term from Greek, meaning “pointing” via language.
Any linguistic form used to accomplish this “pointing” is called a deictic expression, which is also called an indexical.
（1）你想在事业上取得成功，你就必须
下一番苦功夫。
（2）他那刻苦钻研的精神你不能不佩服
。
（3）这个人性格内向，不善表达，你问
他十句，他才答你一句。
13
Place deixis: The encoding of temporal points or
spans relative to the location of the speaker Proximal: here Distal: there
5
Deictic expressions include definite noun phrases, personal pronouns, demonstratives, adverbs, tenses, etc.
pragmatics语用学-PPT
• Implicatures can be cancelled: a) Plus “if clause…” b) In some context
Non-detachability
• John is a genius( a mental prodigy; an enormous intellect; a big brain; an exceptionally clever human being).
conversation, in which implicated messages are frequently involved.
• In daily conversations people do not usually say things but tend to imply them. The word “implicature” is used to refer to the extra meaning that is not explicitly expressed in the utterance. In making a conversation, the participants must first of all be willing to cooperate; otherwise, it would not be possible for them to carry on the talk. This general principle is called the cooperative principle : “make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.”
Non-detachability
• John is a genius( a mental prodigy; an enormous intellect; a big brain; an exceptionally clever human being).
conversation, in which implicated messages are frequently involved.
• In daily conversations people do not usually say things but tend to imply them. The word “implicature” is used to refer to the extra meaning that is not explicitly expressed in the utterance. In making a conversation, the participants must first of all be willing to cooperate; otherwise, it would not be possible for them to carry on the talk. This general principle is called the cooperative principle : “make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.”
Pragmatics 语用学教学PPT
• 交际目的 • 交际目的是各种各样的。或是陈明一种心理， 希望对方明知；或是提出一种问题，希望能 够得到解答；或是表达一种请求，希望对方 照办；或是抒发一种感情，希望引起共鸣。 不同的交际目的制约着人们的交际行为。
• 交际过程
– 改变语音形式， “一”作 “幺”；“0‖作 “洞”。 – 重复话语：如电影《英雄儿女》中：“我是王 成，我是王成！为了祖国，为了人民，请向我 开炮！” – 增加羡余成分：我明天早上，早上九点到！请 到机场接我！ – 放慢语速，加大音量。
• 交际对象 • 言语交际离不开交际对象。交际对象是具有各种个 性特征的。如性别、年龄、身份、地位、生活环境、 职业经历、思想性格、修养爱好、文化水平、社会 心理、处境心情等。这些个性特征都会不同程度地 制约着言语交际。 • 交际对象涉及双方的关系亲疏、地位高低、辈分尊 卑、年龄长幼等因素。一般说来，交际双方关系越 密切，地位、年龄、辈分相当，所需的礼貌成度就 越低；双方关系越疏远，越陌生，双方地位、辈分、 年龄相差越大，越要客气。“礼貌的其中一个功能 便是创造交际双方之间的社会距离。”
• 意义：提醒、催促、或是对听话人不守时间的批评。若考虑 到双方的关系：上下级关系，师生关系，父母子女之间、恋 人之间等，则可以理解的意思还多些。 • 一个人老想着出国，老对别人讲要办好手续了，但老也没见 他出国，有人就说，“你怎么还没走？” • 意义：关心、调侃或嘲讽。 • 下班时间早过了，某人还在办公室里忙乎，值班人员过来锁 门，说：“你怎么还没走？” • 意义：值班人员可能是出于爱护，也可能是出于生气，还可 能是某种猜测（是不是有什么不能在办公时间处理的不可告 人的什么事情，是不是在等什么人的电话，等等。） • 一个普通老百姓来到某个部门办事，被某个态度不好的工作 人员拒之门外，过了半天，那个工作人员看见老百姓还在门 口，于是说：“你怎么还不走？” • 意义：可以比较肯定地认为，这是一种不太友好的态度，是 让对方赶快走开的意思。
语用学-4--Speech-Act---AustinPPT课件
奥斯汀 2021
Austin defined speech acts as: the actions performed in saying something.
To understand speech act theory, we should bear in mind the basic assumption underlying it—language is used to do things.
2021
Wittgenstein (1958) was actively attacking the logical positivist view by putting forward the idea “Meaning is use”.
Austin by observing the use of ordinary language, wished to challenge the prevailing view that the only philosophically interesting function of language was that of make true or false statements. He observed that there were certain classes of sentences for which true conditions seem to be irrelevant. They did not describe or report anything and it made no sense to speak of them as true or false. The property of such sentences is “the uttering of the sentence is, or part of, the doing of an action, which again would not normally be described as saying202s1omething”
Austin defined speech acts as: the actions performed in saying something.
To understand speech act theory, we should bear in mind the basic assumption underlying it—language is used to do things.
2021
Wittgenstein (1958) was actively attacking the logical positivist view by putting forward the idea “Meaning is use”.
Austin by observing the use of ordinary language, wished to challenge the prevailing view that the only philosophically interesting function of language was that of make true or false statements. He observed that there were certain classes of sentences for which true conditions seem to be irrelevant. They did not describe or report anything and it made no sense to speak of them as true or false. The property of such sentences is “the uttering of the sentence is, or part of, the doing of an action, which again would not normally be described as saying202s1omething”
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• (1) Mary’s dog is cute. (=p)
• (2) Mary has a dog. (=q)
• (3) p >> q
• When we produce the opposite of the sentence in (1) by negating it (=NOT p), as in (3), we find that the relationship of presupposition doesn’t change. That is, the same proposition q, repeated as (4), continues to be presupposed by NOT p, as shown in (5).
Entailment-----is sth that logically follows from what is asserted in the utterance. -----Sentences, not speakers, have entailments.
• How to distinguish them?
b is the entailment of a. c is the presupposition of a.---- a >> c
• Mary’s brother bought three horses.
The speaker has the following presuppositions:
• a entails b on two conditions: If a is true, b is true. If a is false, b is true, or b is false.
• a presupposes b on two conditions: If a is true, b is true. If a is false, b is still true.
c. John is not married. c b
2.a. John managed to stop the car. a b & c
b. John stopped the car.
c. John tried to stop the car.
d. John did not manage to stop the car. d c
• A person called Mary exists.
• She has a brother.
• Mary has only one brother.
All are the speaker’s and
• He has a lot of money.
All can be wrong.
The sentence has entailment: • Mary’s brother bought something. • He bought three animals. • He bought two horses. • He bought one horse. • many other logical consequences.
Pragmatic Presupposition
1
Introduction of presupposition
2
Types of presupposition
3
Characteristics of presupposition
4
Presupposition triggers
5
methodology
Entailment and presupposition
• The differences between them
Presupposition---is something the speaker assumes to be case prior to making an utterance
---Speaker, not sentence, have presupposition. ---Speaker assumes it is known by listeners.
These entailments follow from the sentence, regardless of whether the speaker’s beliefs are right or wrong. They are communicated without being said.
Types of presupposition
• In many discussion of the concept, presupposition is treated as relationship between two propositions. If we say that the sentence in (1) contains the proposition p and the sentence in (2) contains the proposition q, then, using the symbol >> to mean ‘presuppose’, we can represent the relationship as in (3).
• Generally speaking, there are two kinds of presupposition : semantic presupposition and pragmatic presupposition
• 1. Existential presupposition: 2. Factive presupposition: 3. Non-factive presupposition 4. Lexical presupposition 5. Structural presupposition 6. Counterfactual presupposition
• (3) Mary’s dog isn’t cute. ( = NOT p)
• (4) Mary has a dog.
(=q)
• (5) NOT p >> q
•
constant under negation
• 1.a. John is mats.
---presupposition
• (2) Mary has a dog. (=q)
• (3) p >> q
• When we produce the opposite of the sentence in (1) by negating it (=NOT p), as in (3), we find that the relationship of presupposition doesn’t change. That is, the same proposition q, repeated as (4), continues to be presupposed by NOT p, as shown in (5).
Entailment-----is sth that logically follows from what is asserted in the utterance. -----Sentences, not speakers, have entailments.
• How to distinguish them?
b is the entailment of a. c is the presupposition of a.---- a >> c
• Mary’s brother bought three horses.
The speaker has the following presuppositions:
• a entails b on two conditions: If a is true, b is true. If a is false, b is true, or b is false.
• a presupposes b on two conditions: If a is true, b is true. If a is false, b is still true.
c. John is not married. c b
2.a. John managed to stop the car. a b & c
b. John stopped the car.
c. John tried to stop the car.
d. John did not manage to stop the car. d c
• A person called Mary exists.
• She has a brother.
• Mary has only one brother.
All are the speaker’s and
• He has a lot of money.
All can be wrong.
The sentence has entailment: • Mary’s brother bought something. • He bought three animals. • He bought two horses. • He bought one horse. • many other logical consequences.
Pragmatic Presupposition
1
Introduction of presupposition
2
Types of presupposition
3
Characteristics of presupposition
4
Presupposition triggers
5
methodology
Entailment and presupposition
• The differences between them
Presupposition---is something the speaker assumes to be case prior to making an utterance
---Speaker, not sentence, have presupposition. ---Speaker assumes it is known by listeners.
These entailments follow from the sentence, regardless of whether the speaker’s beliefs are right or wrong. They are communicated without being said.
Types of presupposition
• In many discussion of the concept, presupposition is treated as relationship between two propositions. If we say that the sentence in (1) contains the proposition p and the sentence in (2) contains the proposition q, then, using the symbol >> to mean ‘presuppose’, we can represent the relationship as in (3).
• Generally speaking, there are two kinds of presupposition : semantic presupposition and pragmatic presupposition
• 1. Existential presupposition: 2. Factive presupposition: 3. Non-factive presupposition 4. Lexical presupposition 5. Structural presupposition 6. Counterfactual presupposition
• (3) Mary’s dog isn’t cute. ( = NOT p)
• (4) Mary has a dog.
(=q)
• (5) NOT p >> q
•
constant under negation
• 1.a. John is mats.
---presupposition