金融学人大版第二版重点答案

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金融学第二版课后习题答案

金融学第二版课后习题答案【篇一：王重润公司金融学第二版课后答案】业有几种组织方式？各有什么特点？（ 1）有两种，有限责任公司和股份有限责任公司（ 2）有限责任公司特点：有限责任公司是指股东以其出资额为限对公司承担责任，公司以其全部资产对公司的债务承担责任的企业法人；有限责任公司注册资本的最低限额为人民币3万元；其资本并不必分为等额股份，也不公开发行股票，股东持有的公司股票可以再公司内部股东之间自由转让，若向公司以外的人转让，须经过公司股东的同意；公司设立手续简便，而且公司无须向社会公开公司财务状况。

（ 3）股份有限责任公司特点：1、有限责任2、永续存在3、股份有限责任公司的股东人数不得少于法律规定的数目，我国规定设立股份有限公司，应当有2人以上200人以下为发起人4、股份有限责任公司的全部资本划分为等额的股份，通过向社会公开发行的办法筹集资金，任何人在缴纳了股款之后，都可以成为公司股东，没有资格限制。

5、可转让性6、易于筹资2题：为什么我国《公司法》允许存在一人有限责任公司？一人有限责任公司与个人独资企业有何不同？答：1.就立法初衷而言，许可自然人投资设立一人有限责任公司的重要考虑是减少实质上的一人公司的设立，简化和明晰股权归属，减少纷争。

以往由于我国《公司法》禁止设立一人公司，使得投资人通过各种途径设立或形成的实质上的一人公司大量存在，挂名股东与真实股东之间的投资权益纠纷以及挂名股东与公司债权人之间的债务纠纷不断，令工商行政管理部门和司法机关无所适从。

在修订《公司法》的过程中，法律委员会、法制工作委员会会同国务院法制办、工商总局、国资委、人民银行和最高人民法院反复研究认为：从实际情况看，一个股东的出资额占公司资本的绝大多数而其他股东只占象征性的极少数，或者一个股东拉上自己的亲朋好友作挂名股东的有限责任公司，即实质上的一人公司，已是客观存在，也很难禁止。

根据我国的实际情况，并研究借鉴国外的通行做法，应当允许一个自然人投资设立有限责任公司。

金融学第二版讲义大纲及课后习题答案详解第八章

CHAPTER 8VALUATION OF KNOWN CASH FLOWS: BONDSObjectives«To show how to value con tracts and securities that promise a stream of cash flows that areknown with certa inty.«To un dersta nd the shape of the yield curve .«To un dersta nd how bond prices and yields cha nge over time.Outline8.1 Us ing Prese nt Value Formulas to Value Known Cash Flows8.2 The Basic Build ing Blocks: Pure Discou nt Bonds8.3 Coupon Bo nds, Curre nt Yield, and Yield to Maturity8.4 Readi ng Bond Listi ngs8.5 Why Yields for the Same Maturity Differ8.6 The Behavior of Bond Prices over TimeSummary* A cha nge in market in terest rates causes a cha nge in the opposite directi on in the market values of all exist ing con tracts promisi ng fixed payme nts in the future.* The market prices of $1 to be received at every possible date in the future are the basic building blocks for valuing all other streams of known cash flows. These prices are inferred from the observed market prices of traded bonds and the n applied to other streams of known cash flows to value them.* An equivale nt valuati on can be carried out by appl ying a discou nted cash flow formula with a differe nt discou nt rate for each future time period.* Differe nces in the prices of fixed-i ncome securities of a give n maturity arise from differe nces in coup on rates, default risk, tax treatme nt, callability, con vertibility, and other features.* Over time the prices of bonds con verge towards their face value. Before maturity, however, bond prices can fluctuatea great deal as a result of cha nges in market in terest rates.Solutions to Problems at End of ChapterBond Valuation with a Flat Term Structure1. Suppose you want to know the price of a 10-year 7% coupon Treasury bond that pays interest annually. a. You have been told that the yield to maturity is 8%. What is the price?b. What is the price if coupons are paid semiannually, and the yield to maturity is 8% per year?c. Now you have been told that the yield to maturity is 7% per year. What is the price? Could you have guessedthe answer without calculating it? What if coupons are paid semiannually?c. Price = 100. When the coup on rate and yield to maturity are the same, the bond sells at par value (i.e. the price equalsthe face value of the bon d).2. Assume six months ago the US Treasury yield curve was flat at a rate of 4% per year (with annualcompounding) and you bought a 30-year US Treasury bond. Today it is flat at a rate of 5% per year. What rate of return did you earn on your initial investment: a. If the bond was a 4% coupon bond? b. If the bond was a zero coupon bond?c. How do your answer change if compounding is semiannual? SOLUTION: a and b.Coupon = 4% 30 4 ? 100 4 PV =100 Zero coupon30 4 ? 100 0 PV =30.83Step 2: Find prices of the bonds today: Coupon = 4% 29.5 5?100 4 84.74 Zero coupon29.5 5 ? 100 0 23.71Step 3: Find rates of retur n:Rate of retur n = (coup on + cha nge in price)/in itial price4% coupon bond: r = (4 + 84.74 —100)/100 = -0.1126 or —11.26%Zero-coupon bon d: r = (0 + 23.71 —30.83)/30.83 = -0.2309 or -23.09%. Note that the zero-coupon bo nd is more sen sitive to yield cha nges tha n the 4% coup on bond. c.Step 1: Find prices of the bonds six mon ths ago:Coup on=4% 60 2 ?100 2 PV =100 Zero coupon 60 2 ? 100 0 PV =30.48 Step 2: Find prices of the bonds today:Coup on=4% 59 2.5? 100 2 84.66 Zero coupon59 2.5 ?10023.30SOLUTION:a. With coup ons paid once a year:Price = 93.29b. With coup ons paid twice a year:Price = 93.20Step 3: Find rates of retur n:Rate of return = (coupon + change in price) / initial price4% coupon bond: r = (2 + 84.66 -100)/100 = -0.1334 or -13.34%Zero coupon bond: r = (0 + 23.30 - 30.48)/30.48 = -0.2356 or -23.56%. Note that the zero-coupon bond is more sen sitive to yield cha nges tha n the 4% coup on bond.Bond Valuatio n With a Non-Flat Term Structure3. Suppose you observe the following prices for zero-coupon bonds (pure discount bonds) that have no risk of default:a. What should be the price of a 2-year coupon bond that pays a 6% coupon rate, assuming coupon paymentsare made once a year starting one year from now?b. Find the missing entry in the table.c. What should be the yield to maturity of the 2-year coupon bond in Part a?d. Why are your answers to parts b and c of this question different?SOLUTION:a. Present value of first year's cash flow = 6 x .97 = 5.82Prese nt value of sec ond year's cash flow = 106 x .90 = 95.4Total prese nt value = 101.22 b^Th^y^^tomaturityon^^^^arzerocoupo^bon^wrt^pr^eof9^an^facevalu^of1^3i^5^^^^^^^^2 I ? I -90 I 100 I 0 1 i = 5.41%c. The yield to maturity on a 2-year 6% coup on bond with price of 101.22 isd. The two bonds are differe nt because they have differe nt coup on rates. Thus they have differe nt yields to maturity.Coupon Stripping4. You would like to create a 2-year synthetic zero-coupon bond. Assume you are aware of the following information: 1-year zero- coupon bonds are trading for $0.93 per dollar of face value and 2-year 7% coupon bonds (annual payments) are selling at $985.30 (Face value = $1,000).a. What are the two cash flows from the 2-year coupon bond?b. Assume you can purchase the 2-year coupon bond and unbundle the two cash flows and sell them.i. How much will you receive from the sale of the first payment?ii. How much do you need to receive from the sale of the 2-year Treasury strip to break even?SOLUTION:a. $70 at the end of the first year and $1070 at the end of year 2.b. i. I would receive .93 x $70 = $65.10 from the sale of the first payment.ii. To break even, I would need to receive $985.30- $65.10 = $920.20 from the sale of the 2-year strip.The Law of One price and Bond Pricing5. Assume that all of the bonds listed in the following table are the same except for their pattern of promised cash flows over time. Prices are quoted per $1 of face value. Use the information in the table and the Law of One Price to infer the values of the missing entries. Assume that coupon payments are annual.6% 2 years 5.5%0 2 years7% 2 years0 1 year $0.95From Bond 1 and Bond 4, we can get the miss ing en tries for the 2-year zero-coup on bond. We know from bond 1 that:2 21.0092 = 0.06/1.055 +1.06/(1.055) . This is also equal to 0.06/(1+z 1) + 1.06/(1+z 2) where z 1 and Z2 are the yields to maturity on on e-year zero-coup on and two-year zero-coup on bonds respectively. From bond 4 , we have z 1, we can find z2.1.0092 -0.06/1.0526 = 1.06/(1+z 2)2, hence z = 5.51%.To get the price P per $1 face value of the 2-year zero-coup on bond, using the same reasoning:1.0092 -0.06x0.95 = 1.06xP, he nee P = 0.8983To find the entries for bond 3: first find the price, then the yield to maturity. To find the price, we can use z 1 and Z2 found earlier: PV of coupon payment in year 1: 0.07 x 0.95 = 0.0665PV of coupon + pri ncipal payme nts in year 2: 1.07 x 0.8983 =0.9612「otal prese nt value of bond 3 二 1.02772 ? 0.07 -1.0277 1 i = 5.50%Hence the table becomes:6% 2 years $1.0092 5.5%0 2 years $0.8983 5.51%SOLUTION:Bond 1:Bond 4:Bond Features and Bond Valuation6. What effect would adding the following features have on the market price of a similar bond which does not have this feature?a. 10-year bond is callable by the company after 5 years (compare to a 10-year non-callable bond);b. bond is convertible into 10 shares of common stock at any time (compare to a non-convertible bond);c. 10-year bond can be “ put back ” to the company after 3 years at par (puttable boiumipare to a 10year non-puttablebond)d. 25-year bond has tax-exempt coupon paymentsSOLUTION:a. The callable bond would have a lower price tha n the non-callable bond to compe nsate the bon dholders for gra nti ng theissuer the right to call the bon ds.b. The con vertible bond would have a higher price because it gives the bon dholders the right to con vert their bonds intoshares of stock.c. The puttable bond would have a higher price because it gives the bondholders the right to sell their bonds back to the issuerat par.d. The bond with the tax-exempt coup on has a higher price because the bon dholder is exempted from pay ing taxes on thecoup ons. (Coup ons are usually con sidered and taxed as pers onal in come).Inferring the Value of a Bond Guarantee7. Suppose that the yield curve on dollar bonds that are free of the risk of default is flat at 6% per year. A 2-year 10% coupon bond (with annual coupons and $1,000 face value) issued by Dafolto Corporation is rates B, and it is currently trading at a market price of $918. Aside from its risk of default, the Dafolto bond has no other financially significant features. How much should an investor be willing to pay for a guarantee against Dafolto ' s defaulting on this bond?The difference between the price of the bond if it were free of default and its actual price (with risk of default) is the value of a guarantee against default: 1073.3-918 = $155.3The implied Value of a Call Provision and Convertibility8. Suppose that the yield curve on bonds that are free of the risk of default is flat at 5% per year. A 20-year default-free coupon bond (with annual coupons and $1,000 face value) that becomes callable after 10 years is trading at par and has a coupon rate of 5.5%.a. What is the implied value of the call provision?b. A Safeco Corporation bond which is otherwise identical to the callable 5.5% coupon bond describedabove, is also convertible into 10 shares of Safeco stock at any time up to the bond ' s maturity. If its yield to maturity is currently 3.5% per year, what is the implied value of the conversion feature?SOLUTION:a. We have to find the price of the bond if it were only free of the risk of default.The bond is traded at par value, hence the differe nee betwee n the value calculated above and the actual traded value is the implied value of the call provisio n: 1062.3 T000 = $62.3Note that the call provisi on decreases the value of the bond.b. We have to find the price of the Safeco Corporati on:This bond has the same features as the 5.5% default free callable bond described above, plus an additional feature: it is con vertible into stocks. Hence the implied value of the con versi on feature is the differe nee betwee n the values of both bonds: 1284.2-1000 = $284.25. Note that the con version feature in creases the value of the bond.Changes in Interest Rates and Bond Prices9. All else being equal, if interest rates rise along the entire yield curve, you should expect that:i. Bond prices will fallii. Bond prices will riseiii. Prices on long-term bonds will fall more than prices on short-term bonds.iv. Prices on long-term bonds will rise more than prices on short-term bondsa. ii and iv are correctb. We can ' t be certain that prices will changec. Only i is correctd. Only ii is correcte. i and iii are correctSOLUTION:The correct an swer is e.Bond prices are in versely proporti onal to yields hence whe n yields in crease, bond prices fall. Lon g-term bonds are more sen sitive to yield cha nges tha n short-term bon ds.。

金融市场学第二版习题与解答

第一章本章小结1．金融市场是指以金融资产为交易对象而形成的供求关系及其机制的总和。

2．金融市场可以按多种方式进行分类，其中最常用的是按交易的标的物划分为货币市场、资本市场、外汇市场和黄金市场。

3．金融市场的主体有筹资者、投资者（投机者）、套期保值者、套利者和监管者。

4．金融市场在经济系统中具有聚敛功能、配置功能、调节功能和反映功能。

5．资产证券化、金融全球化、金融自由化和金融工程化是金融市场的发展趋势。

本章重要概念金融市场金融资产金融工具套期保值者套利者投资者投机者货币市场资本市场外汇市场直接金融市场间接金融市场初级市场二级市场第三市场第四市场公开市场议价市场有形市场无形市场现货市场衍生市场资产证券化金融全球化金融自由化金融工程化思考题：1．什么是金融市场，其含义可包括几个层次？2．从金融市场在储蓄一投资转化机制中的重要作用这一角度理解“金融是现代经济的核心”。

3．金融市场有哪些分类，哪些主体？4．理解金融市场的经济功能，其聚敛功能、配置功能、调节功能和反映功能各表现在哪些方面？5．结合实际经济生活把握金融市场的四大发展趋势：资产证券化、金融全球化、金融自由化和金融工程化。

第二章本章重要概念同业拆借市场回购协议逆回购协议商业票据银行承兑票据大额可转让定期存单政府债券货币市场共同基金思考题：1．货币市场的界定标准是什么？它包括哪些子市场？2．同业拆借市场的主要参与者、交易对象及利率形成机制？3．回购市场的交易原理，及其与同业拆借市场的区别？4．商业票据市场和银行承兑票据市场的联系和区别？5．大额存单市场是如何产生的，有哪些特征？6．为什么国库券市场具有明显的投资特征？7．了解货币市场共同基金的动作及其特征。

第三章简短小结1．资本市场通常由股票市场、债券市场和投资基金三个子市场构成。

2．股票是投资者向公司提供资金的权益合同，是公司的所有权凭证，按剩余索取权和剩余控制权的不同有不同种类的股票，最基本的分类是普通股和优先股。

金融学___人大版第二版_重点答案

1.信用货币的含义：是由国家法律规定的，强制流通的，不以任何贵金属为基础的独立发挥货币职能的货币；特点：1它是一种没有金属本位币的货币制度，黄金退出流通，黄金不再执行货币的职能，银行券在形式上不再规定含金量，不再兑换黄金，但它袭用金属本位币的单位名称 2 不兑现的银行券，由国家法律规定强制流通，发行权集中于中央银行或发行银行，成为无限法偿货币和最后支付手段 3银行券由银行通过信用渠道投入流通，存款货币通过银行转账结算，随着金融发展程度的提高，现金流通的数量和范围越来越小，而非现金流通成为货币流通的主体。

2.货币购买力与价格的关系：货币购买力指数与价格指数成反相关，与货币价值成相关货币购买力指数=1／物价指数3.（多选择）货币制度的基本内容：1规定货币材料 2 规定货币单位 3 规定流通中的货币种类 4 规定货币的偿还支付能力 5 规定货币铸造或发行的流通程序 6 规定货币的发行准备制度和对外关系4.（选择）人民币制度的特点：1人民币是大陆法定货币，有无限法偿能力 2 人民币不兑换信用货币 3 人民币是大陆为诶一合法的货币 4是一种管理货币5.支票存款的特点（支票存款不具有无限法偿力）：1 不易丢失或被窃 2 方便大额交易和远距离交易，可节约流通费用 3 可按所需签发，免去找零，清点的麻烦 4 有银行信用支持，可在一定范围内背书转让，不具有无限法偿力6..信用的本质和特征：本质为债权债务关系特征1 价值的单方面让渡，双方构成的债权债务关系而非等价交换关系 2 以还本付息为条件，贷者并没有放弃所有权，利息是与使用权等价的 3 信用是价值运动的特殊形式7.（解答）信用在国民经济中的作用：1积极作用①助于广泛筹集资金，支持规模经济②利于提高资金使用效率，如提高资金储蓄，投资，交换效率③可调节需求总量和结构，进而调节宏观经济的运行 2 消极作用主要表现为出现信用风险和经济泡沫8.（解答）简述银行信用的特点 1 是以银行为中介的间接信用 2 是以货币形态提供的信用 3 提供的是社会各部门的闲置货币 4 具有相对灵活性 5 在产业周期的各阶段上，银行信用的动态与产业资本动态不一样9.国家信用的作用 1 解决财政困难的好途径，如税收，贷款，发行国债等 2 可筹集大量资金，改善投资环境，创造投机机会 3 可成为国家宏观调控的重要手段10.（简答）简述股份经济具有的信用经济特征：1 股票小额化合股权分散化趋势，出资人负有限责任，使小额资金借贷市场极大拓展。

金融学简答题参考答案(第二版)

金融学简答题参考
• 20.请简要叙述股票与债券的主要区别。 • （1）性质不同，债券是一种债权凭证，而股票是一种所有权凭证。 • （2）责任与权利不同，债券可以按期收回本金利息，但无权参与企业的经营决策；股票持有人拥有选举权，通过选举董事行使经营决策权及监督权。 • （3）期限不同，债券有偿还期规定；股票一般不偿还，即无期限，但可在金融市场上转让。 • （4）风险和收益不同，债券票面规定有利率，可获得利息收人；股票一般视企业经营情况进行分红，企业倒闭清理时，债券偿付在前，比较而言，股票风险较大。 • （5）发行者范围不同，股票只有股份公司发行；债券则任何有预期收益的机构和单位都发行。债券的适用范围广。
金融学简答题参考
1．货币的本质和基本职能？从货币的产生过程我们可以看出，货币是商品，但货币不是普通的商品，而是固定地充当一般等价物的特殊商品，并体现一定的社会生产关系，这就是货帀的本质。首先，货帀是一是商品。其次，货帀是一般等价物。再次，货币体现一定的社会生产关系。最后，货币作为财富的象征具有非常广泛的影响力和支配性。它的基本职能有：价值尺度、流通手段、贮藏手段、支付手段、世界货币的五种职能。
金融学简答题参考
13.金融监管基本原则是什么？由于经济、法律、历史、传统乃至体制的不同，各国在金融监管的诸多具体方面存在着不少差异。但有些一般性的基本原则却贯穿于各国金融监管的各个环节与整个过程，主要有几点。（1）金融管理当局实施监管必须依法行事。（2）金融管理当局要创造一个公平、适度、高效、合理、有序的竞争环境。（3）金融管理当局要遵循自我约束和外部强制相结合原则。（4）金融管理当局的监管要安全稳定与经济效率相结合的原则。
金融学简答题参考

《金融学(第二版)》讲义大纲及课后习题答案详解十四章

CHAPTE R 14FORWARD AND FUTURE S PRICE SObjectives∙ To explain the economic role of futures markets∙To show what information can and cannot be inferred from forward and futures prices.Outline14.1 Distinctions Between Forward and Futures Contracts14.2 The Economic Function of Futures Markets14.3 The Role of Speculators14.4 Relation Between Commodity Spot and Futures Prices14.5 Extracting Information from Commodity Futures Prices14.6 Spot-Futures Price Parity for Gold14.7 Financial Futures14.8 The Implied Risk-Free Rate14.9 The Forward Price Is Not a Forecast of the Spot Price14.10 Forward-Spot Parity with Cash Payouts14.11 Implied Dividends14.12 The Foreign-Exchange Parity Relation14.13 The Role of Expectations in Determining Exchange RatesSummary∙ Futures contracts make it possible to separate the decision of whether to physically store a commodity from thedecision to have financial exposure to its price changes.∙ Speculators in futures markets improve the informational content of futures prices and make futures marketsmore liquid than they would otherwise be.∙ The futures price of wheat cannot exceed the spot price by more than the cost of carry:∙ The forward-spot price parity relation for gold is that the forward price equals the spot price times the cost ofcarry:This relation is maintained by the force of arbitrage . ∙One can infer the implied cost of carry and the implied storage costs from the observed spot and forward prices and the risk-free interest rate. ∙ The forward-spot parity relation for stocks is that the forward price equals the spot price times 1 plus the risk-free rate less the expected cash dividend.This relation can therefore be used to infer the implied dividend from the observed spot and forward prices and the risk-free interest rate.∙ The forward-spot price parity relation for the dollar/yen exchange rate involves two interest rates:where F is the forward price of the yen, S is the current spot price, r Y is the yen interest rate, and r $ is the dollarinterest rate.∙If the forward dollar/yen exchange rate is an unbiased forecast of the future spot exchange rate, then one can infer that forecast either from the forward rate or from the dollar-denominated and yen-denominated risk-free interest rates. F S C-≤F S r s =++()1F S r D=+-()1F r S r Y11+=+$Solutions to Problems at End of ChapterForward Contracts and Forward-Spot Parity.1. Suppose that you are planning a trip to E ngland. The trip is a year from now, and you have reserved a hotel room in London at a price of ₤ 50 per day. You do not have to pay for the room in advance. The exchange rate is currently $1.50 to the pound sterling.a.E xplain several possible ways that you could completely hedge the exchange rate risk in this situation.b.Suppose that r₤=.12 and r$=.08. Because S=$1.50, what must the forward price of the pound be?c.Show that if F is $0.10 higher than in your answer to part b, there would be an arbitrage opportunity. SOLUTION:a.Ways to hedge the exchange rate risk:Pay for the room in advanceBuy the pounds you will need in the forward market.Invest the present value of the rental payments in a pound-denominated riskless asset.b. F = S (1+r$)/(1+r£) = $1.50 x 1.08/1.12 = $1.4464 per poundc.If F is $1.55 then arbitrage profits can be made by borrowing dollars, investing in pounds and selling themforward at the inflated forward price. After paying off principle and interest on the dollars borrowed, you would have pure arbitrage profits left over. For example,Borrow $1.50,Convert it into 1 pound,Invest it in pound-denominated bonds to have 1.12 pounds a year from now,Sell 1.12 pounds forward at $1.55 per pound to have $1.736 a year from now,After 1 year, pay off the principle and interest on the loan ($1.50x 1.08 = $1.62).This series of transactions leaves you with $.116 a year from now with no initial outlay of your money.Forward-Spot Parity Relation with Known Cash Payouts2. Suppose that the Treasury yield curve is flat at an interest rate of 7% per year (compounded semiannually).a.What is the spot price of a 30-year Treasury bond with an 8% coupon rate assuming coupons are paidsemiannually?b.What is the forward price of the bond for delivery six months from now?c.Show that if the forward price is $1 lower than in your answer to part b, there should be an arbitrageopportunity.SOLUTION:b. The forward price for delivery six months from now is $1,124.089:F = S(1+r) - C = $1,124.724 x 1.035 - 40 =$1,124.089c. If the forward price is only $1,123.089, then arbitrage profits can be made by selling the bond short and buying itforward at the low forward price. It can be described as follows:Sell short a bond at $1,124.724; buy it forward at $1,123.089; invest the proceeds of the short sale to earn 3.5% for6 monthsAfter 6 months, take delivery of the bond and cover your short saleForward-Spot Parity Relation with Uncertain Dividends3. A stock has a spot price of $100; the riskless interest rate is 7% per year (compounded annually), and the expected dividend on the stock is $3, to be received a year from now.a.What should be the one-year futures price?b.If the futures price is $1 higher than your answer to part a, what might that imply about the expected dividend? SOLUTION:a.S = $100, r = .07, D = $3. F = S ( 1+r) - D = $104b.If F is $105, that might imply that D is really only $2.Storage Costs versus Dividend Yield4. Compare the forward-spot price-parity relation for gold to the one for stocks. Is it fair to say that stocks have a negative storage cost equal to the dividend yield?SOLUTIONOne could definitely say that stocks have a negative storage cost equal to the dividend.5. Suppose you are a distributor of canola seed and you observe the spot price of canola to be $7.45 per bushel while the futures price for delivery one month from today is $7.60. Assuming a $.10 per bushel carrying cost, what would you do to hedge your price uncertainty?SOLUTIONWe see that F> S+C. If you short the futures contract, you can sell your seed at $7.60 per bushel.6. Infer the spot price of an ounce of gold if you observe the price of one ounce of gold for forward delivery in three months is $435.00, the interest rate on a 91-day Treasury bill is 1% and the quarterly carrying cost as a percentage of the spot price is .2%.SOLUTIONDeduce from the futures price parity condition for gold that F = S0 (1 + r + s) so that S0 = $429.84.7. You are a dealer in kryptonite and are contemplating a trade in a forward contract. You observe that the current spot price per ounce of kryptonite is $180.00, the forward price for delivery of one ounce of kryptonite in one year is $205.20, and annual carrying costs of the metal are 4% of the current spot price.a.Can you infer the annual return on a riskless zero-coupon security implied by the Law of One Price?b.Can you describe a trading strategy that would generate arbitrage profits for you if the annual return on theriskless security is only 5%? What would your arbitrage profit be, per ounce of kryptonite?SOLUTIONa.By no-arbitrage, we require that the riskless rate r satisfy:F = S0 (1 + r + s)205.2 = 180 (1 +r +.04) = 187.2 + 180rr = 18/180 = .10 or 10%b.The implicit risk-free rate that you can earn by buying kryptonite, storing it, and selling it forward at $205.2 perounce is 10%. If the riskless borrowing rate is five percent, you should borrow at that rate and invest in hedged kryptonite. If you buy an ounce of kryptonite for $180, you will get $205.2 for it for sure a year from now. If you borrow the $180, you will have to pay principal and interest of $180 x 1.05 plus another .04 x $180 in storage costs.This totals $196.2, thus leaving you with $9 in arbitrage profits.8. Calculate the implicit cost of carrying an ounce of gold and the implied storage cost per ounce of gold if the current spot price of gold per ounce is $425.00, the forward price of an ounce of gold for delivery in 273 days is $460.00, the yield over 91 days on a zero-coupon Treasury bill is 2% and the term structure of interest rates is flat. SOLUTIONFirst, we solve it assuming a simple compounding method for the risk free interest rate. Over 273 days, the Risk free rate is 2%*3=6%. Therefore we have,F = S (1 + r + s )460 = 425 (1.06 + s)s = (460 - 450.5)/425 = 9.5/425 = .02235 for 273 daysThus the carrying costs are roughly 8.24% for 273 days or 10.98% per year.Second, we solve it assuming we need to compound the interest rates. The risk free rate over 273 days will be(1+2%)3-1=6.12%.plug in the above formulae we get s=.021145 for 273 days.Thus the carrying costs are roughly 8.23% for 273 days or 11.13% per year.9. The forward price for a share of stock to be delivered in 182 days is $410.00, whereas the current yield on a 91-day T-bill is 2%. If the term structure of interest rates is fiat, what spot price for the stock is implied by the Law of One Price?SOLUTIONF = $410; r = .02 per quarter.S = F/(1+r)2 = $394.0810. You observe that the one-year forward price of a share of stock in Kramer,Inc.,a New York tour-bus company and purveyor of fine clothing, is $45.00 while the spot price of a share is $41.00. If the riskless yield on a one-year zero-coupon government bond is 5%:a.What is the forward price implied by the Law of One Price?b.Can you devise a trading strategy to generate arbitrage profits? How much would you earn per share?SOLUTIONa.The no-arbitrage value of the forward price is F = $43.05.b.The observed forward price is excessive. Consider short-selling a forward contract and taking a long position ina portfolio consisting of one stock and the sale of a bond with face value of F. Future liabilities for this positionare zero, while the current cash inflow is $1.86.11. Infer the yield on a 273-day, zero-coupon Japanese government security if the spot price of a share of stock in Mifune and Associates is 4,750 yen whereas the forward price for delivery of a share in 273 days is 5,000 yen.SOLUTIONThe implied yield over the 273 day term is r = 5.26%.12. On your first day of trading in Vietnamese forward contracts, you observe that the share price of Giap Industries is currently 54, 000 dong while the one-year forward price is 60, 000 dong. If the yield on a one-year riskless security is fifteen percent, are arbitrage profits possible in this market? If not, explain why not. If so, devise an appropriate trading strategy.SOLUTIONArbitrage profits would seem to be possible, since the no-arbitrage forward price implied by these parameters isF = $62,100.The futures contract is underpriced, relative to this no-arbitrage value. Consider taking a long position in the forward contract and simultaneously selling a share of Giap stock and buying a riskless bond with a face value equal to the observed forward price. The liabilities from these joint positions are zero, while the current cash inflow is $1826.09.13. The share price of Schleifer and Associates, a financial consultancy in Moscow, is currently 10, 000 roubles whereas the forward price for delivery of a share in 182 days is 11,000 roubles. If the yield on a riskless zero-coupon security with term to maturity of 182 days is 15%, infer the expected dividend to be paid by Schleifer and Associates over the next six months.SOLUTIONThe implied dividend is 500 roubles.14. The spot rate of exchange of yen for Canadian dollars is currently 113 yen per dollar but the one-year forward rate is 110 yen per dollar. Determine the yield on a one-year zero-coupon Canadian government security if the corresponding yield on a Japanese government security is 2.21%.SOLUTIONThe implied Canadian rate over this term is approximately 5.00%.。

金融学第二版讲义大纲及课后习题答案详解第十章

CHAPTER 10AN OVERVIEW OF RISK MANAGEMENTObjectives« To explore how risk affects finan cial decisi on-mak ing.« To provide a con ceptual framework for the man ageme nt of risk.«To explain how the financial system facilitates the efficient allocation of risk-bearing.Outline10.1 What Is Risk?10.2 Risk and Econo mic Decisi ons10.3 The Risk Ma nageme nt Process10.4 The Three Dime nsions of Risk Tran sfer10.5 Risk Tran sfer and Econo mic Efficie ncy10.6 In stituti ons for Risk Man ageme nt10.7 Portfolio Theory: Quan titative An alysis for Optimal Risk Man ageme nt10.8 Probability Distributions of ReturnsSummary* Risk is defined as uncertainty that matters to people. Risk management is the process of formulating the benefit- cost trade-offs of risk-reduction and deciding on a course of action to take. Portfolio theory is the quantitative analysis of those trade-offs to find an optimal course of action.* All risks are ultimately borne by people in their capacity as consumers, stakeholders of firms and other econo mic orga ni zati ons, or taxpayers.* The risk in ess of an asset or a tra nsacti on cannot be assessed in isolati on or in the abstract; it depe nds on the specific frame of refere nee. In on e con text, the purchase or sale of a particular asset may add to one ' s risk exposure; in another, the same transaction may be risk-reducing.* Speculators are in vestors who take positi ons that in crease their exposure to certa in risks in the hope of in creas ing their wealth. In con trast, hedgers take positi ons to reduce their exposures. The same pers on can be a speculator on some exposures and a hedger on others.* Many resource-allocation decisions, such as saving, investment, and financing decisions, are significantly in flue need by the prese nee of risk and therefore are partly risk-ma nageme nt decisi ons.* We disti nguish among five major categories of risk exposures for households: sick ness, disability, and death job loss; consumer-durable asset risk ; liability risk ; and financial asset risk .* Firms face several categories of risks: production risk , price risk of outputs , and price risk of in puts .* There are five steps in the risk-management process: risk identification, risk assessment, selection of riskman ageme nt tech ni ques, impleme ntati on, review.* There are four techniques of risk management: r isk avoidanee, loss prevention and control, risk retention, risk tra nsfer.* There are three dimensions of risk transfer: hedging , insuring , and diversifying .* Diversificati on improves welfare by spread ing risks among many people, so that the existi ng un certa inty matters less. * From society ' s perspective-n^ageme nt in stituti ons con tribute to econo mic efficie ncy in two importa nt ways. First, they shift risk away from those who are least willing or able to bear it to those who are most willing to bear it. Second, they cause a reallocation of resources to production and consumption in accordance with the new distribution of risk-bearing.By allowing people to reduce their exposure to the risk of undertaking certain bus in ess ven tures, they may en courage en trepre neurial behavior that can have a ben efit to society.* Over the cen turies, various econo mic orga ni zati ons and con tractual arra ngeme nts have evolved to facilitate a more efficient allocation of risk-bearing by expanding the scope of diversification and the types of risk that are shifted.* Among the factors limit ing the efficie nt allocati on of risks are tra nsacti ons costs and problems of adverse selecti on and moral hazard.Solutions to Problems at End of ChapterOn the Nature of Risk and Risk Management1. Suppose that you and a friend have decided to go to a movie together next Saturday. You will select any movie for which tickets are available when you get to the theater. Is this a risky situation for you? Explain. Now suppose that your friend has already purchased a ticket for a movie that is going to be released this Saturday. Why is this a risky situation? How would you deal with the risk?SOLUTION:No, the uncertainty doesn ' t represienncteriysokusdo not care which movie you see. However, if your friend has a ticket already, and if you wait till Saturday to buy yours, the show may be sold out. To eliminate the risk that you may not be able to sit with your friend and see the same movie, you might buy your ticket in advance.2. Suppose you are aware of the following investment opportunity: You could open a coffee shop around the corner from your home for $25,000. If business is strong, you could net $15,000 in after-tax cash flows each year over the next 5 years.a. If you knew for certain the business would be a success, would this be a risky investment?b. Now assume this is a risky venture and that there is a 50% chance it is a success and a 50% chance you gobankrupt within 2 years. You decide to go ahead and invest. If the business subsequently goes bankrupt, did you make the wrong decision based on the information you had at the time? Why or why not?SOLUTION:a. No, this investment would not be risky.b. No, you did not make a “ wrong ” decision. When you made your decision, you did not know for certain that thecompany would go bankrupt. You decided to invest for many reasons, including the possibility of making a lot of money.Given your tolerance for risk and the fact that you based our decision on the information available at the time, your decision was not wrong and may have been optimal at the time.3. Suppose you are a pension fund manager and you know today that you need to make a $100,000 payment in 3 months.a. What would be a risk-free investment for you?b. If you had to make that payment in 20 years instead, what would be a risk free investment?c. What do you conclude from your answers to Parts a and b of this question?SOLUTION:a. A risk-free investment for you would be a Treasury Bill (default risk free) which matures in exactly 3 months.b. A risk-free investment would be a zero coupon U.S. Treasury security maturing in 20 years and which would have thesame single payment of $100,000.c. Because risk is dependent upon circumstances, what is risk-free for one individual may be risky for another too. There canbe any number of risk-free investments depending upon circumstances. Your investment time horizon is critical tochoosing the best risk-free investment (so payments in can exactly match payments out so that you are left with no risk).4. Is it riskier to make a loan denominated in dollars or in yen?SOLUTION:It depends on the context. For people whose income and expenses are denominated in dollars (perhaps because they live in the U.S), denominating a loan in yen would be riskier than denominating it in dollars. But for someone whose income and expenses are denominated in yen, denominating the loan in yen would be less risky than in dollars.5. Which risk management technique has been chosen in each of the following situations?« Installing a smoke detector in your home« Investing savings in T-bills rather than in stocks« Deciding not to purchase collision insurance on your car« Purchasing a life insurance policy for yourselfSOLUTION:« Loss preve nti on and con trol.・Risk avoida nee« Risk rete nti on・Risk tran sfer6. You are considering a choice between investing $1,000 in a conventional one-year T-Bill offering an interest rate of 8% and a one-year Index 丄inked Inflation Plus T-Bill offering 3% plus the rate of inflation.a. Which is the safer investment?b. Which offers the higher expected return?c. What is the real return on the Index 丄inked Bond?SOLUTION:a. The inflation-indexed T-Bill offers a fixed real rate of return of 3% over the life of the investment. The realreturn on the conventional T- Bill ' s real return depends upon the expected rate of inflation over the life of thein vestme nt. The safer in vestme nt is the In flati on Plus T-Bill.b. The real rate of return on the conventional T-Bill depends upon the expected rate of inflation over the life of thein vestme nt. You do not know which expected retur n is higher unl ess you know what in flati on is expected to be.c. The real retur n on the in dex-l in ked T-Bill is 3%.Hedging and Insurance7. Suppose you are interested in financing your new home purchase. You have your choice of a myriad financing options. You could enter into any one of the following agreements: 8% fixed rate for 7 years, 8.5% fixed rate for 15 years, 9% fixed for 30 years. In addition, you could finance with a 30-year variable rate that begins at 5% and increases and decreases with the prime rate, or you could finance with a 30year variable rate that begins at 6% with ceilings of 2% per year to a maximum of 12% and no minimum.a. Suppose you believe that interest rates are on the rise. If you want to completely eliminate your risk of risinginterest rates for the longest period of time, which option should you choose?b. Would you consider that hedging or insuring? Why?c. What does you r risk management decision “ cost ” you in terms of quoted interest rates during the firstyear?SOLUTION:a. You would choose the 30-year fixed rate at 9%.b. That would be a hedge because you have elim in ated both the upside (decli ning rates) or dow nside ( rising rates).c. This costs me at least 4% since I could get a variable rate loa n at 5%.8. Referring to the information in problem 7, answer the following:a. Suppose you believe interest rates are going to fall, which option should you choose?b. What risk do you face in that transaction?c. How might you insure against that risk? What does that cost you (in terms of quoted interest rates?). SOLUTION:a. You would want one of the variable rate options, in particular the variable loan tied to the prime rate, currently equal to5%.b. You face the risk of rising rates.c. You could in sure aga inst that risk by purchas ing the opti on to have a 12% ceil ing on the rate (2% in crease per year.This option cost you 1% (the difference between 6% and 5%).9. Suppose you are thinking of investing in real estate. How might you achieve a diversified real estate investment?SOLUTION:« You could own several differe nt build ings in the same gen eral area.« You could own several differe nt build ings in differe nt geographic areas.« You could sell some of your equity own ership to other owners to lower your own in dividual exposure to decli ning market values.10. Suppose the following represents the historical returns for Microsoft and Lotus Development Corporation:Historical ReturnsYear MSFT LOTS110%9%215%12%3-12%-7%420%18%57%5%a. What is the mean return for Microsoft? For Lotus?b. What is the standard deviation of returns for Microsoft? For Lotus?c. Suppose the returns for Microsoft and Lotus have normally distributed returns with means and standarddeviations calculated above. For each stock, determine the range of returns within one expected standard deviation of the mean and within two standard deviations of the mean.SOLUTION:a. Mea n return Microsoft: 8.0%; Lotus: 7.4%b. If you use the formula for the sta ndard deviati on based on a sample of size n:You find that the standard deviations are: MSFT: 10.94%; Lotus: 8.357%.However, if you use the formula for the population standard deviation:You find that the standard deviations are: MSFT 12.23% and LOTS 9.34%.c. Range of returns within 1 standard deviation Microsoft: -2.94% to +18.94% Range of returns within 1 standarddeviation Lotus: -0.957% to + 15.76% Range of returns within 2 standard deviations Microsoft: -13.88% to+29.88% Range of returns within 1 standard deviation Lotus: -9.31% to + 24.11%。

《金融学（第二版）》讲义大纲及课后习题答案详解十三章

《⾦融学（第⼆版）》讲义⼤纲及课后习题答案详解⼗三章CHAPTER 13THE CAPITAL ASSET PRICING MODELObjectivesExplain the theory behind the CAPM.Explain how to use the CAPM to establish benchmarks for measuring the performance of investment portfolios. Explain how to infer from the CAPM the correct risk-adjusted discount rate to use in discounted-cash-flow valuation models. Explain the APT and its relationship to the CAPM.Outline13.1 The Capital Asset Pricing Model in Brief13.2 Determinants of the Risk Premium on the Market Portfolio13.3 Beta and Risk Premiums on Individual Securities13.4 Using the CAPM in Portfolio Selection13.5 Valuation and Regulating Rates of Return13.6 Extensions, Modifications, and Alternatives to the CAPMSummaryThe CAPM has three main implications:In equilibrium, ev eryone’s relative holding of risky assets are the same as in the market portfolio.The size of the risk-premium of the market portfolio is determined by the risk-aversion of investors.The risk premium on any asset is equal to its beta times the risk premium on the market portfolio.Whether or not the CAPM is strictly true, it provides a rationale for a very simple passive portfolio strategy: Diversify your holdings of risky assets in the proportions of the market portfolio, andMix this portfolio with the risk-free asset to achieve a desired risk-reward combination.The CAPM is used in portfolio management primarily in two ways:To establish a logical and convenient starting point in asset allocation and security selectionTo establish a benchmark for evaluating portfolio management ability on a risk-adjusted basis.In corporate finance the CAPM is used to determine the appropriate risk-adjusted discount rate in valuation models of the firm and in capital budgeting decisions. The CAPM is also used to establish a “fair” rate of return on invested capital for regulated firms and in cost-plus pricing.Today few financial scholars consider the CAPM in its simplest form to be an accurate model for explaining or predicting risk premiums on risky assets. However, modified versions of the model are still a central feature of the theory and practice of finance.The APT gives a rationale for the expected return-beta relationship that relies on the condition that there be no arbitrage profit opportunities; the CAPM requires that investors be portfolio optimizers. The APT and CAPM are not incompatible; rather, they complement each other.Solutions to Problems at End of ChapterComposition of the Market Portfolio1. Capital markets in Flatland exhibit trade in four securities, the stocks X, Y and Z, and a risklessgovernment security. Evaluated at current prices in US dollars, the total market values of these assets are, respectively, $24 billion, $36 billion, $24 billion and $16 billion.a. Determine the relative proportions of each asset in the market portfolio.b. If one trader with a $100,000 portfolio holds $40,000 in the riskless security, $15,000 in X, $12,000 in Y, and$33,000 in Z, determine the holdings of the three risky assets of a second trader who invests $20, 000 of a $200, 000 portfolio in the riskless security.SOLUTION:The total value of all assets in the economy is 100 billion dollars. a. The proportions of each asset relative to the value of all assets are, respectively, .24 (X), .36 (Y),b. .24 (Z) and .16 (riskless bond.) The proportions of each risky asset to the total value of all risky assets are, respectively, (2/7) (X), (3/7) (Y) and (2/7) (Z).c. . Ignore the question as it appears in the First Edition of the textbook. Instead, the question should be: If aninvestor has $100,000 with $30,000 invested in the riskless asset, how much is invested in securities X, Y, and Z? The answer to this question is $20,000 in X and Z, and $30,000 in Y.Implications of CAPM2. The riskless rate of interest is .06 per year, and the expected rate of return on the market portfolio is .15 per year.a. According to the CAPM , what is the efficient way for an investor to achieve an expected rate of returnof .10 per year?b. If the standard deviation of the rate of return on the market portfolio is .20, what is the standarddeviation on the above portfolio?c. Draw the CML and locate the foregoing portfolio on the same graph.d. Draw the SML and locate the foregoing portfolio on the same graph.e. Estimate the value of a stock with an expected dividend per share of $5 this coming year, an expecteddividend growth rate of 4% per year forever, and a beta of .8. If its market price is less than the value you have estimated, i.e., if it is under-priced, what is true of its mean rate of return?SOLUTION: a.So one would hold a portfolio that is 4/9 invested in the market portfolio and 5/9 in the riskless asset. b.c. The formula for the CML is9415.)1(06.10.)()1()(=+-=?+-?=x xx x r E x r r E M f 08889.)20(.94==?=M x σσσσσ45.06.)()(+=-+=MfM f r r E r r Ed. The formula for the SML ise. Use constant growth rate DDM and find r using the SML relationIf the market price of the stock is less than this, then its expected return is higher than the 13.2% required rate.()ββ09.06.)()(+=-+=f M f r r E r r E 35.54$04.132.504.510=-=-=-=r g r D P 132.8.09.06.09.06.=?+=+=βr3. If the CAPM is valid, which of the following situations is possible? Explain. Consider each situation independently. a.PortfolioExpected ReturnBeta A 0.20 1.4B 0.25 1.2b.PortfolioExpected ReturnStandard DeviationA 0.300.35B 0.400.25c.Portfolio Expected ReturnStandard DeviationRisk-free 0.100Market 0.180.24A 0.160.12d.Portfolio Expected ReturnStandard DeviationRisk-free 0.100Market 0.180.24A0.200.22SOLUTION:a. Impossible. Since the risk premium on the market portfolio is positive, a security with a higher beta must have ahigher expected return.b. Possible. Since portfolios A & B are not necessarily efficient, A can have a higher standard deviation and alower expected return than B.c. Impossible. Portfolio A lies above the CML, implying that the CML is not efficient. If the standard deviation ofA is .12, then according to the CML its expected return cannot be greater than .14.d. Impossible. Portfolio A has a lower standard deviation and a higher mean return than the market portfolio,implying that the market portfolio is not efficient.4. If the Treasury bill rate is currently 4% and the expected return to the market portfolio over the same period is 12%, determine the risk premium on the market. If the standard deviation of the return on the market is .20, what is the equation of the Capital Market Line?SOLUTION: The risk premium on the market portfolio is .08. The slope of the CML is .08/.2 = .4. Thus, the equation of the CML is:Determinants of the Market Risk Premium5. Consider an economy in which the expected return on the market portfolio over a particular period is .25, the standard deviation of the return to the market portfolio over this same period is .25, and the averagedegree of risk aversion among traders is 3. If the government wishes to issue risk-free zero-coupon bonds with a term to maturity of one period and a face value per bond of $100,000, how much can the government expect to receive per bond? []σσσ4.04.)()(+=++=MfMf r rE r r ESOLUTION:According to the CAPM, E(r M) - r f = Aσ2, so that r f = E(r M) - Aσ2.Substituting into this formula we find: r f = .25 – 3 x .252 = .0625Therefore the revenue raised by the government per bond issued is $100,000 = $94,117.651.06256. . Norma Swanson has invested 40% of her wealth in MGM stock and 60% in Industrial Light and Magic stock. Norma believes the returns to these stocks have a correlation of .06 and that their respective means and standard deviations are: MGM ILMExpected Return (%) 10 15Standard Deviation (%) 15 25a.Determine the expected value and standard deviation of the return on Norma’s portfolio.b.Would a risk-averse investor such as Norma prefer a portfolio composed entirely of only MGM stock? Ofonly ILM stock? Why or why not?SOLUTION:a.The expected return is .13, and the standard deviation is .1649.b. A risk averse investor will not want to hold a portfolio composed entirely of MGM or of ILM stock, becauseone can, in general, achieve the same expected return with a lower standard deviation by combining a portfolio of MGM and ILM with the risk-free asset.7. Consider a portfolio exhibiting an expected return of 20% in an economy in which the riskless interest rate is 8%, the expected return to the market portfolio is thirteen percent, and the standard deviation of the return to the market portfolio is .25. Assuming this portfolio is efficient, determine:a.its beta.b.the standard deviation of its return.c.its correlation with the market return.SOLUTION:/doc/ad5801fd700abb68a982fb59.html e the security market line to infer that the beta of this portfolio is 2.4:.20 = .08 + β(.13 - .08)β = (.20 - .08)/(.13 - .08) = .12/.05 = 2.4/doc/ad5801fd700abb68a982fb59.html e the capital market line to infer that the standard deviation of the yield to this portfolio is .6:.20 = .08+ (.13 - .08) σ = .08+ .2 σ.25σ = .12/.2 = .6c.By definition the following relationships hold:β = cov/σ2Mρ = covσiσMwhere ρ denotes the correlation coefficient. We know that β = 2.4, σM = .25, and σi = .6.So from the definition of β, we get that the cov is 2.4 x .252 = .15. Substituting this into the definition of ρ: ρ = cov = .15 __ = 1σiσM .6 x .25Application of CAPM to Corporate Finance8. . The Suzuki Motor Company is contemplating issuing stock to finance investment in producing a new sports-utility vehicle, the Seppuku. Financial analysts within Suzuki forecast that this investment will have precisely the same risk as the market portfolio, where the annual return to the market portfolio is expected to be 15% and the current risk-free interest rate is 5%. The analysts further believe that the expected return to the Seppuku project will be 20% annually. Derive the maximal beta value that would induce Suzuki to issue the stock.SOLUTION:The project would be on the borderline if its required return were 20% per year. Since the risk-free rate is 5% and the risk premium on the market portfolio is 10%, the required return would be 20% if the beta were 1.5.9. . Roobel and Associates, a firm of financial analysts specializing in Russian financial markets, forecasts that the stock of the Yablonsky Toy Company will be worth 1,000 roubles per share one year from today. If the riskless interest rate on Russian government securities is 10% and the expected return to the market portfolio is 18% determine how much you would pay for a share of Yablonsky stock today if:a.the beta of Yablonsky is 3.b.the beta of Yablonsky is 0.5.SOLUTION:Use the security market line in each case to determine a required rate of return, then infer the current price from the forecasted price of 1,000 roubles and the required rate of return you have determined.a.If beta is 3, the required return is .10+ 3x.08 = .34. You would pay 1,000/1.34 = 746.27 roubles;b.If beta is .5, the required return is .10+ .5x.08 = .14. You would pay 1,000/1.14 = 877.19 roubles.Application of CAPM to Portfolio Management10. Suppose that the stock of the new cologne manufacturer, Eau de Rodman, Inc., has been forecast to havea return with standard deviation .30 and a correlation with the market portfolio of .9. If the standard deviation of the yield on the market is .20, determine the relative holdings of the market portfolio and Eau de Rodman stock to form a portfolio with a beta of 1.8.SOLUTION: By definition:β = cov/σ2Mρ = covσrσMTherefore, β = ρσr/σM. The beta of Rodman stock is therefore .9x.3/.2 = 1.35.The beta of a portfolio is a weighted average of the betas of the component securities. Let A be a fraction of the portfolio invested in Rodman stock to produce a beta of 1.8. Then we have:1.35A + (1-A) = 1.8.35A = .8A = 2.286So the portfolio would have to have 228.6% invested in Rodman stock and a short position in the market portfolio equal to 128.6%.11. The current price of a share of stock in the Vo Giap Clothing Company of Vietnam is 50 dong and its expected yield over the year is 14%. The market risk premium in Vietnam is 8% and the riskless interest rate 6%. What would happen to the stock’s current price if its expected future payout remains co nstant while the covariance of its rate of return with the market portfolio falls by 50%?SOLUTION:Deduce that the expected future price of a share of Vo Giap is 57 dong, so that a reduction in this stock’s beta of 50% implies, by the security market relation, that the required yield on Vo Giap is now 10%, so that its current share price rises by 3.64% toa new value of 51.82 dong.12. Suppose that you believe that the price of a share of IBM stock a year from today will be equal to the sumof the price of a share of General Motors stock plus the price of a share of Exxon, and further you believethat the price of a share of IBM stock in one year will be $100 whereas the price of a share of General Motors today is $30. If the annualized yield on 91-day T-bills (the riskless rate you use) is 5%, the expected yield on the market is 15%, the variance of the market portfolio is 1, and the beta of IBM is 2, what price would you be willing to pay for one share of Exxon stock today?SOLUTION:Expected return = .05 + 2(.15 - .05) = 25%; (100 - x)/x = .25 → x = $80Deduce that the current price of a share of IBM stock is $80, so that the upper bound on the price of a share of Exxon is ($80 -$30 = $50).13. Ascertain whether the following quotation is true or false, and state why:“When arbitrage is absent from financial markets, and investors are each concerned with only the risk and return to their portfolios, then each investor can eliminate all the riskiness of his investments through diversification, and as a consequence the expected yield on each available asset will depend only on the covariance of its yield with the covariance of the yield on the diversified portfolio of risky assets each investor holds.”SOLUTION:False. You cannot eliminate all risk through diversification, only the unsystematic risk.Application of CAPM to Measuring Portfolio Performance14. During the most recent 5-year period, the Pizzaro mutual fund earned an average annualized rate of return of 12% and had an annualized standard deviation of 30%. The average risk-free rate was 5% per year. The average rate of return in the market index over that same period was 10% per year and the standard deviation was 20%. How well did Pizzaro perform on a risk-adjusted basis?SOLUTION:Compute the ratio of average excess return to standard deviation for Pizzaro and compare it to that of the market portfolio: Pizzaro risk-adjusted performance ratio = (.12-.05)/.30 = .233Market portfolio risk-adjusted performance ratio = (.1-.05)/.2 = .250So, on a risk-adjusted basis, Pizzaro did worse than the market index.Challenge ProblemCAPM with only 2 Risky Assets15. There are only two risky assets in the economy: stocks and real estate and their relative supplies are 50% stocks and 50% real estate. Thus, the market portfolio will be half stocks and half real estate. The standard deviations are .20 for stocks, .20 for real estate, and the correlation between them is 0. The coefficient of relative risk aversion of the average market participant (A) is 3. r f is .08 per year.a.According to the CAPM what must be the equilibrium risk premium on the market portfolio, on stocks,and on real estate?b.Draw the Capital Market Line. What is its slope? Where is the point representing stocks located relativeto the CML?c.Draw the SML. What is its formula? Where is the point representing stocks located relative to the SML? SOLUTION: a.The market portfolio consists of half stocks and half real estate. It has a standard deviation of .1414, computedas follows:σ2M = w2σ2s + (1-w)2σ2r+ 2 w(1-w) cov s,rσ2M = 2 x (1/2)2 .22 = .02σM = .1414The equilibrium risk premium on the market portfolio is E(r M)-r f = Aσ2M = 3x.02 = .06.The market portfolio’s expected rate of return is also a weighted average of the expected rates of return on stocks and real estate, where the weights are each 1/2. Stocks and real estate must have the same risk premiumbecause they have the same standard deviation and correlation with the market. Therefore the risk premium on stocks and real estate must be .06, the same as the market portfolio’s risk premium.b.The slope of the CML is .06/.1414 = .424. The point representing stocks is M, it is to the right of the CML.equaling to 1.The formula is: E(r) = r f + (E(r M) –r f).。

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2.货币购买力与价格的关系：货币购买力指数与价格指数成反相关，与货币价值成相关货币购买力指数=1／物价指数3.（多选择）货币制度的基本内容：1规定货币材料 2 规定货币单位 3 规定流通中的货币种类 4 规定货币的偿还支付能力 5 规定货币铸造或发行的流通程序 6 规定货币的发行准备制度和对外关系4.（选择）人民币制度的特点：1人民币是大陆法定货币，有无限法偿能力 2 人民币不兑换信用货币 3 人民币是大陆为诶一合法的货币 4 是一种管理货币5.支票存款的特点（支票存款不具有无限法偿力）：1 不易丢失或被窃 2 方便大额交易和远距离交易，可节约流通费用 3 可按所需签发，免去找零，清点的麻烦 4 有银行信用支持，可在一定范围内背书转让，不具有无限法偿力6..信用的本质和特征：本质为债权债务关系特征 1 价值的单方面让渡，双方构成的债权债务关系而非等价交换关系 2 以还本付息为条件，贷者并没有放弃所有权，利息是与使用权等价的 3 信用是价值运动的特殊形式7.（解答）信用在国民经济中的作用：1积极作用①助于广泛筹集资金，支持规模经济②利于提高资金使用效率，如提高资金储蓄，投资，交换效率③可调节需求总量和结构，进而调节宏观经济的运行 2 消极作用主要表现为出现信用风险和经济泡沫8.（解答）简述银行信用的特点 1 是以银行为中介的间接信用 2 是以货币形态提供的信用 3 提供的是社会各部门的闲置货币 4 具有相对灵活性 5 在产业周期的各阶段上，银行信用的动态与产业资本动态不一样9.国家信用的作用 1 解决财政困难的好途径，如税收，贷款，发行国债等 2 可筹集大量资金，改善投资环境，创造投机机会 3 可成为国家宏观调控的重要手段10.（简答）简述股份经济具有的信用经济特征：1 股票小额化合股权分散化趋势，出资人负有限责任，使小额资金借贷市场极大拓展。

2 股票商品化，价格市场化趋势，使短期资金借贷市场极大拓展。

3 股票债券化，债券股票化趋势，使投资准则与借贷准则融合。

4股票有回流趋势，使所有者对经营者的委托经营具有信托特征。

11.汇票与本票的主要区别本票是指由债务人签发承诺的在一定内，无条件支付一定款项给债权人，不需要承兑汇票是指债权人要求债务人支付款项给收款人的支付命令书，需债权人承兑12.利率对风险补偿包括的项目（P60，5个）需要予以补偿的通货膨胀风险，违约风险，流动性风险，偿还期限风险，政策性风险13.（简答）简述利率发挥作用的条件：1市场化的利率决定机制 2 灵活的利率联动机制 3 适当的利率水平 4 合理的利率结构14.较好的期限结构理论（优先聚集地理论）：能较好的解释为什么长期利率通常高于短期利率，也解释为什么不同期限的证券利率会同向波动，它是最流的利率期限结构理论。

15.我国规定的外汇范围：外国钞票，外国铸币，外币有价证券，外币支付凭证，特别提款权16.（简答）简述金融市场的功能(1)聚集资金的功能。

金融市场聚集资金有两种途径：一是将分散沉淀于居民手中的消费性货币聚集起来转化为生产性货币，为经济发展提供资金来源；二是把分散、闲置于各企业的不能形成投资规模的小额生产资金聚集起来，形成具有一定投资能力的巨额资金，促进经济发展。

(2)促进资金有效分配的功能。

金融市场通过严格监管、规范运作，提供相对充分的信息，有利于及时发现公正的市场价格，在竞争的基础上能把资金配置给效率好的企业和经营能力强的经理层，同时淘汰那些劣质企业和能力差的经营者，从而促进社会资金的有效利用。

(3)促进有效投资的功能。

不同的投资者暂时闲置的资金性质不同，投资需求是完全不同的。

金融市场多种商品和投资形式，使投资者有了更多的选择余地，能满足不同的投资需求，以便控制风险，获取相应的收益。

(4)宏观调控的功能。

金融市场是国家宏观间接调控的基本工具，国家的宏观金融政策，通过中央银行传导到金融市场，引起货币流量和流向的变动，作用于各产业部门，从而导致国民经济局部或整体变动，达到宏观调控的目的。

17.按融资期限的分类，简述货币市场与资本市场的区别：货币市场是值期限小于等于1年的短期资金交易市场资本市场是指期限大于等于1年的长期资金交易市场区别①目的：货—解决短期资金周转需要；资—解决长期投资性资金需要②特点：货—流动性强，风险小，收益低，有准货币特点，融资期限短；资—融资期限长，流动性弱，风险大，收益高③构成：货—同业拆解，回购协议，可转让大额定期存单；资—证券市场，中长期贷款市场，狭义资本市场仅指证券市场④性质：货—债权交易，主要有无形市场；资—既有债权交易又有产权交易，主要是有形市场18.货币市场的主要交易对象：国库券，商业票据，银行承兑汇票，可转让定期存单，回购协议等短期信用工具。

19.同业拆借的含义：同业拆借是指金融机构(主要是商业银行)之间为了调剂资金余缺，利用资金融通过程的时间差、空间差、行际差来调剂资金而进行的短期借贷。

20.三种普通国债的特点：A 储蓄式国债：①针对个人投资者，不向机构投资者发行;②采用实名制，不可流通转让;③采用电子方式记录债权;④收益安全稳定，由财政部负责还本付息，免缴利息税;⑤鼓励持有到期;⑥手续简化;⑦付息方式较为多样。

B 记账式国债 a 记账式国债以电脑方式记录债权，通过无纸化方式发行和交易；b 记账式国债主要面向机构投资者发行；c 记账式国债可以记名、挂失，可以上市流通；d 记账式国债自发行之日起计息，每年付息一次；e 记账式国债的利率由国债承销团成员投标确定；f 购买记账式国债须开设账户，可以通过证券公司在证券交易所开设账户，也可在银行开设国债托管账户；g 记账式国债的交易可以通过银行柜台，也可通过证券交易所进行C凭证式国债21.简述创业板市场的特点：1上市条件较低，大多企业经营时间较短。

2 抗风险能力较弱，市场风险较高。

3 比主板市场制度更为严格，上市公司终止交易后实行直接退市制度。

4 参与主体为主要寻求高收益，能承担高风险的机构投资者。

22.金融市场投资风险管理的主要手段：1风险转移。

如套期保值，保险，分散投资。

2 风险控制3 风险留存4 风险规避23.投资银行的含义、资金来源、本源业务：含义：是主要从事证券发行、承销、交易、企业重组、兼并与收购、投资分析、风险投资、项目融资等业务的非银行金融机构，是资本市场上的主要金融中介。

资金来源：发行股票和债券。

本源业务：证券承销24.（简答）简述开放式基金与封闭式基金的主要区别：1存续期不同。

封闭式为5年以上，10至15年；开放式没有固定续期。

2 规模可变不同。

规模固定，在封闭期内，未经法定程序认可，不能增减；规模不固定，随投资者的够或赎回发生变化。

3 买卖途径不同。

前者不能赎回，只能在二级市场买卖；后者可随时申购或赎回。

4 交易价格不同。

前者由市场供求关系决定；后者由基金单位净值决定。

5 投资策略不同。

前者不可赎回，无需提取准备金，能充分运用资金，进行长期投资，取得长期经营绩效；后者必须保留部分现金以便投资者赎回，进行长期投资会受到一定限制。

6 信息披露不同。

前者不必按日公布单位资产净值。

后者要求每个开放日公布单位资产净值。

25.对冲基金的性质(P94)：是专为追求高投资收益的投资人设计的基金。

其最大的特点是广泛运用期权，期货等金融衍生工具，在股票市场，债券市场和外汇市场上进行投机活动，风险极高。

26.投资基金反映委托代理关系(P92)：基金的投资人不参与基金的管理和操作，只定期取得投资收益。

基金管理人根据投资人的委托进行投资运作，收取管理费用。

27.开放式与封闭式分类28.商业银行的负债、资产、中间及表外业务的分类及识别：（148）29.（简答）简述资产证券化对商业银行体系的积极意义：①可降低商业银行的经营成本。

减少所需银行存款储蓄费用，存款保险费用，股市费用等。

②能提高商业银行资产流动性。

将缺乏流动性资产转化为可流动性证券，这样不仅创造了新资本来源，还有利于银行随时调整资金组合，将资金运用于更具吸引力的投资工具中，获取更多收益。

③能从外部信用增级强化商业银行的风险管理，转移，分散信用风险。

④通过资产“真实出售”将不良资产从资产负债表中剥离，降低风险资产，提高银行资本充足率，增强银行信用。

30.（简答）试述商业银行经营的基本原则及其相互关系（161）：原则：①安全性：值银行具有控制风险，弥补损失，保证银行稳健经营的能力。

②流动性：值银行具有随时以适当的方式取得可用资金，随时满足客户的提取存=存款和必要的贷款要求能力，包括负债的流动性和资产的流动性。

③盈利性：值银行在稳健经营的前提下，力求获取利润最大化，提高盈利能力。

相互关系：即统一又矛盾的关系，安全性和流动性成正相关，流动性较强的资产，风险小较小，安全有保障。

他们与盈利性成反比，流动性强，安全性好，盈利率一般较低，因此商业银行经营方针在三者之间寻找最佳平衡与协调，在保证前两方面的前提下，盈利是商业银行的最终目标。

31.商业银行资产管理理论研究的重点32.巴塞尔协议对银行资本的规定:1 关于资本的组成。

把银行资本划分为核心资本和附属资本两档：第一档核心资本包括股本和公开准备金，这部分至少占全部资本的百分之50,；第二档包括未公开的准备金，资产重估准备金，普通准备金或呆账准备金。

2 关于风险加权的计算。

协议定出对资产负债表上的各种资产和各项表外科目的风险度量标准，并将资本与加权计算出来的风险挂钩，以评估银行资本所应具有的适当规模。

3 关于标准比率的目标。

协议要求银行经过5年过渡期逐步建立和调整所需的基本基础。

33.贷款的五级分类（后三级为不良贷款）（P158）1正常类。

借款人能够旅行合同，有充分把握按时足额还本付息。

2 关注类。

尽管借款人目前有能力偿还贷款本息，但是存在一些可能对偿还产生不利影响的因素。

3 次级类。

借款人的还款能力出现了明显的问题，依靠其正常经营收入已无法保证足额偿还本息。

4 可疑类。

借款人无法足额偿还本息，即使执行抵押或担保的合同约定，也肯定要造成一部分损失。

5 损失类。

在采取所有可能的措施和一切必要的法律程序之后，本息仍然无法收回，或只能收回极少部分。