物业系统外文翻译
物业管理系统外文翻译
外文翻译毕业设计题目：基于的物业管理系统开发原文1： 2.0 Web Pagesand Web Controls译文1： 2.0 网页和Web控件原文2：The Role of Global.asax File 译文2：Global.asax文件的作用原文1 2.0 Web Pages and Web Controls U ntil now, all of the example applications in this text have focused on console-based and Windows Forms front ends. In this chapter and the next, you’ll explore how the .NET platform facilitates the construction of browser-based presentation layers. To begin, you’ll quickly review a number of key web-centric concepts (HTTP, HTML, client-side, and server-side script) and the role of the web server (including the development server, WebDev.WebServer.exe).With this web primer out of the way, the remainder of this chapter concentrates on the composition of (including the enhanced code-behind model) and how to work with web controls. As you will see, 2.0 provides a number of new web controls, a new “master page”model, and various customization techniques.The Role of HTTPWeb applications are very different animals from traditional desktop applications (to say the least).The first obvious difference is that a production-level web application will always involve at least two networked machines (of course, during development it is entirely possible to have a single machine play the role of both client and server). Given this fact, the machines in question must agree upon a particular wire protocol to determine how to send and receive data. The wire protocol that connects the computers in question is the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP).When a client machine launches a web browser (such as Netscape Navigator, Mozilla Firefox,or Microsoft Internet Explorer), an HTTP request is made to access a particular resource (such as an *.aspx or *.htm file) on the remote server machine. HTTP is a text-based protocol that is built upon a standard request/response paradigm. For example, if you navigate to www. , the browser software leverages a web technology termed Domain Name Service (DNS) that converts the registered URL into a four-part, 32-bit numerical value (aka an IP address). At this point, the browser opens a socket connection (typically via port 80) and sends the HTTP request for the default page at the website.Once the hosting web server receives the incoming HTTP request, the specified resource may contain logic that scrapes out any client-supplied input values (such as values within a text box) in order to format a proper HTTP response. Web programmers may leverage any number of technologies (CGI, ASP, , Java servlets, etc.) to dynamically generate the content to be emitted into theHTTP response. At this point, the client-side browser renders the HTML emitted from the web server.Another aspect of web development that is markedly different from traditional desktop programming is the fact that HTTP is an essentially stateless wire protocol. As soon as the web server emits a response to the client, everything about the previous interaction is forgotten. Therefore, as a web developer, it is up to you take specific steps to “remember” information (such as items in a shopping cart) about the clients who are currently logged on to your site. As you will see in the next chapter, provides numerous ways to handle state, many of which are commonplace to any web platform (session variables, cookies, and application variables) as well as some new techniques (view state, control state, and the cache).Understanding Web Applications and Web ServersA web application can be understood as a collection of files (*.htm, *.asp, *.aspx, image files, etc.) and related components (such as a .NET code library) stored within a particular set of directories on a given web server. As shown in Chapter 24, web applications have a specific life cycle and provide numerous events (such as initial startup or final shutdown) that you can hook into.A web server is a software product in charge of hosting your web applications, and it typically provides a number of related services such as integrated security, File Transfer Protocol (FTP) support, mail exchange services, a nd so forth. Internet Information Server (IIS) is Microsoft’s enterprise-level web server product, and as you would guess, it has intrinsic support for classic ASP as well as web applications.When you build web applications, you will often need to interact with IIS. Be aware, however, that IIS is not automatically selected when you install the Windows Server 2003 or Windows XP Professional Edition (you can’t install IIS on the Home editions of Windows). Therefore, depending on the configuration of your development machine, you may be required to manually install IIS before proceeding through this chapter. To do so, simply access the Add/Remove Program applet from the Control Panel folder and select Add/Remove Windows Components.Working with IIS Virtual DirectoriesA single IIS installation is able to host numerous web applications, each of which resides in a virtual directory. Each virtual directory is mapped to a physical directory on the local hard drive. Therefore,if you create a new virtual directory named CarsRUs, the outside world can navigate to this site using a URL such as (assuming your site’s IP address has been registeredwith the world at large). Under the hood, the virtual directory maps to a physical root directory such as C:\inetpub\wwwroot\AspNetCarsSite, which contains the content of the web application.When you create web applications using Visual Studio 2005, you have the option of generating a new virtual directory for the current website. However, you are also able to manually create a virtual directory by hand. For the sake of illustration, assume you wish to create a simple web application named Cars. The first step is to create a new folder on your machine to hold the collection of files that constitute this new site (e.g., C:\CodeTests\CarsWebSite).Next, you need to create a new virtual directory to host the Cars site. Simply right-click the Default Web Site node of IIS and select New ➤Virtual Directory from the context menu. This menu selection launches an integrated wizard. Skip past the welcome screen and give your website a name (Cars). Next, you are asked to specify the physical folder on your hard drive that contains the various files and images that represent this site (in this case, C:\CodeTests\CarsWebSite).The final step of the wizard prompts you for some basic traits about your new virtual directory (such as read/write access to the files it contains, the ability to view these files from a web browser, the ability to launch executables [e.g., CGI applications], etc.). For this example, the default selections are just fine (be aware that you can always modify your selections after running this tool using variousright-click Property dialog boxes integrated within IIS).译文1作者：迪诺·弗雷国籍：美国出处： 2.0 and Data-Bound Controls 2.0网页和Web控件到现在为止，本书的示例应用程序主要集中在控制台和基于Windows窗体前端。
2024年物业管理系统优化方案英文版
2024年物业管理系统优化方案英文版Property Management System Optimization Plan for 2024In order to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the property management system in 2024, several key strategies and initiatives will be implemented. These include upgrading the software to a more advanced platform, streamlining communication processes, implementing automated maintenance scheduling, and enhancing security measures.Software UpgradeThe current property management software will be upgraded to a more advanced platform that offers better functionality and user experience. This will allow for easier access to information, improved data management, and enhanced reporting capabilities.Streamlined CommunicationCommunication processes within the property management system will be streamlined to ensure that all stakeholders are kept informed and up-to-date on relevant information. This will involve implementing a centralized communication hub where residents, property managers, and maintenance staff can easily share and access information.Automated Maintenance SchedulingA key aspect of the optimization plan is the implementation of automated maintenance scheduling. This will allow for more efficient planning and execution of maintenance tasks, reducing downtime and improving overall property maintenance.Enhanced Security MeasuresTo ensure the security of the property management system, enhanced security measures will be put in place. This may include implementing two-factor authentication, regular security audits, and data encryption to protect sensitive information.Overall, the 2024 Property Management System Optimization Plan aims to improve efficiency, communication, maintenance scheduling,and security within the property management system. By implementing these key strategies and initiatives, the property management system will be better equipped to meet the needs of stakeholders and ensure smooth operations.。
外文翻译---物业管理信息系统
标题：物业管理信息系统资料来源: 《物业管理信息系统》作者：拉斯Basiura, 迈克Batongbacal 物业管理信息系统按照物业管理的类型和范畴主要分为两大类型：住宅小区物业管理信息系统和非住宅物业管理信息系统。
小区物业管理信息系统是围绕物业管理企业的内部管理与小区的功能管理这两方得需求进行设计的。
系统具有人力资源管理、房产管理、财务管理、设备管理、客户服务与业主投诉、数据维护和系统安全等功能模块，提供全方位的数据存储、计算、查询、统计、汇总、输出等日常处理，不但能管理文本数据，还可以管理大量的图片资料，操作简便，业务流程规范，对具有不同特色的物业管理小区有着广泛的适应性。
住宅小区管理房产管理：针对物业管理企业所属的一切房产，对房产信息进行集中管理。
包括：详细描述记录小区、楼盘、业主单元的位置、物业类型、房屋结构、房号、户型等信息。
客户管理：帮助物业管理企业建立起完整的客户档案，对物业管理企业所管房屋的业主进行管理。
可详细记录业主的姓名、身份证号等描述信息。
财务管理：主要包括水电费标准的建立，水电气费用台账、综合费用台账、物业管理费用台账等管理。
设备管理：对小区内所有公用设备、设施及固定资产从其采购到更换，对其位置、数量、价格、维修、保养进行全面的管理。
车辆管理：对小区内的车辆进行管理，主要包括管理客户的车辆档案及车辆事件，了解与业主相关的附属信息，为业主提供更周全的服务。
物业管理企业的内部管理物业管理企业的内部管理一般包括企业办公自动化、领导综合查询、财务计划与预算、人力资源管理、物资采购、外协单位管理、文件合同管理、企业知识管理功能。
办公自动化：包括电子邮件、公告通知、工作流审批、新闻管理、会议申请与安排、BBS等功能，支持在集团、分公司、管理处多层面上的直接沟通，强化管理力度、实现扁平化管理。
领导综合查询：专门供公司领导查询各区域公司、各管理处、各项业务的处理状况和所有管理处的综合统计数据，方便管理人员分析问题。
小区物业管理系统毕业设计(论文)开题报告和英文翻译
指导文件5：毕业设计（论文）开题报告计算机科学与信息工程系（院）届题目（中文）小区物业管理系统（英文）Community Property Management System课题类型课题来源自选学生姓名专业班级指导教师职称填写日期：年月日说明：1、该表每生一份，系（院）妥善存档；2、课题来源填：“自选”或“教师指定”或“其它”，课题类型填：“理论研究”或“应用研究”或“技术开发”或“实验设计”或“其它”。
附件：毕业设计（论文）外文参考文献翻译系（院）届题目（中文）小区物业管理系统（英文）Community Property Management System学生姓名专业班完成日期：年月日目录Spatial data management has been an activearea of research in the database field for two decades，with much of the research being focused on develop-ing data structures for storing and indexing spatialdata. However, no commercial database system pro-vides facilities for directly defining and storing spa-tial data, and forniulating queries based on researchconditions on spatial data. We believe the followingare the relevant issues on which near-term researchshould be focused (in the order of decreasing impor-tance and urgency)．First, relational query optimization techniquesneed to be extended to deal with spatial queries，thatis，queries that contain search conditions on spatialpredicates to be developed.Second, more work needs to be done on experi-mental validation of the relative performance of someof the more promising data structures and indexingstructures proposed thus far, with consideration of amuch broader set of operations than just a few opera-tions that have typically been used in the limited per-formance studies conducted thus far.Third, it is difficult to build into a single data-base system multiple data structures for spatial index-ing, and all spatial operators that are useful for awide variety of spatial applications，as such, it isdesirable to build a database system so that it will beas easy as possible to extend the system with addi-tional data structures and spatial operators．If the DBMS provides a way to interactively and update the database, as well as interrogate it capability allows for managing personal data-Aces however, it does not automatically leave an audit trail of actions and does not provide the kinds of controla necessary in a multiuser organization. These-controls are only available when a set of application programs are customized for each data entry and updating function.Software for personal computers which perform me of the DBMS functions have been very popular arsenal computers were intended for use by individuals for personal information storage and process- These machines have also been used extensively small enterprises, professionals like doctors, acrylics, engineers, lawyers and so on ．By the nature of. intended usage, database systems on these machines except from several of the requirements of full doge database systems．Since data sharing is not：Tended, concurrent operations even less so, the) fewer can be less complex. Security and integrity7aintenance are de-emphasized or absent. As data-) limes will be small, performance efficiency Is also important. In fact, the only aspect of a database system that is Important 'is data Independence. Data-.dependence, as stated earlier. Means that applicant programs and user queries need not recognizant…physical organization of data on secondary storage. The importance of this aspect, particularly for the personal computer user, is that this greatly simplifies database usage. The user can store, access and manipulate data at a high level (close to the application) and be totally shielded from the low level (close to the machine) details of data organization. We will not discuss details of specific PC DBMS software packages here．Let us summarize in the following the strengths and weaknesses of personal computer data-base software systems：The most obvious positive factor is the user friendliness of the software. A user with no prior computer background would be able to use the system to store personal and professional data, retrieve and perform relayed processing. The user should, of course, satiety himself about the quality of software and the freedom from errors (bugs) so that invest-merits in data arc protected.For the programmer implementing applications with them, the advantage lies in the support for applications development in terms of input screen generations, output report generation etc．offered bytheses stems．The main negative point concerns absence of data protection features．Unless encrypted, data cane accessed by whoever has access to the machine Data can be destroyed through mistakes or maliciousintent. The second weakness of manv of the PC-basedsystems is that of performance. If data volumes growup to a few thousands of records，performance couldbe a bottleneck．For organization where growth in data volumesis expected, availability of, the same or compatiblesoftware on large machines should be considered.This is one of the most common misconceptionsabout database management systems that are used inpersonal computers．Thoroughly comprehensive andsophisticated business systems can be developed indBASh, Paradox and other DBMSs．However, theyare created by experienced programmers using theDBMS's own programming language. That is not thesame as users who create and manage personal filesthat are not part of the mainstream company system．Data security prevents unauthorized users from viewing or updating the database．Using passwords, the database, called subschema(pronounced "sub-scheme")，For example, an employee database can contain all the data about an individual employee, but one group of users may be authorized to view only payroll data, while others are allowed access to only work history and medical data.The DBMS can maintain the integrity of the database by not allowing more than one user to up-date the same record at the same time, The DBMS can keep duplicate records out of the database, for example, no two customers with the same customer numbers (Key fields) can be entered into the Data-Base.When a DBMS is used, the detailed knowledge of the physical organization of the data does not have to be built into every application program. The application program asks the DBMS for data by field pine, for example, I coded representation of "give customer name and balance due" would be sent to he DBMS．Without a DBMS, the programmer must secrecy space for the full structure of the in the program, Any change in data structure requires￡hangs in all the applications programs．The multiple-database model is represented by proposals for shared and private database architect rues, checkout and checking of data to and from shared and private databases．Each user may populates/her private database with data checked out of the shared database, perform updates against the data. and check them back into the shared Database.The multiple-database model can be used to work around" the conflict situations inherent in long lunation database sessions．Since each user from the shared database and work against. is/her private database, "disconnected" from the、hared database (at least on the surface)，the usersan avoid the conflict situations．In particular, multile users may be simultaneously updating the same thought having to wait for other users to comate late their updates．However, when updated is to benecked into the shared database, it may have to be checked in as a new version, necessitating version management. Further, 'when data in a private data-base references data in the shared data，or vice versa, a private database is not really disconnected from the shared database. For example, the evaluation of query in general will require the database system to access both a private database and the shared data-base, even if the query may have been formulated against a private database．The multiple-database model is more appropriate than the single-database model in an environment where it is easy to determine in advance logical partitions of the database that correspond to work to be performed.The single-database model has received considerably more attention than the multiple- database model．The focus of research into single-database model has been on addressing the twin problem of long waits and loss of work that the long duration of transactions brings about.The single-database model requires the intro-diction of a notion of database consistency, and protocols for concurrency control and recovery, that are different from those supported in traditionaldatabase systems．If a "reasonable" notion of database consistency is to be supported (I．c. the database system is to enforce it automatically), there are bound to be” conflict" situations where one transaction comes into an access conflict against some other transaction. If await is to be avoided，some means of a negotiated settlement of the conflict must be provided, thereby dragging the users into the details of concurrency control．The single-database model is more appropriate-ate than the multiple-database model in an environment where it is difficult to determine in advance logical partitions of the database that correspond to work to be performed, and the users closely cooperate.The objective of long-duration transactions is to model long-duration, interactive Database access sessions in application environments．The fundamental assumption about short-duration of transactions that underlies the traditional model of transactions is inappropriate for long-duration transactions．The implementation of the traditional model of transactions may cause intolerably long waits when transactions aleph to acquire locks before accessing data, and may also cause a large amount of work to be lost when transactions are backed out in response to user-initiated aborts or system failure situations．The objective of a transaction model is to pro-vide a rigorous basis for automatically enforcing criterion for database consistency for a set of multiple concurrent read and write accesses to the database in the presence of potential system failure situations．The consistency criterion adopted for traditional transactions is the notion of scrializability．Scrializa-bility is enforced in conventional database systems through the use of locking for automatic concurrency control, and logging for automatic recovery from system failure situations．A "transaction”that doesn‟t provide a basis for automatically enforcing data-base consistency is not really a transaction. To be sure, a long-duration transaction need not adopt seri-alizability as its consistency criterion．However. there must be some consistcricv criterion．Despite a large number of proposals on version support in the context of computer aided design and software engineering, the absence of a consensus on version semantics has been a key impediment to version support in database systems．Because of the differences between files and databases, it is intuitively clear that the model of versions in database systems cannot be as simple as that adopted in file systems to support software engineering．For data-bases, it may be necessary to manage not only versions of single objects (e.g. a software module, document, but also versions of a collection of objects(e.g. a compound document, a user manual，etc．and perhaps even versions of the schema of database(c.g. a table or a class, a collection of tables or classes)．Broadly, there are three directions of research and development in versioning．First is the notion ofa parameterized versioning"，that is, designing and implementing a versioning system whose behaviormay be tailored by adjusting system parameters This may be the only viable approach, in view of the fact that there are various plausible choices for virtually every single aspect of versioning．The second is to revisit these plausible choices for every aspect of versioning, with the view to discarding some of themes either impractical or flawed. The third is the investigation into the semantics and implementation of versioning collections of objects and of versioning the database schema.数据库的空间组织二十年来空间数据管理一直是数据库研究领域的活跃区，研究的焦点集中在发展存储和索引空间数据的数据结构上。
弱电系统专业术语中英文对照
弱电系统中英文对照1.综合布线系统（Premises Distribution System/ Structured Cabling System）工作区子系统 The working area system水平子系统 Horizontal system垂直子系统 Vertical system设备间子系统 The equipment room system治理子系统 Management system建筑群子系统 Construction ensemble system2.社区安防系统 Security prevention system可视对讲系统 A visible walky-talky system防盗报警 Security alarm闭路监视 CCTV巡更 Night patrol周界防范 Perimeter Precaution门禁操纵 Access control3.公共设施监控系统 Public facility monitor system变配电 Electric transformer and distribution给排水 Water supply and drainage电梯 Elevator公共照明 Public lighting背景音乐及紧急广播 Background music and emergency broadcast4.宽带多媒体效劳系统 Broadband multimedia service system卫星接收及有线电视 Satellite reception and cable-TV broadband宽带接入 Broadband access社区网络效劳 Community network service5.智能家居系统 Intelligent home system多表远抄 Remote CC for meters家电智能操纵 Intelligent home appliances control system家居远程操纵 Home remote control家居防盗报警 Home anti-theft alarm6.BAS（楼宇自动化系统）楼宇设备监控系统 Building automation control system平安防范子系统 Security system火灾自动报警子系统 Fire alarm system7.CAS(通信网络系统)卫星接收及有线电视系统 Satellite reception and cable television system公用通信网络系统 Communication system of nets for public use卫星及微波通信系统 Satellite and microwave communication system视频会议系统 Video conference system无线对讲系统 Wireless walky-talky system背景音乐及紧急广播系统 Background music and emergency broadcasting8.OAS(办公自动化系统)事务型办公系统 Business office system治理型办公系统 Administrative office system决策型办公系统 Decision making office system9.平安防范子系统 Security System防盗报警系统 Intrusion Alarm System闭路监视系统 CCTV System门禁系统 Access Control System巡更系统 Patrol System停车场治理系统 Parking Administrative System10.环境系统 Environment System冷水系统 Cold water system热互换系统 Heat exchange system通排风系统 Ventilation system空调系统 Air-conditioning system新风系统 Make-up air system风机盘管加新风 Renewal of the blower fan coilVAV变风量系统 VAV system11.供配电系统Power Supply and Distribution高低压配电 Distribution of high and low-voltage electricity变电 Electricity transformation不中断电源 Continuous current应急发电 Emergency power12.照明系统Lighting System紧急照明 Emergency lighting工作照明 Lighting for work艺术照明 Artistic lighting特殊照明（障碍灯）Special lighting(obstacle lights)13.给排水系统 Water Supply and Drainage System给排水与饮用水 Water supply, drainage and drinking water卫生设备 Sanitary equipment污水及水处置 Sewage and intermediary water division14.交通运输系统 Transportation System电梯 Elevators扶梯 Escalators考勤系统 (Time Attendance)影像识别系统 (Video Identification System)电梯操纵 (Lift Access Control)15.IBMS (Intelligent Building Management System) 智能建筑治理系统BMS (Building Management System) 建筑物（建筑设备）（集成）治理系统BAS (Building Automation System) 建筑物（建筑设备）自动化系统SCS (Security System) 安防系统CCTV (Closed Circuit Television) 闭路电视监控系统ACS (Access Control System) 出口入口治理系统PMS (Parking Management System) 停车场治理系统PAS (Public Address System) 公共广播系统PS (Patrol System) 巡更治理系统FAS (Fire Alarm System) 火灾报警系统OAS (Office Automation System) 办公自动化系统GCS (Generic Cabling System) 结构化布线PDS (Premises Distributed System) 建筑与建筑群综合布线系统CAS (Communication Automation System) 通信自动化系统CNS (Communication Network System) 运算机网络系统PABX 程控互换机Centrex 虚拟网业务即集中式用户互换机SATV (Satellite Television) 卫星电视CATV (Cable Television) 有线电视(Community Antenna) 公共天线(Wireless Communication System) 无线通信系统(Inside Communication System) 内部通信系统PMS (Property Management System) 酒店治理系统。
外文翻译
英文原文Intelligent Building1、GeneralAn Intelligent Building is one conceived and designed with an integrated flexible and modular communication cabling infrastructure capable of accommodating the needs of information intensive users for advanced information technology and services.Ever increasing occupation densities as well as the exponential development and quasi universal use of personal computers coupled to market globalization and communication capabilities, over the past 20 years, have rendered the Intelligent Building (IB) concept a priority consideration in the planning of new or upgradedOffice buildings.Evolution towards new social priorities, for the more educated office worker of today, has also led to substantial increases in environmental issue demands and standards. Social studies revealed a direct relationship between user satisfaction in the workplace and productivity. Individual control capability of ambient conditions, at each work station, was identified as a major element leading to user satisfaction.Technological developments and cost attenuations through technological development and product availability have now rendered the Intelligent Building a viable and a justifiable option from a strict cost to benefit aspect.2、OverviewDefinitions for the Intelligent Building concept still vary but the most accepted description is the one produced by the Barcelona-based Institut defons Cerdà:“A building which incorporates information systems that support the flow of information throughout the building, offering advanced services of business automation and telecommunications, allowing furthermore automatic control,monitoring management and maintenance of the different subsystems or services of the building in an optimum and integrated way, local and/or remote, and designed with sufficient flexibility to make possible in a simple andeconomical way the implementation of future systems.”To the uninitiated, the perception of a building’s degree of intelligence is too often correlated with the sophistication level of its Energy Management and Control System (EMCS) and its Communications system. However, to be effective, it must also encompass its mechanical and electrical systems order to minimize costs and maximize efficiency. There would be little point in developing ideal EMCS and its Communication systems for the occupants if HVAC, Lighting and other systems annot meet and satisfy the needs of the occupants.In a new IB installation we should expect the following features:• High- speed fibre optic communication network trunk for data, video and BAS.• Flexible HVAC system with modular distribution and 100% outdoor aircapability to take advantage of free cooling as well as to allow flushing ofthe building to dilute volatile off-gassing contaminants;• Advanced integrated Energy Management & Control System (EMCS)utilizing direct digital control technology for HVAC, Lighting, Fire Alarm and other building support systems;• Dedicated circuit power distribution network complete with Uninterruptable Power Supply units;• Generous standby power generation;• High efficiency filtration, energy recuperation and/or thermal storage features to improve indoor air quality and energy consumption performance;• Networked multi-user access incorporating structured password protection;• Maximum transparency and communication capabilities between subsystems;• Electrical design features tailored to Intelligent Building;• Individually controlled HVAC terminal units allowing occupant control flexibility through Intelligent Terminals Controllers at each workstation.In retrofit buildings we would expect variations of the above features based on an owning and operating economical analysis taking into account the existing services and the benefits ensuing through their replacement and/or upgrade. Major retrofits, particularly those involving designs dating back 20 years or more, are generally dictated by acombination of the following:• New code requirements,• Updated indoor air quality standards,• Re vised energy efficiency guidelines,• Increased internal electrical requirements associated to the generalized use of PCs.• Revised building use.The average life cycle of most M&E installations is 20 years versus an average building life cycle of 50 years. These retrofits, therefore, often dictate a complete revamping of the existing M&E installations well before the building’s life cycle has expired. This frequently offers an opportunity to upgrade the building’s support systems to IB standards.3、HistoryThe IB concept surfaced in the early 80's and generally advocated extensive use of elaborate centralized electronic systems to facilitate control of building support and communication systems for voice and data. The initial concept promoted communication networks to allow centralized word processing services and limited interaction between individual occupants and the Building Automation Systems through touch tone phones to override local HVAC set points and lighting schedules.Builders and owners were pressured to develop intelligent buildings, in spite of the high premium costs, at that time, for prestige reasons and for enhanced rental potential.The Building Automation System and the Communication System industry as well as other specialized interest groups soon developed specific products and applications to meet and facilitate the implementation of the Intelligent Building concept. These developments coupled to the burgeoning Personal Computer market development have since reduced cost premiums drastically and greatly improved the ensuing benefits for Intelligent Buildings.The IB concept is now well accepted and applied in Europe, Asia and North America.4、Future trendsThe former Intelligent Building Institute (IBI) foundation advocated, a few years ago, a need to recognize, in future building designs, the transition from national economies to a combination of local and global economies and therefore the need to facilitate each employee’s access to global communication networks. They predicted that information technology access will provide the biggest single impetus for change in the office environment. This prediction has now become a reality.IBI also predicted that environmental issues and particularly Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) were becoming a primary concern in the design of the new office buildings. Improved air filtration and increased air change were pinpointed as major concerns in addition to flexible ambient room condition control.Other studies performed recently reveal that the use of Personal Environment Controllers formerly called Intelligent Terminal Controllers or has measurably increased occupant satisfaction in the workplace on a number of pilot project installations. PECs are a combination of mechanical, electrical and control devices developed for the work station environment control and conceived to provide the occupant with the means to define and interact on temperature set points, air flow volume and diffusion patterns as well as lighting levels affecting productivity and user satisfaction. These studies have associated improved production to the use of Intelligent Terminals Controllers.5、Intelligent Building ModelThe IB model structure has been subdivided into seven systems which may be interfaced to varying degrees. These systems are...·Heating Ventilating and Air Conditioning (HVAC) system;·Lighting System;·Electrical Power Distribution system;·Vertical Transport System;·Security System;·Life Safety System;·Communications System;The general objective of the Intelligent Building System is to regroup control of thesesubsystems and facilitate interchange between them to the maximum justifiable extent while maintaining maximal initial and future competitive bidding possibilities of each component as well as allowing dependent and timely upgrading of each system as new technologies evolve in its particular field.The IB concept also attempts to combine, wherever possible, the cabling networks for these subsystems in order to minimize costs and facilitate intercommunication or allow future upgrading.Efforts are being deployed between ASHRAE, IEEE, AEE and the computer industry to develop universal communication protocol standards. It is not expected, however, that universal standards will become a reality for another decade. The cabling structure must therefore be conceived to accommodate the foreseeable requirements with minimal disturbance and cost when and if universal standards materialize. The favoured backbone communication cabling technology at this time favors fibre optic technology, because of its high speed communication potential.6、Facilities Managementnumber of facility management programs are available on the market. They vary in complexity as well as in their ability to integrate complex systems such as:·CAD drawing records of floor and office layouts;·Furniture inventory;·Maintenance management programs for M&E equipment·Preventive maintenance of building structures;·Real time data acquisition on equipment run time;·Dynamic energy consumption totals per tenant;·Historical data storage;·Cost control and budgeting capabilities;·Analytical programs.The Intelligent Building’s role in this system is to allow communication between the overall facility management program and specialized management sub-programs such asthe EMCS, the M & E Maintenance Management or the Preventive Maintenance to gather data or convey user complaints. his communication flexibility in IB installations allows the allocation of specific management systems on the basis of areas of specialization, competencies or individual buildings of a complex while maintaining capabilities for overall centralization of data and control.The IB communication capabilities can also facilitate interchange withaccounting or other Networks to import or export pertinent data whether inhouse or outsourced.7、ConclusionsThe Intelligent Building concept represents a new trend in office building planning and one more step towards the future through added flexibility and adaptation to market and communication globalization. This concept regroups worker and building management needs in a common and manageable communication infrastructure. The basic IB objective is improve worker satisfaction and productivity through enhanced work space environment and communication capabilities.Including the IB concept in the initial planning stages of the modern office building will provide substantial flexibility for the mid and long term life of the building particularly to communication intensive user clients. In most instances it will reduce tenant fit up costs down the road and provide enhanced flexibility and management capabilities while reducing energy consumption.Full implementation of all IB systems may not be necessary in the initial fit-up of a building. It is, however, mandatory to recognize the basic overall concept and implement a full communication cabling back bone structure from the onset in order to accommodate future user needs. The communication back bone must be distributed to strategically located communication rooms (Telco rooms) on each floor as part of the initialdesign.Subsequent floor distribution associated to any new or upgraded IB system could be achieved, via the suspended ceiling space with minimal cutting and patching. Justification for the IB concept must be analyzed independently for each building or fit-up and must take into account all derived benefits including increased productivity, flexibility, improved comfort and worker satisfaction as well as potential future savings over theprojected life cycle of the building. Application of the basic Intelligent Building concept in today’s modern office building should lead to positive Cost to Benefit evaluations when weighed in terms of increased user satisfaction and productivity and improved energy efficiency or flexibility.中文译文智能建筑1、简介智能建筑是要求有一个综合布线和灵活模块化的通信基础设施，通过先进的信息技术和密集的信息服务用户来实现。
物业相关~英文汉译
Along with economic development and urban development, residential areas are increasingly becoming the mainstream of living, residential property management is targeted at the needs of the market came into being in contemporary society. computerized residential property management system for small residential users and managers better protect the property management business processing and the development of such a residential property management system software become necessary things. To add this design as a starting point, add to the current technologies used for comparison and ideological arguments, and profoundly expounded on the use of database technology to achieve VB+ACCESS small property management system advantages, highlights areas of property management system to achieve the functions, and business processes, system processes, database design, functional modular design, realization, operation, and maintenance of the development process, the final design of the problems encountered in highlighting, analysis and solutions, and after the operation of the system to achieve a qualitative analysis of the results and make conclusions.随着我国经济发展和城市开发，住宅小区越来越成为居住的主流，小区物业管理是针对当代社会这一市场需要应运而生的，用计算机操作的小区物业管理系统是为小区管理者和小区用户更好的维护各项物业管理业务处理工作而开发这样一套小区物业管理系统软件成为很有必要的事情。
物业管理专业英语翻译
物业管理专业专业英语翻译班级：姓名：学号：完成时间：The effect of ISO14001 certificationin property management on property priceAs environmental awareness has become increasingly pronounced among various stakeholders such as governments and communities, many businesses start to adopt a more environmental-friendly approach in their operations. Even a service-oriented industry such as property management is no exception. One way to showcase a company's commitment to this cause is to become ISO14001-certified, under which it is required to implement an environmental management system.In light of this, this paper aims to investigate the impact of this certification in property management, along with two other well-known management certifications/awards in ISO9001 and Hong Kong Management Association Quality Award (HKMAQA), on property price. Design/methodology/approach - The hedonic price model was used to determine whether or not there is a relationship between ISO14001 certification (as well as ISO9001 and HKMAQA) and property price, and if so, its impact.Three districts from different parts of Hong Kong, including 17 private residential developments, were covered in this research. Findings - The results show that a flat managed by a company with ISO9001 certification is 8.87 percent higher than another flat managed by a non-ISO9001-certified property management companies (PMC); the adoption of ISO14001 certification appears to help generate a premium of about 3.65 percent in property price for a PMC which has already been ISO9001-certified; and for a company already with both ISO9001/14001 certifications, the obtaining of HKMAQA brings about an extra 15.37 percent in housing price. It can be said that the impact of ISO14001 certification on property value is smaller than that of the other two management standards.Research limitations/implications - The findings do not necessarily suggest that the adoption of ISO14001 (or HKMAMA) generates the exact same premium to a residential property by itself, as two or more components in tandem may create more value than the sum of the parts. Nonetheless, considering that most companies have already been ISO9001-certified prior to considering an ISO14001 certification, they, as separate variables, are inevitably highly correlated which could be an issue when using methods such as hedonic models.This renders the assessment of the impact on property price solely attributed to ISO14001 rather problematic if they are studied together. Practical implications - In the short run, ISO14001 certification, as a public relations tool, might actually help flats within these developments to gain an advantage over the competitors within the district, or at least offset the adverse impact of some of its intrinsic defects in order to stay competitive (for instance, the age issue and the smaller brand name effect due to the development's lack of scope), but not in the long run.Originality/value - The paper has provided some insights regarding the effect of various management standard certifications in property management, from the perspective of the end-users (i.e. Home buyers), rather than from that of those involved in the operations as seen in previous studies. This serves as a reference for developers, property managers, buyers, and users alike.Active property management consists of the concepts of property transaction execution and operational management, which can be classified as the main drivers of excess return sources.Design/methodology/approach - Using a sample of three different portfolios managed by two institutional investors, the paper is able to estimate the relevant factors of active property management on annual excess returns for commercial and residential property sectors via a panel regression technique.Findings - Empirical evidence shows that property-specific effects exhibit significant sources of excess... returns, but property management cannot be identified as their main driver. Furthermore, the sources of excess returns do not differ significantly across sectors; when controlled for property age and size, it is found that their influence is rather limited. Practical implications - Information about the drivers of excess returns and their variations among property types may lead to superior investment decisions during portfolio and thus promote more efficient capital allocation.Information about return factors, i.e. about property and operational management, can substantially improve property selection and market timing in the asset allocation process. Hence, investors basing their property investment strategies on the impact of selected return factors could enhance the risk-adjusted performance of their property portfolios. Originality/value - This paper aims to contribute to the existing literature by identifying and quantifying the excess return sources of a given property portfolio over a predefined benchmark. Due to the lack of property-related data, there is only limited research on the sources of direct property returns, such as property characteristics or active property management.The authors explore three main questions in this paper. First,they examine sources of excess returns over a benchmark index for several property sectors. Second, they analyze whether the drivers of excess returns vary significantly across these sectors. Third,they determine to what extent excess property returns are influenced by the "economic age" and "rentable area" of a building.评分标准为：（1）优秀 12~15分；（2）良好:8~11分；（3）一般：1~7分。
物业管理中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照翻译Property Management FunctionsProperty management is the process of overseeing the operation and maintenance of real property to achieve the objectives of the property owner．Sometimes owners manage their own property，particularly small properties and particularly when they themselves occupy part of the space．But for larger properties or those whose owners live at a distance，management is usually performed by a paid property manager，either an individual buildings on long-term leases，where tenants maintain the building, pay the taxes and insurance，and mail the owner a check each month. But most residential，office，retail，and many industrial properties offer services along with the space over time．Property management has long been an underrated function in the real estate industry．The need for professional management did not become apparent until the depression of the 1930s，when numerous foreclosures revealed a pattern of management deficiencies．This oversight might seem strange，since running a large commercial or residential project in which hundreds or thousands of people reside or work is a highly challenging task，calling for training，good judgment，variety of technical skills．Traditionally，however，emphasis in the real estate industry has been on the so permanent elements of the investment-good location，construction，and reasonable long-term financing-than on the day-to-day operation of the property．It has sometimes seemed as if a property owner，having made a very large investment in the permanent structure，assumed that the property would run itself with a minimum amount of supervision．This concept of property management has changed substantially in the past decade．In an era of rising costs，it has dawned on owners that good property management is the major controllable influence on residual cash flow （i.e.，the number of dollars that end up in the owner＇s pocket）．It is true that both rent rates and operating expenses are largely shaped by market forces beyond the control of any one property owner （witness the very sharp rise in energy costs in the 1970s）．But it is also true that comparable properties within the same geographic area often show significant variances in rental income and operating costs．Why？Close inspection often shows that ＂above-average＂operating expenses and lower than average rent levels result from inadequate property management．The classic mistake of the stock and bond investor moving into real estate involves underestimating the importance of management．Some investors have the feeling that real estate manages itself．There is a story about the importance of property management. A San Francisco real estate broker recently noticed a project that was on the market for $1 million．He knew how the property had been managed in the past and that the million dollarvaluation was based on a capitalization of historic income figure．He borrowed money to buy the property，renegotiated certain leases，and established more efficient operating procedures．In six months he sold the property for $1.4 million based on the capitalized value of the new，higher net income. His contribution was management expertise．The level of management a property needs increases with the level of services and with the frequency that tenants turn over．Some examples of ddifferent managerial responsibilities and problems follow，organized by type of space．To the extent that property management involves tenant relations，residential properties present the greatest challenge．The space leased by the residential tenant is ＂home＂，where the tenant and other family members spend a substantial amount of their free time and the rent for which may represent the tenant's largest single financial obligation．Consequently，the residential tenant expects a well-run property，with services and utilities available as promised at rents kept as low as possible （among other reasons，because residential rentals are not tax deductible as are business rentals）．On the other side of the coin，one or two bad tenants in a project can be a continuing source of vexation to the property manager and to the other tenants．The relatively short term of a residential lease means that the property manager is under continual pressure to maintain a high renewal rate in order to avoid vacated units that must be repainted，repaired，and re-leased in as short a time as possible．A property that is theoretically fully rented may，nevertheless，lose a substantial amount of rental income if turnover is very high and more than a few weeks elapse before each new tenant moves in．Among the types of residential properties are apartments，condominiums and cooperatives，and single-family homes．The personal relationship between manager and tenant can be crucial to maintaining high occupancy．Turnover of tenants results in higher operating expenses and lower rentals collected．Asking fair rents and responding to tenants' needs（e. g.，maintenance and repairs）are often the most important variables in successful apartment management．The least involved homes．The owner may have moved rental of single-family homes．The owner may have moved away for business or other reasons with the intention of returning at a later date to occupy the house or may be holding the property as an investments．In either case，the owner retains a local agent to collect rent，pay real estate taxes and debt service，and handle any problems that may arise．This type of management is frequently performed by real estate brokers，who charge a fee equal to a percentage of each month's rent．The property manager of an office building must be familiar with more complex lease provisions than those used for residential properties. For example，the office building tenant is very much aware of paying a rent rate measured by the square foot，and so the measurement of space becomes an important consideration．One frequently used measure is rentable area or rentable space．The manager must understand how to compute it. For example，are the bathrooms and hallways an added＂load factor＂，with the tenant paying for her individual space plus her＂share＂of these common areas？Does the manager measure a tenant's space to the inside wall，the outside wall，or the center of the wall？In addition，escalation and cost-of-living-clauses are common in office buildings and frequently are negotiated with each individual tenant．The answers are in the leases．The property manager must be enough of a lawyer to read them，enough of an engineer to be sure the services （e. g.，elevators）work as promised，enough of a marketer to sell to the tenant on the quality of the services he provides，and enough of a financial accountant to report it all to the owner．When leasing space，the property manager should bear in mind that the value of an office building is directly related to three interlocking elements：（1）the rate per square foot，（2）the quality on the tenancies，and（3）the length of the leases．The higher the rental rate，the higher the gross income．The more creditworthy the tenant，the more assured the owner may be that rents will be paid. Finally，the longer the lease term，the lower the risk of vacancies and turnover problems in the future．With longer term leases，it is more important to have appropriate escalation clauses or expense pass-through provisions，for the opportunities to increase base rent to cover increased operating costs are less frequent．In office building management，service is particularly important．The property manager is responsible for making sure the premises are kept clean and secure，that elevator run reliably，that utilities work，and that the structure looks（and is）well maintained．To many office tenants，the amount of rent is secondary to the efficient provision of these services．Today's larger buildings are getting＂smarter＂．They have computerized controls to handle heating and air conditioning loads to minimize energy consumption. Elevators are programmed to meet peak loads．The fire system is tied to the public-address warning system，sprinklers，and air pressure．Infrared sensors may turn lights on and off as they sense people entering and leaving rooms．Telecommunications using fiber optics can create data highways between distant locations either in concert with public telephone systems or independently．Telecommunications options are expensive and can be cost-justified only when operating management helps tenants ensure their full utilization．Retail complexesFor large retail complexes and particularly for shopping centers，competent property management is extremely important．First，maintenance of the property itself requires substantial work．Each day large numbers of shoppers visit the premises，generating a great deal of rubbish and inflicting wear and tear on the improvements．Besides maintenance，daily security is an essential service．Second，the property manager must keep alert to possibilities of making the premises more attractive and to the need to renovate and modernize selling areas．Fierce competition for retail business means constant efforts must be made to have customers return as often as possible．In addition，whenever new tenants leasespace，renovation is required to suit the premises to the new user．Third，the property manager performs an important function in obtaining a proper tenant mix for the retail complex．Too much competition among similar uses may mean business failures for the tenants and a negative cash flow for the landlord．Ideally，the various tenants should complement each other so that a shopper coming to one store will find related products or services in adjacent stores．Finally，retail leases frequently contain percentage rent provisions by which the landlord is entitled to additional rent based on a percentage of gross sales over a specified minimum．The property owner must be prepared to negotiate the most favorable terms for the owner and also to ensure that percentage rents are correctly computed and paid as they come due. Estimated rental income is derived as from the historical experience of the building as well as from market trends discerned by the property manager in large retail complexes and shopping centers. For example，if the current market rent for comparable space has risen above the contract rent currently being charged under existing leases，the property manager will project an increase in rental income as leases expire，the property manager is expected to keep current on rent levels charged for comparable space．（Note that the property manager，by virtue of his or her expertise，is an excellent source of information for a prospective purchaser establishing an investment pro forma）．A more specialized type of management is involved with industrial property-that is，buildings that are used primarily for manufacturing or warehousing，and that may also include a limited amount of office space．Much industrial property is either built or altered to meet the specific needs of a tenant who normally will sign a long-term lease （e. g.，10 to 20 years），enabling the landlord to recover the special costs involved．Such special-purpose buildings usually require only a minimal amount of management by the landlord since they are frequently leased on a net basis，with the tenant responsible for operating expenses，including real estate taxes and insurance．On the other hand，some types of warehouse space are let on relatively short terms to more than one tenant．In this type of situation，the landlord may be responsible for maintenance and repair and must also anticipate the need to market the space at frequent intervals．One of the most important cash flow items of the late 1980s was the increasing cost of tenant alterations necessitated by tenant rollovers．In the 1990s，a critical property management function will be to service existing tenants and find the right new tenants with an eye to keeping down the cost of tenant improvements．In the increasingly competitive space markets –apartments，office，retail，and industrial -new leases usually provide for significant tenant improvements. Even on industrial properties，traditionally the type requiring the lowest tenant improvement，tenant improvements on a rollover can equal one year's gross rent. Consequently，keeping down rollovers（and therefore the cost of tenant improvements）is a primary objective of the cash floworiented owner．In the hospitality industry，service is crucial. This and the frequent turn-over of guests（often daily）mean that hotels and motels require more constant management than any other category of space we have considered．In many cases，convention business is major source of revenue. As a result，hotel and motel managementincludes food service and entertainment as well as the typical property management functions．Marketing is first in importance．The lease period is so short-one night-that management must find tenants for space vacated daily．Management skill creates value as much as does the physical property．For the hospitality industry，maintaining security is an allencompassing endeavor，not limited to property managers．Matters relating to the physical plant，staff，and operation in general affect the protection of the property's assets and its guests and employees．Anything less than a property-wide view of security and the resolution and disposition of security problems leads to inefficiency，needless expense，and great potential for harm to employer and guests．Having looked at how requirements for management vary by property type，we will now examine a manager's day-to-day duties in more detail．Like many working people，a property manager wakes up in the morning，dresses for work，eats breakfast，and drives to an office（either on or off the managed premises）．Once there，what does he or she do？We will first list all of the functions and then cover the most important ones in greater detail．MAKING A MANAGEMENT PLANAs the agent of the property owner，the property manager is bound to carry out the owner's objectives．Making explicit those objectives is the first step in creating a management plan．As we have seen，properties under paid management may be very small，or they may be multimillion-dollar complexes. A management plan can be equally simple or elaborate，as suits the scope of management and the market area of a property. Regardless on size，it is important to make a plan（which could range from a handwritten half page to 50 pages typed and bound，depending on the project…）．Here we should note that a management plan for any size property contains three points：（1）an analysis of the competitive environment；（2）an analysis of the property itself，and（3）enumeration of the owner's objectives and recommendations for achieving them．MAKING A BUDGETA manager collects money，pays the bills，and sends what is left to the owner-in millions or hundreds. A budget is essential for two reasons：（1）to regulate cash flow-that is，to make sure sufficient cash is on hand to meet obligations like taxes，mortgage payments，operating expenses，and special capital improvements（e. g.，new roof）when needed；and（2）to measure performance-to act as a standard for measuring the manager's success in meeting objectives．PAYING EXPENSES；KEEPING BOOKS AND RECORDSThe property manager must see to it that operating expenses，real estate taxes，insurance premiums，and mortgage payments are paid when due．Depending on the arrangement，a manager may be authorized to sign checks or may only prepare a list of payments for the owner's attention．The manager also keeps records of income and outlays and works with the owner's accountant in preparing annual financial statements and tax returns．The manager may also be responsible for reports required by government authorities．Showing and renting spaceAlthough marketing real estate is a function distinct from managing it，the two are often combined in the hands of the property manager or management firm．In the case of apartment buildings，the manager actually on the site（the resident manager）usually shows vacant apartments and may handle lease negotiations as well. In the case of commercial or office space，leasing is often performed by specialists within a property management firm or may be handled by a separate brokerage firm．Because of the importance of leasing and the expertise and special effort required to do it well，a property manager who handles the lease function often receives a commission over and above his regular management fee. The leasing function can be classified into three steps，all or some of which may be performed by the property manager or management firm．SETTING RENTAL LEVELS.A rent schedule should be established with the objective of maximizing future rental income from the property．Setting rents is far from an exact science：it calls for the exercise of good judgment based on a knowledge of rent rates and available space in comparable buildings as well as the features，functions，and benefits of both the subject property and competing space．A technique used by many professional property managers is the base-unit-rate approach．This involves choosing a standard unit in an apartment building（e.g.，a two-bedroom apartment on the sixth floor）or a specified number of square feet in an office or derived from a study of the market with adjustments for differences between the particular property and its competition.（For example，a newer building normally commands higher rent for space than an older building，all other things being equal）．Within the particular building，rent rates will vary depending on the relative merits and deficiencies of each unit．For example，space on higher floors usually floors offer the amenities of less street noise and a better view．SOLICITING PROSPECTS.The second step in the leasing process is to advertise space in appropriate media （whether billboards，newspapers，radio，or television）and show in a perfunctory way，this task should properly be regarded as the time for intensive personal selling on the part of the leasing agent．To sell space effectively，the leasing agent must not only be familiar with every detail of the property being shown，but also should ascertain the precise needs and desires of the prospect．NEGOTIATING AND EXECUTING LEASES.Finally，the property manager will be involved，to a greater or lesser extent，in the negotiation and execution of the lease．In the case of an apartment project，where standard form leases are used and little negotiation normally occurs，the manager may perform the entire process．On the other hand，a long-term lease of several floors in a major office building will require the efforts of both legal counsel and the owner．Even here，however，the property manager plays an important preliminary role because of his initial contacts with the tenant．沈阳航空航天大学毕业设计（外文翻译）物业管理物业管理就是一个对实际物业操作和维护的预见并达成业主目的过程。
外文翻译--一个物业管理者可以管理多少物业
本科毕业设计（论文）外文翻译原文：How Many Properties Can a Property Manager Manage ?The oldest question in the real estate management profession is, "How many properties can a property manager manage ? "The answer has always been, "Well ,it depends."Executive property managers often use their intuition to determine when a property manager has reached the maximum number of properties he or she can manage. However, quantifying the number of properties a property manager can manage can be achieved methodically.METHOD TO THE MADNESSCalculating the number of properties a manager can manage first requires evaluating the operations of a company and then rating the management activities of each property. To achieve this, companies should develop a point system taking such factors into consideration.To develop a point system, the executive property manager must first determine a set of criteria used to evaluate the company's management philosophy, how its operations work and the experience of its property managers. Each property should then be assigned a score based on its management activities as they relate to the determined criteria.Companies also need to establish a range of points each property manager should be able to handle. They can then assign managers properties with a total point score within that range. Ultimately, the final determination of the number of properties a property manager can manage combines the objectivity of the evaluation process and the executive property manager's intuitive understanding of how his or her company and managers operate.This process can be used to evaluate a variety of commercial and residentialproperty types. An evaluation form can easily be developed for any property type or a portfolio of mixed-property types.INV ARIABLY COMPLEXTo accurately assess a company, five variables should be taken into account. Each of the variables is used to determine how the property management company operates, which then forms the base for the range of property points within a portfolio that a typical property manager could manage.The first variable to consider when assessing a company is whether a property management company or division is managing properties owned by the firm or its parent company-known as in-house management—or whether the firm is providing third-party management services.Generally, managing in-house properties is easier than managing third-party properties: In-house management has one client with one set of goals and objectives, one accounting system, one set of reporting requirements and uses one property management software program. Firms providing third-party management services, however, have multiple clients with different goals and objectives, more reporting requirements, multiple required software programs, and the list goes on.As a result, property managers working for firms managing their own properties should be able to manage more properties or be assigned a higher number of property points than property managers working for third-party property management firms.Another variable to consider when assessing a company is its operations. The firm should take a close look at its administrative and accounting support, the supervision and resources available to its property managers and additional duties assigned to property managers.Some firms assign accounting responsibilities like calculating the commercial tenants' prorata share of pass-through charges, year-end reconciliations and percentage rent adjustments to their property managers. Other firms believe their accounting personnel can more efficiently and accurately perform these calculations and would rather have their property managers in the field managing their properties.Property managers who are lacking or sharing administrative assistants, or whoare assigned additional duties like leasing, accounting tasks and tenant improvement supervision, will have less time to manage properties. If this is the case they should be assigned fewer properties to manage. Even so, the income from transactions and tenant improvement supervision often far exceeds the income generated by assigning one or two more properties to a property manager's portfolio.The level of service provided by the property management firm is also an important variable that should be analyzed. All property owners do not need the same level of service. Institution owners require a higher level of service than local owners who visit their property regularly and do not need sophisticated accounting reports. In fact, the local owner will prefer to pay a lower fee for a lower level of service.The final variable companies should take into account while doing their assessment is the experience and capabilities of their property managers. Experienced property managers can manage a larger or more challenging portfolio than a neophyte. Firms should develop two ranges of points their property managers can manage, one for the experienced manager and the other for the entry level property managers.The work habits and efficiency of the property manager will also determine the number of properties he or she can manage. Does the property manager have transaction experience leasing, refinancing or selling properties? Can the property manager supervise or coordinate tenant improvements? These and other skills will determine which properties and the number of properties a property manager can manage.ANALYZE THISAfter assessing the management company, a rating system is then developed for each property and its management activities. Each property management activity and the property's location are assigned a number and they are totaled for a property's score.When developing the points for each property's management activity , the executive property manager considers a whole new set of variables(discussed in the sidebar on page 42) to develop a baseline for each management activity. Each property's management activity or variable are then evaluated using the baselinepoints. The executive property manager can rate the properties the firm currently manages and this can be the starting point for creating the system discussed.After the executive property manager has developed company specific criteria, determined the level of activity for the baseline of service for each variable, and issued, implemented and used the method for a while, he or she will become comfortable with the system created and assigning points and over time may modify the number of points used to determine portfolio sizes.Every property management company has its own management philosophy and methods to operate its company. Each property management company develops a market niche, including the types of properties it manages, the geographic area or areas it operates in, the level and types of services it provides and the type of property ownership or clients it serves.Sourse: Hal Cottingham ,Richard Muhlebach . How Many Properties Can a Property Manager Manage, Journal of Property Management(2007),40-43译文：一个物业管理者可以管理多少物业在物业管理行业有一个最古老的问题是，“一位物业经理可以管理多少物业？”答案始终是同一个，“这要看情况”。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
外文翻译毕业设计题目：基于的物业管理系统开发原文1： 2.0 Web Pages and Web Controls 译文1： 2.0 网页和Web控件原文2：The Role of Global.asax File 译文2： Global.asax文件的作用原文1 2.0 Web Pages and Web ControlsU ntil now, all of the example applications in this text have focused on console-based and Windows Forms front ends. In this chapter and the next, you’ll explore how the .NET platform facilitates the construction of browser-based presentation layers. To begin, you’ll quickly review a number of key web-centric concepts (HTTP, HTML,client-side, and server-side script) and the role of the web server (including the development server, WebDev.WebServer.exe).With this web primer out of the way, the remainder of this chapter concentrates on the composition of (including the enhanced code-behind model) and how to work with web controls. As you will see, 2.0 provides a number of new web controls, a new “master page”model, and various customization techniques.The Role of HTTPWeb applications are very different animals from traditional desktop applications (to say theleast).The first obvious difference is that a production-level web application will always involve at least two networked machines (of course, during development it is entirely possible to have a single machine play the role of both client and server). Given this fact, the machines in question must agree upon a particular wire protocol to determine how to send and receive data. The wire protocol that connects the computers in question is the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP).When a client machine launches a web browser (such as Netscape Navigator, Mozilla Firefox,or Microsoft Internet Explorer), an HTTP request is made to access a particular resource (such as an *.aspx or *.htm file) on the remote server machine. HTTP is a text-based protocol that is built upon a standard request/response paradigm. For example, if you navigate to www. , the browser software leverages a web technology termed Domain Name Service (DNS) that converts the registered URL into a four-part, 32-bit numerical value (aka an IP address). At this point, the browseropens a socket connection (typically via port 80) and sends the HTTP request for the default page at the website.Once the hosting web server receives the incoming HTTP request, the specified resource may contain logic that scrapes out any client-supplied input values (such as values within a text box) in order to format a proper HTTP response. Web programmers may leverage any number of technologies (CGI, ASP, , Java servlets, etc.) to dynamically generate the content to be emitted into the HTTP response. At this point, the client-side browser renders the HTML emitted from the web server.Another aspect of web development that is markedly different from traditional desktop programming is the fact that HTTP is an essentially stateless wire protocol. As soon as the web server emits a response to the client, everything about the previous interaction is forgotten. Therefore, as a web developer, it is up to you take specific steps to “remember” information (such as items in ashopping cart) about the clients who are currently logged on to your site. As you will see in the next chapter, provides numerous ways to handle state, many of which are commonplace to any web platform (session variables, cookies, and application variables) as well as some new techniques (view state, control state, and the cache).Understanding Web Applications and Web ServersA web application can be understood as a collection of files (*.htm, *.asp, *.aspx, image files, etc.) and related components (such as a .NET code library) stored within a particular set of directories on a given web server. As shown in Chapter 24, web applications have a specific life cycle and provide numerous events (such as initial startup or final shutdown) that you can hook into.A web server is a software product in charge of hosting your web applications, and it typically provides a number of related services such as integrated security, File Transfer Protocol (FTP) support, mail exchange services, and so forth.Internet Information Server (IIS) is Microsoft’s enterprise-level web server product, and as you would guess, it has intrinsic support for classic ASP as well as web applications.When you build web applications, you will often need to interact with IIS. Be aware, however, that IIS is not automatically selected when you install the Windows Server 2003 or Windows XP Professional Edition (you can’t install IIS on the Home editions of Windows). Therefore, depending on the configuration of your development machine, you may be required to manually install IIS before proceeding through this chapter. To do so, simply access the Add/Remove Program applet from the Control Panel folder and select Add/Remove Windows Components.Working with IIS Virtual DirectoriesA single IIS installation is able to host numerous web applications, each of which resides in a virtual directory. Each virtual directory is mapped to a physical directory on the local hard drive. Therefore,if you create a new virtualdirectory named CarsRUs, the outside world can navigate to this site using a URL such as (assuming your site’s IP address has been registered with the world at large). Under the hood, the virtual directory maps to a physical root directory such asC:\inetpub\wwwroot\AspNetCarsSite, which contains the content of the web application.When you create web applications using Visual Studio 2005, you have the option of generating a new virtual directory for the current website. However, you are also able to manually create a virtual directory by hand. For the sake of illustration, assume you wish to create a simple web application named Cars. The first step is to create a new folder on your machine to hold the collection of files that constitute this new site (e.g.,C:\CodeTests\CarsWebSite).Next, you need to create a new virtual directory to host the Cars site. Simply right-click the Default Web Site node of IIS and select New ➤Virtual Directory from the context menu. This menu selectionlaunches an integrated wizard. Skip past the welcome screen and give your website a name (Cars). Next, you are asked to specify the physical folder on your hard drive that contains the various files and images that represent this site (in this case, C:\CodeTests\CarsWebSite).The final step of the wizard prompts you for some basic traits about your new virtual directory (such as read/write access to the files it contains, the ability to view these files from a web browser, the ability to launch executables [e.g., CGI applications], etc.). For this example, the default selections are just fine (be aware that you can always modify your selections after running this tool using various right-click Property dialog boxes integrated within IIS).译文1作者：迪诺·弗雷国籍：美国出处： 2.0 and Data-Bound Controls 2.0网页和Web控件到现在为止，本书的示例应用程序主要集中在控制台和基于Windows窗体前端。