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《工程数学(本)》形成性考核作业1-4参考答案(1)

《工程数学(本)》形成性考核作业1-4参考答案(1)

国家开放大学《工程数学(本)》形成性考核作业 1-4 参考答案15501-1.n阶行列式中元素的代数余子式与余子式之间的关系是(A).a.b.c.d.正确答案是:1-2. 三阶行列式的余子式M23=(B).a.b.c.d.正确答案是:2- 1.设A为3×4 矩阵,B为4×3 矩阵,则下列运算可以进行的是(C) .a. A+Bb. B+Ac. ABd. BA'正确答案是:AB2-2. 若A为3×4 矩阵,B为2×5 矩阵,且乘积AC'B'有意义,则C为 (B) 矩阵.a. 2×4b. 5×4c. 4×2d. 4×5正确答案是:5×43-1.设,则BA-1(B) .a.b.c.d.正确答案是:3-2.设,则 (A) .a.b.c.d.正确答案是:4- 1.设A,B均为n阶可逆矩阵,则下列运算关系正确的是(C).a.b.c.d.正确答案是:4-2.设A,B均为n阶方阵,k>0且,则下列等式正确的是(A).a.b.c.d.正确答案是:5-1.下列结论正确的是(C).a. 若A,B均为n阶非零矩阵,则AB也是非零矩阵b. 若A,B均为n阶非零矩阵,则c. 对任意方阵A,A+A'是对称矩阵d. 若A,B均为n阶对称矩阵,则AB也是对称矩阵正确答案是:对任意方阵A,A+A'是对称矩阵5-2.设A,B均为n阶方阵,满足AB=BA,则下列等式不成立的是(A).a.b.c.d.正确答案是:6-1.方阵A可逆的充分必要条件是(B).a.b.c.d.正确答案是:6-2.设矩阵A可逆,则下列不成立的是(C).a.b. c. d.正确答案是:7-1.二阶矩阵(B).a.b.c.d.正确答案是:7-2.二阶矩阵(B)..... dc b a正确答案是:的秩是(D).a. 1b. 2c. 4d. 3正确答案是: 3的秩为(C).a. 2b. 4c. 3d. 5正确答案是: 39-1.设向量组为组.a.b.c. ,则(B)是极大无关8-2.向量组8-1.向量组d.正确答案是:9-2.向量组的极大线性无关组是(D).a.b.c.d.正确答案是:10-1.方程组的解为(A).a.b.c.d.正确答案是:的解为(C).10-2.用消元法得a.b.c.d.正确答案是:11-1.行列式的两行对换,其值不变.(×)11-2.两个不同阶的行列式可以相加.(×)12-1.同阶对角矩阵的乘积仍然是对角矩阵.( √ )12-2.设A是对角矩阵,则A=A'.( √ )13-1.若为对称矩阵,则a=-3.(×)13-2. 若为对称矩阵,则x=0.( √ )14-1.设,则.(×)14-2. 设,则.( √ )15-1.设A是n阶方阵,则A可逆的充要条件是r(A)=n.( √ )15-2.零矩阵是可逆矩阵.(×)16-1.设行列式,则 -6 .正确答案是: -616-2. 7 .正确答案是: 7是关于 x 的一个一次多项式,则该多项式一次项的系数是 .正确答案是: 217-2. 若行列式 ,则 a= 1 .正确答案是: 118-1.乘积矩阵 中元素 C 23= 10 .正确答案是: 1018-2. 乘积矩阵 中元素 C 21= -16 .正确答案是: -1619-1.设 A,B 均为 3 阶矩阵,且正确答案是: -7219-2. 设 A,B 均为 3 阶矩阵,且正确答案是: 920-1.矩阵的秩为 2 .正确答案是: 217-1.29 .-72 .,则 ,则20-2. 矩阵的秩为 1 .正确答案是: 12设线性方程组的两个解,则下列向量中(B)一定是的解.a.b.c.d.设线性方程组的两个解,则下列向量中 (B ) 一定是的解.a.b.c.d.设与分别代表非齐次线性方程组的系数矩阵和增广矩阵,若这个方程组无解,则(D).a.b.c..设与分别代表非齐次线性方程组个方程组有解,则(A).a. b. c. d.以下结论正确的是(D).a. 方程个数小于未知量个数的线性方程组一定有解b. 方程个数等于未知量个数的线性方程组一定有唯一解c. 方程个数大于未知量个数的线性方程组一定有无穷多解d. 齐次线性方程组一定有解若某个非齐次线性方程组相应的齐次线性方程组只有零解,则该线性方程组(D).a. 有无穷多解b. 有唯一解c. 无解d. 可能无解若 向量组线性无关,则齐次线性方程组(D).a. 有非零解b. 有无穷多解d 的系数矩阵和增广矩阵,若这2c. 无解d. 只有零解若向量组线性相关,则向量组内 (D) 可被该向量组内其余向量线性表出.a.至多有一个向量b. 任何一个向量c. 没有一个向量d. 至少有一个向量矩阵A的特征多项式,则A的特征值为(B).a.b.c.d.,,矩阵的特征值为(A).a. -1,4b. -1,2c. 1,4d. 1,-1已知可逆矩阵A的特征值为-3,5 ,则A-1的特征值为 (C) .....的特征值为 0,2,则 3A 的特征值为 (D) .a. 2,6b. 0,0c. 0,2d. 0,6 设是矩阵 A 的属于不同特征值的特征向量,则向量组秩是(D).a. 不能确定b. 1c. 2d. 3设 A ,B 为 n 阶矩阵, 既是 A 又是 B 的特征值,x 既是 A 又是 B 的特征向 量,则结论(A)成立.a. x 是 A+B 的特征向量d c b a 设矩阵 的b. 是A-B的特征值c. 是A+B的特征值d. 是AB的特征值设A,B为两个随机事件,下列事件运算关系正确的是(C).a.b.c.d.设A,B为两个随机事件,则(B)成立.a.b.c.d.若事件A,B满足,则A与B一定(B).a. 互不相容b. 不互斥c. 相互独立d. 不相互独立如果(B)成立,则事件A与B互为对立事件.a.b. 且c. A 与 互为对立事件.袋中有 5 个黑球, 3 个白球, 一次随机地摸出 4 个球, 其中恰有 3 个白球 的概率为(D).....某购物抽奖活动中,每人中奖的概率为 0.3. 则 3 个抽奖者中恰有 1 人中奖的概率为(A).a. b.c. d. 0.3非齐次线性方程组 相容的充分必要条件是 . ( √ )线性方程组 可能无解.(×)当 1 时,线性方程组 只有零解.( √ )当 1 时,线性方程组 有无穷多解.(×)d c b a d 2设A是三阶矩阵,且,则线性方程组AX=B有无穷多解.(× )设A是三阶矩阵,且r(A)=3,则线性方程组AX=B有唯一解.( √ )若向量组线性相关,则也线性相关.(×)若向量组线性无关,则也线性无关.( √ )若A矩阵可逆,则零是A的特征值.(×)特征向量必为非零向量.( √ )当 1 时,齐次线性方程组有非零解.若线性方程组有非零解,则 -1 .一个向量组中如有零向量,则此向量组一定线性相关 .向量组线性相关.向量组的秩与矩阵的秩相等.设齐次线性方程组的系数行列式,则这个方程组有非零解。

第2章作业-2 参考答案

第2章作业-2 参考答案
答案:B
二、综合题
1. 若X=-0.1110,Y=-0.1101,采用原码一位乘法运算求 X·Y=? 给出计算过程。
2.若X=-0.1101,Y=-0.1011 试利用补码Booth算法(比较 法)求X·Y=? 给出计算过程。
3. 将十进制数+76.75存入某微机中,试写出其IEEE754标准规 格化单精度浮点数形式。
第2章作业-2 参考答案
一、单项选择题: 1、两个浮点数相加,一个数的阶码值为7 ,另一个数的阶码值为9 ,则需要将阶码
值较小的浮点数的小数点( )。 A .左移1 位 B .右移1 位 C .左移2 位 D .右移2 位29 .
答案: C
2、如果某单精度浮点数、某原码、某补码、某移码的32位机器数均为 OxF0000000 。这些数从大到小的顺序是()。 A .浮原补移 B .浮移补原 C .移原补浮 D . 移补原浮 答案: D
说明
初始值,最后一位补0 Y4Y5=10 +[-X]补
右移一位 Y3Y4=01
+[X]补
右移一位 Y2Y3=10
+[-X]补
右移一位 Y1Y2=01
+[X]补
右移一位 Y0Y1=10 不移位
+[-X]补
3. 解:76.75 = 1001100.11 = 1.00110011 ×26 指数E = 7 + 127 = 133 = 1000 0101B 127是单精度浮点数应加的指数偏移量。
4. 某微机内存有一个单精度规格化浮点数(IEEE754标准)为 C2308000H,试写出其真值。
计算机组成原理
1. 解: X=-0.1110,Y=-0.1101 ,X*=0.1110,Y*=0.1101。 其中寄存器 B=X* ,计数器Cd=4。计算过程:

作业的参考答案

作业的参考答案

《计算机网络技术》课程作业参考答案第五章运输层5.1 试说明运输层在协议栈中的地位和作用。

运输层的通信和网络层的通信有什么重要的区别?为什么运输层是必不可少的?答案:(1)运输层是OSI七层模型中最重要最关键的一层,是唯一负责总体数据传输和控制的一层。

运输层要达到两个主要目的:第一提供可靠的端到端的通信;第二,向会话层提供独立于网络的运输服务。

在讨论为实现这两个目标所应具有的功能之前,先考察一下运输层所处的地位。

首先,运输层之上的会话层、表示层及应用层均不包含任何数据传输的功能,而网络层又不一定需要保证发送站的数据可靠地送至目的站;其次,会话层不必考虑实际网络的结构、属性、连接方式等实现的细节。

根据运输层在七层模型中的目的和地位,它的主要功能是对一个进行的对话或连接提供可靠的传输服务;在通向网络的单一物理连接上实现该连接的利用复用;在单一连接上进行端到端的序号及流量控制;进行端到端的差错控制及恢复;提供运输层的其它服务等。

运输层反映并扩展了网络层子系统的服务功能,并通过运输层地址提供给高层用户传输数据的通信端口,使系统间高层资源的共享不必考虑数据通信方面的问题。

(2)运输层提供应用进程间的逻辑通信,也就是说,运输层之间的通信并不是真正在两个运输层之间直接传送数据。

运输层向应用层屏蔽了下面网络的细节(如网络拓扑、所采用的路由选择协议等),它使应用进程看见的就是好像在两个运输层实体之间有一条端到端的逻辑通信信道。

网络层为主机之间提供逻辑通信,而运输层为应用进程之间提供端到端的逻辑通信。

(3)运输层的最终目标是为用户提供有效、可靠和价格合理的服务。

在一个系统中,运输实体通过网络服务与其它运输实体通信,向运输层用户(可以是应用进程,也可以是会话层协议)提供运输服务。

运输层的服务包括的内容有:服务的类型、服务的等级、数据运输、用户接口、连接管理、快速数据运输、状态报告、安全保密等。

因此,运输层是必不可少的。

参考答案-词汇作业

参考答案-词汇作业

多项选择 1 (1-30)1. If you want to listen to the video, turn the knob ______ and then tune in.a. leftb. rightc. roundd. clockwise2. Daphne answered with her______ enthusiasm. She is always so carefree.a. particularb. specificc. customaryd. accidental3. The rent is payable ______. Thus, you need to go the landlady four times a year.a. quarterb. quarterlyc. monthlyd. annual4. The offer of two tickets for the price of one makes it a very attractive ______.a. adviceb. prospectc. propositiond. suggestion5. They are unable to ______ positive life values to their children because they have none.a. informb. impartc. issued. tell6. The maid said she paid $100 and the bill says $80; how does she explain the ______?a. intervalb. gapc. intermissiond. discrepancy7. Before the sailors set out, they had an ______ intuition that something was not right.a. instinctb. intuitionc. natured. trade8. A good reader knows how to focus on topic sentences and ______ over unimportant details.a. concentrateb. scanc. skipd. commence9. El Nino is caused by ______amounts of warm water in the Pacific Ocean.a. deliberateb. abnormalc. primitived. consistent10. With so many inexpensive fashion stores, it's a bargain-hunter's ______.a. homeb. paradisec. cradled. shrine11. The sunrise as seen from the top of Mountain Tai is a tremendous ______.a. visionb. primec. spectacled. scenery12. No effort is noticeably made to ______ civilian casualties.a. dwarfb. shrinkc. cutd. minimize13. The triathlon is the ultimate ______test.a. facultyb. endurancec. patienced. strength14. His words were calm, but his voice ______ his very real concern and anxiety.a. informedb. betrayedc. subjectedd. introduced15. The couple hoped that having a child would ______ new life into their marriage.a. stimulateb. convertc. probed. inject16. The boss ______ the importance of human relationships in his company, thus afailure.a. estimatedb. overestimatedc. underestimatedd. suppressed17. The terrorist activities of this religious group have come under police ______.a. cautionb. scrutinyc. searchd. evaluation18. The attacker moves in with a kick to the head and the defender raises his arm to -______ it off.a. shakeb. avoidc. escaped. ward19. The government is offering special tax ______ to people aged 40 to 50 who wantto start up small businesses.a. intentionsb. purposesc. incentivesd. inspirations20. The essence of war is ______, whatever excuses the statesmen may produce for it.a. ingredientb. componentc. extractd. essence21. There's a ______ in the fact that although we're living longer than ever before,people are more obsessed with health issues than they ever were.a. factb. truthc. principled. paradox22. Brian ______ his back trying to lift a heavy rock.a. knockedb. smashedc. crushedd. wrenched23. The first week at school is orientation week for all the freshmen.a. introductionb. orientationc. acquaintanced. familiarity24. Ginny ______ for the switch in the dark room.a. probedb. lookedc. soughtd. groped25. The image of the tiger in oriental cultures ______ power and strength.a. mattersb. displaysc. admitsd. signifies26. The kangaroo stopped, caught in the ______ of the car's headlights.a. illuminationb. blazec. glared. flash27. The U.S. alone used her ______ over a UN resolution to condemn the Israeliassassination of Hamas leaders.a. powerb. authorityc. privileged. veto28. I found to my ______ that I had left my textbooks behind.a. disappointmentb. dissatisfactionc. dismayd. depression29. Tight muscles are ______ to injury. So warm up fully before you do intensiveexercise.a. subjectb. pronec. likelyd. obliged30. I have ______ strictly to the rules.a. insistedb. persistedc. stoodd. adhered多项选择 2 (31-60)31. For only once their wishes ______. The couple both wanted a quick divorce.a. combinedb. competedc. coincidedd. compromised32. The recent discovery of this entertainment acted as a ______ to regionaldevelopment.a. stimulusb. excitementc. agitationd. inspiration33. The General was accused of committing crimes against ______.a. humanitariansb. humanityc. humand. humanities34. Despite my reservations about some chapters of the book, I do believe that it hasmuch to ______ it.a. commandb. commendc. commitd. communicate35. Lincoln‟s Address ______ the soldiers who died in the American Civil War.a. celebratesb. commemoratesc. memorizesd. applauds36. Where there are areas of high unemployment, farm workers tend to ______ toother, wealthier parts of the country.a. migrateb. flyc. transferd. switch37. Failure to ______ with the new traffic regulations will result in severepunishment.a. contrastb. consultc. complyd. conflict38. Coastal areas in China are now in the ______ of an apartment construction boom.a. centerb. midstc. cored. case39. I wonder sometimes, wonder how much is ______ and how much is truth.a. manufacturedb. maneuveredc. manipulatedd. fabricated40. The sculpture ______ the artist‟s love of nature.a. displaysb. embodiesc. embedsd. empowers41. Chinese government will ______ between the Democratic People‟s Republic ofKorea and the other four nations concerned.a. reconcileb. mediatec. settled. compromise42. His attitude towards all religion is ______.a. convincedb. criticalc. uncertaind. skeptical43. Exchanging rates between American Dollar and British Pound have reached______.a. plateaub. flatc. leveld. stability44. Tiger Woods is among the few golfers who have dominated certain events with -______ victories.a. evenb. consecutivec. tentatived. smooth45. The diamond ring was made with ______ workmanship. It must have taken a lotof time to be made.a. deliberateb. deliciousc. exquisited. delicate46. Darwin's theories about evolution were ______ by many people, especially thefundamentalists.a. discoveredb. denouncedc. detectedd. discharged47. Only telescopic observers could ______a few large galaxies.a. noticeb. discernc. telld. identify48. Pop concert goers use binoculars to ______ far-off objects.a. magnifyb. increasec. developd. multiply49. We shall have to stick to our promise, ______ of the cost.a. whateverb. irrespectivec. disregardd. instead50. We could not deny the ______ and the gradualness of the processes which arechanging the earth.a. fluencyb. continuationc. continuityd. assumption51. It is said that Bin Laden is the ______ head of Al Quadra, and his assistant is incharge.a. nominalb. virtualc. falsed. superficial52. Acid rain has ______ the air-conditioners outdoors.a. wornb. corruptedc. corrodedd. destroyed53. It is hard to imagine Baghdad to be one of the ______ of world civilization.a. placesb. cradlesc. sitesd. sources54. Nobody will be untouched to see their ______ living conditions.a. wretchedb. wreckedc. wrenchedd. wrinkled55. The Pacific islands are great tourist destinations and people there have continuedtheir relaxed lifestyle and kept up a tradition of ______.a. cordialityb. fraternityc. hospitalityd. familiarity56. In the museum we saw a(n)______ of the business streets in Shanghai in the olddays.a. modelb. imitationc. miniatured. duplicate57. The Renaissance was a(n)______ of unparalleled cultural achievement.a. stageb. markc. epochd. symbol58. The suspect appeared totally ______ from the horrific nature of his crimes.a. detachedb. pulledc. deviatedd. dislocated59. The critic‟s review would usually ______ into a personal attack on writer.a. getb. degeneratec. degraded. deteriorate60. More evidence of environmental damage is expected to emerge in legal ______against the chemical plant.a. accusationb. indictmentc. cased. proceedings多项选择 3 (61-90)61. A judge has now issued a ______ for his arrest.a. warrantb. guaranteec. certificated. vest62. The witness statements _______ each other and the facts remain unclear.a. rejectb. refusec. contradictd. disputed63. Alice lies in her bed, brooding over the wrongs done to her.a. consideringb. broodingc. thinkingd. puzzling64. The prize winner was ______ to the stage to deliver a speech..a. escortedb. assignedc. dispatchedd. supervised65. Everyone offered to ______ a day‟s pay to the city charities and the Hope Project.a. offerb. donatec. administerd. provide66. Suburban areas have become the home of the poor and socially ______ groups.a. trifleb. littlec. marginald. slim67. The ______ of life in a village is totally different from the hustle and bustle in acity.a. rateb. racec. speedd. tempo68. The U.S. is interested in accusing some …evil‟nations of possessing a ______nuclear arsenal.a. subtleb. formidablec. delicated. tedious69. Lack of education is one of the reasons for the high ______ of crime in thisdistrict.a. incidenceb. epidemicc. cased. instance70. During the early days of the Iraqi War, CCTV announced ______ by a localcorrespondent.a. informationb. writingsc. contributionsd. dispatches71. He had an appointment with his dentist to have the ______ in his tooth filled.a. dentb. hollowc. cavityd. vacuum72. Of nearly 1,000 questionnaires that were sent out, only 287 were returned.a. questionsb. noticesc. questionnairesd. surveys73. Wal-Mart is leading the way to ______ others in the world-wide merchandisingbusiness.a. matchingb. surpassingc. excellingd. smashing74. The ______ majority of the crew are against the proposal.a. overflowingb. overwhelmingc. overtakingd. overloading75. Look, officer. I‟m as______ as a judge.I‟m not drunk at all.a. calmb. soberc. consciousd. scrupulous76. Her intelligence more than ______ for her lack of fund.a. makesb. rewardsc. compensatesd. offers77. The Hamas vowed to take ______ for the loss of their spiritual leader.a. ventb. venturec. revenged. proceedings78. Most people feel all but ______ for those who possess racing cars and designerclothes.a. disrespectb. contemptc. disappointmentd. dissatisfaction79. Jack is such a(n)______ that he runs away at the first sign of danger.a. foolb. cowardc. runnerd. escapee80. The rattlesnake could see in the dark and made no noise as it ______ along.a. slidb. glidedc. slitheredd. slipped81. Multi-media technology is being used in schools and homes to ______ languagelearning.a. helpb. contributec. facilitated. enhance82. She ______ too much on her glorious past before she got really old.a. dweltb. explainedc. dealtd. discussed83. The Manchester United ______ their lead with a third goal in the second half.a. intensifiedb. magnifiedc. consolidatedd. enforced84. Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone______ a series of seven books about themagic world by J. K. Rowling.a. setb. raisedc. announcedd. inaugurated85. AIDS has a(n)______ period of as long as ten years before its symptoms becomeapparent.a. potentialb. imminentc. latentd. prominent86. Criminologists believe he could still be a ______ to society.a. menaceb. intimidationc. submissiond. damage87. Revelations of taking bribes helped bring about the ______ of the governor'scareer.a. periodb. stagec. phased. eclipse88. Two housewives were quarrelling angrily, with______ at their mouths.a. foamb. fumec. sponged. spittle89. Phillips has repeatedly ______ his innocence.a. succeededb. disclosedc. revealedd. proclaimed90. Because as the days ______ so would the true identity of her daughter.a. betrayedb. expandedc. unfoldedd. spread多项选择 4 (91-120)91. As a UN peacekeeping soldier, he needs to ______ himself for unexpected attacks.a. exertb. applyc. braced. plunge92. The guide is leading a multinational group, ______ between French and English.a. alteringb. changingc. alternatingd. differing93. Chinese Peking Opera is one of our great national verbal ______.a. legendsb. heritagesc. traditionsd. masterpieces94. A quarter of the pupils in the International School are of Asian ______.a. sourceb. descendc. traced. origin95. Unemployed, they couldn‟t possibly meet the ________ payments of their flat.a. fundb. leasec. mortgaged. loan96.The expert ______ the explosive into the sea.a. thrustb. tippedc. tiltedd. flung97. The ______ remarks of the Secretary of State were widely reported in the press.a. boringb. irritatingc. offensived. provocative98. The lecturer ______ the teaching to a bottom-up process for a change.a. divertedb. invertedc. insertedd. reverted99. The wounded man lay there moaning and ______, with no one to help him.a. weepingb. sobbingc. groaningd. grinning100. The Japanese Language ______ Test is being widely received.a. Efficiencyb. Sufficiencyc. Proficiencyd. Deficiency 101. The tragic ______ is that the fake milk powder was supposed to be nutritious.a. miracleb. playc. decisiond. irony102. His aunt is his legal _____ when Huck Finn lost his parents.a. protectorb. guardianc. patrond. sponsor103. He is a(n)______ person. He loves his country and is willing to defend it.a. honestb. patrioticc. sincered. noble104. Y esterday in the semi-final we saw Y ao Ming ______ Michael Jordan.a. forb. againstc. versusd. to105. Police used tear gas to ______ the protesting crowd.a. dismissedb. dispatchedc. dispersedd. distracted106. We could not help being impressed by the______ of the mountains, as they reached into the clouds.a. majestyb. magnitudec. solemnityd. solitude107. The FBI said anyone receiving such a package from a stranger should exercise ______ when opening it.a. seriousnessb. scrutinyc. cautiond. care108. He gave a______ excuse about missing the bus. Nobody believed it.a. soundb. lamec. justifiabled. persistent109. Revelations that two high-ranking officers had lied in court led to the downfall of the government.a. revolutionb. resolutionc. revelationd. reversion 110. There is a______ of gold and silver running through the mountain.a. veinb. veilc. vaind. vent111. Some sociologists believe that technological ______ pushes forward human history.a. imitationb. fusionc. innovationd. contribution 112. The biological professor made every ______ to help the boy to see through a microscope.a. trialb. pursuitc. obligationd. endeavour 113. Feeling contended ______ with a long life expectancy.a. communicatesb. combinesc. correlatesd. corresponds 114. We've spent weeks investigating myth and it's got us completely ______.a. batteredb. baffledc. embarrassedd. confused 115. I feel greatly ______ by your invitation to the opening ceremony.a. proudb. excitedc. flatteredd. touched 116. The People Congress has the power to ______ the constitution.a. changeb. alterc. amendd. convert 117. Violence ______ after police shot a student during the demonstration.a. eruptedb. brokec. issuedd. originated 118. By a strange ______, the rider fell on the very spot where he had fallen a previous time.a. eventb. occurrencec. coincidenced. evidence 119. A British war correspondent was held ______ for a fortnight.a. mortgageb. guaranteec. warrantyd. hostage 120. ______ is the study of the earth‟s history as shown by i ts crust, rocks, soil etc.a. Geographyb. Geophysicsc. Geologyd. Geometry多项选择 5 (121-150)121. The witness has agreed to ______ at the trial.a. modifyb. testifyc. satisfyd. qualify 122. All the plants they bought on ______ have never survived longer than a month.a. impactb. impulsec. impetusd. implication 123. Y ou can hardly imagine the kind of animals that ______ the desert.a. inhabitb. inheritc. resided. dwell124. Motor traffic is______ in much of the downtown areas of Shanghai on Monday mornings.a. pausedb. paralyzedc. confusedd. disordered 125. Where did he get the ______ for his masterpiece?a. conceptb. sketchc. inspirationd. resource 126. The saleslady looked expectantly at all the ______ customers.a. prospectiveb. respectivec. expectantd. imminent 127. At least 15 million Americans still hold the _______ view that cancer is contagious.a. ambiguousb. erroneousc. incredibled. comprehensive 128. When he dashed to the terminal, he was______ for breath.a. catchingb. gaspingc. exhalingd. exhausting129. Y oung people with a sunny ______ are more likely to be popular.a. dispositionb. fondnessc. likingd. likeness 130. Strangely enough, some people are ______ to SARS.a. ridb. immunec. deprivedd. void131. The genocide was in complete ______ of the international convention.a. viewb. contrastc. disregardd. respect 132. It is now possible for them to work from home instead of ______ to offices.a. trottingb. runningc. commutingd. walking 133. An attempt to rescue the men has been _______ by the snowstorm.a. hamperedb. intervenedc. hammeredd. insulated 134. Handle the ancient porcelain with care--it's very ______.a. crispb. exquisitec. fragiled. feeble135. Human beings seem to be the only creature to ______ whether there are other life forms in the universe.a. thinkb. reflectc. dwelld. ponder 136. Economical development without ecological reference is ultimately a logical impossibility in a world of ______ resources.a. certainb. finitec. definited. infinite 137. The violinist‟s performance was ______ itself. His is the best in the country.a. showb. perfectionc. executiond. novelty 138. Tribe chiefs are now united in their ______ for peace.a. pursuitb. endeavorc. questd. exploration 139. What he says and does will be decisive for the ______elections.a. imminentb. forthcomingc. futured. ominous 140. As soon as the first ______ of a science fiction was published in the newspaper, it became an immediate hit.a. partb. columnc. commentd. installment 141. When he came down the slope, his ski was gaining ______ all the time.a. strengthb. impulsec. momentumd. impact 142. The naughty children______ the queer dialect of the new boy.a. satirizedb. mockedc. laughedd. amused 143. The______ of this year‟s London Marathon outnumbers those of last year‟s.a. candidatesb. playersc. participantsd. enthusiasts 144. The President‟s foreign policy______ many of his former followers.a. alienatedb. mobilizedc. distractedd. detached 145. The assistant manager was______ to president of the company.a. nominatedb. delegatedc. elevatedd. escalated 146. Where art is concerned, he is only a(n)_____; he knows almost nothing about it.a. amateurb. ignorantc. foold. layman 147. According to the law, a suspect is______ to be innocent until he is proved guilty.a. grantedb. regardedc. presumedd. decided 148. Y oung people‟s social environment has a______ eff ect on their later development.a. deepb. solidc. profoundd. complete149. It‟s interesting to note that some insects______ dead leaves so as to escape their enemies.a. pretendb. simulatec. liked. mask150. The country consisted of several small states and was______ only recently.a. blendedb. unifiedc. assembledd. connected练习2. 将方框中词语和下面的定义相匹配1.the act or the process of flowing out: J2.to break down into component parts G3.on board a ship, train, aircraft, or other passenger vehicle. I4.heedful of circumstances and potential consequences; prudent. A5.the part of the mind below the level of conscious perception. E6.to pay back or compensate (another party) for money spent or losses incurred. H7.concerned with or comprehending only what is apparent or obvious B8.to represent as greater than is actually the case F9.to yield or surrender (oneself) to the will or authority of another D10.to confuse or trouble with uncertainty or doubt. C练习3. 判断句意是否正确(100句)________ 1. Counterfeit money has no real value.________ 2. An assassin kills prominent people.________ 3. An assailant may flee if his victim cries, “Help!”________ 4. Adverse circumstances will impede a project.________ 5. One‟s somber attitude may be caused by dire circumstances.________ 6. A garrison contains several barracks.________ 7. A high casualty rate is pleasing.________ 8. The military punish soldiers who try to desert.________ 9. Officers in the military are civilians.________ 10. Soldiers never want plunder.________ 11. It is a sentry‟s duty to watch an area in order to protect it.________ 12. A guardian takes care of a ward.________ 13. Parents normally have custody of their children.________ 14.An adolescent is younger than a toddler.________ 15.Friction is good to build up a harmonious atmosphere.________ 16. Workers enjoy being reprimanded by their supervisors.________ 17. Many people long to live in mansions.________ 18. New houses need renovation.________ 19. Most affluent people live in ghettos.________ 20. An eloquent speaker mumbles.________ 21. We are good at things that we have a high aptitude for.________ 22. An insightful person discerns the truth of situations.________ 23. We are sometimes baffled by strange notions.________ 24.People who are exiled are imprisoned in the prosperous cities of their country. ________ 25. Treason is regarded as a serious crime.________ 26. Diplomatic relations may be severed if the countries have a major argument. ________ 27.Predators are usually weaker than their prey.________ 28. Hermits usually enjoy living in the urban area.________ 29. People tend to be frightened by eerie phenomena.________ 30. Wild animals such as tigers and lions can be ferocious.________ 31. People who lapse into a coma sometimes revive and sometimes die.________ 32. If one is immune to a disease, he will not catch that disease.________ 33. One can‟t be too careful to take the correct dosage of any medicine.________ 34. To cure patients‟ nausea with plagues is a common practice________ 35. Y ou will have trouble working when you feel drowsy.________ 36. An auction is a private sale.________ 37. If people spend too much, they will have a deficit.________ 38. Robbers will steal gems as hard as they can.________ 39. Thrifty people save money for the future.________ 40. Frugal person are usually careful about spending money.________ 41. People usually use bleach on white clothing.________ 42. Boutiques display their merchandise on racks.________ 43. People cast off things that are stunning.________ 44. When we scrutinize something, we look at it carefully.________ 45. People want their clothing to be crumpled when they dress up for a party.________ 46. A hoax may fool gullible people.________ 47. Reading blurry print is difficult.________ 48. One has to be skeptical of something that is obviously true.________ 49. Illustrations in magazines depict important aspects of the articles.________ 50. A news report can trigger a public reaction.________ 51. Rice is a staple in China.________ 52. People refrigerate food to keep it from spoiling.________ 53. Drinking alcohol keeps you sober.________ 54. When one craves something, he does not like it.________ 55. Fresh steam bread is usually stale.________ 56. Government encourages people to hoard food.________ 57. We usually eat banquets in saloons.________ 58. Children often gnaw on soup.________ 59. Y ou mix two ingredients together when a recipe says to blend them.________ 60. Notorious people are famous for bad actions.________ 61. People try hard to evade receiving money for their work.________ 62. Torture is certainly one type of ordeal.________ 63. People may get injured in a riot.________ 64. A molested person is a criminal.________ 65. Timid people are often intimidated by threats.________ 66. Wrath can lead to quarrels and fights.________ 67. We should strive for what we wish to get.________ 68. One should endeavor to do a perilous task carefully.________ 69. People are reluctant to do things that they detest.________ 70. A burial service is given to a person after he perishes.________ 71. Officers feel pleased when their men comply with their orders.________ 72. It is a good idea to encroach on your neighbor‟s territory.________ 73. A single person can rendezvous.________ 74. If your supplies dwindle, you will have to get more supplies.________ 75. A child who is born in a monogamous marriage is illegitimate.________ 76. When a person pleads for something he speaks against it.________ 77. We want others to squat on our property.________ 78. If one does not have a place to stay, he needs someone to put him up.________ 79. Y ou feel it hard to understand an incoherent person.________ 80. A subtle change is not very noticeable.________ 81. A person who makes a rambling speech does not get to the point quickly.________ 82. An inventor, to be of any value to the society, should not be ingenious.________ 83. Students who are proficient at a foreign language know that language well.________ 84. A person gets renowned because he or she is not accomplished at some art.________ 85. People wish to be adept at the things that they do.________ 86. A bored person often fidgets.________ 87. We agitate for things that we are against.________ 88.Reactionary people support liberal changes.________ 89. One who presides over a meeting is in charge of it.________ 90.A barren landscape is usually covered with lush vegetation.________ 91. A plant usually blooms during its dormant period.________ 92. People who are sauntering are not moving fast.________ 93. People are overjoyed on hearing ominous news.________ 94. Doctors understand anatomy.________ 95. Exercise causes physically weak people to gasp.________ 96. We often flush when we are embarrassed.________ 97. People with a lot of stamina get fatigued easily.________ 98. Physical exercise may cause a chubby child to pant.________ 99. Bones are frequently fractured.________ 100.Aging people are often frail.1.NO 99 NOTE ON USAGE 用法: Compare cry, sob, weep, wail and whimper. 试比较cry﹑sob﹑weep﹑wail﹑whimper这五个词. They all indicate people expressing emotions, often with tears. 这些词均指强烈感情的表现, 常伴有眼泪. Cry has the widest use and may be the result of unhappiness, joy, etc or, especially with babies, of physical discomfort *cry使用最广, 可为出於难过﹑喜悦等或因身体不适(尤指小儿): The little boy was crying because he was lost. 那小孩因迷路而哭. * Babies cry when they are hungry. 婴儿肚子饿了就哭. Weep is more formal than cry and can suggest stronger emotions *weep比cry文雅, 可表示更为强烈的感情: The hostages wept for joy on their release. 人质获释时喜极而泣. Sob indicates crying。

第一次作业及参考答案

第一次作业及参考答案

第一次作业:第一章一.名词解释:1.饱和空气2.未饱和空气3.制冷4.露点温度5.含湿量6.绝对湿度7. 相对湿度二.简答题:1.空气调节的定义与客车空调装置的任务2.说明制冷与空调的区别和联系3.空气的干球温度、湿球温度和露点温度有什么区别?三者之间的关系如何?4.确定空调装置外气计算参数的方法是什么?5.空气的相对湿度与含湿量有何区别?空气的枯燥程度与吸湿能力大小由那个参数反映?6.白天空气的温度为30℃,相对湿度为50%,夜间温度下降至20℃,夜间会出现结露吗?夜间的相对湿度是多少?7.冷却、冷藏、冷冻都有什么区别?8.焓湿图由哪几种线群组成?9.列车空调系统主要由哪几个根本局部组成?各局部的用作是什么?第一次作业参考答案一.名词解释:1.饱和空气:干空气和饱和水蒸汽的混合物称为饱和空气。

2.未饱和空气:干空气和过热水蒸汽的混合物称为过饱和空气。

3.制冷:用一定的方法使某物体或空间的温度低于周围环境介质的温度,并且使其维持在某一范围内,这个过程称为制冷。

4.露点温度:指某一状态的空气,在含湿量不变时,降温至饱和状态时的温度。

5.含湿量:随一公斤干空气同时存在的水蒸汽质量,称为湿空气的含湿量〔g〕。

6.绝对湿度:每立方米湿空气中所含水蒸汽的质量,称为空气的绝对湿度。

7.相对湿度:一立方米湿空气中所含水蒸汽的质量,与同一温度下饱和空气中所含水蒸汽质量的比值称为相对湿度。

二.简答题:1. 空气调节的定义与客车空调装置的任务答:空气调节:把经过一定处理后的空气,以一定的方式送入室内,使室内空气的温度、相对湿度、气流速度和干净度等控制在适当范围内的专门技术。

客车空调装置的任务是将一定量的车外新鲜空气和车内再循环空气混合后,经过过滤、冷却或加热、减湿或加湿等处理,以一定的流速送入车内,并将车内一定量的污浊空气排出车外。

答:制冷:用人工的方法在一定时间和空间内将某物体或流体冷却,使其温度低于周围环境介质的温度,并保持这个低温的过程。

作业一参考答案

作业一参考答案

作业一(第一、二、三部分)一.第一部分1.写出聚氯乙烯、聚乙二醇、涤纶、尼龙-610、聚乙烯醇、聚甲基丙烯酸乙酯和氯丁橡胶的分子式、重复单元及单体,并用系统命名法命名。

2. (1)数均分子量M n 和重均分子量M w 的物理意义是什么试证明多分散系数d ≥1。

(2)某聚合物试样由下列级分组成,试计算该试样的数均分子量M n 和重均分子量M w 以及多分散系数d 。

解:(1)数均分子量的物理意义是各种不同分子量的分子所占的分数与其相对应的分子量乘积的总和。

重均分子量的物理意义是各种不同分子量的分子所占的重量分数与其相对应的分子量乘积的总和。

设i M 为i 聚体的分子量,则()22220i n i i i nin i i M M N M N M NM M N -=+-≥∑∑∑∑亦即20w n n M M M -≥故当i n M M ≡时,则w n M M ≡,当i n M M ≠时,则w n M M 。

(2)456118484.30.50.40.1101010i ini n M M n===++∑∑45650.5100.4100.110 1.45101i iwiw M M w⨯+⨯+⨯===⨯∑∑51.45107.8418484.3w n M d M ⨯===二.第二部分3. 多少乙酸加到等摩尔比的己二酸和己二胺中才能使聚酰胺的分子量为11318,反应程度为 %,求乙酸和己二酸的摩尔比解:设己二酸加料为1mol 时,乙酸为N mol ,将P =,11318,113n X =代入112n r X r r ϕ'+='+-中,解得0.99r '=。

由120.99122b b b N r N N N ⨯'==='+⨯+, 得N =。

所以乙酸和己二酸得摩尔比为:1。

4. 计算下列体形缩聚反应体系的凝胶点:(1)邻苯二甲酸和甘油的摩尔比为:;(2)邻苯二甲酸、甘油和乙二醇的摩尔比为::解:(1)30.982 2.371.500.98f ⨯⨯==+,220.8442.39c P f ===(2)(30.990.0022)2 2.391.500.990.005f ⨯+⨯⨯==++;220.8382.39c P f === 。

《系统工程》作业习题参考答案

《系统工程》作业习题参考答案第三章:初步系统分析1、设有5个销售员w 1、w2、w3、w4、w 5,他们的销售业绩由二维变量v 1、v 2描述,如下表所示,使用绝对值距离来测量点与点之间的距离,用最长距离法来测量类解:第一步:计算样本点与样本点之间的距离,得到距离矩阵:⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎦⎤⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎣⎡04042055306641054321w w w w w第二步:将距离最近的样本点w 1和w 2合并为类h 6,在新分类情况下计算距离: ⎥⎥⎥⎦⎤⎢⎢⎢⎣⎡06064044206543h w w w 第三步:将距离最近的样本点w 3和w 4合并为类h 7,继续计算距离:⎥⎥⎦⎤⎢⎢⎣⎡060460765h h w 第四步:合并w 5和h 7为类h 8,最后计算h 6与h 8的距离为6。

第五步:123452、设有5个环境区域Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ,各区域环境污染状况由4个指标衡量,即空气、水、土、作物中污染物含量的超限度。

具体各区域污染物超限度数见下表所示:依次对这5个区进行模糊聚类。

解:(1)建立模糊相容关系和模糊等价关系(2)给定聚类水平,对样本进行聚类 ① λ=0.93时② λ=0.95时③ λ=0.98时(3)结合本问题的背景,第二种分类,即分为三类更为合适,其中Ⅰ、Ⅲ为重度污染区域,Ⅱ为较重污染区域,Ⅳ、Ⅴ为轻度污染区域。

⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎦⎤⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎣⎡==⇒⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎦⎤⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎣⎡=195.0193.093.0189.089.089.0193.093.098.089.01~~195.0183.091.0189.086.082.0188.093.098.081.01~84R R R }{{}ⅡⅤⅣⅢⅠ;,,,1110111101111010001011101~4⇒⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎦⎤⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎣⎡=R }{{}}{ⅤⅣⅡⅢⅠ,;;,1100011000001010001000101~4⇒⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎦⎤⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎣⎡=R }{{}{}{}ⅤⅣⅡⅢⅠ;;;,1000001000001010001000101~4⇒⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎦⎤⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎣⎡=R第五章:系统仿真1、一家小邮局的经理认为,由于镇上店铺的增多,邮局提供的一个窗口的服务已经不够用了。

自然灾害学作业及参考答案

《自然灾害学》作业参考答案一、名词解释1、寒潮:形成于极地的冷气团南下,由于它们温度低、气压高,寒冷的气流就会使所经之处气温急剧下降,几天内能下降10℃或更低,这种大范围的强烈冷空气活动,被称为寒潮。

2、浮石:当火山猛烈喷发时,在气体从岩浆中跑出动的过程中,岩浆了也迅速地冷却,形成了一种多孔的岩石,叫作浮石。

3、气象灾害:是一种发源于地球大气圈的自然灾害,全球大气在不停的运动之中,它常表现为各种波状和涡旋运动,使得大气中的动能、热能不断积累和释放,从而构成了各种气象事件。

4、火山泥石流:指含有大于25%火山物质的泥流或碎屑流,其稠度相当于新鲜的湿的混凝土。

5、洪涝灾害:通常是指由于大气降水偏强,致使江河洪水泛滥,淹没田地和城乡,或因长期降雨等产生积水或径流淹没低洼土地,造成农业或其他财产损失和人员作伤亡的一种灾害。

6、洪水重现期是指某洪水变量(如洪峰流量或时段洪量)大于或等于一定数值,在很长时期内平均多少年出现一次的概念。

7、沙尘暴:沙尘暴是指由于强风将地面大量沙尘吹起,使空气很浑浊,水平能见度小于1km 的天气现象。

8、泥石流是沙石、泥土、岩屑、石块等松散固体物质和水的混合体在重力作用下沿着沟床或坡面向下运动的特殊流体。

9、震的震级表示地震所释放的能量的大小,震级大的地震,释放的能量就多10海啸是由海底地震、火山喷发、泥石流、滑坡等海底地形突然变化所引发的具有超长波长玄周期的大洋行波。

11、台风就是在大气中绕着自己的中心急速旋转的同时又向前移动的空气旋。

12、沙尘暴是指由于强风将地面大量沙尘吹起,使空气很浑浊,水平能见度小于1km 的天气现象。

13、热岛效应是指一个地区的气温高于周围地区的现象。

周围地区的高温区就像突出海面的岛屿,所以就形象的被成为热岛。

二、单项选择题1、下列地理事件属于自然灾害的是 。

A .2010年1月兰州石化公司发生重大爆炸事故 B .2006年3月重庆开县天然气泄漏C .1976年唐山大地震D .2005年吉林化工厂爆炸导致松花江污染2、海啸波的速度公式为 。

初等数论作业答案

初等数论1:[单选题]已知361a是一个4位数(其中a是个位数),它能被5整除,也能被3整除,则a的值是()。

A:0B:2C:5D:9参考答案:C2:[单选题]下面的()是模4的一个简化剩余系。

A:4,17B:1,15C:3,23D:13,6参考答案:B3:[单选题]小于20的正素数的个数是()。

A:11B:10C:9D:8参考答案:D 4:[单选题]下面的数是3的倍数的数是()。

A:19B:119C:1119D:11119参考答案:C5:[单选题]-4除-39的余数是()。

A:3B:2C:1D:0参考答案:C6:[单选题]一个正整数n的各位上的数字是0或1,并且n能被2和3整除,则最小的n 是()。

A:1110B:1101C:1011D:1001参考答案:A7:[单选题][[4.5]+[3.7]]等于()。

A:3B:4C:7D:8参考答案:C8:[单选题]{{1.8}+{2.9}}等于()。

A:0.4B:0.5C:0.6D:0.7参考答案:D 9:[单选题]100与44的最小公倍数是()。

A:4400B:2200C:1100D:440参考答案:C10:[单选题]使3的n次方对模7同余于1的最小的正整数n等于()。

A:6B:2C:3D:13参考答案:A11:[单选题]设a,b,c,d是模5的一个简化剩余系,则a+b+c+d对模5同余于()。

A:0B:1C:2D:3参考答案:A12:[单选题]下面的()是不定方程3x + 7y = 20的一个整数解。

A:x=0,y=3B:x=2,y=1C:x=4,y=2D:x=2,y=2参考答案:D13:[单选题]下面的()是模4的一个完全剩余系。

A:9,17,-5,-1B:25,27,13,-1C:0,1,6,7D:1,-1,2,-2参考答案:C14:[单选题]下面的()是模12的一个简化剩余系。

A:0,1,5,11B:25,27,13,-1C:1,5,7,11D:1,-1,2,-2参考答案:C15:[单选题]若a,b均为偶数,则a + b为()。

《经济地理学》作业及参考答案

《经济地理学》作业参考答案一、选择题一、选择题1、自然条件和自然资源不是产业布局的( )。

A.前提 B.基础 C.充分条件D.必要条件2、下列关于三次产业分类法,说法不正确的是( )。

A.三次产业分类法的依据和标准是产品的性质和生产过程的特征 B.费希尔明确提出了第三次产业的概念,并运用三次产业分类法研究了经济发展与产业结构变化之间的关系C.能广泛接受是因为其有一定的科学依据和较强的实用性D.采矿业按其产品的性质来看,理应划到第一次产业,但实践中常把其列入第二次产业。

3、区位论由()首创。

A.佩鲁 B.克拉克 C.韦伯 D.杜能4、在韦伯工业区位论中,()因素起决定性作用。

A.工资 B.运费 C.集聚 D.原料5、第三产业区别于其他产业的唯一特性是()。

A.易行性 B.先行性 C.服务性 D.普遍性6、我国重庆市市区属于( )类型城市地域形态。

A.团块状 B.带状 C.星状 D.组团式 E.一城多镇式7、CBD指()。

A.增长极 B.中央商业区 C.高技术园区 D.城市化8、农业生态系统的要素构成包括()。

A.环境 B.植物 C.动物 D.微生物9、公路运输的特点是( )。

A.直达性和门对门运输 B.灵活性强 C.运载量小 D.运输成本高10、中心地理论认为,商业中心区等级体系的分类和排列,一般要受到( )原则的制约和影响。

A市场最优 B.交通最优 C.效用最优 D.行政最优11、经济地理学是研究( )的一门学科。

A.生产(力)布局(分布)规律B.生产地域综合体C.生产力布局和生产地域综合体D.产业结构和产业布局演变规律12、增长极概念是20世纪50年代初首先由( )所提出的。

A.配弟 B. 佩鲁 C.克拉克 D.库茨涅兹13、下列()项不属于农业生产的特点。

A.经济再生产和自然再生产交织在一起 B.强烈的季节性、连续性和周期性C.强烈的地域性 D.主要是物理和化学变化过程以及少量的微生物作用和生物工程的活动14、下列工业基地中,()属于临海型工业布局。

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第3章作业参考答案1.什么是塑性成形?金属塑性成形的工艺特点有哪些?与液态成形工艺和机加工工艺相比有何优势?在外力作用下,利用金属材料塑性而使其发生不可恢复的永久变形并获得一定力学性能的加工方法称为塑性成形。

工艺特点为组织、性能好,材料利用率高,尺寸精度高,生产率高、操作简单、工人素质要求低,适于大批量生产,工作环境差等。

与其他加工工艺相比,组织、性能好,材料利用率高,尺寸精度高,生产率高、操作简单、工人素质要求低,适于大批量生产为其优势。

2.体积成形和板料成形工艺各有什么特点?体积成形:材料体积不变,只发生材料重新分配(材料转移)板料成形:平面应力状态塑性变形3.塑性表征材料的什么能力?衡量金属材料塑性的指标有哪些?相应的测试方法是什么?塑性指金属材料在外力作用下发生变形而不破坏其完整性的能力,表征金属对塑性变形的适应能力。

塑性指标是以材料开始破坏时的塑性变形量来表示,常用的有拉伸试验的延伸率和断面收缩率,镦粗试验时表面出现第一条裂缝的压缩程度,扭转试验时断裂前的扭转角度或圈数等。

4.影响金属塑性的因素有哪些?如何影响的?影响塑性的因素分为内因和外因(以钢为例)。

内因:1.化学成分:化学成分的影响很复杂,如碳固溶于铁时,形成具有良好塑性的铁素体和奥氏体,而超过铁的固溶能力后会形成渗碳体,降低钢材塑性;磷会提高铁的冷脆性;硫会形成硫化物及其共晶体,提高热脆性;氮会形成氮化物,提高钢的脆性(如蓝脆);氢会产生氢脆和白点,降低塑性;氧会形成氧化物降低塑性等。

2.合金元素:总的来看,合金元素加入会使得钢材的变形抗力增加,塑性降低。

主要是通过①固溶引起晶格畸变②形成碳化物③形成硫化物④造成组织多相性⑤增加晶粒长大倾向⑥提高硬化倾向⑦低熔点纯金属分布于晶界增加热脆性等3.组织:单相好于多相(多相会导致变形和内应力分布不均);细晶好于粗晶(细晶晶粒多,有利于滑移,晶粒内部和晶界处应变差异小)铸造组织由于具有粗大柱状晶和偏析、夹杂、气孔、缩松等缺陷,会降低塑性,故需要用先进的冶炼方法提高铸锭质量。

外因:1.变形温度:随着温度上升,塑性增加,但在某些温度区间由于有相变或晶粒边界变化会出现脆性区,使得塑性降低。

2.应变速率:应变速率提高对金属塑性有两方面影响,一方面,真应力提高,没有足够的时间进行回复或再结晶,因而软化过程不充分,这些都会使金属的塑性降低;另一方面,应变速率提高,温度效应增加,有利于塑性变形。

应变速率对塑性的影响的一般趋势:先降低、后提高(温度效应先小、后显著)。

具有脆性转变的金属,应变速率增加,温度效应作用而使金属由塑性进入脆性区或由脆性区进入塑性区。

3.应力应变状态的影响:应力状态不同,塑性行为大不相同,静水压力越大、塑性提高,原因:①拉伸应力促进晶间变形,加速晶界破坏;压应力相反②三向压应力有利于愈合变形中损伤③三向压缩能抑制缺陷的有害作用④三向静水压力能抵消变形不均匀引起附加拉应力;压缩应变有利于塑性的发挥,而拉伸应变则对塑性不利。

原因与缺陷的变化有关:因为金属(特别是铸锭)中不可避免地存在着气孔、夹杂物等缺陷,这些缺陷在不同变形条件下发生变化而使其对其对塑性的危害性发生变化。

其他因素: 1. 不连续变形的影响:不连续热变形条件下使金属塑性提高:在分散变形时每次的变形量都较小,远低于塑性极限,应力也较小,不会引起金属的断裂。

同时间歇时间内能进行软化过程,使金属的塑性在一定程度上得到恢复。

2. 尺寸(体积)因素的影响:尺寸越大,塑性越低;但当变形体的尺寸(体积)达到某一临界值时,塑性将不再随体积的增大而降低。

原因:尺寸越大,成分、组织越不均匀性、缺陷含量越多;还有尺寸增大、接触面积相对较小、摩擦引起的三向压缩应力状态弱、塑性降低 5.镁合金与铝合金相比,哪种合金塑性好?为什么?能否采用拉拔的方法加工镁合金?为什么? 铝合金塑性好,因为镁是密排六方结构,铝是面心立方结构,铝的滑移系多于镁,因而塑性好。

能,但要合理设计工艺,因为拉拔处于单向受拉状态,不利于发挥塑性,而镁合金塑性较低,因而容易出现问题。

最好配合侧向挤压工艺。

(参考:何淼,镁合金拉拔工艺及组织性能的研究. 《沈阳工业大学》, 2008.)(言之成理,有理有据即可) 6.加工硬化和软化的主要机制是什么?不同晶体结构和特性的金属硬化和软化行为是否相同?为什么? 加工硬化是由于位错的交互作用产生的,塑性变形使得位错密度增加,位错反应和相互交割加剧,产生固定割阶、位错缠结等障碍,位错难以越过这些障碍而被限制在一定范围内运动,继续变形需要更大的外力,即加工硬化。

软化则是由于随着变形量增加,位错急剧增加,应变能显著增大,当增大到一定程度时,可诱发多变化回复,使得应力得到松弛,另外,再结晶也是金属失强软化的原因之一。

不相同,对于加工硬化,不同晶体结构的滑移系数目不同,滑移系多的金属滑移可以同时或交替在多个滑移面上进行,位错间的交错作用较强,加工硬化速率更大。

对于软化来说,不同金属在相同条件下的应变能变化和多变化回复能力不同,软化行为也有差异。

7.温度升高一般使金属的塑性增加,主要原因是什么?但在加热过程中会出现脆性区,又是什么原因?以碳钢为例说明产生脆性区的原因。

温度升高主要可以促进回复和再结晶,还有利于位错的重新调整,有利于位错合并和位错密度的降低,促进裂纹修复等。

由于相态或晶粒边界状态的变化而出现脆性区。

结合书P84图3-8,超低温区由于原子热振动能力低,产生脆性区;在200~400℃,氮化物、氧化物以沉淀形式在晶界滑移面上析出,产生蓝脆区;在800~950℃,珠光体转变为奥氏体,形成铁素体于奥氏体两相共存区,同时FeS-FeO 低熔共晶体在晶界析出,形成热脆区;温度超过1250℃后,由于发生过热、过烧(晶粒粗大化,晶界出现氧化物和低熔点物质局部熔化,形成高温脆性区。

8. 试结合生产实例说明应力状态对金属塑性的影响?举例合理即可,如拔长合金钢时采用V 型砧,提供侧面压应力,避免裂纹的产生。

9.已知物体中某一点的应力张量为⎥⎥⎥⎦⎤⎢⎢⎢⎣⎡--=015015015020001500100)(ij σMPa ,试将其分解为球形张量和应力偏量,并计算应力偏量的第二不变量和等效应力。

⎥⎥⎥⎦⎤⎢⎢⎢⎣⎡⎥⎥⎥⎦⎤⎢⎢⎢⎣⎡100-150-150150-100015000,偏量100000100000100球量,I ’2=-55000,=10. 请写出理想弹塑性变形体模型的表达式,理性弹塑性变形体模型一般用于表达什么材料的本构关系?2分一般可认为金属材料为理想弹塑性材料,而在慢速热变形时接近理想塑性11. 流动准则的基本概念是什么?请写出刚塑性和弹塑性的流动准则的基本要点和相应的表达式。

5分流动准则是表示材料达到屈服后,塑性应变增量张量与应力张量之间的关系。

刚塑性流动准则为Levy-Mises 理论:① 材料为理想刚塑性材料,即弹性应变增量为零,塑性应变增量就是总应变增量;② 材料服从Mises 屈服准则,即:③ 塑性变形时体积不变,即:④ 应变增量主轴与应力主轴重合,即应变偏量分量的增量与相应的应力偏量成正比,即:最终表达式弹塑性流动准则为Prandi-Reuss 理论:① 该理论与Levy-Mises 理论的区别在于考虑了总应变增量中的弹性应变增量,即: 最终表达式冷塑性变形 热塑性变形 相同点组织:二者都会形成纤维组织(尽管有差异) 性能:都会显示出各向异性 不同点 组织:晶粒形状变化趋势与宏观变形一致;会出现织构;对高层错能金属可能出现胞状亚结构;微观缺陷增加,如位错密度增加性能:加工硬化多道成形可能会受到加工硬化的影响,需要退火;加工硬化强度提高、塑性降低;导电性降低;化学稳定性降低 存在回复和再结晶过程 组织:晶粒组织会得到改善;内部缺陷能够锻合;能够破碎非金属夹杂并在高温下的扩散溶解作用下使其均匀分布;纤维组织与冷变形下的有差异;改善偏析 性能:组织得到改善,性能会得到提高;由于温度作用,加工硬化的能被软化消除,加工能够顺利进行13. 塑性变形分析的主要方法有哪些?各有什么特点?方法特点 主应力法 将应力平衡微分方程和屈服方程联立求解,但有所简化:把问题简化为平面问题或轴对称问题;根据金属流动趋向和所选取的坐标系,对变形体截取包括接触面在内的基元体或基元板块,切面上正应力假定为主应力,且均匀分布,将平衡微分方程简化为常微分方程;假定各坐标平面上作用的正应力为主应力。

而忽略面上剪应力对材料屈服方程的影响,将屈服方程简化为线性方程。

联立求解并利用应力边界条件确定积分常数求得接触面上应力分布,进而求得变形力等。

运算简14.塑性成形中的摩擦有哪些特点?摩擦对塑性成形时金属的流动有哪些影响?特点:1.伴随有变形金属的塑性流动2.接触面压强高3.实际接触面积大4.不断有新的摩擦面产生5.常在高温下产生摩擦影响:大部分情况下有害1.改变变形体内应力状态,增加变形抗力2.引起不均匀变形,产生应力不均,形成歪扭、残余应力,降低塑性,甚至引起损坏3.降低模具寿命15.塑性成形中主要润滑方法有哪些?对润滑剂有何要求?常用润滑剂是什么?润滑方法:液体润滑,表面磷化处理,表面镀层对润滑剂的要求:1.良好的耐压性能2.良好的耐热性3.具有冷却模具的作用4.应无腐蚀5.无毒6.使用、清理方便,来源丰富,加工便宜等分类:1.液体润滑剂:矿物油、植物油、动物油、乳液和有机化合物等液体2.固体润滑剂:分为干性和软化固体润滑剂,前者如石墨、二硫化钼、云母等;后者如玻璃、珐琅、天然矿物和各种无机盐等。

润滑剂中还常常添加油性剂、挤压剂、抗磨剂和防锈剂。

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