专业英语-生态学教材PPT课件
生态学PPT
Management and policy decisions of wetland functions and values tend to be made anthropocentrically
• These values may be the result of ecosystem functions and processes • The value may be very different for diverse stakeholders (利益相关者） ---Regional (global tends to be ignored in the U.S., but not in Europe) ---Specific function based (e.g. birdwatching,
Natural wetland
1.Wetland functions and values 2. Wetland for waste water treatment
What is wetland?
• Wetland are defined variously to include a wide spectrum of habitats where the land is inundated by shallow water or is saturated by surface or ground water at a frequency and duration every year that water becomes the primary factor controlling the environment and the associated plant and animal life.
生态学知识ppt课件演示文稿
会的广泛关注，各方纷纷谴责美国这种 不负责任的态度。
生态学向调控与工程方向发展阶 段（1962- ）
加利福尼亚喷气推进实验室，研究金星和火 星的生命，发现生命与大气共同进化现象。 1969拉夫洛克提出大地女神“盖亚”假说— “一个地区的动植物及其周边环境组成了一 个能够单独地自动抵制不利生存变化的内在 平衡系统” 。生命的最基本规则是合作与 共生，而不是各自竞争。
生态学知识
§1-1-1
生态学定义
生态学( Ecology)是生物学的分支，是一门宏观生物学。 勒特(Reiter)1865年合并logos(研究、学科)和oikos(住所) 构成Oikologie(生态学)一词。 赫克尔（ Ernst Hackel ， 1834—1911，德国生物学家） 1866年第一次提出并定义Ecology。
1997在日本京都签署的《京都协定书》，是 人类为防止全球变暖迈出的第一步，是人类 有史以来通过控制自身行为以减少对气候变 化影响的第一个国际文书，是国际社会为保 护来以生存的地球环境经过多年努力所达成 的重要结果。然而由于美国布什政府最近在 《京都协定书》上开倒车，引起了国际社
生态学向调控与工程方向发展阶 段（1962- ）
生态学形成和发展的几个阶段
（五）社会需求推动生态学向定向、定量、控制、模拟和 应用方向发展的新阶段 五大危机：污染、 资源、能源、粮食、人口 1962年，美国海洋生物学家卡逊（R.Carson）《寂静的春 天》用通俗的文笔，描述了一个受到人造化学品危害的悲 惨世界。她的书是人类生态环境意识觉醒的标志。生态学 开始被从高楼深院中请出来，以解决社会生活中的生态问 题。 联合国教科文组织：IBM(1964),MAB(1971) 世 界 环 发 大 会 :〈 人类 环 境 宣言 〉( 斯 德哥 尔 摩 ,1972); 〈保护生物多样性公约〉、〈气候变化公约〉、〈关于森 林问题的申明〉、〈21世纪行动议程〉和〈里约热内卢宣 言〉(里约热内卢，1992)
General Ecology 5——【暨大本科生态学课件 英文版】
起源于水。
•Life on earth originated in salty aquatic(起源于 盐水) environments and is built around biochemistry within an aquatic medium.在水环
显得尤为突出。
Most organisms must expend energy to maintain their internal pool of water.
大多生物必须通过消耗能量以维持体内水分储备.
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1 水分的有效性
Water availability
Water Content of Air
境中构建其生化结构.
•To survive and reproduce, organisms must maintain appropriate internal concentrations of water and dissolved substances.生物的生存和
繁段殖舜山 ，2020必/9/27 须保持体内适当的水分4 和溶解性物质的浓度。
空气含水量
Water Movement in Aquatic Environmer Movement Between Soils and
Plants 段舜山 2020/9/27
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水分向低浓度梯度的运动制约其对生物的有效性
General Ecology 11-2——【暨大本科生态学课件 英文版】
Upwelling in coastline
沿岸上升流
Fog banks of San Francisco 旧金山大雾
Topography and regional climates 地形
Rain shadow of mountain 高山(遮)雨影
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1. Climate variation 气候差异
•As a result of the differences in incoming solar radiation, climate varies by latitude.气候的纬度差异是由于不同纬
度获得太阳辐射量的不同所造成的.
•However, even at a given latitude, the climate is far from uniform.然而,即
• Effects of climate on ecosystems
气候对生态系统的影响
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第2节 大气环流和气候(复习)
段舜山 2020/9/27
Concepts:
Solar radiations
太阳辐射
Amount of solar radiation 太阳辐射
量
Ultraviolet radiation
•The uppermost 10 percent of the world ocean circulates in currents that influence regional climates. 有10%的洋流会
影响区域性气候
•These surface currents are ultimately
driven by the sun and by wind friction.
生态学课件General Ecology 3
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JINAN UNIVERSITY
河口：河流汇聚于海洋的区域。 盐沼：低纬度到高纬度地区中的一些被草本
植物群落覆盖并且沿着砂质海滨的区域（图 3.20，3.23）。 红树林：分布在热带海岸的森林（图3.21， 3.25）。 盐沼和红树林的地理分布见图3.22。
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JINAN UNIVERSITY
江河与溪流：陆地生命的血脉
Rivers and streams：
Life blood and pulse of the continents
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JINAN UNIVERSITY
地理分布：世界上主要的河流（图3.29）。 结构：沿着江河和溪流的长度可将其分为池、
浮游植物：微小光合自养生物群落，通常生 活在透光层。
浮游动物：微小动物群落，通常也是生活在 透光层。
深海生物：Canivorous animals，例如鲨鱼、 鲸以及其他的鱼类，分布在整个水体中。
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JINAN UNIVERSITY
海床中的化能自养生物，它们并不是靠光合 作用，而是利用海底的热泉进行化能合成作 用。（图3.8）。
珊瑚是一种动物能够分泌一种类似石头的骨骼种动物能够分泌一种类似石头的骨骼它主要是依靠一种光合原生生物虫黄藻的光它主要是依靠一种光合原生生物虫黄藻的光合作用这种虫黄藻常常生活在其组织当中
JINAN UNIVERSITY
普通生态学
GENERAL ECOLOGY
1
JINAN UNIVERSITY
第3章
水中的生命
（图 3.38）。
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JINAN UNIVERSITY
（3）水的运动：像热带的海洋一样，低海拔的 热带湖泊永久都是分层的。高纬度的热带湖 泊每天温度都很高，并且分层，每天晚上凉 快之后就混合。 温带湖泊水体的运动见图3.38。
生态学专业英语2
1. Ecological role of solar radiation1.1 Photosynthesis: Photosynthesis is a light-dependent process in which the rate of photosynthetic fixation of both CO2 and solar energy is largely dependent upon light intensity.CP: compensation SP: saturation pointPhotosynthesis increases rapidly , but initially there is no net CO2fixation because the rate of CO2 loss in respiration is greater than the rate of CO2 fixation . As light intensity continues to increase, a point is reached at which respiratory losses are exactly balance by photosynthetic gains. This light intensity is called the CP. Above the CP. The rate of photosynthesis continues to increase rapidly with increasing light intensity, but this relationship is not sustained. With continued increases in light, the rate of increase in photosynthesis diminishes until the saturation point is reached, beyond which further increases in light intensity result in little or no further increases in net CO2 fixation. At very high light intensities, net fixation may drop because of damage to the photosynthetic apparatus or for other reasons. When expressed graphically, this relationship is called the photosynthetic light saturation curve.Plants with a high ratio of photosynthetic biomass to living supporting bio mass will have lower CPs than plants with a low ratio because they have less respiratiory loss of CO2 for which to compensate. Plants with low CPs often have lower SPs than plants with high CPs. It takes less light to provide all the solar energy that the photochemical system can use in an algal cell than in a tree leaf. Within a tree crown , leaves that grow in full sunlight have higher CPs and SPs than do leaves that grow in deep shade because of differences in leaf morphology.1.2 The relationship between light intensity and net photosynthesis is complex and under the control of many factors, it is no surprising, therefore, that net photosynthesis in natural stands of plants does not always follow the daily variation in light intensity. In clear weather, there may be a morning peak in net photosynthesis followed by a midday dip and a second peak in the afternoon, it has been suggested that this midday dip may result from one or more of the following factors: overheating of leaves; excessive respiration; water deficits; accumulation of products of photosynthesis in the leaves; photooxidation of enzymes and pigments; closure of stomata; depletion of CO2 in the air surrounding the crown that accompanies highintensities of solar radiation in the middle of the day.Photoperiodism in plants plays a major role in the control of the cessation of growth and the onset of dormancy in the late summer or fall, and in many plants, it regulates flowering and fruiting in the spring and summer. It also plays a role in the breaking of dormancy and resumption of growth in the spring in some perennial plants.2. temperature as an ecological factorTemperature exhibits a number of well-defined cycles of variation that are directly attributable to the rotation of the earth around its axis and around the sun. these rotations lead to a daily and seasonal variation in the amount of radiant energy that reaches a particular part of the earth and consequently in its temperature. In the tropics , the diurnal variation in temperature may be only a few degrees, whereas in continental regions , it can be as much as 50℃ in either winter or summer .2.1Role of topographyHigh-elevation areas have lower average temperatures than do low-elevation areas, because air temperatures normally decrease at a rate of approximately 0.4℃per 100m of elevation as one proceeds up a mountain.Temperature inversion:inversions can also occur as the result of topography. Radiant cooling of high ground flanking a valley gives rise to a layer of cold, dense air in contact with the surface. This air flows slowly down the valley slopes, displacing warmer air in the lower part of the valley and creating an inversion. When the cold air that drains into the valley is below 0 , frost occurs on the valley floor, whereas much warmer temperatures will be experienced in the “thermal belt” higher up the slopes. This is of great importance to fruit growers, and orchards are often located in the thermal belt.2.2 There is a great temptation to describe climates as severe, extreme, favorable, or unfavorable. Other adjectives that are commonly used to describe temperature as optimum, maximum, minimum.2.3 All plants experience variations in temperature associated with diurnal variations in the net radiation budget. Plants that live away from the equator also experience seasonal temperature variations. Plants are generally sensitive to these variations and will grow normally only when exposed to the particular diurnal and seasonal temperature changes to which they are adapted, a phenomenon called thermoperiodism.2.4 Temperature-related injuriesLow-temperature injury:frost cracks: efficient emission of radiation and low conductivity lead to rapid surface cooling of woody stems on clear nights with low air temperatures. The outer layers of the stem contract more rapidly than inner layers, which creates tensions that can cause the stem to crack. These frost cracks are particularly common in regions subject to sudden drops in air temperature.Ice crystals (needle ice): rapid radiation cooling results in the freezing of soils from the surface downward. Water is drawn up to the frozen layer, where it freezes and forms a gradually thickening layer of vertically oriented ice crystals.Frost-heaved:the frozen surface soil together with small plants can be lifted as much as a decimeter by this needle ice and then lowered again as the ice melts. Roots that are pulled up from lower unfrozen soil layers cannot return to their original position, and over several freeze-thaw cycles, small plants such as tree seedlings may be lifted right out of the soil.Physiological drought:warm air temperatures in winter or an early , warm spring in areas where the soil is still frozen can remove water from plants at a time when it cannot be replaced. Even if the water is not frozen, winter water stress can occur because of the doubling of the viscosity of water between 25 and 0 , which makes water uptake more difficult at temperatures approaching freezing. Plants that grow on soils that are cold or frozen in winter often exhibit the same morphological adaptations as plants that grow on summer-dry sites. The water imbalance caused by high air temperatures and low soil temperatures is referred to as physiological drought. When severe, it can cause browning of the foliage and even the death of theentire plant.High-tmeperature injuryStem girdle:because of the low albedo and low conductivity of many soils, surface temperatures frequently become very high, and young plant stems that are not yet protected by thick layers of bark may be damaged where they contact the soil surface. A band of cambium a few millimeters wide is killed around the stem, and this results in the death of the plant either because of the interruption of internal translocation or because of the entry of pathogens.3. WaterLike nutrient cycles in general, the water cycle is driven by inputs of solar energy. V ast quantities of radiant energy are absorbed in the process of evaporating water from the warm areas of the world’s oceans. The energy is transferred to the atmosphere as the water vapor condenses, thereby driving our climate and creating our weather. The warm, moist air creates clouds as it rises, and the winds formed by the resulting processes of atmospheric stirring move the clouds over the land, where some of the moisture falls as precipitation. Some of this is re-evaporated directly back to the atmosphere, and some is subsequently transpired by plants. The rest enters water courses and returns to lakes and eventually to oceans, from which it is once again evaporated.3.1Forests influence water cyclesInterception of precipitation by vegetation: the loss back to the atmosphere of precipitation that has been intercepted by vegetation is called interception loss. The magnitude of interception loss depends on the interception storage capacity of the vegetation. Interception storage for tree and shrub cover has been reported to ranger between 0.25 and 7.6mm of rain and up to 2.5cm (water equivalent) of snow. Table 1 presents some figures for interception loss in various forest types in the United States.Redistribution of water by vegetation :water that is intercepted by tree crowns isredistributed into two major subtypes and reaches the floor very nonuniformly: (1) throughfall—the portion of the incident precipitation that drips from or falls through the vegetation canopy; (2) stemflow—the portion that reaches the soil by flowing down the stem. Stemflow is also affected by bark roughness. Smooth-bark species have little stem water storage capacity, and stemflow will commence on smooth-barked species such as beech after only a little more than 1mm of rain has fallen, but rough-barked species have a large stem storage capacity, and appreciable stemflow may not reach the ground until more than 2cm of rain has fallen.Infiltration into the soil:Water that reaches the ground can either flow laterally over the surface or penetrate the soil in a process called infiltration. Once within the soil, the movement of water is known as percolation. The term infiltration can apply either to the organic forest floor or to the underlying mineral soil, but because the rate of water movement into the forest floor almost always exceeds rates of precipitation and because the condition of the forest floor is subject to modification and is therefore less permanent than the mineral soil as a site feature, the term is applied most frequently to the mineral soil.Entry of water into the forest floor is normally rapid because of the many large pores and the organic nature of the forest floor, which gives it a high moisture-holding capacity. However, forest floor that have become very hot and dry during the summer may exhibit hydrophobicity, which makes them very difficult to wet.Once wet, forest floor can hold between one and five times their own weight of water, the more decomposed the organic matter and the more rotting wood in the forest floor, the more water it can hold. Only the water in excess of the field capacity of the forest floor will infiltration into the mineral soil.Water in the soil is classified as gravitational, available and unavailable. The relative proportions of these three types of water vary according to the relative abundance of different pore sizes, which in turn depends on soil structure and texture.Loss of water to evaporation and transpiration:Water is lost from soil by three major pathways: drainage to groundwater, evaporation back to the atmosphere, and uptake by plants. The equivalent of 760mm of precipitation is delivered to the 48coteminous U.S. states each year, and of this, approximately 370mm is lost back to the atmosphere by evaporation from forests and wildlands.Evaporation from the soil surface requires two preconditions: energy in the form of solar radiation (2.24 MJ are required to evaporate 1kg of water) and an upward flow of water from lower in the soil to maintain water in the surface layer, where the energy is available for evaporation.Transpiration: loss of water from which the living cells of plant tissues to the atmosphere by vaporization is called transpiration. Water that is absorbed by roots from soil is translocated upward to the foliage in the xylem of the roots and stem. This uptake and translocation is driven by solar energy falling on the leaves and stems, which causes water to evaporate from the moist outside surfaces of mesophyll cells into air spaces within the leaf. The water vapor either diffuses out to the atmosphere through stomata or evaporates directly through the cuticle of leaves.。
(2024年)全新生态学ppt课件
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倡导全球共治
积极倡导全球共治理念，推动构建公平合理 、合作共赢的全球环境治理体系。
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03
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谢谢聆听
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温室气体排放趋势
随着全球工业化进程的加速，温室气体排放量持续增加 ，对气候的影响日益严重。
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极端气候事件频发原因分析
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气候变化导致极端天气事件增加
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全球变暖使得极端高温、干旱、洪涝等天气事件频发。
人类活动对极端天气事件的影响
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城市化进程、土地利用变化等人类活动加剧了极端天气事件的
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城市化进程加速，导致自然生态系统破坏和生境 丧失。
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城市扩张占用大量农田和绿地，导致生态服务功 能下降。
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城市人口集聚，资源消耗和废弃物排放增加，环 境压力加大。
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城市绿地系统规划与建设实践
绿地系统规划原则
生态优先、因地制宜、均衡布局、功能多样。
绿地建设实践
公园绿地、街头绿地、生态廊道、居住区绿地等 。
政策支持
政府加大对有机农业和绿色食品产业的扶持力度，推动产业快速发 展。
技术创新
通过技术创新和集成应用，提高有机农业和绿色食品产业的生产效率 和经济效益。
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农业废弃物资源化利用途径
畜禽粪便
通过堆肥发酵、生产有机肥等方式，实现畜禽粪便的资源化利用 。
农作物秸秆
推广秸秆还田、生产生物质燃料等技术，提高农作物秸秆的利用率 。
固体废弃物分类
生活垃圾、建筑垃圾、工业固体废物等。
专业英语-生态学教材PPT课件
• The Quakers' efforts, along with contributions from international conservation organizations
• Provided the beginnings of what is today the Monteverde
.
9
• In 1970, the Costa Rican government and international representatives came together to create the country's first national parks and protected areas.
.
7
At the begining
Quakers: Quakers (or Friends, as they refer tf religious movements collectively known as the Religious Society of Friends.
Tortuguero National Park
.
essential nesting beaches for the green turtle
Cahuita National Park
10
protect a prominent coral reef system
Initially the government gave the parks little real support.
Biodiversity value
• Direct value • Indirect value
.
1
Biodiversity value
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Monteverde Cloud Forest Biological Reserve
This privately managed 10,500-ha (26,000-acre) reserve was established in 1972 to protect the forest and its populations of 2,500 plant species, 400 bird species, 500 butterfly species, 100 mammal species, and 120 reptile and amphibian species, including the golden toad.
Biodiversity value
• Direct value • Indirect value
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1
Biodiversity value
• Direct value
– Provide food and energy. – Provide rich resources of medicinal herbs. – Provide industrial raw materials.
• The Quakers' efforts, along with contributions from international conservation organizations
• Provided the beginnings of what is today the Monteverde Cloud Forest Biological Reserve.
-
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
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Biodiversity value
• Indirect value
– Maintain the balance and stability of ecological system – Solar fixed – Hydrology regulation – Climate regulation – absorption and decomposition of pollutants, – Storage of nutrient elements and promote nutrient cycling – maintenance of the evolutionary process
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3.5
3.34m
3
2.5
2
1945
1995 1.5
1
0.86m
80%
0.5
0 Population
33% 12%
Farmland
25% Forest coverage
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At the begining
Quakers: Quakers (or Friends, as they refer to themselves) are members of a family of religious movements collectively known as the Religious Society of Friends.
• The first parks centered on areas of spectacular scenery, such as
Poas Volcano National Park
Santa Rosa National Park encompassed valuable tropical dry forest
-
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• In 1970, the Costa Rican government and international representatives came together to create the country's first national parks and protected areas.
Tortuguero National Park -
essential nesting beaches for the green turtle
Cahuita National Park
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protect a prominent coral reef system
Initially the government gave the parks little real support.
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3
Threat-Excessive deforestation
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Threat-Industrial pollution
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Threat-Excessive exploitation
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Case Study
• Costa Rica's leading agricultural produces have long included beef and bananas, whose production and cultivation require extensive environmental modification.
The Quakers make it start
• The Quakers relied on milk and cheese for much of their economic activity,
• They also set aside one-third of their land for conservation.
According to Costa Rican conservationist Mario Boza, in their early years the parks were granted only five guards, one vehicle, and no funding
Today government support is greater. Fully 12% of the nation's area is contained in national parks, and a further 16% is devoted to other types of wildlife and conservation reserves. Costa Ricans, along with international biologists, are working to protect endangered species and recover their populations.