英语语法重点

分词的形式分词作状语的用法分词短语在句子中作状语时,其逻辑主语(亦称隐含主语)必须是句子的主语.分词在句中作状语,可以表示各种不同的语义.它可以表示时间、原因、让步、结果、方式、条件等.例如:(1). 表示时间Arriving in Beijing, I found I lost my way. →When I arrived in Beijing, I found I lost my way.Seen f rom the top of the mountain, the city looks beautiful.→When the city is seen from the top of the mountain, it looks beautiful.When crossing the road, you should be careful.→When you cross the road, (you) should be careful.(2)表示原因Having lived in Guangzhou city for years, I almost know every place quite well.→Because I have lived in Guangzhou city for years, I almost know every place quite well.(3)表示结果His wife died, leaving him with three children. →His wife died so that she left him three children.(4)表示方式The poor boy stood by the door, not daring to say a word.(5)表示条件Compared with Tom, you are not diligent at all.→If you are compared with Tom, you are not diligent at all.Once losing this chance, you can’t easily find it.→Once you lose the chance, you can’t easily find it.(6)表示伴随The teacher walked into the classroom, followed by a little boy.(7)表示让步In spite of living in a city, I long for a life incountryside.→Although I live in a city, …Ex.1.The tiger escaped from the zoo, _______(create) fear and terror among the people.2.The millionaire lay on the floor in his bedroom, ______ (kill) by a murderer last night.3.If_________ (bring) up in the city, you can’t know much about farm work..4.It has been proved that once _____(deprive) of water, a man can remain alive no more than 7 days.Keys: creating, killed, brought, deprived分词作定语的用法(1)分词在句子中可以作定语时, 有两种形式,它可以放在被修饰的名词之前(称为前置定语),也可以放在被修饰的名词之后(称为后置定语).例如:We only sell used books and furniture.The girl standing behind John is Mary.(2).单个分词作定语时一般放在被修饰的名词之前;但过去分词可放在名词之后.例如:All the broken windows have been repaired.The person concerned will go there.(3)分词短语作定语时必须置于被修饰的名词之后,相当于于一个定语从句.例如:The story described in this book (=which is described in this book)is easy to understand.(4) 如果被修饰的名词是something, anything, everything, nothing等,分词放在它们的后面.例如:There is nothing interesting.(5) 现在分词与过去分词作定语的区别:a.从时态上看,现在分词表示进行,过在分词表示完成.如:the changing situation (变化中的形势) the changed situation(变化了的形势)b.从语态上看,现在分词表示主动,过在分词表示被动.如:the exploiting class (剥削阶级) the exploited class (被剥削阶级) Ex.1. Thousands of products (make) ______ from crude oil are now in daily use.2.At the international conference, the famous scientist gave an excellent report (base) _____ on his recent experiment.3. The first textbooks (write) ________ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.Keys: made, based, written定语从句定语从句的引导词分为关系代词和关系副词.关代词有who, whom, whose, which, that, as, but关系副词有when, where, why, as.I.关系代词(1) who: 代替人,作从句的主语A man who smokes a lot may not live a long life. →a.A man may not live a long life.b. A man smokes a lot.2.whom:代替人,作从句的宾语The workers whom you met yesterdy were building houses for themselves. →a. The workers were building houses for themselves.b. Y ou met the workers yesterday.3.whose: 代替人或物,作从句的定语Betty, whose twin sister also studies in our college, will come to the party. →a. Betty will come to the party.b. Betty’s twin sister also studies in our college.The classroom, whose windows are painted green, is ours. →• a. The classroom is ours.• b. The classroom’s windows are painted green.4. which:代替物,作从句的主语,宾语,可以引导限定性和非限定定语从句5. that :代替人或物,作从句的主语,宾语,只能引导限定性定语从句Any person that is interested in the activity can join the club.6. as:代替人或物,常与same, such连用,引导限性定语从句;单独使用引导非限定性定语从句This is the same as I bought last week.As is known to all, China is a developing country.(As修饰整个主句,在从句中作主语)She was absent, as (which) is often the case.Tom had an argument with Bill, ____is known to all. (Answer: which/as)____ was natural, he married her. (Answer: As)7. but:表示否定意义,代替人或物There is no one of us but (= who…not ) wishes to go. (没有人不想去.)There is no one in the world but knows that the sun is bigger than the moon.(世上没有人不知道太阳比月亮大.)•II.关系副词1. when: 先行词是表示时间的词, when在从句中作状语He still remembers that day when he first went to college. →a. He still remembers that day.• b. He first went to college that day.Cf. He still remembers that day which (that) he spent with his girlfriend. →a. He still remembers that day.b. He spent that day with his girlfriend2.where:先行词是表示地点的词, where在从句中作状语This is the small town where I was born. →a.This is the small town.b.I was born in the small town.Cf. This is the small town which I visited last year. →a.This is the small town.b.I visited the small town last year.3.why:先行词是reason, why在从句中作状语The reason why he didn’t come is not very convincing.4.as:先行词是作状语的词, as在从句中作状语I shall use the computer in such way as he used it yesterday.III.如果先行词是all, much, anything, something, nothing, everything, little, none等不定代词,关系代词一般只能用that.There is little (that) we can do about it.IV.如果先行词被形容词最高级以及first, last, any few, much, no, only,some, very等词修饰,关系代词只能用that,不用which, who或whomShe is the only person that was invited to make a speech at the meeting.V. 如果有两个或两个以上既指人又指物的先行词,关系代词用thatThe well-known poet and his works that we have just discussed aroused great interest among the students.VI. 介词后面的关系代词只能用which或whom不能用that 或who•The man with whom she worked was a bit strange.•This is the film about which we are talking.虚拟语气2.省略If的条件状语从句中的虚拟语气(用倒装)当条件状语从句中出现were, should, had等时,可以将if省略,把were, should, had放在主语的前面.e.g. If he had worked harder, he would have passed the final exam. →Had he worked harder, he would have passed the final exam.3.固定句式中的虚拟语气(1) demand, suggest, advise, propose等词引导的宾语从句中;•I suggested that she (should) finish the work tomorrow. (宾语从句)•advise, argue, beg, command, recommend decide ,demand, determine, intend, insist, maintain, move, order, propose, request, require, resolve, prefer, etc.(2) It + be +suggested/demanded + that引导的主语从句中;It is suggested that she (should) finish the work tomorrow.(3)suggestion,proposal等词引导的同位语从句中•His suggestion has been turned down that we should invite our parents to our party.•advice, decision, demand, desire, motion, necessity, plan, preference, proposal, recommendation, resolution, requirement(4) It is/was +adj. + that 从句后用should) +动词原形It was ridiculous that he should behave that way yesterday. (他昨天的行为真是可笑之极.) advisable, appropriate, crucial, critical, decisive, desirable, eager, essential, imperative, impossible, incredible, natural, necessary, odd, proper, ridiculous, surprising, strange, urgent ,vital•(5) for fear that/lest (惟恐),引导的从句中.• E.g. He didn’t dare to leave the house lest someone should recognize him.•以上从句中的谓语动词由should +动词原形构成,should可以省略.(6) as if (though) 如果与现在事实相反谓语动词用过•wish +从句时去式, 如果与过去事实相反,谓语动•would rather, 词用过去完成式•if only (要是…该多好啊!)He treats me as if I were a stranger.I wish you had told me the news yesterday.•If only he had known that the disease was curable!•I would rather he painted the door green.(7).It’s high/about time +从句时,谓语动词只用过去式•It’s high/about time he went to bed.(8).介词短语可相当于一个条件状语从句时要用虚拟语气,如without, but for, otherwise•But for the heavy rain, we would have been there in time.(9). should/could/might/would +have + -ed•表示过去应该或打算做而没有付诸实施的行为.•Y ou should have come here yesterday.•Mr. Smith would have come to help us, but he was very busy then.•Cf. Mr. Smith would have come to help us, if he hadn’t been busy then.•I (buy) ______ the dictionary, but I was short of money that day.•Answer: would have bought•If you hadn’t watched that late movie last night, you (not be) ________ sleepy now.•Answer: wouldn’t be同位语从句•用连词that, whether以及连接代词who, which, what 和连接副词how, when, where, why等引导从句作同位语,称为同位语从句.在同位语从句中that虽不作任何句子成分,且无意义,但不可省略.同位语从句常对与之同位的名词中心词作进一部的解释和说明,能接同位语从句的常见名词有: belief, conclusion, decision, discovery, explanation, doubt, fact, feeling, hope, idea, message, news, opinion, possibility, problem, proposal, question, reply, report, remark, statement, thought, truth, information, word, understanding.1. An idea occurred to him_______ he might borrow this book from his mother.A. thatB. whichC. whatD. where2.I have no idea _______ our team will win the match.A. whetherB. thatC. whatD. if3. I have no idea __________.A. how long they are comingB. how soon they are comingC. how soon will they comeD. how long will they come4. Word (news) came ______ another power station would be ready in our hometown.A. whichB. whatC. thatD. when5. The suggestion that the mayor ______ the prizes was accepted by everyone.A. would presentB. presentC. presentsD. ought to present6. They are faced with the problem ______ continue the project.A. if they shouldB. that they shouldC. whether should theyD. whether they shouldCf.7. They are faced with the problem ______ has been discussed at the meeting.A. whichB. whatC. whetherD. whenKeys: A, A,B, C, B, D,A独立主格结构(the absolute struture)1.The National Day Holiday__________over, we must now get down to school.A. beB. beingC. isD. are key: B2.The National Day Holiday__________over and we must now get down to school.A. beB. beingC. isD. are key: C所谓独立主格结构,实质上是带有自己主语分句.按其结构形式来分,可分为不定式独立主格结构,-ing分词独立主格结构,-ed分词独立主格结构.这些结构通常在句中作状语.独立主格结构与主句之间不能有任何连接词.例如:The work having been finished, they had a rest.Time permitting, we will fly to Shanghai.(1). “不定式独立主格结构”表示即将发生的动作.The two parties should first reach an agreement on the basic principle, the details to be worked later.2)“-ing分词独立主格结构”则表示正在进行的动作,且主语与“-ing分词之间为主动关系.The meeting being over, the students had a heated discussion.Darkness setting in, the young people(3). “-ed分词独立主格结构”表示已经发生的动作,且主语与-ed分词之间为被动关系.All our savings gone, we had to start looking for jobs.All flights having been canceled, we decided to stay here for another week.1.All things (consider)__________, her invention is of greater value than yours.2.He stood there, his eyes (look)_______ straightly into the blue sky.3. There are various kinds of metals, each (have)_________ its own properties.4. Ford tried dividing the labor, each worker (assign)________ a separate task..Keys: considered, looking, having, assigned,。