英语语言学基础知识
语言学知识点
语言学知识点语言学是研究语言的科学，旨在理解人类语言的本质和语言的使用方式。
它涉及语音学、语法、语义、语用学等多个领域。
本文将介绍语言学的一些基本知识点。
1. 语音学（Phonetics）语音学研究的是语音的产生、传播和接收。
语音学家使用国际音标来表示语音。
国际音标包含了各种音素的符号，用以表示特定的语音。
2. 语音语调（Intonation）语音语调是对词语和句子的声调、强弱和节奏的研究。
它包括音高（pitch）、音量（volume）、语速（tempo）等方面的表达。
语音语调可以影响对话的意义和情感。
3. 语法（Grammar）语法是语言学中研究句子结构的学科。
它研究句子如何组成、如何变化以及如何表达语义。
语法分为句法（Syntax）和词法（Morphology）两个方面。
4. 句法（Syntax）句法研究句子内部成分的组合规则。
它关注句子的结构、语序以及成分之间的关系。
研究句法可以帮助我们理解和构建正确的句子。
5. 词法（Morphology）词法研究词的内部结构和变化规律。
它关注单词的构成要素（词根、词缀等）以及单词形态的变化。
6. 语义学（Semantics）语义学是研究词义和句义的学科。
它关注语言符号与现实世界之间的关系，研究词语和句子的意义。
语义学可以帮助我们理解语言的意义和表达的方式。
7. 语用学（Pragmatics）语用学研究语言在具体语境中的使用和解释。
它关注的是说话人的意图、听者的理解以及背后的非字面意义。
语用学帮助我们理解语言的社交功能和交际规则。
8. 语言变体（Language Variation）语言变体指的是同一语言在不同社会群体之间产生的差异。
这些差异可以体现在发音、词汇、语法以及语用等方面。
语言变体是语言学中一个重要的研究领域。
9. 二语习得（Second Language Acquisition）二语习得研究的是学习第二语言的过程和条件。
它包括语言输入、语言输出和语言环境对第二语言学习的影响等方面。
英语语言学知识点总结
英语语言学知识点总结
英语语言学是研究英语语言及其发展历史、语音、语法、词汇、语用等方面的学科。
以下是一些英语语言学的知识点总结:
1. 英语语音学：英语语音学主要研究英语的发音、声调、重音等语音现象。
其中，英语的发音规则主要包括元音、辅音和声调等方面的规则。
2. 英语语法学：英语语法学主要研究英语的语法结构和规则，包括句子结构、时态、语态、名词、形容词、副词等语法范畴。
3. 英语词汇学：英语词汇学主要研究英语的词汇构成、演化和使用情况，包括单词、词组和习语等方面的研究。
4. 英语语用学：英语语用学主要研究英语的语用功能和语境，包括语言交际、暗示、礼貌、语用失误等方面的研究。
5. 英语语音语调学：英语语音语调学主要研究英语的语音语调系统，包括英语的发音、声调、重音、节奏等方面的研究。
6. 英语文体学：英语文体学主要研究英语的文体风格和语言习惯，包括正式文体、口语文体、文学文体等方面的研究。
7. 英语词汇记忆学：英语词汇记忆学主要研究如何有效地记忆英语词汇，包括词汇记忆的方法、技巧和策略等方面的研究。
8. 英语跨文化交际学：英语跨文化交际学主要研究英语在不同文化中的交际和使用，包括跨文化沟通、文化差异、交际礼仪等方面的研究。
以上是一些英语语言学的重要知识点总结，不同学科之间的交叉
和融合也在不断推进着英语语言学的发展。
英语语言学知识点
英语语言学知识点英语语言学是英语语言文学专业培养计划中的一门基础必修课，接下来店铺为你整理了英语语言学知识点，一起来看看吧。
英语语言学知识点：定义1.语言学LinguisticsLinguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2.普通语言学General LinguisticsThe study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics.3.语言languageLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。
4.识别特征Design FeaturesIt refers to the defining poperties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。
Arbitrariness任意性Productivity多产性Duality双重性Displacement移位性Cultural transmission文化传递⑴arbitrarinessThere is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.P.S the arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for language to have an unlimited sourceof expressions⑵ProductivityAnimals are quite limited in the messages they are able to send.⑶DualityLanguage is a system, which consists of two sets of structures ,or two levels.⑷DisplacementLanguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.⑸Cultural transmissionHuman capacity for language has a genetic basis, but we have to be taught and learned the details of any language system. this showed that language is culturally transmitted. not by instinct. animals are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species.5.语言能力CompetenceCo mpetence is the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.6.语言运用performancePerformance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的体现。
(827)英语语言学知识
英语语言学是研究英语语言的科学领域，它涵盖了英语的语音、语法、词汇、句法、语义以及语用等方面的研究。
本文将从不同角度介绍英语语言学的基本概念、研究方法以及一些相关的重要理论。
一、语音学语音学是研究语音的科学，它关注的是语音的产生、传播和感知。
在英语语言学中，我们需要了解英语的音素和音系，即英语中的音位和音位之间的关系。
此外，我们还需要了解如何正确地发音，包括英语的元音和辅音。
二、语法学语法学是研究语言的结构和规则的科学，它关注的是语言中单词和句子的组成以及它们之间的关系。
在英语语言学中，我们需要了解英语的基本句型和句子成分的分类。
同时，我们还需要学习英语的时态、语态和语气等语法现象。
三、词汇学词汇学是研究词汇的科学，它关注的是词汇在语言中的作用和使用。
在英语语言学中，我们需要了解英语的词汇分类和词义的多样性。
同时，我们还需要学习如何正确地使用英语词汇，包括词汇的拼写和用法。
四、句法学句法学是研究句子结构和句子成分的科学，它关注的是句子的组成和句子成分之间的关系。
在英语语言学中，我们需要了解英语句子的基本结构和句子成分的分类。
同时，我们还需要学习如何正确地构造和分析英语句子。
五、语义学语义学是研究语言意义的科学，它关注的是语言中词汇和句子的意义。
在英语语言学中，我们需要了解词汇的意义和句子的意义，包括词语之间的关联和句子的推理。
同时，我们还需要学习如何正确地理解和表达英语的语义内容。
六、语用学语用学是研究语言使用的科学，它关注的是语言在社交交际中的实际运用。
在英语语言学中，我们需要了解英语的语用规则和语用策略，包括言语行为和话语的意图。
同时，我们还需要学习如何在不同语境下使用英语，以达到有效交流的目的。
《(827)英语语言学知识》是一篇关于英语语言学基本概念、研究方法和相关理论的文档。
通过学习语音学、语法学、词汇学、句法学、语义学和语用学等方面的知识，我们可以更好地理解和运用英语语言。
希望本文能够帮助读者对英语语言学有更深入的了解和认识。
英语语言学知识整理1
Chapter 1 Introduction语言学的定义：Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.问题：How do you interpret the following definition of linguistics: Linguistics is the scientific study of language?→It is a scientific study because it is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure.What the linguist has to do “first, then, but”:①to observe and collect language facts and generalizations are made about them.②to formulate some hypotheses about the language structure.③to check the hypotheses thus formed repeatedly against the observed facts to fully prove their validity.The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics. (普通语言学)问题: What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study?→phonetics（语音学）→the study of sounds→phonology（音位学）→study how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning→morphology（形态学）→study the way in which symbols or morphemes are arranged and combined to form words.→syntax（句法学）→the study of rules of forming sentences →semantics（语义学）→the study of meaning→pragmatics（语用学）→ the context of language use Sociolinguistics（社会语言学）：The studies of all these social aspects of language and its relation with society form the core of the branch.Psycholinguistics（语言心理学）：Relate the study of language to psychologyApplied linguistics（应用语言学）：In a narrow sense it refers to the application of linguistic theories and principles to language teaching, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages.Some important distinctions in linguistics:①prescriptive（规定性）/descriptive（描写性）②synchronic（共时）/diachronic（历时）③speech（口语）/writing（书面语）④langue（语言）/parole（言语）（the Swiss linguist F. de Saussure ——Course in General Linguistics）⑤competence（语言能力）/performance（语言应用）（the American linguist N. Chomsky）⑥traditional grammar （传统语法）/modern linguistics（现代语言学）问题：in what basic ways does modern linguistics differ from traditional grammar?①linguistics is descriptive while traditional grammar is prescriptive.②modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written.③modern linguistics does not force languages into a Latin-based framework.问题：Is modern linguistics mainly synchronic or diachronic? Why?In modern linguistics, a synchronic (不考虑历史演进的, 限于一时的) approach seems to enjoy priority over a diachronic (探求现象变化的, 历时的) one.Because it is believed that unless the various states of a language in different historical periods are successfully studied, it would be difficult to describe the changes that have taken place in its historical development.Synchronic descriptions are often thought of as being descriptions of language in its current existence, and most linguistic studies are of this type.问题：For what reasons does modern linguistics give priority to speech rather than to writing?From the point of view of linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing. The writing system of any language is always “invented”by its users to record speech when the need arises. Even in today’s world there are still many languages that can only be spoken but not written. Then in everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed.Spoken language reveals more true features of human speech while written language is only the “revised”record of speech. And linguists’data for investigation and analysis are mostly drawn from everyday speech, which they regarded as authentic.语言的定义：Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.Design features of language（7个识别特征）①arbitrariness 任意性（at the syntactic level）②productivity 能产性，创造性Secondary units（底层结构 sounds）③duality 双层性Primary units （上层结构 units of meaning）④displacement 不受时空限制性（handle generalization and abstraction）⑤cultural transmission 文化传递性⑥interchangeability 互换性⑦convention 约定性Functions of language：三大主要功能：The descriptive functionThe expressive functionThe social functionRoman Jacobson（6种首要因素，结构主义语言学家）①speaker addresser→emotive 感情功能②addressee→conative 意动功能③context→referential所指功能④message→poetic 诗学功能⑤contact→phatic communion交感功能⑥code→metalinguistic 元语言功能Other functions:①phatic function 问候功能②informative f. 信息功能③interrogative f. 询问功能④expressive f. 表达功能⑤evocative f. 感染功能⑥directive f. 指令功能⑦performative f. 行使（权力）功能M.A.K. Halliday①ideational②interpersonal（indicate/establish/maintain/social relationships）③textual问题：How is Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole similar to Chomsky’s distinction between competence and performance?The distinction between langue and parole was made by Saussure, langue is abstract; it is not the language people actually use. Parole is concrete; it refers to the naturally occurring language events. Langue is relatively stable; it does not change frequently, while parole varies from people to people, and from situation to situation.The distinction between competence and performance proposed by the American linguists Chomsky, competence is a deal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language, and the performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguisticcommunication. Imperfect performance is caused by social and psychological factors.Saussure makes this distinction in order to single out one aspect of language for serious study. In his opinion, parole is simple a mass of linguistic facts, too varied confusing for systematic investigation, and that linguistics should do is to abstract langue from parole, i.e., to discover the regularities governing the actual use of language and make them the subjects of study of linguistics.Similar to Saussure, Chomsky thinks what linguists should study is the ideal speaker’s competence, not his performance, which is too haphazard to be studied.问题：What are the main features of human language that have been specified by C. Hockett to show that it is essentially different from animal communication system?①arbitrariness 任意性（at the syntactic level）②productivity 能产性，创造性Secondary units（底层结构 sounds）③duality 双层性Primary units （上层结构 units of meaning）④displacement 不受时空限制性（handle generalization andabstraction）⑤cultural transmission 文化传递性⑥interchangeability 互换性⑦convention 约定性Chapter 2 PhonologyPhonetics: （语音学）①the study of the phonic medium of language②look at speech sounds from 3 distinct but related points of view.Ⅰstudy the sounds from the speaker’s point of view→articulatory phonetics（发音语音学）Ⅱlook at the sounds from the hearer’s point of view→auditory phonetics（听觉语音学）Ⅲstudy the way sounds travel by looking at the sound waves →acoustic phonetics（声学语音学）③study how sounds are produced, transmitted and perceived. Organs of speech:⒈three important areas①The pharyngeal cavity→the throat② the oral cavity→the mouth③ the nasal cavity→the nose⒉The pharyngeal cavity→windpipe/glottis/larynx/vocalcords⒊the oral cavity→tongue/uvula/soft palate(velum)/hard palate/teeth ridge(alveolus)/teeth/lipsInternational Phonetic Alphabet （IPA）①diacritics 附加符号②broad transcription（宽式标音）→the transcription with letter-symbols only③narrow transcription（严式标音）→the transcription withletter-symbols together withthe diacriticsClassification of English speech sounds①two broad categories of speech sounds in English: Vowels/consonants②two ways to classify the English consonants: In terms ofmanner ofarticulationIn terms of place of articulation③In terms of manner of articulation:Stops/fricatives/affricates/liquids/nasals/glides④In terms of place of articulation:Bilabial/labiodental/dental/alveolar/palatal/velar/glottal⑤Classification of English vowels⒈criteria :（monophthongs）单元音The position of the tongue in the mouth: front/central/back The openness of the mouth: close vowels/semi-closevowels/semi-openvowels/open vowels The shape of the lips: unrounded/roundedThe length of the vowels: tense/lax⒉diphthongs 双元音/ ei // ai // au // əu // ɔi // iə //εə// uə /Phonology 音韵学，语音体系Difference of phonology and phonetics:①Phonetics is interested in all the speech sounds used in allhuman languages.②Phonology aims to discover how speech sounds in a languageform patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.Phone（音素）: A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. Phoneme（音位）: It is a phonological unit; it is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit. It is not any particular sound, but rather it is represented or realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context.Allophone（音位变体）: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme.Phonemic contrast（音位对立）Complementary distribution（音位变体的互补分布）Minimal pairs（最小对立体）：含音位的单词的全部音标Minimal set（最小对立集）：is used to find the important sounds in language.Phonological Analysis（音位分析）Principle: certain sounds cause changes in the meaning of a word or phase, whereas other sounds do not.Phonetically similar sounds:描述音位关系Free variants: 音位的自由变体The difference of pronouncing a sound caused by dialect, habit, individual difference or regional differences instead of by any distribution rule.Some rules in phonology①sequential rules: 序列规则If a word begins with a / l / or a / r /, then the next sound must be a vowel.If three consonants should cluster together at the beginning of a word, the combination should obey the following three rules:The first phoneme must be / s /The second phoneme must be / p / / t / / k /The third phoneme must be / l // r // w /②assimilation rule:同化规则③deletion rule：省略规则Suprasegmental features 超音段特征≠超音段（比音位更大的语言单位）①stress（单词，句子层面）：the location of stress in English distinguishes meaning.Syllable音节：A syllable nucleus (often a vowel) with optional initial and final margins (often consonants)单音节词多音节词英语单词都有重读音位学中，单词由音节构成，音节由音位构成。
英语语言基础知识包括语音 、词汇 、语法
英语语言基础知识包括语音、词汇、语法摘要：本文将介绍英语语言基础知识，包括语音、词汇和语法。
这些是学习英语的基础，对于掌握英语表达和交流至关重要。
我们将简要概述每个方面的内容，以帮助初学者建立起扎实的英语基础。
1.语音语音是指语言的声音组成部分。
在英语中，语音包括以下要素：1.1音标：英语使用国际音标（IPA）来表示不同的音素和发音方式。
了解和熟悉英语音标可以帮助准确发音和理解单词的读音。
1.2音节：音节是构成单词的基本发音单位。
每个音节通常由一个元音或辅音开头，并可以包含其他辅音。
了解音节结构有助于正确分割和发音单词。
1.3声调：一些语言（如中文）使用声调来区分意义。
在英语中，声调没有明显的意义差异，但仍然存在一些重音规则，需要注意发音强调的部分。
2.词汇词汇是指语言中的单词和词组。
学习词汇是扩展语言能力和表达的基础。
2.1单词：单词是语言中最基本的单位，用于表示一个特定的意思。
学习单词的拼写、发音和含义是建立起丰富词汇量的关键。
2.2词组：词组由两个或更多的单词组合而成，具有一定的固定搭配和意义。
学习常用的词组有助于提高口语流利度和表达准确性。
2.3同义词和反义词：同义词是指具有相似意义的词语，而反义词则是具有相反意义的词语。
了解和使用同义词和反义词可以丰富表达方式。
3.语法语法是指语言的结构和规则。
学习语法有助于理解句子的构成和正确使用语言。
3.1句子结构：英语句子通常由主语、谓语和宾语构成。
了解不同类型的句子结构（陈述句、疑问句、祈使句等）以及标点符号的运用是重要的。
3.2时态和语态：时态表示动作发生的时间，语态表示动作的主体。
学习不同的时态和语态有助于准确表达事件的发生和参与者。
3.3句子成分：了解名词、动词、形容词、副词等句子成分的作用和用法，可以更好地理解和构建复杂句子。
结论掌握英语的语音、词汇和语法是学习和运用英语的基础。
熟悉语音规则、积累词汇量、学习语法结构和规则，对于提高听说读写的能力至关重要。
英语语言学大全
英语语言学大全英语是全球通用的语言之一，许多人都学习英语，但并不了解英语语言学的深层次内容。
本文将为您介绍英语语言学的基本概念和主要分支，希望帮助您更好地了解和学习英语。
一、语言学基础概念语言学是研究语言的学科，它涉及语言的形态、结构、意义、使用和历史等方面。
在语言学中，有一些基础概念需要了解：1.语音学语音学是研究语音的学科，包括语音的产生、听觉和声学特征等方面。
在学习英语时，我们需要掌握它的基本音素、音标和发音规则，才能有效地进行听、说、读、写等活动。
2.语法学语法学是研究语言结构和组织的学科，有时也称为句法学。
它研究语言的词类、句子结构、语法关系等方面。
通过学习英语的语法，我们可以正确使用语言，避免出现语法错误。
3.语义学语义学是研究语言意义的学科，它探究词汇、短语和句子意义的形成和变化。
在英语学习中，我们需要理解单词和短语的意义，以及句子的含义，以便正确理解和表达内容。
4.语用学语用学是研究语言使用的学科，包括口语和书面语言的使用场合、对话方式、说话人的语言目标和对听者的影响等方面。
在英语学习中，我们需要了解不同场合和对象的语言使用规范，以便与人交流时更加得心应手。
二、英语语言学的主要分支除了以上基础概念外，英语语言学还有一些重要的学术分支，能够帮助我们更深入地了解和掌握英语。
1.语音学英语语音学探究的是英语中的音素、音标和发音规则等方面，以及与其他语音系统的比较和差异。
2.语法学英语语法学研究的是英语的句法结构、语法关系和句子意义等方面，以及与其他语言的比较和翻译问题。
3.词汇学英语词汇学是研究英语词汇的学科，包括单词的来源、组成和意义等方面，以及与其他语言的比较和词汇翻译问题。
4.语用学英语语用学研究的是英语在语言使用中的实际应用，包括语言交际、言语行为、语境和语言目的等方面。
5.文本语言学英语文本语言学是研究英语文本的结构、组织和语言特点等方面的学科，包括语篇分析和修辞分析等内容。
英语语言学知识
英语语言学知识English:1. What is the study of English language called?The study of English language is called English linguistics or English language studies.2. What are the main branches of English language studies?The main branches of English language studies include phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics, and sociolinguistics.3. What is phonetics?Phonetics is the study of the physical sounds of human speech, including the production and perception of speech sounds.4. What is phonology?Phonology is the study of the sound patterns of a language, including the way sounds are organized and used in the language.5. What is morphology?Morphology is the study of the structure and formationof words in a language, including the ways in which words are formed and the relationships between different forms ofa word.6. What is syntax?Syntax is the study of the structure and formation of sentences in a language, including the rules and principles that govern how words are combined to form grammatical sentences.7. What is semantics?Semantics is the study of the meaning of words, phrases, and sentences in a language, including how meaning is constructed and interpreted in communication.8. What is pragmatics?Pragmatics is the study of the use of language in context, including how language is used to convey meaning and achieve communicative goals in different social and cultural settings.9. What is sociolinguistics?Sociolinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and society, including how language varies and changes in different social and cultural contexts.10. What are the major theories of language acquisition?The major theories of language acquisition include behaviorist theories, nativist theories, interactionist theories, and cognitive theories.中文：1. 英语语言学的研究叫什么？英语语言学的研究叫做英语语言学或英语语言研究。
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英语语言学基础知识一、绪论语言学的定义语言的定义语言学的研究范畴语言的甄别特征几对基本概念(2) a large amount of communication is carried out in speech than in writingWhat is linguistics? 什么是语言学？ (3) speech is the form in which infants acquire their native languageLanguage and parole 语言与言语 Linguistics is generally defined asthe scientific study of language. It studies not any particular language, butlanguages in general. 语言学是对语言科学地进行研究的学科。
语言学所要研究的不是某一种特定的语言，Language refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. 而是人类所有语言的特性。
Parole refers to the realization of language in actual use The scope of linguistics 语言学研究的范畴 Competence and performance 能力与运用 Phonetics语音学\Phonology音系学\Morphology形态学\Syntax句法学\Semantics语义学\Pragmatics语用学Chomsky defines competence as the ideal users’ knowledge of the rules of his language\Sociolinguistics社会语言学\Psycholinguistics心理语言学\Applied linguistics应用语言学 Performance: The actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.Prescriptive vs. descriptive 规定性与描述性 What is language? 什么是语言？ Descriptive：A linguistic study describes and analyzes thelanguage people actually use. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communicationCharacteristics of language: 语言的特性 Prescriptive: it aims lay dow n rules for “correct” behavior.Modern linguistics is descriptive; its investigations are based on authentic and mainly spoken data. Language is a rule-governed system Traditional grammar is prescriptive; it is based on “high” written language. Language is basically vocalSynchronic vs. diachronic 共时性与历史性 Language is arbitrary (the fact different languages have different words for the same object is a good illustration the description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study of the arbitrary nature of language. This conventional nature of language is well illustrated by a famous the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study quotation from Shakespeare’s play “Romeo and Juliet”: “A rose by any other name wou ld smell as sweet.”)in modern linguistics, synchronic study seems to enjoy priority over diachronic study. Language is used for human communication Speech and writing 口头语与书面语 Design features of language 语言的甄别特征 Speech enjoys priority over writing in modern linguistics study for the following reasons: American linguist Charles Hackett specified 12 design features:(1) speech precedes writing in terms of evolution1) arbitrariness 武断性 4) displacement移位性 2) productivity 创造性5) cultural transmission 文化传递性3) duality 二重性二、音系学语言的声音媒介音系学和语音学什么是语音学语音、音位、音位变体发音器官音位对立、互补分部、最小对立音标……宽式和严式标音法几条音系规则英语语音的分类超切分特征构成了语言的声音媒介。
Phonetics语音学: Is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds Two major media of communication: Speech and writingThe limited range of sounds which are meaningful in human communication and are of interest to linguistic that occur in the world’s language. studies are the phonic medium of language. 用于人类语言交际的声音称为语音，这些数目有限的一组语音Three branches of phonetics : articulatory phonetics 发音语音学（most highly developed）, auditory phonetics1听觉语音学and acoustic phonetics 声学语音学 01) Velum: The soft palate. 软腭 Organs of speech 发音器官 02) uvula: A small, conical, fleshy mass of tissue suspended from the center of the soft palate. 小舌，悬雍垂悬垂在软腭中央的小的圆锥状肉块 The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas or cavities:The pharyngeal cavity咽腔----the throat 03) larynx: n. 喉 The oral cavity口腔----the mouth 04) vocal cord: 声带 The nasal cavity 鼻腔---the nose 05) membrane: n. A thin, pliable layer of tissue covering surfaces or separating or connecting regions, structures, Vibration of the vocal cords (声带) results in a quality of speech sounds called “voicing” 浊音，which is a or organs of an animal or a plant. 膜薄而柔软的组织层，覆盖在表面或分割连接各种区域、结构或动植物feature of all vowels 元音 and some consonants 辅音。
器官单词补充：06) the soft palate: 软腭 10) the teeth: 牙齿 07) the hard palate:硬腭 11) the lips: 上下唇 08) the teeth ridge: 齿龈 12) blade of tongue: 舌面13) back of tongue: 舌根 09) alveolus: A tooth socket in the jawbone牙槽颚骨处的牙床 14) pharyngeal cavity: 咽腔16) velar: Articulated with the back of the tongue touching or near the soft palate, as (g) in good and (k) in cup.15) nasal cavity: 鼻腔软腭音的用舌头后部挂触或靠近软腭清楚地发音的，如在 good中的(g)以及在 cup中的(k)17) the tip of the tongue: 舌尖 19) the roof of the mouth: 上颚 18) the upper front teeth: 上齿 20) the lower lip: 下唇音标……宽式和严式标音法 :the openness of the mouth,口的张开程度:the shape of the lips园唇与否 International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) The vowels (monophthongs and diphthongs) 元音（单元音&双元音） :length of the vowels元音的长度 The constants 辅音Broad transcription: Transcription with letter-symbols only. (in dictionaries and teaching textbooks)用一个符号来表示一个语音的标音方式叫做宽式标音法，这种音标法常见于词典和教科书。