英语国家概况_英国议会和政府(汇总)
英语国家概况 第7章 英国政治
1）英国不是联邦制国家，而是单一制国家。
在单一制国家里，只有一个组织拥有职权，处理当地所有的事务。
2）它是君主立宪制和议会民主制的结合。
君主立宪是一种政体，君主作为国家元首，在宪法指导下处理事务，无论是成文的宪法还是混合宪法。
君主立宪政体有时被称为有限君主制、加冕的共和制或议会君主制。
3）在英国，国家元首是在位的国王或女王，政府首脑是首相，他是下议院多数党领袖。
The British constitution is only partly written. It is made up ofstatute law, common law and conventions（成文法，习惯法和公约）. It is more flexible than the written constitution of other countries.1）组成：英国宪法只有一部分成文规定。
它是由成文法、习惯法和惯例组成。
它比其他国家的成文宪法更灵活。
the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary （立法，行政和司法）.2）政府的主要组成部分：立法，行政和司法the lord chancellor（大法官） is a member of all three branches.He serves as a member of the cabinet （内阁）（executive branch）, as the government’s leader in the House of Lords （上议院） （legislative branch）, and as the head of the country ’s judiciary（国家司法体系）（judicial branch）.3）机关之间的重叠：大法官同时任职于三个机关。
他是内阁成员（执行机关），担任上议院议长（立法机关）以及国家司法部门（司法机关）的领导。
英美概况(个人总结)
独立战争the war of independence
1774年，第一届大陆国会continental congress在费城philadelphia召开，呼吁抵制英国货
1775年，lexington（列克星敦）和concord（康科德）打仗独立战争开始。同年，第二届大陆会议在费城召开，乔治?华盛顿为领导人
中美关系
1972年，Nixon总统访华，签署上海公报Shanghai Communique。1979年，中美建交。
美国宪法起草于1789年，世界上最早的成文宪法。共有7个articles。
Articla I，the Legislative Article立法
只有国会有权立法，two-chamber system，包括senate参议院，house of representatives众议院。参议院100人，每个州来两人，众议院基于每个州的人口比例设立席位。
文艺复兴运动 The English Renaissance
文艺复兴是中世纪到现代的过渡时期，从1350-1650，有300年，从意大利发起，达芬奇等人为代表。在这段时期，罗马教会经历新教改革，人文主义兴起，海外探索（大航海时代？）。
英国内战 The Civil Wars
是国王和议会间的战争，Norttingham King Charles和议会开战，国王军是Cavaliers(骑士)，议会军是Roundheads(圆颅党)，因为他们短发。查尔斯战败，克伦威尔Cromwell称王。英国内战又称清教徒革命，因为国王的反对者多是清教徒Puritan。清教徒是基督教新教中的一派。这场战争颠覆了英国的封建制度，甚至动摇了欧洲的封建制度，被认为是世界现代史的开端。
议会组成
英语国家概况New_Zealand精编版
New zealand's climate is dominated by two main geographical features--the sea and the mountains.Since the small landmass of New Zealand is surrounded by a large expanse of ocean ,the climate of New Zealand is temperate oceanic,which means that the seasonal variations in New Zealand are much slighter than in continental countries.
Nuclear Policy and David Russell Lange
Famous Prime Minister
Government
• Independent State
• Constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary democracy(君主立宪制和议会民主制)
queenelizabethii女王伊丽莎白二世representedbyagovernorgeneralroleismainlyceremonialrealpoliticalpowerisheldbytheprimeministerwhoisheadofthegovernment作用主要是礼仪真正的政治权力是由总理举行的政府thelegislature?parliament议会developedfromthebritishparliamentarysystem英国议会制度称knownasthewestminstersystem威斯敏斯特体系ofgovernmentandisthelawmakingbodyofthenewzealandgovernment
英语国家概况 politic
The birth of kingdom of Britain大 不列颠王国的诞生
• 1542, the Laws in Wales Act annexed Wales to the legal system of England. 《威尔士法案》将威尔士纳入英格兰法律 体系
- The Law of England applied to both England and Wales. English the only lang. for official purpose.英 语成为唯一官方语言 Exclusion of Welsh from formal office.威尔士 人不得担任官职
NAW – competences【权限、职能】
• • • • • • • • • • 1. agriculture, fisheries, forestry and rural development 2. ancient monuments and historic buildings 3. culture 4. economic development 5. education and training 6. environment 7. fire and rescue services and promotion of fire safety 8. food 9. health and health services 10. highways and transport
Devolution in the UK
• The UK is a unitary state with a devolved system of government. • Devolution formula has much to do with history!!! • England: no devolved government. • Scottish Parliament (the Scotland Act 1998): legislative power, limited tax-varying capabilities, education, health, agriculture, justice, some FP. • The National Assembly for Wales: Governmentt of Wales Act (1998), legislative power, other powers. • The NI Assembly: Good Friday Agreement (1998).
《英语国家概况》六个国家立法机构执法机构司法机构
《英语国家概况》六个国家立法机构、执法机构和司法机构立法机构英国arliament(maximum 5 years duration)Parliament consisted of the Sovereign,the House of Lords(made up of the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal) and House of Commons(651).美国：CongressArticle I of the Constitution grants all legislative power of the federal government to a Congress composed of two chambers,aSenate(two members from each state,six year term and every even year,one-third of the Senate stands for re-election ) and a House of Representatives(based on population and its size is therefore not specified in the Constitution.435).爱尔兰：All the legislative power are vested in the national parliament.(Oireachats)Oireachats has two houses. They are the Senate(Seanad) and the House of Representives(Dail Eireann)加拿大：All the legislative power of the federal administration are vested in the Parliament of Canada,which consists of the Crown,the Senate(104) and the House of Commons(295).Therefore,laws must be passed by both Houses of Parliament and signed by the Governor-General in the Queen's name.澳大利亚：The Australian Federal Parliament is modelled on the Westminster system.It is the Legislature.It consists of the Queen and two Houses of Parliament:the House of Representatives and the Senate.新西兰：New Zealand follows the British Parliamentary system with some varitions.Since 1950 the New Zealand Parliament has had only one chamber,the House of Representatives. (every 3 years)执法机构英国:The Prime Minister is apointed by the Queen.He always sits in the House of Commons.And his residence is No.10 Downing Street in London.The party which wins sufficient seats at a General Election to command a majority of supporters in the House of Commons usually forms the Government.Ministers are appointed by the Queen on the recommendation of the Prime Minister. The most senior ministers compose the Cabinet.美国：The head of the departments,chosen by the President and approved by the Senate,form a council of advisers generally known as the President. This inculdes the White House staff,the Office of Management and Budget,the Council of Economic Advisers,and the Office of Emergerency Preparedness. The department are as follows(不打上来了,是书上的P305)爱尔兰：The Article 13 of the Constitution provides that the president shall appoint the prime minister(toiseach) on the nomination of the House of Representatives(Dail) and that he shall appoint the other members of the government on the nomination of the prime minister with the previous approval of the Dail.The prime minister holds office either until he chooses to resign or until he loses the support of the majority in the Dail.加拿大：Queen is represented in Canada by theGovernor-General,who is appointed on the recommendation of the Prime Minister.In practice,the Governor-General acts only the advice of the Canada Prime Minister and the Cabinet,who also sit in the federal parliament. The Prime Minister and other members of the Cabinet exercise executive power as the "Government".澳大利亚：In Australia the Queen is represented by the Govenor-General.(这里和加拿大是完全一样的)The executive is the government of the day.It is formed by the party or coalition of parties,which has a majority of seats in the House of Representatives.The Executive consists of the Prime Minister and the other members of the ministry.新西兰：The leader of the party with a majority of members in the House of Representatives becomes Prime Minister.He or she andabout 20 other chosen members,form the Cabinet.司法机构英国:Criminal Courts in England and Wales including:Magistrates Courts,Youth Courts and the Crown CourtsScotland:1.the High Courts of Justiciary 2.the sheriff court 3. the district courtNorthern Ireland:magistrates' courts,Country courts and the Crown CourtCivil Courts in England and Wales are the Country Court of which there are 270.The High Court deal with the more complicated cases. Scotland:the civil courts are the sheriff court and the Court of Session.Northern Ireland:Country courts are primarily civil law courts. The magistrates' court also deals with certain limited classes of civil cases.The High Court of Justice is the superior civil lawcourt.Appeals from country courts are dealt with by the High Court or the Court of Appeal.美国：The judicial,consists of a system of courts headed by the Supreme Court and including subordinate courts throughtout the country.And it is the organ which has the power to interpret the Constitution.The judicial system has evovlved into the present structure:the Supreme Court,11 courts of appeals,91 district courts,and three courts of special jurisdiction.爱尔兰：Statutes passed by the British Parliament before 1921 have the force of law except those repealed by the Irish Oireachats. The high court has full origianal jurisdiction and power in all matters of law.It also can determine the validity of any law within the provisions of the Constitution.The Supreme Court is the court of final appeal.(a chief jusice and six other jusices)加拿大：Canada law has its source in acts and judicial decisions,and also in British common law. Quebec is an exception since its system is based on the French civil law.The provincial and federal governments have the power to establish courts. The federal Parliament created the Supreme Court of Canada,the Federal Court and various of special jurisdiction.澳大利亚：The High Court is the most superior.It consists of a chief jusice and six other jusices.The Federal Court of Australia was established in 1977.The Family Court was established in 1976.In each state there is a Superior Court. Below it are intermediate courts commonly called District or County Courts. Below them are Magistrates Courts,Local Courts or Courts of Petty Session.。
英美概况(英国)
1.英国全称：the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland2.英国由四个部分组成，它们是:England ,Scotland ,Wales and Northern Ireland3.英国历史上的三次外族入侵：43AD the Roman Empire ，the late 8th century Scandinavia created a certain cultural divide between northerners and southerners in England ，1066 Normans William took the English throne ,and became William the First4.英国内战时间：1640双方：the Roundheads led by Oliver Cromwell ,the royalists led by Charles 1结果：the royalists armies were defeated and King Charles 1 was executed in 16495.“君权神授”的含义：“divine right of kings”means the sovereign derived his authority from God ,not from his subjects6.英国政府的三个组成部分及其职责:the Monarch :to symbolize the tradition and unity of the British statesthe Parliament :to vote for taxation ;scrutinize government policy ,administration and expenditure ;debate the major issues of the daythe Cabinet :to carry out the functions of policy-making ,the coordination of government departments and the supreme control of government7.英国的“大宪章”（Magna Carta）由哪位君主在什么时候签署，其内容是什么King John ,1215 ,placed some limits on the king’s ability to abuse his royal power8.英国的“权利法案”（the Bill of Rights ）被通过的时间:16899.议会的组成及其成员：the queensthe House of Lords :the Lords Spiritual who are the Archbishops and the most important bishops of the church of England ,and the Lords Temporal which refers to those lords who either have inherited from their forefathers or they have been appointedthe House of Commons :about 650 MPs (members of Parliament ) elected by the people to represent them10.内阁元首：prime minister11.英国大选多长时间举行一次，选出了什么，其目的是什么every 5 years ,to elect about 650 members of Parliament ,to provide opportunities for people to influence future government policies and to replace those incompetent political leaders12.英国的两个主要政党：the Conservative party ,the Labour party13.英国社会的两个主要阶层，如何划分这两个阶层middle class ,working classbased on economy and education14.自1979之后英国历任首相及其任职时间：Marganet Thatcher 1979~1990 ConservativeJohn Major 1990~1997 ConservativeTony Blair 1997~2007 LabourGordon Brown 2007 ~至今Labour15.工业革命之父是谁，及其发明是什么James Walt ,steam engine16 .工业革命开始的标志:Jennifer’s hand-spinning machine17.英国教育的三个阶段及两个分枝primary education (5—11 years old ),secondary education (11-plus examination ,namely ,grammer school and comprehensive school ) ,higher educationstate school and private school18.英国最古老的报纸：the Observer (the world’s oldest national newspaper),the Times(British oldest daily newspaper)19.报纸的两大分类：the quality papers ,tabloid20.英国最大的广播公司：the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)21.Christmas 和Easter的意义：Christmas commemorates the birth of Jesus Christ .It is the biggest and most loved British holiday. Easter commemorates the Crucifixion and Resurrection of Jesus Christ. It is the most important Christian festival .22,英国文学：early writing :Geoffrey Chaucer ,《The Canterbury Tales》Elizabethan Drama：William Shakespeare, 《Romeo and Juliet》，《Hamlet》，《Othello》，《King Lear》，《Macbeth》the 17th century :John Milton,《Paradise Lost》，《Paradise Regained》，《Samson Agonistes》the 18th century :Jonathan Swift ,《Gulliver’s Travels》Daniel Defoe ,《Robinson Crusoe》the 19th century :Jane Austen ,《Sense and Sensibility》，《Pride and Prejudice》，《Emma》Bronte sisters,——Charlotte Bronte ,《Jane Eyre》Emily Bronte ,《Wuthering Heights》Ann BronteCharles Dickens,《Oliver Twist》,《David Copperfield》,《Great Expectation》。
英语国家概况(英国部分)
Chapter 1 The Land and History英国全称大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国，由英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士及北爱尔兰构成，位于大西洋东部的不列颠群岛，是个岛屿国家，由大不列颠岛，爱尔兰岛北部和众多小岛组成。
面积约24.40万平方公里，人口超过6400万(2013年)。
英国属于温带海洋气候，常年温和多雨，气候多变。
受高纬度因素的影响，有类似极昼极夜的现象，冬季日短夜长，夏季日长夜短。
公元前3000年左右，伊比亚人最先到达大不列颠岛。
随后，比克利人、凯尔特人相继来到不列颠。
公元前1世纪到公元5世纪，罗马入侵。
罗马人撤离后，欧洲北部的盎格鲁撒克逊人和以丹麦人为主体的斯堪的纳维亚先后入侵。
到了1066年，诺曼底公爵威廉征服了英格兰，英国的封建制度正式形成。
1215年，国王约翰被迫签订了大宪章。
不久，议会制度形成，从此英国的王权被不断削弱和限制。
1688年，“光荣革命”爆发，确立了君主立宪制。
18世纪后期到19世纪前期，英国成为世界上第一个开始并完成工业革命的国家。
19世纪是英国发展的鼎盛时期，分别建立了第一大英帝国和第二大英帝国。
到二战前夕，英国统治了世界约1/4的土地。
第一次世界大战以及第二次世界大战的爆发，导致英国的政治、经济势力大为削弱，失去了霸权地位。
随着其殖民地的相继独立，20世纪60年代，大英帝国彻底瓦解。
I. General IntroductionMap of British Isles1. Location and the Four NationsThe full name of the UK is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. It is made up of four nations: England, Scotland, Northern Ireland, and Wales. It is located to the northwest of continental Europe, separated by the English Channel. Geographically, it is an island country, covering an area of about 244,019 km2, and consists of Great Britain and northeastern part of Ireland, together with many small islands of British Isles.Great Britain accounts for over 90% of the country’s tota l landmass. It is the largest island off the northwestern coast of mainland Europe with England, Scotland and Wales on it. Ireland is the second largest island of British Isles located to the northwest of Great Britain. It is divided into two parts: Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland (an independent country).England is the largest part of the UK and occupies most of the southern two thirds of Great Britain. The total area of England is 130,410 km2 with a population of around 53.9 million (Mid-2013 estimated), which covers more than 84% of the total UK population. It is the most populous and highly urbanized part of the UK. London, the capital of the UK and England, as well as the seat of government, is located in its southeastern part.Scotland is the second largest and most mountainous part of the UK in the north of Great Britain. Compared with that of England, the population density is quite low. There are only 5.3 million people with an area of 78,789 km2. Edinburgh, its largest city, is the capital of Scotland. Scotland is famous for its beautiful natural scenery, such as Scottish Highlands1and Loch Ness2, as well as many historical places, like the Edinburgh Castles.Wales is on the western side of central southern Great Britain. The total area of Wales is 20,779 km2, which accounts for 1/4 parts of the UK. It is also a mountainous part of Great Britain, particularly in the north and central regions. The southeast region is the most built up region of Wales, and the majority of its population live there and a large proportion of its industry is based there. Its capital city, Cardiff, is also in this region.Northern Ireland lies in the northeast of the island of Ireland, covering14,139 km2, which constitutes 1/6 of the island. It is the smallest part among the four nations of the UK, as well as the second sparsely populated part after Scotland. The capital is Belfast, the largest city in Northern Ireland both in population and in area. It is the center for government, economic, arts, higher education, business, law of Northern Ireland. Additionally, it is the birthplace of Titanic, and voted one of the world’s top destinations.2. ClimateThe overall climate in the UK is temperate maritime, which means that it is mild with temperatures neither much lower than 0℃in winter nor much higher 32℃in summer. Generally, the UK has warm summers and cool winters, with July and August as the warmest month, and January and February as the coldest. However, due to the influence of Gulf Stream3, the summers are cooler than those in continent while the winters are milder. Normally, the temperature in summer is around 20℃，with the high rarely going above 30℃. The average temperature in winter is around 0℃and seldom go below -10℃even in the most northern part of the country.Meanwhile, since Britain is an island country and surrounded by the sea, the climate is considerably changeable compared with other countries. Since the variable climate changing day to day, it is hard for people to predict what the weather will be like the next day. Additionally, the unique geographical position is also the reason for the dampness of the climate. The rainfall is fairly distributed throughout the year. Although it does not rain every day, it is always advisable for people to bring an umbrella or waterproof clothing every day.II. History1. The Founding of the NationThe recorded history of the UK begins with the Roman invasion in 55BC. In 55 and 54BC, Britain was twice invaded by Julius Caesar and his Roman troops. However, it was not until 43AD that the Roman led by Claudius I finally successfully invaded and Britain became part of the Roman Empire. The native Celtic were driven to the mountain regions of Scotland and Wales, which remained unconquered by the Romans.The Romans have great impact on many aspects of the British culture. The Roman civilization was introduced to the Britain during this period. For example, Roman style baths and temples were built, cities like London and towns were constructed, and the system of government was also introduced. With the decline of the Roman Empire, when the Germanic troops attacked Rome in 410 A.D., the Romans had to withdraw in order to protect their own nation, which led to the end of Roman occupation.After the leave of the Romans, three groups of Germanic tribes called the Jutes, the Angles and the Saxons came to Britain from the European continent in the mid-4th century. They conquered different regions of Britain:1Scottish Highlands：苏格兰高地，是对苏格兰高地边界断层以西和以北的山地的称，被认为是欧洲风景最优美的地区。
英语国家概况（英国部分）
Chapt e r 1 The Land and Histo r y英国全称大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国，由英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士及北爱尔兰构成，位于大西洋东部的不列颠群岛，是个岛屿国家，由大不列颠岛，爱尔兰岛北部和众多小岛组成。
面积约24.40万平方公里，人口超过6400万(2013年)。
英国属于温带海洋气候，常年温和多雨，气候多变。
受高纬度因素的影响，有类似极昼极夜的现象，冬季日短夜长，夏季日长夜短。
公元前3000年左右，伊比亚人最先到达大不列颠岛。
随后，比克利人、凯尔特人相继来到不列颠。
公元前1世纪到公元5世纪，罗马入侵。
罗马人撤离后，欧洲北部的盎格鲁撒克逊人和以丹麦人为主体的斯堪的纳维亚先后入侵。
到了1066年，诺曼底公爵威廉征服了英格兰，英国的封建制度正式形成。
1215年，国王约翰被迫签订了大宪章。
不久，议会制度形成，从此英国的王权被不断削弱和限制。
1688年，―光荣革命‖爆发，确立了君主立宪制。
18世纪后期到19世纪前期，英国成为世界上第一个开始并完成工业革命的国家。
19世纪是英国发展的鼎盛时期，分别建立了第一大英帝国和第二大英帝国。
到二战前夕，英国统治了世界约1/4的土地。
第一次世界大战以及第二次世界大战的爆发，导致英国的政治、经济势力大为削弱，失去了霸权地位。
随着其殖民地的相继独立，20世纪60年代，大英帝国彻底瓦解。
I. Gener a l Intro d ucti o n1. Locat i on and the Four Natio n s The full name of the UK is the Unite d Kingd o m of Great Brita i n and North e rn Irela n d. It is made up of four natio n s: Engla n d, Scotl a nd, North e rn Irela n d, and Wales . It is locat e d to the north w est of conti n enta l Europ e , separ a ted by the Engli s h Chann e l. Geogr a phic a lly, it is an islan d count r y, cover i ng an area of about 244,019 km 2, and consi s ts of Great Brita i n and north e aste r n part of Irela n d, toget h er with many small islan d s of Briti s h Isles . Great Brita i n accou n ts for over 90% of the count r y’stotal landm a ss. It is the large s t islan d off the north w este r n coast of mainl a nd Europ e with Engla n d, Scotl a nd and Wales on it. Irela n d is the secon d large s t islan d of Briti s h Isles locat e d to the north w est of Great Brita i n. It is divid e d into two parts : North e rn Irela n d and the Repub l ic of Irela n d (an indep e nden t count r y).Engla n d is the large s t part of the UK and occup i es most of the south e rn two third s of Great Brita i n. The total area of Engla n d is 130,410 km 2 with a popul a tion of aroun d 53.9 milli o n (Mid-2013 estim a ted), which cover s morethan 84% of the total UK popul a tion . It is the most popul o us and highl y urban i zed part of the UK . Londo n , the capit a l of the UK and Engla n d, as well as the seat of gover n ment , is locat e d in its south e aste rn part.Map of Briti s h Isles Scotla nd is the second larges t and most mounta inous part of the UK in the northof GreatBritai n. Compar ed with that of Englan d, the popula tiondensit y is quitelow. Thereare only 5.3 millio n people with an area of 78,789 km2. Edinbu rgh, its larges t city, is the capita l of Scotla nd. Scotla nd is famous for its beauti ful natura l scener y, such as Scotti s h Highla nds1and Loch Ness2, as well as many histor icalplaces, like the Edinbu rgh Castle s.Walesis on the wester n side of centra l southe rn GreatBritai n. The totalarea of Walesis 20,779 km2, whichaccoun ts for 1/4 partsof the UK. It is also a mounta inous part of GreatBritai n, partic ularl y in the northand centra l region s. The southe ast region is the most builtup region of Wales, and the majori ty of its popula tionlive thereand a largepropor tionof its indust ry is basedthere. Its capita l city, Cardif f, is also in this region.Northe rn Irelan d lies in the northe ast of the island of Irelan d, coveri ng14,139 km2, whichconsti tutes 1/6 of the island. It is the smalle st part amongthe four nation s of the UK, as well as the second sparse ly popula ted part afterScotla nd. The capita l is Belfas t, the larges t city in Northe rn Irelan d both in popula tionand in area. It is the center for govern ment,econom ic, arts, higher educat ion, busine ss, law of Northe rn Irelan d. Additi onall y, it is the birthp laceof Titani c, and votedone of the world’stopdestin ation s.2. Climat eThe overal l climat e in the UK is temper ate mariti me, whichmeansthat it is mild with temper ature s neithe r much lowerthan 0℃ in winter nor much higher 32℃ in summer. Genera lly, the UK has warm summer s and cool winter s, with July and August as the warmes t month, and Januar y and Februa ry as the coldes t. Howeve r, due to the influe nce of Gulf Stream3, the summer s are cooler than thosein contin ent whilethe winter s are milder. Normal ly, the temper ature in summer is around20℃，with the high rarely goingabove30℃. The averag e temper ature in winter is around 0℃ and seldom go below-10℃ even in the most northe rn part of the countr y.Meanwh ile, sinceBritai n is an island countr y and surrou ndedby the sea, the climat e is consid erabl y change ablecompar ed with othercountr ies. Sincethe variab le climat e changi ng day to day, it is hard for people to predic t what the weathe r will be like the next day. Additi onall y, the unique geogra phica l positi on is also the reason for the dampne ss of the climat e. The rainfa ll is fairly distri buted throug houtthe year. Althou gh it does not rain everyday, it is always advisa ble for people to bringan umbrel la or waterp roofclothi ng everyday.II. Histor y1. The Foundi ng of the NationThe record ed histor y of the UK begins with the Romaninvasi on in 55BC. In 55 and 54BC, Britai n was twiceinvade d by Julius Caesar and his Romantroops. Howeve r, it was not until43AD that the Romanled by Claudi us I finall y succes sfull y invade d and Britai n became part of the RomanEmpire. The native Celtic were driven to the mounta in region s of Scotla nd and Wales, whichremain ed unconq uered by the Romans.The Romans have greatimpact on many aspect s of the Britis h cultur e. The Romancivili zatio n was introd ucedto the Britai n during this period. For exampl e, Romanstylebathsand temple s were built, cities like London and townswere constr ucted, and the system of govern mentwas also introd uced. With the declin e of the RomanEmpire, when the German ic troops attack ed Rome in 410 A.D., the Romans had to withdr aw in orderto protec t theirown nation, whichled to the end of Romanoccupa tion.Afterthe leaveof the Romans, threegroups of German ic tribes called the Jutes, the Angles and the Saxons came to Britai n from the Europe an contin ent in the mid-4th centur y. They conque red differ ent region s of Britai n:1Scotti sh Highla nds：苏格兰高地，是对苏格兰高地边界断层以西和以北的山地的称，被认为是欧洲风景最优美的地区。
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British Parliament
The electoral campaigns Before a general election, the political parties would start their electoral campaigns （advertisements, postal deliveries of leaflets, etc. ）in order to make their policies known to the public. These campaigns (attacking and criticizing the opponents’ policies )sometimes can be quite aggressive and critical.
The United Kingdom is a unitary , not a federal state (中央集权国家，而不 是联邦制国家 ). Parliament consists of the Sovereign, the House of Lords and the House of Commons (议会由 君主，上议院和下议院组成).
至尊的议会（“议会之母”）
是最高立法机关，主要由上议院和下议院组成
英 国 的 议 内阁与首相 会 和 政 府 君主立宪制 的实质
内阁是英国政府的核心领导机关 首相和内阁要向议会负责，而不 用对国家元首（国王）负责 内阁权力很大 首相拥有非常广泛的权力，集党、 政、军大权于一身 本质上是资产阶级政权的一种 组织形式
avoiding foreign entanglement “Any Peace is preferable even to successful war.” ——Robert Walpole
British Parliament
Anyone who is eligible (有资格当选的) to vote can stand as an MP. It is necessary only to make a deposit of 500 pounds (a quite easily obtainable amount in the UK) which is lost if the candidate does not receive at least 5% of the vote.
英国议会的地位： 英国议会的组成:
下议院
（至尊议会）
最高立法机关 （1）下议院 （2）上议院
立法权 财政权 司法权 监督权 监督下院工作 行政权力的最高来源
英国议会 （最高立法机关）
上议院 协助下院立法
（起辅助 作用）
英国最高司法机关
（受理民事、刑事上诉 修改和否决议案 案件，审理贵族案件）
British Parliament
England in the 18th Century:
Robert Walpole (罗伯特· 沃波尔)
The first Prime Minister The most influential member in the Whig Party First Lord of the Treasury encouraging trade and industry and
③首相控制国家财政大权，掌控预算决策权。 ④首相有权建议国王解散议会，宣布重新大选。
⑤首相是武装部队的实际最高领导人，可宣 布全国处于“紧急状态”。
内阁的权力：
①制定内外政策 ②向议会提交议案以及需要议会审议的政策 ③行使最高行政权力 ④协调和确定政府各部门职权 ⑤在国家处于紧急状态时，采取紧急行动 ⑥必要时宣布提前大选
British Parliament
General Elections Periodic national general elections are very important in the western model of democracy （周期性大选在西方式的民主制度 中非常重要 ）. The election is seen as an opportunity for people to influence future government policy and to replace the incompetent political leader.
英国议会
英国议会渊源于古代的贤人会议,后来 发展为大会议, 1688年“光荣革命”后， 议会逐步获得至尊无上的地位; 议会代 表了英国民主政治的传统,成为反对专 制的坚强堡垒,英国议会的产生为人类 民主社会作出了贡献.人们把英国议会 称为“议会之母”。
英国议会
被称为“议会之母”的缘由: ①议会是现代资本主义政体中最重要的组 成部分之一，也是资本主义民主制度的主 要体现。 ②英国是世界上第一个建立议会制的国家。 ③美、法等国都效妨英国建立起各具特色 的议会制。
立法机关 ，主要由上议院和 英国议会是最高_______ “议会之母” 下议院组成，有________ 之称。
核心领导机关 ，首相和内 内阁是英国政府的_________ 议会 负责。 阁要向_____
党、政、军大 首相拥有非常广泛的权力，集_________ 权于一身。
资产阶级 政权的一种组 君主立宪制本质是________ 织形式。
British Government
The party, which wins sufficient seats at a General Election in the House of Commons usually forms the Government. By tradition, the leader of the majority party is appointed Prime Minister by the Sovereign. The party, which wins the second largest number of seats, becomes the official Opposition组成反对党.
British Government
The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy (君主立宪制),which is governed, in the name of the Sovereign by His or Her Majesty’s Government. The power of the monarchy was largely derived from the “divine right of kings”.
British Parliament
The House of Commons
The House of Commons is the real center of British political life because it is the place where representatives (Members of Parliament) are elected to make and debate policy. These MPs are elected in the General Elections and should represent interests of the people who vote for them.
British Parliament
Life peers--终身贵族 appointed by the sovereign at the suggestion of the Prime Minister ( a practice began in 1958) 注：终身爵士。1958年英国议会通过了终身贵族 爵位法，对那些为英国社会作出杰出贡献的人--英国一些著名的政治家和高官，如首相、总督、 高级大臣等，从现职退下来后，王室授封他们为 终身贵族。他们以其丰富的从政经验进入上院继 续参政议政，但其爵位不能传后代。
British Parliament
The House of Lords
The House of Lords consists of the Lords Spiritual (神职议员), who are the Archbishops and most prominent bishops of the Church of England; and the Lords Temporal (世俗议员), those who either have inherited the seat from their forefathers （hereditary peers世袭贵族） or （life peers终身贵族）have been appointed. The lords mainly represent themselves instead of the interests of the public.
British Parliament
Britain is divided into constituencies (选区). Each of the constituencies returns one member to the House of Commons. The party which holds a majority of those “seats” in parliament forms the government, with its party leader as the Prime Minister. After a government has been in power for 5 years it has to resign and hold a “general election”.
（上帝和神赐予的）“君权神授论” 联合王国是君主立宪制国家,国家的首脑是国王 或女王。联合王国以君的名义,由国王或女王陛 下政府治理。