重温先父遗传：后代继承他们母亲前配偶的获得性特征

用了几天时间，终于将一篇2014年发表于高阶学术期刊《生态学通讯》上的一篇关于先父遗传的论文翻译出来了。

这篇论文用实验证实了先父遗传的存在。

因为我认识的人中有学水产养殖的，所以很久之前我就听说过先父遗传现象，据说这种现象在养殖中是非常普遍的。

但后来我看到的所有资料都痛批它是伪科学，而以前我是深信“主流科学”意见的，所以一直没关注它。

后来我发现并解释了淫乱降低后代智力的规律，并一直坚持反淫乱宣传，但那时我觉得，以性解放分子宣传的歪理，中毒的人连自己的孩子是隔壁老王还是经纪人老宋的都不在乎，哪还在乎自己的孩子带有老婆的前炮友的相貌特征？所以先父遗传即使被证实是真的，对反淫乱宣传都没什么卵用。

前几天有个网友在天涯这发出消息，说有科学团队用实验证实先父遗传，出于好奇，我立即去下载了这篇论文来看。

一看之下很受启发。

至少这篇论文证明了，亲代的生活习惯对后代性状有极大影响。

而事实上，2006年美国科学家皮特尼克就通过解剖发现了，淫乱物种大脑小睾丸大，而贞洁物种大脑大睾丸小，推断淫乱物种智力低。

而这个发现不被社会重视（或者相关研究被黑暗民族封杀），原因就在于人们普遍有侥幸心理，认为淫乱降低后代智力的过程起码得有几万年，自己爽了再说，哪管它几万年后的事。

而这篇论文用无可辩驳的实验事实证明，你的生活习惯都可影响后代呢，淫乱降低后代智力哪用得了多久，你自己淫乱你的孩子就遭殃了。

而现在欧美日的民众普遍连个位数乘法都学不会的事实，更增加“淫乱降低后代智力”这一论断的说服力下面是该论文的译文。

因为我此前一直做的是中译英的工作，很少做英译中方向的翻译，并且国内甚少有相关研究，我没读过相应的中文资料，译文不可避免地有不完善的地方，请读者多多包涵！Ecology Letters, (2014) 17: 1545–1552Revisiting telegony: offspring inherit an acquired characteristic of their mother’s previous mate生态学通讯(2014) 17: 1545–1552 （此期刊最新的影响因子为10.772，算是仅次于世界顶级学术期刊的刊物了）重温先父遗传：后代继承他们母亲前配偶的获得性特征AbstractNewly discovered non-genetic mechanisms break the link between genes and inheritance, thereby also raising the possibility that previous mating partners could influence traits in offspring sired by subsequent males that mate with the same female (‘telegony’). In the fly Telostylinus angusticollis, males transmit their environmentally acquired condition via paternal effects on offspring body size. We manipulated male condition, and mated females to two males in high or low condition in a fully crossed design. Although the second male sired a large majority of offspring, offspring body size was influenced by the condition of the first male. This effect was not observed when females were exposed to the first male without mating, implicating semen-mediated effects rather than female differential allocation based on pre-mating assessment of male quality. Our results reveal a novel type of transgenerational effect with potential implications for the evolution of reproductive strategies.【摘要】新发现的非遗传机制打破了基因与遗传特征之间的联系，从而也提高了前配偶能影响由后继雄性与同一雌性交配授精所产后代的性状的可能性（先父遗传）。

在一种澳大利亚蝇类(Telostylinus angusticollis）身上，雄性通过父亲效应把他们的环境获得状态（environmentally acquired condition）中的身体大小传导到后代中去。

我们操纵雄性条件，让雌性在一个完全交叉的设计中与两个分别处于高或低状态的雄性交配。

虽然后继雄性是绝大部分后代的遗传意义上的父亲，但后代的身体大小受前雄性身体状态的影响。

在雌性与前雄性接触但没有交配时，没有观察到这种效果，表明是精液介导这种效应，而非基于交配前雄性品质评估的雌性资源差异分配。

我们的研究结果揭示了一种新代际效应，这种效应对生殖策略的演进具有潜在影响。

KeywordsCondition, diet, inheritance of acquired traits, non-genetic inheritance, paternal effect, plasticity, seminal proteins, telegony.关键词状态，饮食,获得性状遗传，非遗传遗传，父系效应，可塑性，精液蛋白，先父遗传。

Ecology Letters (2014) 17: 1545–1552INTRODUCTIONRecent advances in our understanding of inheritance have revealed that offspring-parent resemblance cannot be explained solely by the transmission of parental genes (see recent reviews: Danchin et al. 2011; Bonduriansky 2012). Accumulating evidence shows that a variety of inheritance mechanisms (including but not restricted to epigenetic inheritance) operate alongside Mendelian inheritance, such that both genetic and non-genetic sources of variation (and the interactions between them) can influence phenotypic variation and evolutionary outcomes. The recognition of non-genetic processes in the transmission of variation across generations necessitates a re-examination of phenomena excluded by classical genetics. Before the advent of modern genetics, many biologists believed that a male can leave a mark on his mate’s body, causing the female’s subsequent offspring to resemble their mother’s first mate, despite being sired by another male (Rabaud 1914; Ewart 1920). This hypothesised phenomenon, dubbed ‘telegony’by August Weismann, was rejected in the early 20th century because it lacked unequivocal empirical support and was deemed incompatible with Mendelian genetics (Burkhardt 1979). However, recent discoveries have revealed the existence of molecular and physiological mechanisms that have the potential to mediate telegony (Liu 2011, 2013). Although classic discussions of telegony focused on effects carried over from one gestation to the next, similar mechanisms could enable males who do not sire any offspring to influence the development of future offspring sired by other males. Potential mechanisms of telegony include penetration of maternal somatic cells by sperm, foetal genes in mother’s blood, and the ability of RNA to program genome rearrangement (Liu 2011, 2013). In addition, males provide the female with a suite of proteins and other molecules in the seminal fluid (Avila et al. 2011), the concentration and composition of which can be altered by the male’s environment (Wigby et al. 2009; Perry & Rowe 2010; Sirot et al. 2011). Seminal products are known to have complex effects on female fitness and behaviour (Gillott 2003; Wigby et al. 2009; Perry et al. 2013), and can influence offspring health via effects on the female reproductive tract (Bromfield 2014; Bromfield et al. 2014). Hence, we propose that the phenotype of a female’s previous mate could potentially influe nce her future offspring, sired by other males, via the effects of seminal fluid on ovule development (Fig. 1). Previously, we have demonstrated in the neriid fly, Telostylinus angusticollis, that males reared on a nutrient-rich larval diet (high-condition fathers) produce larger offspring than males reared on a nutrient-poor larval diet (low-condition fathers) (Bonduriansky & Head 2007; Adler &Bonduriansky 2013). This paternal effect is especially interesting because there is no evidence of any conventional form of paternal provisioning or nuptial gift in this species: mean copulation duration is only 43 s, there is no external or internal spermatophore or mating plug, and mean ejaculate size is < 0.01% of male body volume (Bonduriansky & Head 2007; Bath et al. 2012). The effect of paternal condition on offspring size could be mediated by the transfer of condition-dependent accessorygland products in the seminal fluid. To test for telegony in T. angusticollis, we manipulated male larval diet quality to generate variation in male condition, and mated recently eclosed females with a male in high- or lowcondition (first male) to expose developing ovules to seminal fluid from these males. Two weeks later, after the females’ eggs matured, we re-mated each female with a new high- or low-condition male (second male) in a fully crossed design, and quantified phenotypic traits in offspring produced after this second mating (Fig. 2a). Ovules are encased in a hard, largely impermeable chorion shell upon reaching their mature size, and then fertilised as they pass down the oviduct just before oviposition. Females store sperm in spermathecal ducts, but few females lay viable eggs 2 weeks after mating (AJC and RB, unpublished data).We therefore expected the second male to be the genetic sire of the offspring, and asked whether the first male can nonetheless influence offspring phenotype via nongenetic semen-mediated effects on the development of pre-chorionated ovules (Fig. 1). As first male effects on offspring could also be mediated by female differential allocation of resources to developing ovules based on pre-mating assessment of male quality (Burley 1988; Sheldon 2000), we conducted a second experiment to verify the role of semen in mediating the first male effect, whereby recently eclosed females were either allowed to mate with a male in high or low condition or exposed to the male without mating (Fig. 2b).前言我们在遗传的探索方面的最新进展显示，后代--父母之间的相似性不能仅仅以父母基因的传递来解释（参见最新回顾文章：Danchin等，2011； bonduriansky 2012）。