措辞的用法diction
Importance of diction
• Good English means "proper words in proper places."
• 1). Upon my first colleges class, I seated myself at the rear of the huge lecture hall and attempted to avoid being observed. However, a skinny girl who occupied the seat immediately in front of mine twisted around and grinned. She proceeded to engage me in a whispering conversation numerous times during the hour. I made a decision to change my location.
Common words
Colloquial Words
• You have your tension. Sometimes you come close to having an accident, that upsets you. You just escape maybe by a hair or so. Sometimes maybe you get a disgruntled passenger on there, and starts a big argument. Traffic. You have someone who cuts you off or stops in front of the bus. There’s a lot of tension behind that. You got to watch all the time. You’re watching the drivers, you’re watching other cars. Most of the time you have to drive for the other drivers, to avoid hitting them. So you take the tension home with you.
1.Stylistic color of words(词 词 的语体色彩） 的语体色彩）
• three types: • formal • common • colloquial
Formal words
• There is nothing new in the recognition, within a given language, of a distinction between common usuage and uses of the language for more restricted purposes and often enough, perhaps characteristically, more elevated purposes. The monolithic (单 单 一的；统一的) 一的；统一的 nature of English is not questioned when literary essayists like Emerson contrast peotry and common speech. The latter is recognized in America to be the proper subject for the investigation of linguists who, however, now show some incipient (起初的 inclination to investigate 起初的) 起初的 poetry, too, and other noncasual (无关联的 无关联的) 无关联的 话语)iin a given language. utterances (话语 话语
Thank You !
3.3 Dynamic words vs Static Words
• 1) I am hungry. vs My stomach clamours for food. (2) There are two important points in his speech. vs His speech embraces two important points.
2.The Meaning of Words
• conceptual meaning (本义) • associative meaning(引申义).
例如： woman-female adult human being man- male adult human being woman-being frail,being prone to tears or being gentle. • man- strong mentally or physically • • • •
3.2 Concrect words vs Abstract words
• Concrete words-rose、chair 、 • Abstract words -democracy”, “politics”, “culture”, “spirit” • 举例 (1) Man is rapidly destroying the Earth. (2) “What’s the smell?”I asked the man beside me in the bus.
3.Semantic Types of Words • specific vs general • concrete vs abstract • dynamic vs static
3.1 General words vs Special words
• Professionals--scientists, doctors, teachers, lawyers, journalists • a good man--kind, honest, just, generous, sympathetic, warm-hearted, selfless, honorable • good food--tasty, delicious, nourishing, rich, wholesome, fresh, appetizing, abundant • Laugh--smile, grin, beam, giggle, titter, snigger, chuckle, guffaw, chortle
comparison
• 2). When I went to my first college class, I sat in the back of the big room and tried not to be seen. But a slender girl sitting just in front of me turned and smiled. She spoke softly with me several times and smiled. She spoke softly with me several times during the hour. I decided to change my seat.
4 Emotional Types of Words
• appreciative words • derogatory words
• “Proper words in proper place make the true definition of style.” 合适的词用在合适的地方就是好文 章。 ——Jonathan
• When I was a kid, and reading every science fiction book in the local library, I used to wonder exactly how the future would happen. By that I don’t mean what the future would be like —— science fiction already told me that —— but rather how we’d actually get there. Science fiction books seemed to agree, for example, that in the future there would be no money —— all transactions would be made via identity cards and centralized computers. But that seemed dubious to me: how, I wondered, are you going to get everybody to give up money in the first place?
English writing
Dictionபைடு நூலகம்
What?
• diction
• the choice and use of words in writing or speech
Why?
• The difference between the right word and the almost-right word is as great as that between lightning and the lightning bug. “用词准确与用词几乎准确，这两者之间 用词准确与用词几乎准确， 用词准确与用词几乎准确 的差异就如闪电与萤火虫之间的差异。 的差异就如闪电与萤火虫之间的差异。” • ----- Mark Twain •
第四讲--正确选择词义
2．词义辨析
• 词义辨析是遣词用字的前提。一般来讲，词典给
出的词义解释五花八门，无从定夺。在这样的情 况下，可以从四个方面来处理英语词语的具体含 义： 1) 根据构词法辨别词义 可以根据词的前后缀，词根、词干来辨析词义； 如: miniultrasonicprober = mini （微型的）+ ultra（超） +sonic （声音的）+prober（探测 器）；即：微型超声波探测仪 macrospacetransship = macro（巨型的）+ space （太空）+ trans （转运）+ ship （船）； 即： 巨型空间转运飞船
再如story一词的翻译
(1) This war is becoming the most important story of this generation. (2) It is quite another story now. (3) Some reporters who were not included in the session broke the story. (4) He’ll be very happy if that story holds up. (5) The girl’s story is one of the saddest. (6) A young man came to Scotti’s office with a story. (7) …, but officials refused to confirm the story. (8) The story about him became smaller and by and by faded out from the American TV.
Unit 2 Diction
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3. One word with Several Equivalents of Different Meanings This is also very common in translation. For example: ·cousin: 堂兄﹑堂弟﹑堂姐﹑堂妹﹑表哥 ﹑表弟﹑表姐﹑表妹…… ·president: 总统﹑总裁﹑主席﹑董事长﹑ 议长﹑会长﹑社长﹑校长…… ·carry: 搬﹑运﹑送﹑提﹑拎﹑挑﹑担﹑背 ﹑抬，搂﹑抱﹑举﹑夹……
Unit 2 Diction
I. Equivalence between English and Chinese at Word Level II. Methods of Discriminating the Original Meaning of a Given Word Ⅲ. Techniques of Translating a Given English Word Ⅳ. Diction in Chinese-English Translation
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3. One word with Several Equivalents of Different Meanings
·走：
walk, saunter.闲逛, , amble 慢步行走, stride大步行走, trudge跋涉, shamble蹒跚 地走, prance昂首阔步, scamper奔跑, clump用沉重的脚步行走 , tiptoe用脚尖 走… ·机：machine, engine, plane, aircraft… ·羊：sheep 绵羊 , goat 山羊 , ram 公羊, ewe 母羊, lamb 羔羊…
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By “diction” 措辞 we mean the proper choice of words and phrases in transltaion on the basis of accurate comprehension of the original. In the practice of translation, what perplexes(confuses) us most frequently is how to find an equivalent in the language to be translated into. Just as a noted linguist has observed, “the meaning of a word is its use in the language”, and “each word, when used in a new context, is a new word”.
Unit Two Diction
Part 2 Levels of Words
The words that we come across can be divided into 3 types, according to a stylistic point of view:
formal, common, and colloquial.
I feel that paying attention to words used around you is the best way to increase your working vocabulary. If you are really into improving the number of words you know, you can use such vocabulary-improvement lessons as are in the Reader's Digest.
3.1 Don't need long words Television commentator William S. Buckley has a tremendous vocabulary and would often overpower his debate opponents through the use of long words, whose definitions only highly literate people would know. He wouldn't win on logic of argument but on frustrating his opponents.
3.4 Summary
A good vocabulary does not mean you know many long or difficult words. Instead, it means that you know how to express yourself so that the reader will understand your material. Sometimes is it necessary to use industry-specific jargon, but you still must make sure everyone understands what you are writing. It is worthwhile to constantly work at improving your knowledge of words.
庄重与措辞_葛底斯堡演说_的译文点评(1)
庄重与措辞: 葛底斯堡演说 的译文点评黄青秀G utt尝试着将Sperber和W il son的关联理论运用到翻译中,而此举成了翻译研究史上的转折点。
关联翻译理论认为,成功的译文要在关联的部分与原文相似,也就是使读者不必花费不必要的认知努力就可以获得足够的语境效果。
[1]葛底斯堡演说 是林肯在葛底斯堡革命烈士公墓落成典礼时的开幕词。
该演说庄重肃穆,感人肺腑。
为了达到庄重的演讲效果,林肯总统字斟句酌,饱含情感。
在翻译过程中,译者必须识别这些文字特点,并力图在译文中成功地再现这些语言的庄重感。
因此,对演说词译文中措辞(dicti on)的庄重感(so l emness)研究具有重要意义。
本文试用关联翻译理论对 葛底斯堡演说 中的措辞进行点评,以期对演说词中的庄重感有一个更深入的认识。
1、 葛底斯堡演说 中的庄重感刘宓庆教授曾在 文体与翻译 一书中指出: 翻译必须密切适应文体特点,译文中遣词造句务须符合文体的需要 。
[2]关联翻译理论认为译者的认知语境包括译者的百科知识、原文的文化背景信息等。
原文语言仅能提供逻辑信息和词汇信息,而原文的文化背景信息是一种无形语境,依靠译者到百科知识海洋里去求本溯源。
[3]众所周知,1863年7月3日联邦军在宾夕法尼亚州葛底斯堡的胜利是美国内战的关键转折点。
但是联邦军为这个胜利付出了惨重的代价。
1863年11月19日,林肯总统到葛底斯堡战场访问,并参加了阵亡烈士墓的落成仪式。
他就是在这个仪式上作此演讲。
该演说仅有短短几分钟,短到照相机还没来得及准备好,就已经结束了,却字字珠玑,庄重严肃,饱含情愫。
这正是由于林肯在措辞中使用了大量的正式用语(for m a l expressi ons),增强了演说的庄重感,例如:ded i cate,far above our pow er,nobly ad vanced,consecra te,hall ow等等。
通过关联理论可以推导出作者的意图,即用这些正式用语来润色,增添演说的庄重色彩。
Diction
Diction（措词）：Diction, the choice of words and phrases to express meaning, must be based on the accurate comprehension of the original. The meaning of a word is its use in the language, not only its definitions in the dictionary. A dictionary does not require or forbid a particular sense of a word but records the uses that have been found for it. Now and then a word is in the process of acquiring a new sense or somewhat altering its usual one. The dictionary definition is for the most part a record of the denotation of a word and often cannot give its connotation (Perrin 1965: 366).Lexicographers or dictionary compilers agree that in many cases two corresponding words of different languages do not always convey exactly the same idea. Words do not have meanings; people have meanings for words (词本无义，义随人生). Each word when used in a new context is a new word.Beginners often rigidly adhere to the verbal consistency (字面上的对应) of words in two languages, while neglecting their contextual consistency (上下文中的一致). Care should therefore be taken in translating to determine from the context the exact shade of meaning of a word or an expression in the source text and the choice of an appropriate one to express the meaning in the target version.A word in different collocations or context.Example:Like charges repel; unlike charges attract.相同的电荷相斥，不同的电荷相吸。
语言的措词美
语言的措词美措辞(diction)突出反映了语言缤纷的色彩。
古人所说:“言而无文，行之不远。
”优秀的作品大都文采飞扬，体现在用词上，纯粹精练，丰富多变，纷繁奥妙。
汉语历来讲究炼字，古人吟诗作对，字字推敲,反复斟酌；而作为世界上表现力最强的语言之一，英语的词汇异常丰富，且变化纷呈。
这些都为我们提供了丰富的审美客体。
选词不仅要看它是否陈情达意，还要看它是否能给读者带来愉悦的感受(美感)。
在此，措辞美“并非用词华美之意，而是指能给人身心带来很大愉悦的品质”。
(The quality oftv>ino ahlp tn aivp. pre.at nleasure to the mind or senses,Descartes 1637) 。
(转引自刘恣庆，2009)下文将着重分析两种语言的特定词汇和修辞格独具特色的美感。
1.动词尽展“动态之美”汉语重动态描写，在表现手法上，动词占优势。
汉语动词灵活多变,表现力极强。
它不仅用来写景状物，还能刻画人物，给读者形象、真实、身临其境的感觉。
先来看一段对海与岩石的描写。
没有风，海自己醒了，喘着气，转侧着，打着呵欠，伸着懒腰，抹着眼睛。
因为岛屿挡住了它的转动，他狠狠地用脚踢着，用手推着，用牙咬着。
它一刻比一刻兴奋，一刻比一刻用劲。
岩石也仿佛渐渐战栗，发出抵抗的嗥叫，击碎了海的鳞甲，片片飞散。
(鲁彦《听潮》)这段话里充满了拟人化的描述，其中动词的连用非常普遍。
这些动词分别描蓽了大海和岩石的动作、心理和感情，生动而传神，体现了海的力量和生命。
动词用得巧，能以一当十，增强表达效果。
外贸翻译动态描写的核心意义在于表现生命，展现神采。
英语的动词很少有汉语动词的连用和叠用，但它们在描述文体中发挥着重要作用。
受英语句式的制约，英语中除了谓语动词外，还习惯用非谓语动词形式。
英语动词的非谓语功能可以通过各种形态变化表现出来，这是汉语不具备的特征,例如：He crouched a little, spreading his hands under the water and moving themround, trying to feel for her. The dead cold pond swayed upon his chest. Hemoved again, a little deeper, and again, with his hands underneath, he felt allaround under the water. And he touched her clothing. But it evaded his fingers.He made a desperate effort to grasp it ...(D.H. Lawrence: The Horse Dealer's Daughter)上文中一连串表示动作的非谓语或谓语动词的连用，形成了一种急迫感，对读者的心理产生强烈的冲击。
英译汉教程3_翻译中措辞的选择
Choice of collocative meaning
Some words have the same basic meaning, but differ in collocation. (搭配) eg. mother tongue (acceptable) mother language (unacceptable) a man of sense (acceptable) a man of meaning (unacceptable)
Assignments
Comparison of translated sentences. (P77) Comparison of translated texts. (P85) Translate the sentences. (P84)
Choice of exact meaning
To weigh the meaning before choosing a suitable word for translation （斟酌、权衡词 义） Do not lap up a word or an expression without digesting it （勿囫囵吞枣） Do not extend the meaning beyond its limits （勿引申过度） Do not rigidly adhere to letter or form（勿拘 泥字面
燥乏味。
Translate the following sentences.
1. On display was merchandise attractive in quality and price. 2. They captured fifty enemy soldiers and many weapons. 3. In order to get a large amount of waterpower, we need a large pressure and a large current.
【最新】英语写作3
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4. Metonymy (换喻)
• 用某一事物的名称代替另外一个与它关系密切 的事物的名称的手法叫换喻。
• 只要一提到其中一种事物，就会使人联想到另一 种。
• 比如用the White House 代替美国政府或者总 统， 用the bottle来代替wine 或者alcohol， 用 the bar 来代替the legal profession，用 crown代 替 king等。例如：
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5. synecdoche(提喻)
• 以局部代表整体,或者用整体代替部分的手法叫 提喻。
• 以局部代表整体（如用手 代表 水手 ）， • 以整体代表局部（如用 法律 代表 警官 ）， • 以特殊代表一般（如用 直柄剃刀 代表 杀人者 ）， • 以一般代表特殊（如用 贼 代表 扒手 ）， • 或用原材料代表用该材料制造的东西（如用 钢 代
pearls before a swine . 3. 不仅仅名词才可以作隐喻，动词，形容词和副词都可以有
隐喻的用法。
如：The picture of those poor people’s lives was carved so sharply in his heart that he could never forget it.
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8. Overstatement (Hyperbole)/understatement 夸大（夸张）/缩小
• 夸大：把事情说的过分 • 缩小：把分量或程度压低 • 目的：使陈述或描述鲜明和有趣 • 如：
沟通技巧：措辞的应用
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非你不可
听到“只有你是特别的”， 人就很容易被说动。 利用“非你不可”，能让 对方感到自己被选中的优 越感，从而乐于做出回应。
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团队化
如果我们发觉对方“怕麻烦” 或者“没找到做这件事的必 要性”，使用团队化技巧相 当有效。 利用“团队化”，能使对方 产生伙伴的意识，即使是麻 烦的请求，也会乐于接受。 。
沟通技巧
把NO变成YES：措辞的运用
别把决定权交 给对方的心情
面对一些重大的请求，别把 决定权交给对方的心情，而是通 过我们自己的请求方式来提高对 方回答“Yes”的概率！
“三步走”
01 st
02 nd
03 th
考虑符合对方利益的措辞 揣摩对方的心理
不直接说出自己的想法
01
投其所好
最基本，也是最有效的 利用“投其所好”，既 获得对方好感，又能实 现自己的期望
02
儆其所恶
对难以说服的人有效。 利用“儆其所恶”，能 形成强大的强制力。
03
儆其所恶
关键在于给出两个合适的 选项，无论对方选择哪个， 都能达到自己的目的。 利用“选择的自由”，能 够引导对方，同时又不会 留下被迫感。
04
被认可欲
对于生意和家人，有着较 高的适应度。 利用“被认可欲”，对方 即使很难对付，也会乐于 回应期待。
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感谢
仅凭一句“谢谢”，就能 拉近与对方的距离，使对 方难以拒绝。 能让对方隐约产生信赖的 意识，从而难以轻易拒绝。
请求不单单是己方的 语言，而应该是双方 共同的事情！
THANK
YOU
谢
谢
观
看
翻译措辞
5。 She took to her studies eagerly， and proved an adapt pupil.（个别—一般）
(三)注意词的褒义和贬义 1. They incited him to go into further investigation . 2.The plotters incited the soldiers to rise against the
government. 3. The enemy’s scheme went bankrupt; 4. We have mapped out a scheme. . 5 They enjoyed every bit of the Communist’s
一、词的意义
• 1.词的七种意义 • 英国语义学家Geoffrey Leech把词义分为七类
• (1)Conceptual/cognitive/denotative meaning • (2)Connotative meaning • (3)Stylistic meaning • (4)Affective meaning • (5)Reflected meaning • (6)Collocative meaning • (7)Themantic meaning
but not to have you make a dash in the world-marry rich men merely because they are rich, or have splendid houses, which are not homes because love is wanting..