英语专业语法学习introduction
专科三年学习计划英语专业
专科三年学习计划英语专业I. IntroductionAs a student majoring in English in a specialized college, I have set up a three-year study plan to fully develop my language skills, cultural understanding, and professional knowledge in this field. This study plan aims to provide a clear direction for my academic and personal development, as well as to ensure a successful completion of my undergraduate studies.II. First Year: Foundation BuildingIn the first year of my study, I will focus on laying a solid foundation in English language skills and basic knowledge of English literature and culture. This will include courses on English grammar, writing, vocabulary, phonetics, and oral expression. I will also take courses in British and American literature, as well as cultural and historical studies of English-speaking countries.In addition to academic courses, I will actively participate in extracurricular activities such as English corners, debate clubs, and public speaking contests to enhance my practical language skills and gain exposure to different English-speaking cultures.III. Second Year: Deepening and SpecializationIn the second year, I plan to deepen my understanding of English language and culture, while also beginning to specialize in a particular area of interest. I will take advanced courses in English language and literature, including courses on literary criticism, linguistic studies, and English language teaching.I also plan to take elective courses in areas such as translation and interpretation, creative writing, and English for specific purposes. I will actively seek out internship opportunities or part-time jobs related to my major, to gain practical experience and apply the knowledge I have learned in real-world settings.IV. Third Year: Consolidation and Preparation for FutureIn the final year of my undergraduate study, I will focus on consolidating my knowledge and skills in English language and literature, while also preparing for my future career or further studies. I will take advanced courses in my areas of interest, and write a graduation thesis on a topic related to my future career plan.I will also actively participate in academic conferences, seminars, and workshops to broaden my horizon and exchange ideas with scholars and professionals in the field. I will seek out opportunities for research projects or teaching assistantships to gain further experience and prepare for my future career in academia or the language-related industry. V. ConclusionIn conclusion, this three-year study plan outlines my academic and personal development as a student majoring in English in a specialized college. It provides a clear roadmap for my undergraduate studies and future career development, and I am fully committed to following this plan and making the most of my college experience. I believe that with hard work, dedication, and a strong passion for the English language and culture, I will be able to achieve my academic and career goals and make a positive contribution to the field of English studies.。
胡壮麟《语言学教程第三版》01Chapter_1_introduction
“From now on I will consider language to be a set (finite or infinite) of sentences, each finite in length and constructed out of a finite set of elements.” --Noam Chomsky (1928- ): Syntactic Structures (1957)
3
课程的教学要求
内容上， 既要传授基础理论知识也要反映语 言学中的最新发展，要求学生理解深，力求 贯通，比较，自创。 观点上，不拘泥于一派之说。要求学生了解 各派理论并分析其优劣。
讲授本书内容可详可简，授课教师可根据学 校的教学方案和学生程度进行调整。
4
教学重点
对课程总体内容的了解 对语言和语言学基本原理的理解 对语言和语言学专门知识的理解和分析
“A language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols by means of which the members of a society interact in terms of their total culture.” --George Trager: The Field of Linguistics (1949)
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What does “language” mean?
1. in general language can mean what a person says or said 2. in particular , use of language, a constant way of speaking or writing 3. variety of language 4. specific language 5. the common features of all human languages
专业英语-整理版
Chapter 1 Introduction: Why Project Management?True/False1) Projects have a process orientation. F2) Client interest in a project is highest during the termination and conceptual phases. T Multiple Choice1). A project typically has:A) A defined start and end date.B) A defined start date but no defined end date.C) No defined start but a defined end date.D) No defined start or end date.2) Which of the following statements about project success criteria is best?A) Project cost is an external performance measure.B) Completion time is an internal performance measure.C) Client acceptance is an internal performance measure.D) Client acceptance is often referred to as conducting a quality check.Short Answer1) What changes in the business environment have necessitated a greater use of projectmanagement skills?Chapter 2 The Organizational Context: Strategy, Structure, andCultureTrue/False1) The same project managed in the same fashion may succeed in one organization but failin another. T2) Organizational culture can be influenced in a variety of ways, including by rewardsystems and key organizational members. TMultiple Choice1) Which of the following is not an element of strategic management?A) formulating cross-functional decisionsB) implementing cross-functional decisionsC) evaluating cross-functional decisionsD) eliminating cross-functional decisions2) Companies that are structured by grouping people performing similar activities intodepartments are:A) project organizations.B) functional organizations.C) matrix organizationsD) departmental organizations.Chapter 3 Project SelectionTrue/False1) A simplified scoring model addresses all the weakness of a checklist model for projectscreening. T2) The present value of money is lower the further out in the future I expect to spend it. F Multiple Choice1) An internal operating issue in project screening and selection is:A) expected return on investment.B) change in physical environment.C) patent protection.D) chance that the firm’s goodwill will suffer due to the quality of the finished project.2) A project with the chance for a big payout may be funded if an important criterion is:A) cost.B) opportunity.C) top management pressure.D) risk.Short Answer1) What is the time value of money principle and how does it apply to project selection?P91, the front halfChapter 4 Leadership and the Project ManagerTrue/False1) The most important characteristic of a project leader is ability to inspire. F2) The new leader must make a conscious effort to distance himself from the people beingled. FMultiple Choice1) A project champion is:A) a project manager that always completes projects within the allotted time frame.B) a sponsor in top management that is keenly interested i n the project’s success.C) a project manager that always completes projects within the allotted budget.D) a project manager that always completes projects within the allotted time frame andunder budget.2) Which of the following is a traditional duty of a project champion?A) cheerleaderB) visionaryC) politicianD) technical understandingChapter 5 Scope ManagementTrue/False1) Scope management is the function controlling a project in terms of its goals andobjectives during the execution phase. F2) Scope reporting not only identifies the type of information that will be reported, but alsoto whom it will be reported and with what frequency. TMultiple Choice1) Which of these is not a typical element of a statement of work?A) introduction and backgroundB) a list of activities needed to complete the projectC) technical description of the projectD) timeline and milestones2) In the case of projects developed for external clients, work authorization typicallyaddresses:A) budget linkage.B) audit trail establishment.C) resource requirements.D) contractual obligations.Chapter 6 Project Team Building, Conflict, and Negotiation True/False1) The first step in assembling a project team is to talk to potential team members. F2) Cross-functional cooperation directly influences both the actual implementation of theproject and the team members’ assessment that the project experience was worthwhile. T Multiple Choice1) Project management people skills include:A) team building.B) scheduling.C) budgeting.D) project evaluation.2) Which of these factors does not influence cross-functional cooperation?A) accessibilityB) physical proximityC) rules and proceduresD) self-efficacy.Short Answer1)What are the steps in assembling a project team? Which is most critical? Why? P183Chapter 7 Risk ManagementTrue/False1) The risk is highest in the earliest phase of the project life cycle. T2) Contingency reserves require a construction company to hold back some funds in anaccount just in case something happens that increases the overall project cost. T Multiple Choice1) Risk management is a:A) three stage process.B) four stage process.C) five stage process.D) six stage process2) The probability that legal and managerial structures put together to develop and operatethe project will not perform well is:A) operating risk.B) political risk.C) organizational risk.D) integration risk.Chapter 8 Cost Estimation and BudgetingTrue/False1) Direct costs are those clearly assigned to the aspect of the project that generated the cost.T2) Material is an example of a cost that is recurring, variable and direct. TMultiple Choice1) Which of the following is a direct cost?A) laborB) rentC) depreciation on equipmentD) health benefits2) Workers paid $15.00 per hour with an overhead charge of 1.45 and a personal timeallowance of 1.15, have what total direct labor cost for an 8-hour work day?A) $151.30B) $174.00C) $200.10D) $236.80Chapter 9 Project Scheduling: Networks, Duration Estimation, and Critical Path True/False1) Preceding activities are those that must occur before others can be done. T2) A backward pass is performed when it is necessary to undo some work that has beenperformed in order to complete it properly. FMultiple Choice1) The least amount of float is found:A) in a resource-limited schedule.B) after a burst activity.C) on the critical path.D) after a merge activity.2) An activity has an optimistic time estimate of 15 days, a most likely estimate of 24 days,and a pessimistic estimate of 40 days. What is the expected duration of the activity?A) less than 27 days but greater than or equal to 26 daysB) less than 26 days but greater than or equal to 25 daysC) less than 25 days but greater than or equal to 24 daysD) less than 24 daysChapter 10 Project Scheduling: Lagging, Crashing, and Activity Networks True/False1) Finish to start lags are the same as additional activity slack. F2) The critical path may not contain a dummy activity. TMultiple Choice1) The most common type of logical sequencing between tasks is referred to as the:A) finish to start relationshipB) finish to finish relationship.C) start to start relationship.D) start to finish relationship.2) An activity performed by a subcontractor is scheduled for 20 weeks at an anticipated costof $100,000. Due to slippage on the critical path you need to reduce this activity by three weeks. If the subcontractor informs you that the activity can be completed in 15 weeks for $200,000, what is the slope for the activity?A) $20,000 per weekB) $33,333 per weekC) $5,000 per weekD) $13,333 per weekShort Answer1) What are the strengths and weaknesses of AOA and AON techniques?Chapter 11 Critical Chain Project SchedulingTrue/False1) If people believe that they built extra time into their initial estimates, they are usuallymore likely to begin project work right away. T2) The critical chain is usually the same as the critical path. FMultiple Choice1) The first step in TOC methodology is to:A) identify the constraint.B) exploit the constraint.C) subordinate the system to the constraint.D) elevate the constraint.2) In order to estimate completion of a Gaussian, or lognormal, distributed activity time witha 90% or higher degree of confidence, the time may be overestimated by as much as:A) 20%.B) 80%.C) 160%.D) 200%.Chapter 12 Resource ManagementTrue/False1) All that is needed to create a resource loading calendar is the Work Breakdown Structureand the activity network. T2) In-process inventory represents the amount of work waiting to be completed but delayeddue to unavailable resources. TMultiple Choice1) A project that must be finished by December 31st is:A) time constrained. P381B) resource constrained.C) mix-constrained.D) capacity constrained.2) The amounts of individual resources that a schedule requires during a specific timeperiods is referred to as the resource’s:A) loading.B) capacity.C) constraint.D) drag.Chapter 13 Project Evaluation and ControlTrue/False1) Gap analysis refers to any measurement process that first determines the goals and thenthe degree to which the actual performance lives up to those goals. F2) The project implementation profile assesses the performance of the project team withrespect to 10 critical success factors and can be used on an ongoing project. TMultiple Choice1) The first step in the control cycle is:A) setting a goal.B) measuring progress.C) comparing actual with planned performance.D) taking action.2) The project baseline is established by combining data from the:A) work breakdown structure and the project budget.B) time-phased project budget and the PERT chart.C) S-curve and the project budget.D) time-phased project budget and the work breakdown structure.Chapter 14 Project Close-Out and Termination True or false1) A project that is terminated by extinction is not completed successfully. T2) Closeout activities are typically among the highest priority activities in a project. F Multiple Choice1) The termination of Boeing’s Sonic Cruiser project is an example of:A) termination by extinction.B) termination by addition.C) termination by integration.D) termination by starvation.。
专业英语Introduction of General Chemistry
nonmetal ['non'metl] n.非金属（元素）
formula [ˈfɔ:mjələ] n.公式
product ['prodakt] n.产品，产物
reactant [riˈæktənt] n.反应物
symbol [simbal] n.符号，记号，象征
balance [ˈbæləns] n.秤，天平，平衡
商洛学院化学工程与现代材料学院 化学专业英语多媒体课件
化学专业英语
Professional English of Chemistry
Lesson 5 Introduction of GenExpressions
chemistry [kemistri] n.化学 matter [ˈmætə(r)] n.物质，实质 substance [ˈsʌbstəns] n.物质，实质，主旨 reactive [ri(i)'asktiv] adj.反应的，起反作 用的 decompose [.diikam‘pauz] v.分解 decomposition [dikomp‘zijan] n.分解 element [elimant] n.元素 solution [səˈlu:ʃn] n.溶液 aqueous [ˈeɪkwiəs] adj.水的，水成的 proton [prauton] n.质子 compound [ˈkɒmpaʊnd] n.化合物 phase [feiz] n.相 nucleus ['njuiklias] n.核子 electron [ɪˈlektrɒn] n.电子 component [kəmˈpəʊnənt] n.成分
Properties that involve substances changing into other substances are called chemical properties. The changes are called chemical changes or chemical reactions. Substances that react rapidly with many other substances are said to be reactive. Reactions in which substances combine to form more complex substances are called combination reactions and reactions in which substances break down (decompose) into simpler substances are called decomposition reactions.
学术英语introduction
❖Teach students the most useful language study skills (reading, writing,speaking and listening);
❖Emphasize critical thinking and inquiry in academic subjects like math, science, physics or English literature;
❖Help students learn about their chosen destination or academic concern and what to expect when they get there.
References
《学术英语（理工）》（Academic English for Science and Engineering) 主编: 蔡基刚 外语教学与研究出版社
❖ The physiological theory centers upon how our body, specifically our brains, function during the REM phase of sleep. Proponents of this theory believe that we dream to exercise the synapses, or pathways, between brain cells, and that dreaming takes over where the active and awake brain leaves off. When awake, our brains constantly transmit and receive messages, which course through our billions of brain cells to their appropriate destinations, and keep our bodies in perpetual motion. Dreams replace thng Purposes
（完整版）船舶专业英语（课文+翻译）
（完整版）船舶专业英语（课文+翻译）Chapter 1 Ship Design（船舶设计）Lesson 2 Ships Categorized（船舶分类）2.1 Introduction（介绍）The forms a ship can take are innumerable. 一艘船能采用的外形是不可胜数的A vessel might appear to be a sleek seagoing hotel carrying passengers along to some exotic destination; a floating fortress bristling with missile launchers; 。
or an elongated box transporting tanks of crude oil and topped with complex pipe connections. 一艘船可以看做是将乘客一直运送到外国目的地的优美的远航宾馆。
竖立有导弹发射架的水面堡垒及甲板上铺盖有复杂管系的加长罐装原油运输轮None of these descriptions of external appearance, however, does justice to the ship system as a whole and integrated unit所有这些外部特点的描述都不能说明船舶系统是一个总的集合体self-sufficient,seaworthy, and adequately stable in its function as a secure habitat for crew and cargo. ——船员和货物的安全性功能：自给自足，适航，足够稳定。
This is the concept that the naval architect keeps in mind when designing the ship and that provides the basis for subsequent discussions, not only in this chapter but throughout the entire book.这是一个造船工程师设计船舶使必须记住的、能为以后讨论提供根据的观念，不仅涉及本章也贯穿全书。
国际贸易专业英语 introduction 4(demand and supply)
2.2 Two National Markets and the Opening of Trade
Arbitrage: buying something in one market and reselling the same thing in another market to profit from a price difference. 套利：通过在一个市场上买入 某物，在另一个市场上卖出某 物而赚取差价的行为。
2.2.2 Welfare Effects of International Trade
b+d n
2.2.2 Welfare Effects of International Trade
Effects in the Importing Country (The U.S.A) ①Effects on Consumers and Producers Consumer Surplus:
2.2.2 Welfare Effects of International Trade
Effects in the Importing Country (The U.S.A) ②Net National Gains
--Premise: ONE-DOLLAR, ONE-VOTE METRIC
The one-dollar, one-vote metric says that the analyst will value any dollar of gain or loss equally, regardless of who experience it.
机电专业英语
机电专业英语1. Introduction机电专业英语 (Electromechanical Engineering English)是指在机械工程和电气工程领域中所使用的英语技术术语和语言表达。
机电工程涉及到机械与电气的结合，它是一门综合性强的学科。
机电专业英语的学习可以帮助机电工程师更好地与国际市场交流合作，提高工作效率。
2. Electromechanical Engineering Overview机电工程涉及领域广泛，包括机械设计、自动控制、电力系统、传感技术等。
在机电工程中，英语起到了重要的角色，因为它是国际性的交流语言。
机电工程师需要读懂英文的技术资料，与国际同行交流经验和想法。
因此，掌握机电专业英语对机电工程师来说非常重要。
3. Key Terminology and Vocabulary在机电专业英语中，有一些关键的术语和词汇是机电工程师必须掌握的。
比如：- Mechanical Engineering: 机械工程- Electrical Engineering: 电气工程- Control Systems: 控制系统- Power Systems: 电力系统- Sensors and Actuators: 传感器与执行器- Robotics: 机器人技术- Automation: 自动化- CAD/CAM: 计算机辅助设计/计算机辅助制造4. Technical Documentation在机电工程中，技术文档是非常重要的一环。
这些文档可能包括设计规范、操作手册、维护指南等等。
机电工程师需要能够准确理解和编写这些技术文档。
在学习机电专业英语时，掌握技术文档的阅读和写作技巧是必不可少的。
5. International Communication机电工程师通常需要与来自不同国家的同行、客户和供应商进行交流。
因此，具备良好的机电专业英语口语能力是至关重要的。
有效的沟通能够帮助机电工程师与他人分享和理解技术细节，解决问题，并达成共识。
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The Requirements for this course • Class attendance • Active participation in the classroom discussions • Fulfillment of the assignments: (exercises & group project) • Examination
What does grammar mean?
Grammar is a mechanism which makes people speak and write in a meaningful way.
form grammar meaning
In this sense, grammar is something that associates Form and Meaning.
Grammatical Hierarchy
• Grammar is the structural system of a language. The grammar of the English language consists of five layers of structure:
sentence clause phrase word morpheme
Attention, please!
• According to the curriculum schedule, we are expected to finish this course within an academic term. It is apparent that we cannot cover every section of the book in the class hours. In this situation, we particularly encourage self-access learning on the part of students. Specifically, everyone needs to make sure that he/she should read through every single page of the course book and finish all the assignments.
What does grammar mean?
• Grammar is a set of rules that regulate people‟s speech and writing, esp. writing, to fit into a proper form.
• Language is a rule-governed system.
• 章振邦，2009，《新编英语语法教程》（第五版），上海 外语教育出版社。
• 张道真， 2004，《实用英语语法》， 外语教学和研究出 版社。 • 薄冰、何政安，2004，《新编英语语法》，世界知识出版 社。 • Quirk, R. et al, 1985. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language, London: Longman Group Ltd.
The Goals for this Course
• To get a comprehensive view of English grammar system and enhance our grammatical competence so that we may qualify as English majors; • To deepen our understandings about some basic grammatical notions and their applications, especially in the field of language teaching & learning; • To get some preliminary knowledge about the main streams of theory in grammar so as to prepare for the future research work.
Grammatical Hierarchy
• Sentence is the highest rank of grammatical unit while the morpheme is the minimum or lowest rank. A full sentence can generally be segmented rank by rank down to its smallest constituents---- the morphemes, e.g. Sentence
grammar
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
How do we view linguistic facts?
Consider the following sentences: A: Who‟s knocking at the door? B: It‟s I/me. Ted sings better than I / me.
Who / whom are you waiting for?
Clause
NP Det N VP Aux Adv MV PP Prep Det N
These under-graduate-s are rapid-ly improv-ing in their writ-ing.
The Schedule
Weeks 1-8 9 10－16 Key Events Routine teaching & learning Mid-term exam Routine teaching & learning Revision & Final exam
Note: The schedule is subject to changes due to unexpected reasons.
• Note: To ease the difficulty in learning, it is strongly recommended that we memorize the grammatical jargons (terms) in English.
Reference course books
• According to Stephen D. Krashen‟s learning and acquisition hypothesis, • the learning of our mother-tongue is a natural, implicit, and unconscious process known as acquisition. • the learning of English is a planned, explicit, and conscious process known as learning.
金真木又—— /u/2101278245
Lecture 1 Introduction
Preliminaries:
• How many tenses are there in English? • Would you be surprised if someone tells you that English has only two tenses: present & past? that English sentences do not have attributive? • How would you account for the ungrammaticality of the following sentences? *His all books are on the desk. *My that dictionary was bought last year. • Would you call “can, may, should, must…” modal verbs or modal auxiliaries?
A Course of Practical English Grammar for Students of English
Cheng Zhenquan
School of Foreign Studies, SCNU
Contact info.
ilovegrammar
• Public mail: grammarcheng@ password: ??? • Contact me: • zhenquancheng@
• Note: Taking the formality of language into account, sometimes it‟s difficult to say whether a sentence is grammatical or not. As language learners, we should bear in mind that less formal or less standard sayings do not necessarily mean ungrammaticality. They are also acceptable in some social context. But we should give preference to the formal and standard forms.
The status of grammar in language system
Language system
Sound system Phonetics & phonology Form system Morphology & syntax Meaning system Semantics & pragmatics