翻译中西思维差异

绿色是我大致的翻译。

你们自己做相应修改。

中西思维差异与英汉表达特点Differences of model of thinking版本一总体思路：思维与措辞(diction)——这是重点思维与句法(syntax)——一笔带过，孙越讲解过思维与段落篇章(paragraph and passage )——较难，暂时不讲解一、diction思维与措辞1、abstract VS concrete措辞的虚实倾向即抽象思维（abstract thinking）VS形象思维（imaginal thinking）Model of thinking in English language tends to be general and abstract, while it tends to be concrete in Chinese language.西式思维往往比较概括general、抽象abstract，体现在措辞上，英语倾向于使用含义概括、指称笼统、覆盖面广的词语来表达具体事物、动作或现象，用词倾向于虚；中式思维模式是形象的、直观的，体现在措辞上，汉语用词倾向于具体。

principles in translation处理原则：（1）concretion具体化原则eg: The prevailing wisdom in the neighborhood was that we were spoiling it and that we ought to go back where we belonged.邻里间普遍认为是我们在糟蹋这个地区，我们应该回到自己该去的地方。

In this new year, we face momentous uncertainties: war (or wars), a weak economy.在这新的一年里，我们面临着战争（乃至连续的战争）、经济低迷等一系列重大的不定因素。

（2）visualization形象化原则There is more to their life than political and social and economical problems; more than transient everydayness.他们的生活远不止那些政治的、社会的和经济的问题，远不止一时的柴米油盐。

…and in 1966 the amazing North Korean team made it to the quarter finals…出乎人们意料的是，1966年，北朝鲜队成功地踢进了四分之一决赛……2、dynamic word VS static word措辞的动静问题The method of abstract diction in English lies in the use of abstract Nouns and Prepositions, which leads to preponderance of Nouns and Prepositions over Verbs.英语的抽象表达法（method of abstract diction）主要在于大量使用抽象名词和介词。

因此有学者指出，英语具有名词优势和介词优势。

由于英汉表达不同的动静倾向，英译汉的过程往往是以“动”代“静”的转换过程。

I was gloomy at the thought that not for me this Sunday morning was the leisurely reading of the Sunday papers to the accompaniment of extra cups of tea.这个星期天的早晨，我再也不能轻松悠闲地一边阅读星期天的报纸一边品茶了。

想到这点，我就感到沮丧。

Smoking caused some nausea at first, but persistence conquered.刚开始抽时觉得有点恶心，可坚持下去就没事了。

Nouns derive from Verbs plus suffixes.英语除了用抽象名词表示行为和动作等概念外，还有大量的动词加后缀（suffix）派生的普通名词。

Sports footwear and clothing maker Nike has become one of the most successful companies in the world.出品运动鞋和运动服的耐克公司已成为世界上最成功的公司之一。

The economic environment is characterized by buyers, sellers and competitors.经济环境的特点就是买、卖与竞争。

Static structure formed by Prepositions.介词短语构成的静态结构。

He laughed his teeth bright against his dark skin.他笑了，黝黑的皮肤映衬着晶莹洁白的牙齿。

Only when I began seeing my freelance articles in print did I begin to feel that I was slipping beyond his reach and into my own life.直到我看见自己作为自由作家写的文章发表时，我才开始觉得自己渐渐地摆脱他的控制，进入自己的生活。

3、措辞的种、属偏好举例说明什么是种概念和属概念？（工人是属概念，纺织工人是种概念）汉语多用种概念的词，而英语多用属概念的词。

“I’ve got good reason to be sore,” he growled.“我完全有理由生气，”他怒气冲冲地说。

“He didn’t give you a reward?” I exclaimed.“他没有给你酬金？”我大声问道。

同一个动作“说”，英语的描述和分类比汉语细致、准确，如：splutter, grunt, blurt, grumble, mumble, whisper, announce, insist, protest, argue, state, shout, inquire, correct, snarl, sigh, retort 等。

汉语趋向于在种概念“说”前加上不同的修饰语来补充描述或限定说明。

二、思维与句法（syntax）1、意合hypotaxis与形合parayaxis2、人称personal subjects与物称impersonal subjects3、主题topic-prominent language与主语subject-prominent language4、被动式passive voice与主动式active voice三、思维与段落篇章版本二一、abstract thinking VS imaginal thinking 抽象思维与形象思维Model of thinking in English language tends to be general and abstract, while it tends to be concrete in Chinese language. Under this circumstance, we often use the technique of domestication.英语重视抽象思维，擅长使用抽象概念表达具体事物。

语言上英语常常使用大量涵义模糊、指称笼统的抽象名词来表达复杂的理性概念，给人一种“虚、暗、曲、隐”的感觉。

这对习惯于形象思维的中国人来说，既有理解上的困难，又有表达上的困难。

因此，翻译时，要抓住本质的东西，大胆地采用符合汉语表达习惯的归化方法。

汉语重视形象思维，擅长使用形象的方法表达抽象概念。

语言上汉语更倾向于用具体形象的词语来表达虚的概念。

例：He wondered whether his outspokenness（N. 坦白，直言相告） might be a liability（N.债务） to his friend.他怀疑他的直言对他的朋友来说是否会是一种债务。

他怀疑他那么心直口快，是否会让他的朋友背上思想包袱。

There is more to their life than political and social and economical problems; more than transient everydayness.他们的生活远不止那些政治的、社会的和经济的问题，远不止一时的柴米油盐。

二、intuitive thinking VS non-intuitive thinking 直观思维与曲线思维In English language, the most important information, namely subject and predicate, is often put at the beginning of the sentence. Other components such as conjunctions, prepositions, and adverbs are added accordingly. While in Chinese, the focus of a sentence is often at the end.英语重视直观思维，语言上习惯把主要的信息放在句首，然后再把其他信息添加上去，即先是主语和谓语，然后借助于连词、介词、副词等安排状语、补语和从句等，就是说，把主要的信息放在句首（主谓），次要的信息则递相叠加。

因此，英语句式结构多为重心在前，头小尾大。

汉语习惯于从侧面说明、阐述外围的环境，最后说出话语的主要信息（主题和述题）。

因此，汉语句式结构多为句尾重心（语义焦点），头大尾小。

例：It was a keen disappointment when I had to postpone the visit which I intended to pay to China in January.我原本打算在今年1月访问中国，后来不得不推迟，这使我非常失望。

We ate to our heart’s content at the new restaurant last Friday.上星期五，我们在那家新餐馆尽情地吃了一顿。

三、different importance attached to the subject and object主体和客体的轻重思维In English language there’re so many sentences without subject or use passive voice, while it is different in Chinese language.英语看事物的角度总是把客观事物放在第一位，因此英语中多用无生命名词充当主语（无人称主语句），被动形式使用也很多。