Allusion Examples
LiteraryDevicesandTerms-PBworks
Literary Devices and Terms Literary devices are specific language techniques which writers use to create text that is clear, interesting, and memorable.Alliteration - repeated consonant sound at the beginning of words or within words;used to establish mood and rhythm in a story; true alliteration has three words beginning with the same sound (two words beginning with the same sound would be called alliterative)Examples: bucking bronco; miserable morning; Bed, Bath, and Beyond Allusion - a reference in one story to a well-known character or event from another story, history, or placeExamples: the rise of the baseball team from last place to first was a realCinderella story; at times teachers need the wisdom of Solomon to makedecisionsAmbiguity - when a single event or expression can mean two different things to two different peopleExample: When it is announced that another baby is on the way, Father remarks, “That could create some problems.” He means problems with money, but his young son thinks, “You’re right, dad! I don’t want to share my room and toys with anybody!”Analogy - comparing one thing to another very different thing in order to explain it betterExamples: a school is like a garden, where children are lovingly raised andcared for; the rabbit shot from its hole like a rocket; the confetti fell like snow ina blizzard as the parade passed through the city streets (these three analogies areall written as similes)Aphorism - a brief statement expressing some truth as shown is a story; it can be a moral, or proverb, or maxim.Examples: Don’t count your chickens before they’re hatched.Everyone is afraid of something.Don’t make a big fuss if someone isn’t like us.Atmosphere - mood or feeling developed through descriptions of the setting and senses (how things feel, taste, smell, sound, look)Example: Camping in those woods, time went slow. The thick forest air just sat on you, hot and wet like a wool blanket, while mosquitoes droned in your ears and stung you on the back where you could never quite reach to smack them.Caricature - exaggeration or distortion of a physical trait or behavior, to make a character appear comic or ridiculousExample: her nose was needle sharp, with nostrils as small and black as amouse’s eyesCharacter - a person or player (it can also be an animal, an imaginary creature) in a story; character can also be used as a word meaning “personal traits,” as in “Write a paragraph about the character of the Big Bad Wolf.”Circular Story - a story which begins and ends at the same place, usually followinga character through different adventures or events; although the character arrivesback where he/she started, he or she should now have a different perspective or feeling based upon experiencesExample: A poor farmer travels to the city where he observes many expensive buildings and belongings, all owned by the same man. He is jealous of that man until he sees a funeral, and learns that the rich man is dead. Although the man was extremely wealthy, he could enjoy none of that in death. The poor farmer returns home, happy with what little he owns because he is alive to enjoy it. Climax - the most exciting moment of the story, where the main character faces his/her ultimate challengeExample: In Cinderella, the clock begins striking twelve, and Cinderella must rush home before the handsome prince finds out her secret. That is the climax.The following day, when the prince finds her again and fits the glass slipper on her foot, is the outcome, or solution, of the story.Conflict - the problem, or challenge, that the main character facesExample: The main character may be challenged by another character (two kids running in a race), by nature (a boy struggling to survive in the wilderness), or by him/herself (a girl who must get over her fear of speaking in front of an audience) .Dialogue - spoken lines between characters, set with quotation marks; each new speaker’s lines appear in a new paragraph; when one person speaks for anextended time (to himself or the audience) it is called a monologueExample: “Where are you going?” Nicole asked.“To the library,” replied Jeremy.Dramatic Irony is when the reader knows things that the characters in a story do notExample: We learn that Mary really likes Frankie because she writes about him in her diary all the time. Frankie, however, is scared to ask Mary to the dance because she is so popular and “cool.” We wish we could tell Frankie what we, as the readers, know!Episode - a small event that is part of a larger story; it can stand alone as almost a “mini-story” (events which repeat are typically called episodes)Example: In the Three Little Pigs, the wolf tries blowing down the pigs’ houses in three separate episodes; he is successful the first two times but unsuccessful the last (notice that the three events are alike).Event - an action in a story that moves the story forward; usually something happens to the main character, or the main character takes action againstsomeone or something elseExample: In the book Ruby the Copycat, Ruby sees her friend wear a certain dress, so Ruby comes to school in a similar dress. Her friend tells a story abouta wedding, so Ruby tells a very similar story. Each time Ruby sees her frienddo something and copies it, that is an event in the story. The most important event is called the Climax, and the final event is called the Outcome, orSolution.Evidence - information from the text that supports, or proves, an inference or fact Example: We know that the Wolf wants to eat Little Red Riding Hood becausea) Red Riding Hood’s mother warned her about wolves in the forestb) the Wolf tried tricking her once in the forestc) he has already eaten her grandmotherd) he drools when he sees here) he says things such as, “All the better to eat you with!” Flashback - interruption of the present action to insert an episode that took place earlier; this gives the reader needed information to understand a current event, ora character’s motivationExample: I could tell that Jimmy wasn’t going to back down. He stood up to bullies before, like back in first grade when Roger Neary used to eat everybody’s snack. One day Jimmy had caught Roger in his snack bag, and...Flash-Forward - a sudden jump forward in time, usually used to eliminate unnecessary events between the more interesting events of a storyExample: Quietly, Janice slid the book into her backpack. A week later, theteacher asked if anyone had seen her copy of The Magic Mouse. “I’ve looked everywhere,” she explained, “and I just can’t find it.”Foreshadowing - clues used to alert the reader about events that will occur later;used to build suspenseExample: I laughed as we snuck out the back door. The plan had worked out perfectly. Nothing could possibly go wrong now!Hyperbole - obvious exaggeration which is not meant to be taken literally Example: I’m so hungry I could eat a horse!Imagery - mental pictures which are created by descriptions of the senses, so that we can see and feel what the character is experiencingExample: Even the dark, shiny leaves which usually clung to the chimney of my grandmother’s house hung dry and brittle on that hot summer day.Inference - conclusions which can be drawn by the reader based upon limited clues or facts presented by the author; the reader is encouraged to discover things for him/herself without being directed by the authorExample: Mark’s father was surprised the following week when, all of a sudden, Mark quit begging for a dog. He began spending much more of his time out at the old barn by the creek, and had even begun to ask for seconds and thirds at suppertime.Internal Rhyme - two or more words rhyme in the same lineExample: I bring fresh showers to the thirsting flowers.Irony - contrast between the expected outcome and the actual way things turn out (see Dramatic Irony)Example: In the book Holes, no one in the courtroom believes that StanleyYelnats is innocent. Once he gets to Camp Green Lake he lies about committing the crime, but then no one there believes he is guilty! He just can’t seem to win. Metaphor - a suggested comparison between two unlike things in order to point outa similarity; a metaphor DOES NOT use the word like, as as, or than.Example: Hot orange coals burned at the edge of the woods as the wolveswatched and waited with hungry eagerness. (the wolves’ eyes are compared to orange coals because of their brightness and color)Motive - a character’s reason for doing what he/she doesExample: “So why did you tear up Janie’s paper?” demanded the teacher.Margaret said nothing and stared at her shoes. The teacher would never understand. She could never understand how it felt to be the new kid in school, and to have one student turn all the others against you. All becauseyou...Onomatopoeia - words that imitate, or sound like, the actions they describe Examples: bang, slurp, ping, slam, hiss, squishOutcome - the last event of the story which tells how the story ends; it explains whether the main character met his/her challengeExample: “And they all lived happily ever after,” is a common outcome in fairy tales.Paradox - a statement that reveals a kind of truth although at first it seems to be self-contradictory and untrueExamples: It was the best mistake he ever made (he learned a lot from thiserror).Good fences make good neighbors (fences do separate people, but they help people get along by making boundaries clear).Parallel Story - a narrative or picture story enclosed within another story, where both stories are of equal interestExample: In a story about kids putting on a play, both the onstage scene isshown, and the backstage happenings.Parody - a humorous story that makes fun of another well-known story by imitating it; characters, plot, theme, setting, may all be copied or changed for humorous effectExamples: The True Story of the Three Little Pigs by John Scieszka has the story of the Three Little Pigs explained from the wolf’s point of view, and in his version it was all a big misunderstanding and he was innocent.Personification - a description in which an object (or animal, or idea, or force of nature) takes on human characteristics or actionsExamples: the tornado stooped to snatch the house; the sun hid its face behind the clouds; the rain tapped against the window with its wet, insistent fingers Plot - what happens in a story, told in a sequenced, chronological order Example: Samantha received a new skateboard for her birthday. A week later, however, she lost it. She looked everywhere but couldn’t find it. Then one day...Poetic Justice - an outcome in a story where good is rewarded, and evil is punishedExample: the wolf is boiled in the pot at the end of the Three Little Pigs; good Cinderella marries the handsome prince; the lazy grasshopper suffers a hungry winter because he did not work hard like the ant to store up foodPoint of View - the perspective from which a story is seen or told; there are three main forms:First Person: (I and me are used; the narrator is actually a part of the story)I woke up first, alarmed that I had slept too late and missed my chance. Alook at my brother’s bed told me he was still asleep, snuggled up under thecovers.Third Person: (he and she are used; the narrator simply helps tell the story, and lets all character speak for themselves)Pete woke up first. A look at his brother’s bed told him that Sam was stillasleep, snuggled up under the covers.Omniscient: (he and she are used; BUT the narrator not only lets characters speak, but can also “get inside their heads” to read their thoughts)Pete woke up first, feeling somewhat alarmed that he might have oversleptand missed his chance. He looked at his brother’s bed and was glad to seethat Sam was still asleep, snuggled up under the covers.Portmanteau Word - a portmanteau is suitcase which opens like a book, and when the two sides are shut and fastened, it is ready for travel; a portmanteau word is one in which two real words are combined, but some letters deleted, in order to form a new wordExamples: fog + smoke = smogdrip + sizzle = drizzlehorrid + tremendous = horrendousThe term portmanteau word was coined (invented) by Lewis Carroll, the author of Alice in Wonderland. Today, many famous brand names are actuallyportmanteaus:Examples: Gogurt = go + yogurtCompound words are different, since they do NOT eliminate letters whenjoining the two smaller words.Examples: dog + house = doghouselife + guard = lifeguardPun - a humorous use of a word or phrase that has more than one meaning (or two similarly spelled words that sound alike)Examples: “If you really want to keep warm, try bear skin,” said the trapper.“But won’t I be really cold in my bare skin?” asked the boy.Why is it easy for an elephant to travel?He can carry his own trunk.Repetition - the author purposely repeats words or phrases; the author is trying to create rhythm or suspense, or is trying to really emphasize a certain idea.Example: It was all gone. Burned to ashes. He had no clothing, no blankets, no bow, no hatchet, no map. It was all gone.Setting - the time and place of a story; the time may simply be “present day”Example: Over a hundred years ago, Abraham Lincoln was born in a log cabin... Simile - a comparison between two unlike things, using like, as as, or than in the comparisonExample: the leaf spun to the ground like a descending helicopter;more nervous than a long-tailed cat in a room full of rocking chairs;he was as mad as a hornetSolution - see OutcomeStereotype/ Reverse Stereotype - a stereotype is when a person is portrayed is a fixed wayExample: the old woman had gray hair, a cane, and sat in a rocking chairA Reverse Stereotype is when a person is portrayed exactly opposite to a fixedgeneralization (the usual way we would consider them)Example: Bobby’s grandmother laced up the red boxing gloves. She danced on her toes as she approached the bully, and smiled as she said, “Okay, you big oaf. I’m gonna give you what you deserve...” And with one swing, she knocked the bully to the ground.Symbol - any person, object, or action that has additional meaning beyond itselfExample: As a boy sits in class on the first day of school, he stares out thewindow at a basketball sitting on the blacktop in the playground. As he gazes at it, the basketball reminds him of all the fun times he had over the summer. The basketball becomes a symbol of summer.Theme - the meaning of a story, what it reveals about human nature; plot is what happens in the story, while theme is what it meansExample: Plot: young soldier fights his first battleTheme: war is useless; fighting solves nothingTone - the author’s attitude toward a subject, revealed by choice of words and detailsExample: The girl cast a lonely thin shadow on the gray brick wall, as herclassmates tumbled merrily in the brightly flowered fields beyond the school.(the author feels sorry for the girl who isn’t playing with the other children)Trait - a word which describes a character’s personality, or how she/he acts in the story; it must always be backed up with evidence (support or proof) from the storyExample: Beatrice is very patient with her little sister, Ramona. Ramona issometimes stubborn and doesn’t do what she is told, but Beatrice never yells or complains. Instead, she finds clever ways to get Ramona to behave. (the word patient is the trait; the second and third sentences provide theevidence, or proof, from the story)Understatement - when the author presents something as less significant (important) than it really isExample: Mr. Brumble looked at both test papers, back and forth, back andforth, noting that all the answers were exactly the same. He put the papers down on his desk, crossed his arms and said, “Boys, we have a little problem here.” Other Literary Devices:。
英语辅修-学生学习资料-Allusion 16
AllusionAn allusion is a literary device that stimulates ideas, associations, and extrainformation in the reader's mind with only a word or two. Allusion means 'reference'.A brief reference to a person, event, or place, real or fictitious, or to a work of art.An allusion may be drawn from history, geography, literature, or religion.It relies on the reader being able to understand the allusion and being familiar withall of the meaning hidden behind the words.引用出自神话、童话、传说、寓言、文学作品名著的带有典故性的词语。
English has a tremendous amount of allusions which result from mythology, legends,fables, fairy tales, the Bible, famous literary works, historical figures or events.Allusions may be employed in the form of words, phrases or sentences. Now let us see some examples.Allusions in the form of words:1) Utopia, 2) phoenix,3) Cinderella, 4) Bumble,5) Lilliput, 6) Shylock,7) Homer, 8) Shakespeare9) Catch-22 10) Don Quixote,11) a Sphinx乌托邦, 理想的完美境界, 空想的社会改良计划[希神]斯芬克司(有翼的狮身女怪), (古埃及)狮身人面像, [昆]天蛾小人国（英国作家Jonathan Swift所著小说《格列佛游记》[1726年]中的假想国, 其居民身高仅6英寸左右）唐吉诃德(西班牙作家塞万提斯(Cervantes)所著同名小说及其主人公)荷马西方文化的鼻祖，是西方人崇拜的伟人和智者。
常见英语修辞手法
常见英文修辞手法（Figures of Speech）英文的修辞手法种类繁多，功能多样，但总体说来，采用修辞手法，目的是为了使表达生动、形象，有感染力，给人以美感，即实现许渊冲先生所指的的语言的三美：“音美、形美和意美”。
1. figures of comparison: simile, metaphor. (resemblance of two identities) Simile: a figure involves an expressed comparison, always introduced by “like”, “as”or “as if”.e.g.:a. Hair is all over his head a foot long and hanging from his chin like a kinky mule tail. (Alice Walker: Everyday Use for Your Grandmama)b. Maggie‟s hand is as limp as a fish. (Alice Walker: Everyday Use for Your Grandmama)Metaphor: the substitution of one thing for another because of the resemblance between them. It is an implied comparison without “as” or “like”. Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be used metaphorically.e.g.:a. Little donkeys with harmoniously tinkling bells thread their way among the throngs of people entering and leaving the bazaar. (The Middle Eastern Bazaar)b. The dye-market, the pottery-market and the carpenters‟ market lie elsewhere in the maze of the vaulted streets which honeycomb this bazaar. (The Middle Eastern Bazaar)c. Darrow walked slowly round the baking court. (The Trial that Rocked the World)d. H. L. Mencken wrote sulphurous dispatches sitting in his pants with a fan blowing on him…(The Trial that Rocked the World)2. Personification: a figure that endows objects, animals, ideas, or abstractions with human form, character, or sensibility.1）TO inanimate objects（把无生命的物体拟人化）e.g.:a. The thirsty soil drank in the rain.b. The mist, like love, plays upon the heart of the hills and brings out surprises of beauty.2) to inanimate living organisms (把有生物拟人化) e.g.a. He (the Fox) muttered as he retreated: “Well! What does it matter! The Grapes are sour!”….( Aesop’s Fables)b. Stray birds of summer come to my window to sing and fly away.And yellow leaves of autumn, which have no songs, flutter and fall there with a sigh.(Tagore: Stray Birds)3) To inanimate concepts or ideas (把抽象概念拟人化) e.g.:a. Wrong cannot afford defeat but Right can. (谬误经不起失败，但真理却不怕失败)(Tagore: Stray Birds)b. These little thoughts are the rustle of leaves; they have their whisper of joy in my mind.(这些微思，是绿叶的簌簌之声呀；他们在我的心里，愉快地微语着。
allusion英文定义及举例
allusion英文定义及举例Allusion is a literary device that refers to a person, place, event, or literary work, either explicitly or implicitly, which the writer expects the reader to recognize and relate to. It is a brief and indirect reference within a written text that hints at another work without explicitly mentioning it.Here are some examples of allusion:1. "He was a real Romeo with the ladies." - In this sentence, Romeo is an allusion to the famous play "Romeo and Juliet" by William Shakespeare, implying that the person being referred to isa romantic and passionate.2. "I was surprised his nose didn't grow like Pinocchio's." - Referring to Pinocchio, a character in the children's book "The Adventures of Pinocchio" by Carlo Collodi, it implies that someone is lying or not telling the truth.3. "This place is like a Garden of Eden." - Alluding to the biblical story of the Garden of Eden in the Book of Genesis, it suggests that the place being described is peaceful, beautiful, and abundant.4. "He's a real Einstein when it comes to science." - Using Einstein as an allusion refers to the brilliant scientist Albert Einstein, implying that a person is exceptionally intelligent in the field of science.5. "Her smile was as bright as the sun." - This sentence alludes tothe sun, symbolizing brightness and radiance, to describe the intensity and beauty of a person's smile.。
高级英语修辞格New Rhetorical Devices
Rhetorical DevicesCompiled by Zhang Jiuquan (Aaron)关于修辞格，依所使用的手段的不同可分为三类：一、使用语音手段的修辞格(Phonetic Stylistic Devices)：1.Alliteration（头韵）: A figure of emphasis that occurs through the repetition of initial consonant letters (or sounds) in two or more different words across successive sentences, clauses, or phrases. It catches the listener’s attention and fix it in their mind, and so is useful for emphasis as well as art.For example,＊She sells sea-shells on the sea-shore.她在海边卖蚌壳。
＊Sea, Sun, Sand, Seclusion---- and Spain!有大海，有阳光，有沙滩，有幽静——更有西班牙风情。
＊Men may meet but mountains never.人生何处不相逢。
More examples,＊kith and kin (亲戚朋友) / be beaten black and blue (被打的青一块、紫一块) / vim and vigor （精力和活力）/ fame and fortune（名利）/ pride and prejudice（傲慢与偏见）/ sense and sensitivity（理智与情感）/ cooperation and competition （合作与竞争）＊Note:头韵：在词的开头重复相同的元音或辅音，多用于诗歌和散文中。
Allusion(典故,引喻)
山西省晋城市阳城县“双公示”目录序号行政职权类别行政决定部门项目名称设定依据行政相对人备注1 行政许可发展和改革局企、事业单位和社会团体固定资产投资项目核准、备案（含外商投资项目）【行政法规】《国务院对确需保留的行政审批项目设定行政许可的决定》（国务院令第412号）【政府规章】《山西省企业投资项目核准暂行办法》第3条。
《山西省企业投资项目备案暂行办法》第3条。
《外商投资项目核准和备案管理办法》第3条。
《外商投资项目核准和备案管理办法》第5条。
法人和其他组织2 行政许可发展和改革局固定资产投资项目节能评估和审查【法律】《中华人民共和国节约能源法》第十五条【部门规章】《固定资产投资项目节能评估和审查暂行办法》（国家发改委2010年第6号令）第9条法人和其他组织3 行政许可发展和改革局招标方案核准【法律】《中华人民共和国招标投标法实施条例》第7条。
法人和其他组织1 行政处罚发展和改革局对依法必须招标项目的违法行为处罚【法律】《中华人民共和国招标投标法》第七条法人和其他组织属地2 行政处罚发展和改革局对企业未经政府投资主管部门核准擅自开工建设以及未按项目核准文件的要求进行建设的处罚【政府规章】《山西省企业投资项目核准暂行办法》（省政府令第185号）第二十四条法人和其他组织属地3 行政处罚发展和改革局对经营者不正当价格行为的处罚【法律】《中华人民共和国价格法》第十四条、第四十条法人和其他组织、自然人4 行政处罚发展和改革局对违反明码标价规定行为的处罚【法律】《中华人民共和国价格法》第四十二条【行政法规】《价格违法行为行政处罚规定》第十三条：【部门规章】《关于商品和服务实行明码标价的规定》法人和其他组织、自然人（原国家计委令200年第8号）第二十一条5 行政处罚发展和改革局对经营者不执行政府指导价、政府定价以及法定的价格干预措施、紧急措施的处罚【法律】《中华人民共和国价格法》第三十九条【行政法规】《价格违法行为行政处罚规定》（国务令第585号）第九条、第十条法人和其他组织、自然人6 行政处罚发展和改革局对经营者被责令暂停相关营业而不停止的或者转移、隐匿、销毁依法登记保存的财物的处罚【法律】《中华人民共和国价格法》第四十三条法人和其他组织、自然人7 行政处罚发展和改革局对经营者拒绝提价价格监督检查所需资料或者提供虚假资料的处罚【法律】《中华人民共和国价格法》第四十四条【行政法规】《价格违法行为行政处罚规定》（国务令第585号）第十四条。
figurative language的举例
figurative language的举例Figurative language is a literary technique used to enhance and add depth to writing. It involves using words and phrases in a non-literal sense to create vivid imagery, evoke strong emotions, and convey complex ideas. This helps to engage readers and make the text more memorable. Below are examples of various types of figurative language:1. Simile: A simile compares two things using "like" or "as."- The moon shone as bright as a diamond in the night sky.- Her smile was like a ray of sunshine on a cloudy day.2. Metaphor: A metaphor compares two things by stating that one thing is another.- The world is a stage.- His heart was a stone, cold and unfeeling.3. Personification: Personification gives human traits to inanimate objects or abstract ideas.- The wind whispered secrets through the trees.- The waves danced on the shore, beckoning us to join.4. Hyperbole: Hyperbole uses exaggeration for emphasis or dramatic effect.- I've told you a million times to clean your room!- My backpack weighs a ton!5. Alliteration: Alliteration is the repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words.- Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.- The furious flame flickered fiercely.6. Onomatopoeia: Onomatopoeia is when words imitate the sounds they describe.- The buzzing bees flew around the blooming flowers.- The sizzling bacon filled the kitchen with its tantalizing aroma.7. Symbolism: Symbolism uses objects, characters, or actions to represent deeper meanings.- The rose symbolizes love and romance.- A dove is often seen as a symbol of peace.8. Irony: Irony is the use of words to express the opposite of their literal meaning or an outcome contrary to what is expected.- The fire station burned down.- The traffic cop got a speeding ticket.9. Oxymoron: Oxymoron combines two contradictory terms for a unique effect.- Jumbo shrimp- Bittersweet10. Imagery: Imagery uses vivid language to create mental pictures and stimulate the senses.- The golden rays of the setting sun bathed the field in a warm glow.- The pungent smell of fresh coffee filled the air, awakening my senses.11. Allusion: Allusion refers to a well-known person, place, event, or literary work to add depth and meaning.- He was a real Romeo with the ladies.- Don't be a Scrooge; share your blessings.12. Repetition: Repetition repeats certain words or phrases for emphasis or to create a specific rhythm.- I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up... I have a dream.- Let it snow, let it snow, let it snow!13. Euphemism: Euphemism uses milder, more positive words to replace harsh or negative ones.- He passed away instead of saying he died.- She's in a better place instead of saying she's dead.14. Synecdoche: Synecdoche uses a part of something to represent the whole or vice versa.- The word "bread" can be used to represent food in general.- The phrase "all hands on deck" refers to all the crew members, not just their hands.15. Idiom: An idiom is a phrase that has a different meaning from its literal interpretation.- It's raining cats and dogs.- Break a leg!Figurative language allows writers to breathe life into their words and helps readers connect with the text on a deeper level. By using these examples, writers can create more engaging and impactful stories, poetry, and overall literature.。
高级英语修辞归纳
I. Phonetic Devices语音修辞1.Onomatopoeia（拟声）: The use of words that imitate the sounds associated with the objects or actions they refer to.例：As you approach it, a tinkling and banging and clashing begins to impinge on your ear.All was quiet again in Han Mansion except for some people snoring, the horse chewing mash, and geese crackling at intervals.I can hear the water splashing, the bees humming, and the frogs croaking.2.Alliteration（头韵）: It has to do with the sound rather than the sense of words for effect. It is a device that repeats the same sound at frequent intervals and since the sound repeated is usually the initial consonant sound, it is also called “front rhyme”. 例：The f air b reeze b lew, \the white f oam f lew, \The f urrow f ollowed f ree; \We were the f irst that ever burst \into that s ilent s ea.M oney m akes the m are go. A good f ame is better than a good f ace.3.Consonance (辅韵)：It refers to the repetition of the same consonants in the end of a group of words. (一组词，一句话或一行诗歌中，相同的词尾辅音重复出现) 例1：He laughs be st who laughs la st.例2：With his three hundred wag ingThe battle, long he stoo d.And like a lion rag ing,Expires in seas of bloo d. (此处也称诗歌的rhyme)4.Homoeotoleuton (谐缀), meaning similarity of endings, refers to the use of identical or similar sounding suffixes (后缀) on the final words of phrases or clauses. Homoeotoleuton is usually used in a verse but it also has a wonderful effect in a prose.例：There is no secur ity but opportun ity on this earth.I need time to dr ink but I need more time to th ink.Education is not rec eived but ach ieved.5.Assonance（半谐音）：Assonance is the repetition of similar vowel sounds, preceded and followed by different consonants, in the stressed syllables of adjacent words.例：All r oa ds lead to R o me.A c i ty that is set on a h i ll cannot be h i d.城造在山上，是不能隐藏的。
poetry
A GLOSSARY OF LITERARY TERMS LITERARY DEVICESAlliteration: The repetition of initial consonant sounds used especially in poetry to emphasize and link words as well as to create pleasing, musical sounds. Example—the fair breeze blew, the white foam flew.Allusion: A reference to a well-known person, place, event, literary work, or work of art to enrich the reading experience byadding meaning.Characterization: Techniques a writer uses to create and develop a character by what:• he/she does or says,• other characters say about him/her, or how they react to him/her• the author reveals directly or through a narrator.Dialect: Speech that reflects pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar typical of a geographical region.Flashback: Interruption of th e chronological (time) order to present something that occurred before the beginning of the story.Figurative Language: Language that has meaning beyond the literal meaning; also known as “figures of speech.”• Simile: comparison of two things using the words “like” or “as,” e.g. “Her smile was ascold as ice.”• Metaphor comparison of two thingsessentially different but with somecommonalities; does not use “like” or “as,”e.g. “Her smile was ice.”• Hyperbole: a purposeful exaggeration for emphasis or humor.• Personification: human qualities attributed to an animal, object, or idea, e.g. “Thewind exhaled.” Free Verse: Poetry that does not conform to a regular meter or rhyme scheme. Poets who write in free verse try to reproduce the natural rhythms of spoken language.Foreshadowing: Important hints that an author drops to prepare the reader for what is to come, and help the reader anticipate the outcome. Imagery: Words or phrases that appeal to the reader’s senses.Humor: The quality of a literary or informative work that makes the character and/or situations seem funny, amusing, or ludicrous.Irony: A technique that involves surprising, interesting, or amusing contradictions or contrasts. Verbal irony occurs when words are used to suggest the opposite of their usual meaning. An irony of situation is when an event occurs that directly contradicts expectations. Onomatopoeia: The use of words that imitate sounds. Examples would be hiss, buzz, swish, and crunch.Point of View: Perspective from which the storyis told• First-person: narrator is a character in the story; uses “I,” “we,” etc.• Third-person: narrator outside the story;uses “he,” “she,” “they”• Third-person limited: narrator tells only what one character perceives• Third-person omniscient: narrator can see into the minds of all characters.Satire: Writing that comments humorously on human flaws, ideas, social customs, or institutions in order to change them.Style: The distinctive way that a writer uses language including such factors as word choice, sentence length, arrangement, and complexity, and the use of figurative language and imagery. Suspense: A feeling of excitement, curiosity, or expectation about what will happen. Symbol: Person, place, or thing that represents something beyond itself, most often something concrete or tangible that represents an abstract idea.LITERARY FORMSAutobiography: A writer’s story of his or her own life.Biography: A writer’s account of some other person’s life.Comedy: Writing that deals with life in a humorous way, often poking fun atpeople’s mistakes.Drama: Also called a play, this writing form uses dialogue to share its message and is meant to be performed in front of an audience.Essay: A short piece of nonfiction that expresses the writer’s opinion or shares information about a subject.Fable: A short story that often uses talking animals as the main characters and teaches an explicit moral or lesson.Fantasy: A story set in an imaginary world in which the characters usually have supernatural powers or abilities.Folktale: A story originally passed from one generation to another by word of mouth only. The characters are usually all good or all bad and in the end are rewarded or punished asthey deserve. Historical Fiction: A made-up story that is based on a real time and place in history, so fact is mixed with fiction.Myth: A traditional story intended to explain some mystery of nature, religious doctrine, or cultural belief. The gods and goddesses of mythology have supernatural powers, but the human characters usually do not.Novel: A book-length, fictional prose story. Because of its length, a novel’s characters and plot are usually more developed than those of a short story.Poetry: A literary work that uses concise, colorful, often rhythmic language to express ideas or emotions. Examples: ballad, blank verse, free verse, elegy, limerick, sonnet.Prose: A literary work that uses the familiar spoken form of language, sentence after sentence.Realistic Fiction: Writing that attempts to show life as it really is.Science Fiction: Writing based on real or imaginary scientific developments and often set in the future.Short Story: Shorter than a novel, this piece of literature can usually be read in one sitting. Because of its length, it has only a few characters and focuses on one problem or conflict.Tall Tale: A humorous, exaggerated story often based on the life of a real person. The exaggerations build until the character can accomplish impossible things.LITERARY ELEMENTSAction: Everything that happens in a story. Antagonist: The person or force that works against the hero of the story. (See protagonist)Character: One of the people (or animals) ina story.Climax: The high point in the action of a story. Conflict: A problem or struggle between two opposing forces in a story. There are four basic conflicts:• Person Against Person: A problem between characters.• Person Against Self: A problem within a character’s own mind.• Person Against Society: A problembetween a character and society, school, thelaw, or some tradition.• Person Against Nature: A problem betweena character and some element of nature-ablizzard, a hurricane, a mountain climb, etc.Dialogue: The conversations that characters have with one another.Exposition: The part of the story, usually near the beginning, in which the characters are introduced, the background is explained, and the setting is described.Falling Action: The action and dialogue following the climax that lead the reader into thestory’s end.Mood: The feeling a piece of literature is intended to create in a reader.Moral: The lesson a story teaches.Narrator: The person or character who actually tells the story, filling in the background information and bridging the gaps between dialogue. (See Point of View.)Plot: The action that makes up the story, following a plan called the plot line. Plot line: The planned action or series of events in a story. There are five parts: exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution.Protagonist: The main character in a story, often a good or heroic type.Resolution: The part of the story in which the problems are solved and the action comes to a satisfying end.Rising Action: The central part of the story during which various problems arise after a conflict is introduced.Setting: The place and the time frame in which a story takes place.Style: The distinctive way that a writer uses language including such factors as word choice, sentence length, arrangement, and complexity, and the use of figurative language and imagery. Theme: The message about life or human nature that is “the focus” in the story that the writer tells.ADDITIONAL VOCABULARY Article: A complete piece of writing, as a report or essay, that is part of a newspaper, magazine, or book.Atlas: A book of maps.Encyclopedia: A book that contains information on many subjects; or comprehensive information in a particular field of knowledge; usually arranged alphabetically.Fiction: A literary work whose content is based on the imagination and not on fact.Glossary: An alphabetical listing of difficult, technical, or foreign terms with definitions or translation; usually found at the end of a book.Index: An alphabetical listing that gives page numbers or books where information can be found.Mystery: A novel, story, or play involving a crime or secret activity and its gradual solution.Nonfiction: True writing, based on factual information.Periodical: Another word for magazine.Reference: A type of book that provides information arranged for easy access. Series: Several books related in subject, or dealing with the same characters.Table of Contents: The part of a book which lists the chapters or contents within the book.。
新闻中的修辞及翻译
2. Catch-22 from Joseph Heller’s novel Catch-22 during the WWII 难以逾越的障碍，无法摆脱的困难，事与 愿违的做法等 e.g. Israel is a “Catch-22” problem for the Iranian regime. 以色列问题对于伊朗政府来说，有如“第22 条军规”一般，令人左右为难。
meets British prim.
II. Translation of column names
A. 直译
综合新闻： 经济新闻： 早新闻选： 文化娱乐： 今日浦东： 古玩宝斋： 独家报道：
News Roundup Economic News Morning News In Brief Entertainment Pudong Today Curios Exclusive Interview
4. 借用典故(allusion)
又称引喻 指人们在日常谈话和写作中引用典故、 谚语、成语、格言、俗语、神话、传 说、寓言、文献、文学名著及历史材 料。
examples
1. From US News & World Report 2. 3. Both sides are looking for a virgin birth, a deal with no obvious father. 嘲讽布什政府两派阁员既想解决问题 ，又不愿承担责任的心态。
2. Eiffel Eyeful
3. Tick, Tock, Tick…Talk
词义双关
4. make you sweat (photo)
5. Climbers hold summit talks 峰顶会谈 6. I finally figured out how government works. The Senate gets the bill from the House. The President gets the bill from the Senate. And we get the bill for everything. 我终于弄懂了我们的政体是如何运作的。议会的提案由 众议院转到参议院，再从参议院把提案转到总统。接 下来就轮到我们支付一切账单。
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1. Adam's profession原义：亚当的职业引申义：园丁工作或农业劳动"神在东方的伊甸立了一个园子，耶和华神将那人安置在伊甸园，使他修理看守。
神使打发他出伊甸园去，耕种他所自出之土。
"<<圣经.创世纪》e.g. First e, my spade. There are no ancient gentlemen but gardeners, ditchers, and grave-makers: they hold up Adam's profession.甲：......来，我的锄头。
远古并没有绅士，只有种地的，开沟的和掘坟的；他们都继承着亚当的职业。
2. Alice-in-wonderland义：想入非非的；不合逻辑的；自相矛盾的该词出自英国著名作家刘易斯。
卡洛尔（Lewis Carroll)的同名小说《爱丽丝漫游奇境记》（Alice-in-wonderland).e.g. This is an Alice-in-wonderland approach to the problem.这种研究问题的方法，实在太想入非非了。
3. the Big Apple原义：大苹果引申义：纽约市美国纽约的绰号。
美国报刊宣传该市富于机会，就像一个成熟的大苹果那样伸手可摘。
它原来是上世纪30年代哈莱姆（Harlem)区的一个夜总会的名字。
e.g. For decades, the rest of America and the world expected the Big Apple to be the prime source of sustenance for the poor homeless, huddled masses.数十年来，其他美国人和世界上其他人士都期望纽约市这只大苹果成为穷困、无家可归、挤作一团的民众维持生活的主要来源。
4. ass in a lion's skin愿义：披着狮子皮的驴引申义：色厉内荏的人；冒充有智慧的愚人出自《伊索寓言》(Aesop’s Fables)：驴子披上狮子皮，大摇大摆地在森林中走来走去，恐吓笨兽，籍以自娱。
后来驴子碰上狐狸，也想吓唬它。
可狐狸一听到驴子的声音就喊道：“要不是我听到你的叫声，我真的会吓一跳呢！”译成汉语即是狐假虎威。
e.g. We could not but laugh at him, since everybody knows that he is an ass in a lion's skin.我们都情不自禁地嘲笑他，因为大家都知道他是个虚张声势的胆小鬼。
5. Sell One's Birthright for a Mess of Pottages因小失大；见利弃义。
直译是：“为了一碗红豆汤而出卖了长子继承权”。
【成语来源】《旧约.创世纪》第25章记述了这样一个故事传说：犹太族长以撒的妻子利百加怀孕期间，感觉到2个胎儿在她腹内互相踢打，就去问耶和华，耶和华对她说：“两国在你腹内，两族要从你身上出来，这族必强于那族，将来大的要服小的。
”后来，利百加果然生下一对孪生兄弟，哥哥叫以扫，弟弟叫雅各。
两兄弟长大后，以扫好动，常外出打猎；雅各则常在家里帮助料理家务。
有一天，以扫打猎回来，又饥又渴，看见弟弟雅各在熬豆汤，就对他说：“我饿极了，给我喝点红豆汤吧！”雅各说：“你要喝汤，就把你的长子权卖给我。
”以扫说：“我都要饿死了，要这长子权有什么用呢？”于是，他便按雅各的要求，对天起誓，把长子权卖给雅各，换来饼和红豆汤。
以扫吃饱喝足后，起身走了。
他哪里想到，为了这碗红豆汤，他的后裔便注定要服事雅各的后裔。
由此，人们用to sell one's birthright for a mess of pottage短语，来比喻to exchange something of lasting value for something that is of value for a short time only; to suffer a big loss for a little gain.这个成语常缩略为for a mess of pottage的形式。
有时也可用to sell one's birthrights.e.g. The Russians have long regretted selling Alaska to the Americans for a mess of pottage.俄国人对把阿拉斯加廉价割让给美国人一直感到懊悔。
6. Adam's Apple 喉结【成语来源】亚当是圣经中人类的始祖，而苹果的历史比人类的历史还悠久。
在世界各文明古国的民间故事和神话传说中，苹果都是受人喜爱的一种果实。
英语中有个谚语：An apple a day keeps the doctor away.但据圣经故事上说，苹果也给人类带来了麻烦，男人的喉结就是因吃苹果引起的。
《旧约.创世纪》第3章讲到人类的起源，传说上帝创造人类的始祖亚当和夏娃，在东方的伊甸(Eden)建立了一个园子给他们居住。
伊甸园里生长着悦人眼目的各种树木，树上长着各种各样的果实。
上帝吩咐亚当说：你可以随意吃园中的各种果子，只是不能吃那棵分别善恶树上的果实，吃了必定要死。
这种“禁果”就是apple。
后来，亚当的配偶夏娃听信蛇的诱惑，不顾神谕，吃了善恶树上的禁果，还把这果子给它丈夫吃。
亚当因心怀恐惧，吃时仓促，有一片果肉哽在吼中，不上不下，留下个结块，就叫“亚当的苹果”两人吃了这果子就心明眼亮，能知善恶美丑。
但是由于他们违背了上帝的告戒而被逐出伊甸园。
从此，亚当就永远在脖子前端留下“喉结”，作为偷吃禁果的“罪证”。
上帝还惩罚亚当，“必汗流满面才能糊口”。
不过也说一说是正当亚当吃的时候，上帝来了，所以亚当急忙吞下去，不料哽在喉咙间了。
eg: Your Adam's apple isn't apparent.你的喉结不是很明显。
Adam's apple can be more clearly seen on men than women's throats. 男人的喉结比女人的要明显。
7. A Gordian Knot难解的结；难题；难点；直译“戈耳迪之结”。
【成语来源】戈耳迪(Gordius)是小亚细亚佛律基亚(Phrygia)的国王，传说他原先是个贫苦的农民。
一天，他在耕地的时候，有只神鹰从天而降，落在他马车的轭上，久不飞走。
戈耳迪就赶着马车进城去请求神示。
其时，佛律基亚的老王突然去世，一国无主，上下动乱不安，于是人们请求神示由谁来做国王。
神示说：“在通向宙斯神庙的大陆上，你们遇到的第一个乘马车者就是新王。
”恰好这时戈耳迪正乘着牛车前往宙斯（Zeus）的神庙，人们看见巍然屹立在车轭上的神鹰，认为这是掌握政权的象征，就一致拥戴戈耳迪为国王。
戈耳迪当了国王后，就把那辆象征命运的马车献给宙斯，放置在宙斯庙中。
他用绳索打了个非常复杂的死结，把车轭牢牢得系在车辕上，谁也无法解开。
由此，人们常用 a Gordian knot比喻 a knot difficult or impossible to unite; the difficult problem or task.eg: The deceased old man did not leave a will and the distribution of his property was a Gordian knot. 去世的老人没有留下遗嘱，他的财产分配是一个大难题。
8. The Trojan Horse木马计；暗藏的危险；奸细【成语来源】The Trojan Horse直译"特洛伊木马"，是个国际性成语，在世界各主要语言中都有。
这个成语出自荷马史诗《奥德赛》。
希腊人和特洛伊人交战10年之久，胜负未决。
最后，希腊著名的英雄奥德修斯(Odusseus)想出了一个木马计，用木头做了一匹巨马，放在特洛伊城外。
全体希腊将士伪装撤退，乘船隐藏在附近的海湾里，而奥德修斯率领20名勇士事先藏进妈肚。
特洛伊人误认为希腊人已经败退，大开城门，看到城外的巨大木马，以为这是希腊人敬神的礼物，就把它当作战利品拖进城来，大摆宴席，欢庆胜利。
到了半夜，特洛伊人好梦正在酣，毫无戒备的时候，藏在木马里的希腊英雄们都爬了出来，打开城门，发出信号，与附近海湾里返回的希腊大军里应外合，一举摧毁了特洛伊城。
因此，The Trojan Horse经过不断引用而成为一个广泛流传的成语，常用来比喻the hidden danger; the covert wreckers（内奸）; to engage in underhand activities等的意义。
eg: The superpowers are always sending the Trojan horses to many countries in the world. 世界上的强国总是会派一些间谍去其他的国家。
They are defeated only because of the Trojan horse in their country. 他们败在国家的奸细上了。
9. Helen of Troy在现代英语中，Helen of Troy这个成语，除了表示a beautiful girl or woman ;a beauty who ruins her country等意义外，还可以用来表示a terrible disaster brought by sb. or sth. you like best的意思。
【成语来源】Helen of Troy 直译"特洛伊的海伦"，源自源自荷马史诗Iliad中的希腊神话故事。
Helen是希腊的绝世佳人，美艳无比，嫁给希腊南部邦城斯巴达国王墨涅俄斯(Menelaus)为妻。
后来，特洛伊王子帕里斯奉命出事希腊，在斯巴达国王那里做客，他在爱与美之神阿芙罗狄蒂的帮助下，趁着墨涅俄斯外出之际，诱走海伦，还带走了很多财宝。
此事激起了希腊各部族的公愤，墨涅俄斯发誓说，宁死也要夺回海轮，报仇雪恨。
为此，在希腊各城邦英雄的赞助下，调集十万大军和1180条战船，组成了希腊联军，公推墨涅俄斯的哥哥阿枷门农(Agamemnon)为联军统帅，浩浩荡荡，跨海东征，攻打特洛伊城，企图用武力夺回Helen。
双方大战10年，死伤无数，许多英雄战死在沙场。
甚至连奥林匹斯山的众神（Gods of Olympus）也分成2个阵营，有些支持希腊人，有些帮助特洛伊人，彼此展开了一场持久的恶斗。