allusion & parody
allusion 修辞.ppt
• Mrs. Green is reluctant to talk about her past with anyone. I guess she must have a couple of skeletons in her cupboard.
pHale Waihona Puke oenix• A childlike phoenix with the strength of an ox and an evil temper to match it
Cat’s paw- Aesop’s Fables
The Monkey and the Cat • A cat and a monkey live in the same house. They are good friends. • One day, they sit by the fire.1 They are watching some chestnuts on
allusion
• An allusion is a figure of speech that makes a reference to, or representation of, people, places, events, literary work, myths, or works of art, either directly or by implication. M. H. Abrams defined allusion as "a brief reference, explicit or indirect, to a person, place or event, or to another literary work or passage".[1] It is left to the reader or hearer to make the connection (Fowler); where the connection is detailed in depth by the author, it is preferable to call it "a reference".
Allusion
现代汉语词典》将典故定义为“ 现代汉语词典》将典故定义为“诗文里 引用的古书中的故事或词句”。《辞海 辞海》 引用的古书中的故事或词句”。《辞海》 将典故定义为“ 将典故定义为“诗文中引用的古代故事 和有来历出处的词语” 和有来历出处的词语”。
典故多涉及古代故事或古人的诗词歌赋与其 他作品中的词句，但也不尽然。例如，人们 常用的华威先生、国外常用的某某门涉及的 都是现代与当代事件。因此，我们可以概而 言之，典故多源于历史、寓言、神话、传说 和事件，多见于历史记载、文学作品和报刊 杂志。例如，焚书坑儒源于历史事件，买椟 还珠源于寓言，精卫填海源于神话，伊朗门 源于当代事件等。这些典故，有的见于历史 记载，有的见于诸子百家，有的见于现代报 刊。
B) If Lucent is the top dog in telephone network equipment in the U.S., handily beating its nearest rival, Northern Telecom, Cisco is the Godzilla of datacom, towering over rivals like Bay Network and 3Com.
意义赋值
典故的使用过程就是主体的人对理解对象的 客体进行意义赋值的过程 Eg. For want might be a temptation to them to disagree,
or not to think themselves delivered, otherwise than out of one difficulty into another. “You know,” says he, “the children of Israel, though they rejoiced at first for being delivered out of Egypt, yet rebelled even against God Himself that delivered them, when they came to want bread in the wilderness
以sion为后缀的单词以及原型
以sion为后缀的单词以及原型
以sion后缀的单词有：allusion、animadversion、abrasion、accession、adhesion、admission、aggression、apprehension、ascension、aspersion等。
扩展资料
Her poetry is full of obscure literary allusion.
她的诗随处可见晦涩的`'文学典故。
Do you know the original source of this allusion?
你知道这个典故的出处吗？
Animadversion is the most nuclear content of philosophical mode of thinking.
因此哲学实际上就是在帮助人们确立一种独特的思维方式。
Bidirectional reviewing method also plays an important role in the establishment of its theoretical system and social animadversion.
在建构其理论体系、进行社会批判中，双向考察方法发挥了重要作用。
Diamonds have extreme resistance to abrasion.
钻石极抗磨损。
Because there is no abrasion between the concave and convex, the nut is reusable.
因为凹面与凸面没有磨损，螺母可以重复使用。
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allusion 修辞.ppt
• Phoenix
• Mark Twin is the phoenix of modern literature.
• Shakespeare is known as the phoenix of literature.
• Pandora's box is an artifact in Greek mythology, taken from the myth of Pandora's creation around line 60 of Hesiod's Works and Days. The "box" was actually a large jar (πιθος pithos) given to Pandora (Πανδώρα) ("all-gifted"), which contained all the evils of the world. When Pandora opened the jar, all its contents except for one item were released into the world. The one remaining item was Hope.[1] Today, opening Pandora's box means to create evil that cannot be undone.
• /wiki/Allusion
1. 源自寓言allegory、传说、神话、 圣经
• Allegory • Cry wolf - Aesop’s Fables
On that chilly January day in 1982, her first year within the royal family, she threatened to take her own life. Prince Charles accused her of crying wolf and prepared to go riding. But she was as good as her word. Standing on top of the wooden staircase she hurled herself to the ground, landing in a heap at the bottom. --Her True Story
allusion 和 illusion 的用法区别
如果你已经知道如何区分 allude 和 elude，那么就差不多能区分 allusion 和illusion了。
跟同词根的 adopted 和 adoptive 的区别类似，allude 和allusion 是同词根的单词。
一、allusion 是的词根是 allude，作名词，所以它的意思很显然，意为“间接提到；暗指；影射；典故"，例如：His consistent allusions to being so poor as a child are not in keeping with his brother's version of their childhood.他一贯暗示自己小时候很穷，这与他哥哥对他们童年的描述不符。
The film is full of allusions to Hitchcock.这部电影充满了对希区柯克的影射。
Her novels are packed with literary allusions.她的小说里充满了文学典故。
二、illusion 作名词1、意为”错误的观念；幻想“，例如：He had no illusions about his talents as a singer.他对自己作为一名歌手的才华没有幻想。
I'm under no illusions about the man I married.我对我结婚的那个男人没有任何幻想。
My boss is laboring under the illusion that the project will be completed on time.我的老板误以为这项工程会按时完成，这是一种错觉。
2、意为”幻想的事物；错觉“，例如：A large mirror in a room can create the illusion of space.房间里的一面大镜子可以创造出空间的错觉。
英美文学名词解释
1.Allegory (寓言)A tale in verse or prose in which characters, actions, or settings represent abstract ideas or moral qualities.寓言，讽喻：一种文学、戏剧或绘画的艺术手法，其中人物和事件代表抽象的观点、原则或支配力。
2.Alliteration (头韵)Alliteration is the repetition of the same initial consonant sound within a line or a group of words. 头韵：在一组词的开头或重读音节中对相同辅音或不同元音的重复。
3.Allusion (典故)A reference to a person, a place, an event, or a literary work that a writer expects the reader to recognize and respond to.典故：作者对某些读者熟悉并能够作出反映的特定人物，地点，事件，文学作品的引用。
4.Analogy (类比)A comparison made between two things to show the similarities between them.类比：为了在两个事物之间找出差别而进行的比较。
5. Antagonist (反面主角)The principal character in opposition to the protagonist or hero or heroine of a narrative or drama. 反面主角：叙事文学或戏剧中与男女主人公或英雄相对立的主要人物。
6. Antithesis (对仗)The balancing of two contrasting ideas, words, or sentences.对仗：两组相对的思想，言辞，词句的平衡。
美国文学名词解释（全的哦）
1. Allusion: A reference to a person, a place, an event, or a literary work that a writer expects the reader to recognize and respond to. An allusion may be drawn from history, geography, literature, or religion.2. American Naturalism:American naturalism was a new and harsher realism. American naturalism had been shaped by the war; by the social upheavals that undermined the comforting faith of an earlier age. America’s literary naturalists dismissed the validity of comforting moral truths. They attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness, presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were determined by their environment and heredity. In presenting the extremes of life, the naturalists sometimes displayed an affinity to the sensationalism of early romanticism, but unlike their romantic predecessors, the naturalists emphasized that the world was amoral, that men and women had no free will, that lives were controlled by heredity and environment, that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion in death. Although naturalist literature described the world with sometimes brutal realism, it sometimes also aimed at bettering the world through social reform.3 American Puritanism: Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans. The Puritans were originally members of a division of the Protestant Church. The first settlers who became the founding fathers of the American nation were quite a few of them. They were a group of serious, religious people, advocating highly religious and moral principles. As the word itself hints, Puritans wanted to purity their religious beliefs and practices. They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace form God. As a culture heritage, Puritanism did have a profound influence on the early American mind. American Puritanism also had an enduring influence on American literature.4. American Realism: in American literature, the Civil War brought the Romantic Period to an end. The Age of Realism came into existence. It came as a reaction against the lie of romanticism and sentimentalism. Realism turned from an emphasis on the strange toward a faithful rendering of the ordinary, a slice of life as it is really lived. It expresses the concern for commonplace and the low, and it offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience.5. American Romanticism:The Romantic Period covers the first half of the 19th century. A rising America with its ideals of democracy and equality, its industrialization, its westward expansion, and a variety of foreign influences were among the important factors which made literary expansion and expression not only possible but also inevitable in the period immediately following the nation’s political independence. Yet, romantics frequently shared certain general characteristics: moral enthusiasm, faith in value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption that the natural world was a source of goodness and man’s societies a source of corruption. Romantic values were prominent in American politics, art, and philosophy until the Civil War. The romantic exaltation of the individual suited the nation’s revolutionary heritage and its f rontier egalitarianism.6. American Transcendentalism:Transcendentalists terrors from the romantic literature of Europe. They spoke for cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of Americagogopirit, or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the Universe. They stressed the importance of the individual. To them, the individual was the most importantelement of society. They offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God. Nature was, to them, alive, filled with God’s over whelming presence. Transcendentalism is based on the belief that the most fundamental truths about life and death can be reached only by going beyond the world of the senses. Emerson’s Nature has been called the “Manifesto of American Transcendentalism” an d his The American Scholar has been rightly regarded as America’s “Declaration of Intellectual Independence”.7. Dramatic monologue: A kind of narrative poem in which one character speaks to one or more listeners whose replies are not given in the poem. The occasion is usually a crucial one in the speaker’s personality as well as the incident that is the subject of the poem.8. Enlightenmen t: With the advent of the 18th century, in England, as in other European countries, there sprang into life a public movement known as the Enlightenment. The Enlightenment on the whole, was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class of bourgeois against feudalism. The egogo inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism. The attempted to place all branches of science at the service of mankind by connecting them with the actual deeds and requirements of the people.9. Imagism:It’s a poetic movement of England and the U.S. flourished from 1909 to 1917.The movement insists on the creation of i mages in poetry by “the direct treatment of the thing” and the economy of wording. The leaders of this movement were Ezra Pound and Amy Lowell.10. Local Colorism: Local Colorism or Regionalism as a trend first made its presence felt in the late 1860s and early seventies in America. It may be defined as the careful attegogoms in speech, dress or behavior peculiar to a geographical locality. The ultimate aim of the local colorists is to create the illusion of an indigenous little world with qualities that tell it apart from the world outside. The social and intellectual climate of the country provided a stimulating milieu for the growth of local color fiction in America. Local colorists concerned themselves with presenting and interpreting the local character of their regions. They tended to idealize and glorify, but they never forgot to keep an eye on the truthful color of local life. They formed an important part of the realistic movement. Although it lost its momentum toward the end of the 19th century, the local spirit continued to inspire and fertilize the imagination of author.11. Lost Generation: This term has been used again and again to describe the people of the postwar years. It describes the Americans who remained in Paris as a colony of “ expatriates” or exiles. It describes the writers like Hemingway who lived in semi poverty. It describes the Americans who returned to their native land with an intense awareness of living in an unfamiliar changing world. The young English and American expatriates, men and women, were caught in the war and cut off from the old values and yet unable to come to terms with the new era when civilization had gone mad. They wandered pointlessly and restlessly, enjoying things like fishing, swimming, bullfight and beauties of nature, but they were aware all the while that the world is crazy and meaningless and futile. Their whole life is undercut and defeated.12. Beat Generation: the Beat writers were a small group of close friends first, and a movement later. The term “Beat Generation” gradually came to represent an entire periodin time, but the entire original Beat Generation in literature was small enough to have fit into a couple of cars. The term was created by Jack Kerouac in 1948.The original word meant nothing mo re than “bad” or “ruined” or “spent” or “beaten-down, beaten-up and beaten-out”. The connotation is defeat, resignation, and disappointment.This kind of beatness is what Kerouac was describing in himself and his friends, bright young Americans who ha d come of age during WWII but couldn’t fit in as clean-cut soldiers or complacent young businessmen. They were beat because they didn’t believe in straight jobs and had to struggle to survive, living in dirty apartments, selling drugs or committing crimes for food money, hitchhiking across the country because they couldn’t stay still without getting bored. But the term “beat” had a second meaning: beatific or sacred and holy. Kerouac, a devout Catholic, explained many times that by describing his generation as beat he was trying to capture the secret holiness of the down trodden. In fact, this is probably the most central theme in Kerouac’s work.The Beats were essentially anarchic. They rejected conventional social and moral values; expressed their ali enation in their works from conventional “square” society by adopting a life style which featured sex, drugs, jazz and the freedom of the open road. Literally, the Beats were all experimenters who sought to express spontaneity of thought and feeling in a seemingly formless verse as Ginsberg did or prose as Kerouac. They tended to blur the line between poetry and prose in their writing, adopting rhythms of simple American speech and of so-called progressive jazz, so such so that the Beat style was criticized as likely to contribute more to American slang than to American letters. Perhaps in this sense they are postmodernist.13. Pre-Romanticism: It originated among the conservative groups of men and letters asa reaction against Enlightenment and found its mo st manifest expression in the “Gothic novel”. The term arising from the fact that the greater part of such romances were devoted to the medieval times.14. Psalm: A song or lyric poem in praise of God.15. Psychological Realism:It is the realistic writing that probes deeply into the complexities of characters’ thoughts and motivations. Henry James is considered the founder of psychological realism. His novel The Ambassadors is considered to be a masterpiece of psychological realism.16. Renaissance: The term originally indicated a revival of classical (Greek and Roman) arts and sciences after the dark ages of medieval obscurantism.17. Romanticism: A movement that flourished in literature, philosophy, music, and art in Western culture during most of the 19th century, beginnigogom.18. Satire: A kind of writing that holds up to ridicule or contempt the weaknesses and wrongdoings of individuals, groups, institutions, or humanity in general. The aim of satirists is to set a moral standard for society, and they attempt to persuade the reader to see their point of view through the force of laughter.19. Symbol: A symbol is a sign which suggests more than its literal meaning. In other words, a symbol is both literal and figurative. A symbol is a way of telling a story and a way of conveying meaning. The best symbols are those that are believable in the lives of the characters and also convincing as they convey a meaning beyond the literal level of thestory. If the symbol is obscure or ambiguous, then the very obscurity and the ambiguity may also be part of the meaning of the story.20. Symbolism: Symbolism is the writing technique of using symbols. It’s a literary movement that arose in France in the last half of the 19th century and that greatly influenced many English writers, particularly poets, of the 20th century. It enables poets to compress a very complex idea or set of ideas into one image or even one word. It’s one of the most powerful devices that poets employ in creation.21.Modernism：It was a complex and diverse international movement in all the creative arts originating about the end of the 19th century. It provided the greatest creative renaissance of the 20th century. It was made up of many facets，such as symbolism，surrealism （超现实主义），cubism （立体主义），expressionism，futurism （未来主义），ect22American Dream:American dream means the belief that everyone can succeed as long as he/she works hard enough. It usually implies a successful and satisfying life. It usually framed in terms of American capitalism（资本主义）, its associated purported meritocracy,（知识界精华）and the freedoms guaranteed by the U.S. Bill of Rights. 23.The Harlem Renaissance：refers to the flowering of African American literature, art, and drama during the 1920s and 1930s. Though centered in Harlem, New York, the movement impacted urban centers throughout the United States. Black novelists, poets, painters, and playwrights began creating works rooted in their own culture instead of imitating the styles of Europeans and white American.24.free verse:: poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme or line length and depends on natural speech rhythms, the ebb and flow or cadences of speech, and the counterpoint of stressed and unstressed syllables. In conventional verse the unit is the foot, or, perhaps, the line, while in free verse the unit is the stanza or strophe syllables. Fee verse is not written in definite stanzas. The great majority of his poems depends on parallelism and other reiterative devices for its structure and cadence. It is exactly as its name implies—free, free to wander the printed page that the poet’s will, free to create pictures in random order. Imagery is very important in free verse since the poem has to capture the reader’s imagination with words alone, unaided by these old favorite rhyme and meter.。
allusion修辞
allusion修辞“Allusion修辞”是一种高级修辞手法，指在文学或语言作品中引用其他著名文学、历史或文化事件、人物、情境等，通过这些对比和联想，使作品更有意味，更深远。
以下从文学、政治、宗教三个方面分别阐述。
文学方面：在文学作品中，allusion修辞经常被用到。
例如，在莎士比亚的作品中，经常选择权威文化人物作为引用，如《无人问津》中便引用了聖經中的"莎割"，象征着先知大卫的伤痛。
这种引用，不仅为作品提供了更深远的文化渊源，也让读者更深刻地了解了作品本身。
政治方面：在政治中，allusion修辞同样扮演着重要的角色。
例如，在美国独立宣言中引用了柏拉图、亚里士多德等古希腊哲学家的思想，在英国银行的Logo中使用了红龙---威尔士国王所用徽记，以及在中国文学、画像中常出现的富贵图腾"龙凤"表象，这些都有其文化寓意，让政治文化在耐人寻味的气息中发扬光大。
宗教方面：在宗教文化中，allusion修辞也有其特殊的地位。
例如，在耶稣基督的讲道中，他经常引用圣经中的故事，以此教训门徒，也给听众带来强烈的冲击。
在道教中，由于它长期受到红色和神秘的影响，吸纳了道家、阴阳家、佛家和神仙文化，常常使用"过去世系"中的词语，如"道法自然"，"阴阳平衡"，"内外合一"等，以此表达道家特有的哲学思想，带给人灵性上的启发。
“Allusion修辞”作为较高级的修辞手法，颇受文人雅士的推崇。
现代文学大师杰克•伦敦曾经表达过对allusion的热爱：“我喜欢allusion，它是我最喜欢的一种语言表现形式，因为它可以让读者很好地理解作品，深刻地预见作品的意义。
”至此，我相信大家对“allusion修辞”这一话题有了一定的了解。
allusion 修辞对于文学、政治和宗教文化都有着深远的影响，也为读者们带来了更深层次的想象和思考空间。
Allusion[1].时文翻译 ppt
10. She did not expect her quiet disposition should become her Achilles'’ heel. 11. Forbidden fruit is always the most desirable. 12. The Prime Minister’s remarks were interpreted as an olive branch held out to all his opponents who had fled the country. 13. I seemed to pay the deepest attention to him, but I was wandering in a Garden of Eden all the while, with Dora. 14. He was wearing his birthday suit when the telephone rang.
literary works
1) Frankenstein: anything causing the ruin of its creator 2) Rip van Winkle: someone unaware of current evens & conditions 3) Uncle Tom: a slavish / obedient person 4) Cinderella 5) Friday: an assistant with diverse duties 6) Shylock: merciless person
exercises
1. Time and again the economists and foreigners
英语常见8种修辞手法说明
英语常见8种修辞手法说明修辞手法是英语写作中常用的表达技巧，通过运用恰当的修辞手法，可以使文章更加生动、有趣，增强表达的效果和吸引读者的注意力。
下面是英语常见的8种修辞手法的说明：1. 比喻(Metaphor)比喻是将一个事物与另一个事物进行类比，以便更好地揭示事物的特点或隐含含义。
通过比喻，可以使描述更具有形象感和感染力。
例如："She is a shining star in the world of art."（她是艺术界的一颗闪亮之星）2. 暗示(Allusion)暗示是通过间接提及某个事物或引用某个文学、历史、文化的代表性人物或事件来达到某种目的，常常用于表达或暗示作者的观点或态度。
例如："His words had a biblical ring to them."（他的话带有的语气）3. 排比(Parallelism)排比是通过重复使用类似的词、短语或句子结构，使文章的句子齐整有序，增强表达的力度和冲击力。
例如："We came, we saw, we conquered." （我们来了，我们看到了，我们战胜了）4. 反问(Rhetorical Question)反问是在文章或演讲中提出一个问题，但并不期待对方回答，而是用问句来引导读者或听众思考某个问题或强调某个观点。
例如："Isn't it a beautiful day?"（今天是不是个美好的一天呢？）5. 夸张(Hyperbole)夸张是通过夸大的描述方式来强调某个事物或情感，以达到增强效果的目的。
夸张常用于幽默、夸张或强调的场合。
例如："I've told you a million times."（我已经告诉过你一百万次了）比较是通过将两个或多个事物进行对比，以突出它们的差异或相似之处，使表达更具有说服力和可信度。
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ACHILLES HEELS
A fatal weakness, a vulnerable area, as in This division, which is rarely profitable, is heel. the company's Achilles' heel. The term alludes to the Greek legend about the heroic warrior Achilles whose mother tried to make him immortal by holding the infant by his heel and dipping him into the River Styx. Eventually he was killed by an arrow shot into his undipped heel. [c. 1800]
HELEN OF TROY
In Greek mythology, the most beautiful woman in Greece, who was the indirect cause of the Trojan War. a daughter of Zeus, either by Leda or by Nemesis. Her brothers were the Dioscuri, and her sister was Clytemnestra, wife of Agamemnon. Helen was the wife of Menelaus. When Paris, son of Priam, was asked to decide which goddess was the most beautiful, he chose Aphrodite, who rewarded him with the most beautiful woman in the world. Seducing Helen with the goddess's help, Paris carried her off to Troy, and the Greeks sent a military force to pursue them. At the war's end, with Paris dead, Helen returned to Sparta with Menelaus.
OPEN SESAME
Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves a story from the Arabian Nights.
Ali Baba gains the treasure of the thieves, which they keep in a cave with a magical entrance. Ali Baba opens the door of the thieves' cave with the magical password “Open, sesame. Open, sesame.” a children's television series composed solely of the skits and segments of the legendary American television series Sesame Street.
FEATURES OF ALLUSION
An economical device, drawing upon the ready stock of ideas or emotion already associated with a topic in a relatively short space. understandable only to those with prior knowledge of the reference in question. Allusion differs from the similar term intertextuality in that it is an intentional effort.
DISTINGUISH THESE WORDS
"allusion暗示 暗示" An "allusion暗示" is an indirect reference. "elusion逃避 逃避" An "elusion逃避" is a deception or clever evasion. "Elution洗提 洗提" "Elution洗提" is a word used in chemistry that means to remove by dissolving. "illusion幻想 幻想" An "illusion幻想" is something unreal.
SOURCES OF ALLUSION
Fairy tales, myths, legends, fables The Bible English & American literary works Modern & contemporary sources Historical figures
ALLUSION -- ORIGIN
ALLUSION IN T.S. ELIOT
The poetry of T.S. Eliot is often described as "allusive", because of his habit of referring to names, places or images that may only make sense in the light of prior knowledge. This technique can add to the experience, but for the uninitiated can make Eliot's work seem dense and hard to decipher.
神话、 神话、传说及寓言故事 希腊罗马神话： bed， 希腊罗马神话：Procrustean bed，the apple of discord， heels， discord，Achilles heels，Helen of Troy 伊索寓言： 伊索寓言：to cry wolf, the grapes are sour, blow hot and cold 天方夜潭》 《天方夜潭》: open sesame 英美及其他国家的神话、传说及寓言: 英美及其他国家的神话、传说及寓言: Tom Cat’s paw火 Thumb, ugly duckling, Cinderella, Cat s paw火 中取粟，phoenix不死鸟 不死鸟, 唐璜， 中取粟，phoenix不死鸟, Don Juan 唐璜，浪荡 公子
ALLUSION -- ORIGIN
文献名著 圣经： calf， wall， 圣经：kill the fatted calf，the writing on the wall， one’s sell one s birthright for a mess of pottage, Judas 莎士比亚： 莎士比亚：Shylock, much ado about nothing 英美其他作品中的人物、故事: 英美其他作品中的人物、故事: man Friday, Utopia 其他国家的名著: 其他国家的名著: Don Quixote, Mephistopheles (Faust中的魔鬼) (Faust中的魔鬼) 中的魔鬼 历史人物、事件（ Antanomasia） 历史人物、事件（同Antanomasia）
Helen of Troy
BLOW HOT AND COLD Change one's mind, vacillate Jean's been blowing hot and cold about taking a winter vacation. from Aesop's fable about a man eating with a satyr on a winter day. At first the man blew on his hands to warm them and then blew on his soup to cool it. The satyr renounced the man's friendship because he blew hot and cold out of the same mouth. repeated by many writers, most often signifying a person who could not be relied on.
SEMANTIC
FIGURES OF SPEECH (1)
Allusion
ALLUSION
A reference to a familiar literary or historical person or event, used to make an idea more easily understood. It is left to the reader or hearer to make the connection. describing someone as a "Romeo" -- Romeo and Juliet. She was another Helen. -- Helen of Troy.
PROCRUSTEAN BED
人造尺度， 人造尺度，逼人就范 After Procrustes , a mythical Greek giant who stretched or shortened captives to make them fit his