翻译基本概念

Basic conceptsFill in the blanks with appropriate words. (10%)1. ADAPTATIONA TT where many textual modifications have been made, including modifications for a different audience. Adaptation involves modifying a cultural reference for the TT readership.2. BACK-TRANSLATIONA WORD-FOR-WORD translation of a TT back into the SL, often retaining the structure of the TT. This can be used to explain the translation PROCESS for an audience that does not understand the TL.3. CATEGORY SHIFTA translation at a different RANK in the TT (e.g. ST word by TT group).4. COMPENSATIONAn ADJUSTMENT technique resorted to with the COMPENSATION aim of making up for the LOSS of important ST features in translation with a gain at the same or other points in the TT.5. DYNAMIC EQUIVALENCEA translation which preserves the effect the ST had on its readers and which tries to elicit a similar response from the target reader.6. FAITHFUL(NESS), FIDELITYA general term, now less used in translation theory, which describes the close mirroring of ST sense by the TT.7. IDEOLOGYA body of ideas that reflects the beliefs and interests of an individual, a group of individuals, a societal institution, etc., and that ultimately finds expression in language. See DISCOURSE.8. INTERTEXTUALITYA precondition for the intelligibility of texts, involving the dependence of one text upon another. Horizontal intertexuality involves direct reference to another text. Vertical intertexuality is more an allusion and can refer to a mode of writing, a STYLE, etc.9. INTERSEMIOTIC TRANSLATIONTranslation between the written word and another medium (e.g. music, art, photography).10. INTRALINGUAL TRANSLATIONTranslation within the same language (e.g. paraphrase or rewording).11. INVISIBILITYA term used by Venuti (1995) to describe translations which tend to be heavily domesticated (i.e. which conform to the expected linguistic and cultural patterns of the target culture).12. LITERAL TRANSLATIONA rendering which preserves surface aspects of the message both semantically and syntactically, adhering closely to ST mode of expression.13. LOCALIZATIONA term in commercial translation referring to making a product linguistically and culturally appropriate to the target country and language.14. RE-WRITINGMetalinguistic processes, including translation, which can be said to reinterpret, alter or generally manipulate text to serve a variety of ideological motives.15. SEMANTIC TRANSLATIONOne of two types of translation described by Newmark, the other being communicative translation. Semantic translation attempts to reproduce ST FORM and sense as precisely as possible while complying with the formal requirements of the TL.16. SHIFTA shift is said to occur if a ST element is rendered by a TL element that is different from the expected TL CORRESPONDENT. Shifts can occur at all levels, including TEXT, GENRE and DISCOURSE.17. TERTIUM COMPARATIONISA non-linguistic, intermediate form of the meaning of a ST and TT used for evaluation of sense TRANSFER.18. TRANSLATION MEMORY TOOLComputerized software which stores previous translations and assists in recycling them to achieve consistency and speed.19. TRANSLITERATIONThe letter-by-letter rendering of a SL name or word in the TL when the two languages have distinct scripts (e.g. Russian and English).20. The term “cultural turn” was first adopted by Andre Lefevere and refers to a shift that occurred in the field of translation studies around the 1980s. In this perspective, translation was no longer thought of as a linguistic activity that was done in isolation, but as the product of a broader cultural context that encompassed plural belief systems. Translation needs to be studied in connection with power and patronage, ideology and poetics, with emphasis on the various attempts to shore up or undermine an existing ideology or an existing poetics.21. The three criteria proposed by Yan Fu for translation are “faithfulness, expressiveness/fluency, elegance/taste（信、达、雅)”.22. To overcome the sterile triadic translation model of literalism, paraphrase and free imitation（直译、释译、仿译）, Steiner defines translation as a hermeneutic activity that consists of four parts: trust, aggression, embodiment and restitution(信任、侵入、吸收、补偿).23. Domestication means bringing the foreign culture closely to the reader in the target culture, making the text recognizable and familiar. It is a strategy in which a transparent, fluent style is adopted in order to minimize the strangeness of the foreign text for target language readers.24. Foreignization means taking the reader over to the foreign culture, and making him or her see the differences. The foreignizing method is a non-fluent or estranging translation style designed to make visible the presence of the translator by highlighting the foreign identity of the ST and protecting it from the ideological dominance of the target culture.25. Interpretation of a verbal sign according to Roman Jakobson can happen in three ways: intralingual, interlingual and intersemiotic.You may have use for the following words or idioms:ChargeThe deceasedCompanygreenambitiousturn up one’s nose atfish in troubled watersa good sword never gets dullto cut the feet to fit the shoesblow at the hair to look for a moteput fine timber to petty usemake a mountain out of a molehillgo through fire and waterSwallow the insultcastle in the airone’s hair stand on endnot harm a hair on one’s headneither fish nor fowlfish in the airlive under one’s roofmake someone turn in his graveput someone in sb’s shoesadd insult to injurySENTENCE EXERCISES 1-5Translate the following sentences into Chinese. (20%) Translate the following sentences into English. (20%)Translate the following passage into Chinese (30%) Passage APassage BTranslate the following passage into English (20%)。