2017年北京林业大学风景园林硕士专业学位考研专业课考研备考历年真题考研经验

剖面图 1:300 两张 简要设计说明 （北京大学考研专业课复习规划指导考研辅导咨询电话 一三六/四一二三/一四九六） 北林风景园林硕士考研专业课备考笔记 一.中国园林的生成期— 先秦、两汉（公元 11 世纪－220 年） 古典园林的起源
最早建于史籍记载的园林形式是“囿”，园林里面的主要构筑物是“台”。中国古典园 林产生于囿与台的结合，时间在公元前 11 世纪，也就是奴隶社会后期的殷末周初。 “囿”为狩猎之用，“台”为通神之用，所以，狩猎和通神是中国古典园林最早具备的 两个功能。 精神因素：天人合一思想，君子比德思想与神仙思想。 早期的皇家园林 有信史可证的最早的皇家园林是商的末代帝王殷纣王所建的“沙丘苑台”和周的开国 帝王周文王所建的“灵囿”，“灵台”与“灵沼”。 秦代宫（前 221-前 207）苑：公元前 221 年统一中国后，中央集权建立，秦代 12 年中 建离宫五，六百处，仅咸阳附近就有 200 余处。 西汉宫殿
• 上林苑 • 未央宫 • 建章宫 • 甘泉宫 中国园林的传统手法 “一池三山”的形成 ——从昆仑神话到神仙思想（秋访秦皇汉武求仙之道） 一.昆仑神话（神山信仰） 《山海经·海内西经》：海内昆仑之虚，在西北，帝之下都，昆仑之虚，方八百里，高 万仞，……百神之所在。在八隅之岩，赤水之际。 《山海经·大荒西经》：有大山，名曰昆仑之丘，其下有弱水之渊环之。（风景园林手 绘辅导课程咨询可加叩叩贰肆伍久六贰二肆七七）。 一.昆仑神话（神木信仰）
Mostly, occasionally, currently, naturally, mainly, exactly, evidently, frankly, commonly, for this purpose, to a large extent, for most of us, in many cases, in this case, 表空间 near to far from in the front of beside behind to the right to the left on the other side of 表举例 for example to name a few, say , such as 表递进 in addition furthermore what’s more what’s worse 表对比 whereas while as opposed to by contrast by comparison 表示时间与频率的词汇:in general, every, some, after, on the whole, usually, most, at other times, in most cases, frequently, main, finally, as a rule, rarely, before, meanwhile. 表示附加的词:additionally, as well as, just as, again, along with, also, further, furthermore, likewise, in the same manner, in the same way, in addition to,
北京林业大学风景园林硕士考研历年真题 城市与绿地规划系统 一、 填空 二、 名词解释 三、 简答题 简述生产绿地建设 四、 论述题 简述“田园城市”特点及意义。 植物学部分 一、 填空 二、 名词解释 宿根花卉 三、 简答题 简述树木配置原则 四、 绘图题 校园绿地植物配置设计 要求：平面图 1:300 标出树种的中文名称及冠幅
《山海经·海内西经》：昆仑之虚，方八百里，高万仞。上有木禾，长五寻，大五围。 《山海经·地形训》：上有木禾，其修五寻，珠树、玉树、璇树、不死树在其西。…… 绛树在其南，碧树、瑶树在其北。 ……建木在都广，众帝所自上下。 二.从昆仑神话到神仙思想 战国（BC475-BC221）之后，昆仑神话随着东西联系的显著增多而在中原各国流传开来。 西方的昆仑神话传到东方后，东方人根据自己的地理环境加以利用和改造，创立了另 一神话系统——蓬莱神话。 昆仑神话与蓬莱神话的区别在于山与海的区别。 三.神仙思想与蓬莱神话 《史记·封禅书》：自（齐）威、宣、燕昭使人入海求蓬莱、方丈、瀛洲。此三神山， 其传在勃海中，去人不远，……诸仙人及不死之药皆在焉 四.秦皇、汉武的求神与 “一池三山”园林形式的确立 秦始皇与汉武帝曾多次东临大海，大规模遣船入海去蓬莱求仙药，并派专人守候在海 边以望蓬莱之气。当然，结果不言而喻。 经过秦始皇时代与汉武帝时代的发展，蓬莱神话种于确立了它在中国园林中的不可取 代的位置，亦即形成了“一池三山”的固定模式。并对我国园林与日本造园产生了巨 大的影响。 五.中国园林中的“一池三山”形式 《世纪·秦始皇本纪》：始皇都长安，引渭水为池，筑为蓬、瀛。 《汉书·郊祀志下》（建章宫未央殿）其北治大池，渐台高二十余丈，名曰泰液，池中 有蓬莱、方丈、瀛洲、壶梁，象海中神山龟鱼之属。 建章宫苑 建于公元前 2 世纪，位于陕西西安。
2.游赏活动开始成为主导甚至唯一的功能。 3.私家园林出现。 4.皇家园林的建设纳入都城的总体规划之中。 5.建筑与其它自然诸要素取得了较为密切的协调关系。 三.园林的全盛期—隋唐（589-960） 1.皇家园林 大内御苑：西苑、禁苑、大明宫、兴庆宫 离宫御苑：华清宫 行宫御苑：九成宫 行宫御苑兼具公共游览：曲江 2.私家园林 城市私园 郊野别墅园（辋川别业） 文人园林的萌芽 3.寺观园林 慈恩寺 隋唐园林小结 1.皇家园林规模宏大，总体布局与局部设计达到一定水平。 2.私家园林艺术水平有所提高，重视局部与小品。 3.宗教世俗化导致寺观园林的普及。 4.山水画、山水诗文与山水园林相互渗透。 园林的成熟前期—宋、元、明、清初（960-1736 年）
a few days eventually at that time in the meantime meanwhile afterward from then on 表顺序 first, second, third, then, finally, to begin with, first of all, in the first place, last, next, above all, last but not the least, first and most important. 表可能 presumably, probably, perhaps. 表解释 in other words, in fact, as a matter of fact, that is, namely, in simpler terms. 表递进 What is more, in addition, and, besides, also, furthermore, too, moreover, furthermore, as well as, additionally, again. 表让步 although, after all, in spite of..., despite, even if, even though, though, admittedly, whatever may happen. 表转折 however, rather than, instead of, but, yet, on the other hand, unfortunately. whereas 表原因 for this reason, due to, thanks to, because, because of, as, since, owing to. 表结果 as a result, thus, hence, so, therefore, accordingly, consequently, as consequence. 表总结 on the whole, in conclusion, in a word, to sum up, in brief, in summary, to conclude, to summarize, in s列
英语连接词
连接词的意义分类 表递进 moreover, in addition, what is more，furthermore, also, then, besides, etc. 表转折 however, nevertheless, on the other hand, on the contrary, etc. 表层次 on the one hand, ... on the other hand; first, ... second, ... finally; 表强调 firstly, ... secondly, ... finally ...; first, ... then ... etc. 表强调 in fact, indeed, actually, as a matter of fact, obviously, apparently, 表结果 evidently, first of all, undoubtedly, without any shadow of doubt, etc. 表结尾 therefore, as a result, then, consequently, accordingly, thus, etc. 表例举 in a word, in conclusion, therefore, in short, to sum up, etc. 表强调 still, Indeed, apparently, oddly enough, of course, after all, significantly, interestingly, also, above all, surely, certainly, undoubtedly, in any case, anyway, above all, in fact, especially. Obviously, clearly. 表比较 like, similarly, likewise, in the same way, in the same manner, equally. 表对比 by contrast, on the contrary, while, whereas, on the other hand, unlike, instead, but, conversely, different from, however, nevertheless, otherwise, whereas, unlike, yet, in contrast. 表列举 for example, for instance, such as, take ...for example. Except (for), to illustrate. 表时间 later, next, then, finally, at last, eventually, meanwhile, from now on, at the same time, for the time being, in the end, immediately, in the meantime, in the meanwhile, recently, soon, now and then, during, nowadays, since, lately, as soon as, afterwards, temporarily, earlier, now, after a while. first after