专业英语阅读(国贸专业)课程作业(A)
《国贸专业英语》第9章资料
Unit 9Insurance for Goods in Transit货物运输保险Is marine insurance(海上保险)only provided for ocean transport? Read the following article and you will know more about insurance for goods in transit.海上保险是否仅仅为海洋运输提供服务?阅读下文，你将会对运输物资保险有更多的了解。
Key terms : marine insurance 海上保险insurance interest 可保利益total loss 全损general average 共同海损1.The insurance that covers losses of goods in transit is always called marine insurance（海上保险）, even thoughocean transport may not be involved in the matter at all . 为货物在运输过程中所受损失提供保障的保险一般称为海上保险，甚至货物不在海上进行运输。
Marine insurance is a contract（合同）whereby（凭那个）an insurer（保险人）indemnifies（赔偿）the insured(被保险人) against losses incident(伴随而来的) to transportation.海上保险是一种合同，通过该合同，保险人对运输过程中的损失对被保险人进行赔偿。
2. Originally marine insurance was provided only for transport and consequently the name was adopted（采用）. 起初，海上保险仅仅为海上运输所提供，后来这个名字沿用了下来。
国贸课后习题答案
Chapter 03Why Everybody Trades: Comparative AdvantageOverviewThis chapter extends the analysis of international trade to consider trade in a multiple-product economy. An economy composed of two products is useful to bring out insights about international trade. This general equilibrium approach explicitly shows the effects of resource reallocations between industries. The chapter culminates in showing the importance of comparative advantage for understanding why countries trade.The story begins with Adam Smith and absolute advantage. (A box on mercantilism summarizes the view that Smith opposed and shows how mercantilist thinking continues today.) The analysis focuses on the productivity of labor (output per hour) in producing each of two products (wheat and cloth) in two countries (the United States and the rest of the world). Smith examined the case of absolute advantage, in which labor productivity in producing one product is higher in one country and labor productivity in producing the other product is higher in the other country. With no trade each country must produce both products to meet national demands. The discussion of the Smith case focuses on the increase in global production efficiency achieved by shifting production in each country toward the product in which it has the higher labor productivity. National demands can be met by international trade—apparently excess supplies can be exported and apparently excess demands can be met by imports. The increase in total world production is the evidence of gains from international trade.Smith's approach does not indicate what would happen if the same country has absolute advantage in both products. Ricardo took up this case and demonstrated the principle of comparative advantage—a country will export products that it can produce at low opportunity cost and import products that it would otherwise produce at high opportunity cost. The Ricardian example is developed in more detail. The ratio of resource costs (or labor hour input-output coefficients, the inverse of labor productivities) indicates the opportunity costs or relative prices of the products in each country with no trade. The difference in prices with no trade sets up the opportunity for arbitrage, with each good being exported from the initially low-price country and imported by the initially high-price country. The shift to a free trade equilibrium results in an equilibrium international price. Without information on demand, we cannot say exactly what this price will be, but we do know that it is in the range bordered by the two no-trade price ratios.The chapter uses the Ricardian example to introduce a key analytical device—the production possibility curve, which shows all combinations of outputs of different goods that an economy can produce with full employment of resources and maximum productivity. The resource costs of producing each product in the country and the total amount of labor hours available in the country are used to graph the country's production possibility curve, a straight line whose slope equals the (negative of the) extra (or marginal) cost of additional cloth. The straight line indicates that the marginal or opportunity cost of each good in each country is constant, following Ricardo's assumptions. The slope of this line also indicates the relative price of cloth (the good on the x-axis) with no trade.If free trade results in an equilibrium international price ratio that is strictly between the two no-trade price ratios (because both countries are "large countries"), then each country specializes completely in producing only the good in which it has the comparative advantage. Each trades at the equilibrium international price ratio (along a trade line or price line) to reach its consumption point. Both countries gain from trade. Each is able to consume more of both goods than it consumed with no trade.TipsThis chapter begins the full sweep of the development of thinking about comparative advantage as an explanation of the pattern of trade, starting with absolute advantage, and continuing with comparative advantage according to Ricardo. Most instructors will want to emphasize the continuity of thinking by tying this chapter closely to Chapter 4, which presents Heckscher and Ohlin's insight that comparative advantage can be based on differences in factor proportions and factor endowments. We have divided the discussion of comparative advantage into these two chapters (3 and 4), because students (especially students who find this conceptual material challenging to master) are likely to appreciate that the reading comes in more manageable sizes. This chapter has the first of a series of boxes that “Focus on Labor.” Issues of wages and work conditions are prominent in criticisms of globalization. These boxes should be of major interest to many students, as they take up these issues. The box in this chapter examines the link between (real) wages and productivity. It argues that wages in developing countries are low because labor productivity is low. This is not caused by international trade or foreign exploitation—wages will be low with or without trade. The key to raising wages and living standards is raising productivity, perhaps through education, better health, and better government policies toward labor markets. Problem 9 at the end of the chapter focuses on the calculation of real wages in a Ricardian example.Suggested answers to questions and problems(in the textbook)2. Agree. Imports permit the country to consume more (or do more capital investment usingimported capital goods). Anything that is exported is not available for domesticconsumption (or capital investment). Although this loss is bad, exports are like anecessary evil because exports are how the country pays for the imports that it wants.4. If the countries trade with each other at the relative price of 1 W/C, then shifting only halfway to complete specialization in production would be worse for each country thanshifting to complete specialization. If the United States shifted only half way, then itsnew “trade line” would be parallel to the trade l ine shown in Figure 3.1, and it would start from the point on the ppc that is half way between S0 and S1. While this new trade line would allow the United States to consume at a point that had more consumption than atthe initial S0, the United States could do even better by shifting production all the way to points S1 and consuming along the trade line shown in Figure 3.1. Consuming at a point like C would have even more consumption than consumin g at a point on the new “half-way” trade line. Essentially the same reasoning can be used for the rest of the world, fora new trade line that is parallel to the rest of the world’s trade line shown in Figure 3.1,but that begins at a point on the rest of the world’s ppc that is half way between S0 and S1.6. Using the information on the number of labor hours to make a unit of each product ineach country, you can determine the relative price of cloth in each country with no trade.With no trade, the relative price of cloth is 2 W/C (= 4/2) in the United States, and it is0.4 W/C (= 1/2.5) in the rest of the world. With free trade the equilibrium world priceof cloth must be in the range bounded by these two no-trade prices. So, yes, it ispossible that the free-trade equilibrium relative price of cloth is 1.5 W/C (1.5 is greaterthan 0.4, and less than 2).8. a. M oonited Republic has an absolute advantage in wine—it takes fewer labor hours toproduce a bottle (10<15). Moonited Republic also has an absolute advantage in producing cheese—it takes fewer labor hours to produce a kilo (4<10).b. Moonited Republic has a comparative advantage in cheese. The opportunity cost ofproducing a kilogram of cheese is 0.4 (= 4/10) bottles of wine in Moonited Republic,while the opportunity of a kilo of cheese in Vintland is 0.67 (= 10/15) bottles. Vintlandhas a comparative advantage in wine. The opportunity cost of a bottle of wine is 1.5 kilos of cheese in Vintland, while it is 2.5 kilos in Moonited Republic.c. 1.5312WineVintland N VCheese Wine 20.835N M Cheese Moonited Republicd. When trade is opened, Moonited Republic exports cheese and Vintland exports wine.If the equilibrium free trade price ratio is 1/2 bottle per kilo, Moonited Republic willspecialize completely in producing cheese, and Vintland will specialize completely inproducing wine.e. With free trade Moonited Republic produces 5 (=20/4) million kilos of cheese. If itexports 2 million kilos, then it consumes 3 million kilos. It consumes the 1 million bottles of wine that it imports. With free trade Vintland produces 2 (=30/15) million bottles of wine. If it exports 1 million bottles, then it consumes 1 million bottles. It consumes the 2 million kilos of cheese that it imports.2Wine Cheese Wine2Cheesef. Each country gains from trade. Each is able to consume combined quantities of wine andcheese that are beyond its ability to produce domestically. The free trade consumptionpoint is outside of the production possibility curve.10. If the number of labor hours to make a bushel of wheat is reduced by half to 1 hour, thisreinforces the U.S. comparative advantage in wheat. (In fact, the United States then hasan absolute advantage in wheat.) The United States is still predicted to export wheat and import cloth. If, instead, the number of hours to make a yard of cloth is reduced by half to2 hours, this reduces the U.S. absolute disadvantage in cloth, but it does not change thepattern of comparative advantage. The relative price of cloth is now 1 (=2/2) bushel peryard in the United States with no trade, but this is still higher than the price of 0.67 bushel per yard in the rest of the world. The United States still has a comparative advantage inwheat, so the United States is still predicted to export wheat and import cloth.。
专业英语阅读(国贸专业)课程作业(A)
专业英语阅读（国贸专业）课程作业（A）浙江外国语学院国际工商管理学院教师刘钢I. Translate the following economic terms.（2×10=20 points）（i）From English into Chinese：1. credit crunch 信贷危机2. liquidity 流动性3. junk bond 垃圾债券4. laissez-faire 自由放任5. convertible currency 可兑换货币（ii）From Chinese into English：6. 外国直接投资 foreigh direct investment7. 资产负债表balance sheet8. 微型萧条mini-depression9. 要素禀赋fact endowment10. 自愿出口限制VERs(Voluntary Export Restraints)Ⅱ. Fill in each of the following 10 blanks with an appropriate word（Choose 10 words from theInternational trade is often explained by the theory of comparative advantage, also called the comparative cost theory. This (1)_ theory was developed by David Ricardo, John Stuart Mill, and (2) other _ economists in the nineteenth century. The theory (3)_ emphasizes that different countries or regions have different (4) absolute _ possibilities. A tropical climate is better suited for growing bananas (5) than _ a cold one. A country like Norway could produce bananas in hot houses, (6) but _ it is cheaper for Norway to (7)import_ bananas than to produce them. Thus, climate establishes a trade pattern between a northern and a southern country. In other cases the availability of natural resources may be a trade factor.The theory of comparative cost points out that trade between countries can be (8) profitable _ for all, even if one of the countries can produce every commodity more cheaply. As long as there are minor, relative differences in the (9)efficiency_ of producing a commodity, even the poor country can (10)have_ a comparative advantage in producing it.III. Mark the following 20 statements T (True ) or F (False ) according to the information provided in the given text.（2×20=40 points）The development of modem nationalism during the 16th century shifted attention to the problem of increasingthe wealth and power of the various nation-states. The economic policy of the leaders of that time, known as mercantilism, sought to encourage national self-sufficiency. The heyday (兴盛期) of the mercantilist school (学派) in England and Western Europe occurred during the 16th through the early 18th centuries.Mercantilists valued gold and silver as an index of national power. Without the gold and silver mines in the New World from which Spain drew its riches, a nation could accumulate these precious metals only by selling more merchandise to foreigners than it bought from them. This favorable balance of trade necessarily compelled foreigners to cover their deficits by shipping gold and silver.Mercantilists took for granted that their own country was either at war with its neighbors, recovering from a recent conflict, or getting ready to plunge into a new war. With gold and silver, a ruler could hire mercenaries (唯利是图的人) to fight, a practice followed by King George III of the United Kingdom of Great Britain when he used Hessian troops during the American Revolution. As needed, the monarch (君主) could also buy weapons, uniforms, and food to supply the soldiers and sailors.Mercantilist preoccupation with precious metals also inspired several domestic policies.It was vital for anation to keep wages low and the population large and growing. A large, ill-paid population produced more goods to be sold at low prices to foreigners. Ordinary men and women were encouraged to work hard and avoid suchextravagances (奢侈品) as tea, gin（杜松子酒）, ribbons（缎带）, and silks. It also followed that the earlier thatchildren began to work, the better it was for their country's prosperity.One mercantilist writer had a plan for children of the poor: "When these children are four years old, they shall be sent to the county workhouse and theretaught to read two hours a day and be kept fully employed the rest of the time in any of the manufactures of thehouse which best suits their age, strength, and capacity."As a coherent economic theory, classical economics starts with Smith, continues with the British economistsThomas Robert Malthus and David Ricardo, and culminates in (告终于) the synthesis of John Stuart Mill, who asa young man was a follower of Ricardo. Although differences of opinions were numerous among the classical economists in the three-quarters of a century between Smith's Wealth of Nations and Mill's Principles of PoliticalEconomy (1848), members of the group agreed on major principles. All believed in private property, free markets,and, in Mill's words, that "only through the principle of competition has political economy any pretension (借口, 托词) to the character of a science." They shared Smith's strong suspicion of government and his ardent (坚定的) confidence in the power of self-interest represented by his famous "invisible hand," which reconciled (, 使一致) public benefit with individual pursuit of private gain.From Ricardo, classicists derived () the notion of diminishing returns, which held that as more labor and capital were applied to land, the increase in yields steadilydiminished.Through Smith's emphasis on consumption, rather than on production, the scope of economics was considerably broadened. Smith was optimistic about the chances of improving general standards of life. He called attention to the importance of permitting individuals to follow their self-interest as a means of promoting national prosperity.Malthus, on the other hand, in his enormously influential book An Essay on the Principle of Population(1798), imparted (给予) a tone of gloom to classical economics, arguing that hopes for prosperity were fated to founder (, ) on the rock of excessive population growth. Food, he believed, would increase in arithmetic ratio (2-4-6-8-10 and so on), but population tended to double in each generation (2-4-8-16-32 and so on) unless that doubling was checked either by nature or human prudence (谨慎). According to Malthus, nature's check was "positive": "The power of population is so superior to the power of the earth to produce subsistence (口粮, 给养) for man that premature (过早的) death must occur in some shapes." The shapes it took included war, epidemics, pestilence (恶性传染病) and plague (瘟疫), human vices (人类罪恶), and famine (饥荒), all combining to level (使相等) the world's population with the world's food supply.Mill's Principles of Political Economy was the leading text on the subject until the end of the 19th century.Although Mill accepted the major theories of his classical predecessors, he held out more hope than did Ricardoand Malthus that the working class could be educated into rational limitation of their own numbers. Mill was also a reformer who was quite willing to tax inheritances (遗产) heavily and even to allow government a larger role in protecting children and workers. He was far more critical than other classical economists of business behavior and favored worker ownership of factories. Mill thus represents a bridge between classical laissez-faire economics and an emerging welfare state.T 1. The economic policy executed in England and Western Europe during the 16th through the early 18th centuries is known as mercantilism.T 2. Mercantilists regarded gold and silver as an index of national power.T 3. Mercantilists argued that a nation without the gold and silver mines could accumulate these precious metals only by selling more merchandise to foreigners and buying less from them.F 4. Mercantilists kept their own country from any war with other countries.F 5. Mercantilism had little influence on domestic policies.F 6. Mercantilists opposed to hiring children to work.F 7. Mercantilists paid much attention to common people’s living standard.T 8. All classical economists agreed on major principles shown in both Smith's Wealth of Nations and Mill's Principles of Political Economy.F 9. John Stuart Mill was not a classical economist.F 10. Thomas Robert Malthus finished the synthesis of classical economics.T 11. Classical economists agreed to Smith's strong suspicion of government and his ardent confidence in "invisible hand".F 12. The notion of diminishing returns was derived by Smith.F 13. Smith opposed to permitting individuals to follow their self-interest.T14. An Essay on the Principle of Population argued that hopes for prosperity would become impossible because of excessive population growth.T 15. Malthus believed food increased much slowly than population did.F 16. Malthus’s An Essay on the Principle of Population fully supported classical economics.F 17.Ricardo and Malthus argued that the working class could be educated into rational limitation of their own numbers.T 18. Mill favored worker ownership of factories.T 19. Mill thus represents a bridge between free economy and an emerging welfare state.T 20. The above text is mainly about the points of view of Mercantilists and classical economists.IV. Read the following two texts and answer each of the following questions by choosing the right answer from the four given choices marked with A、B、C and D.（2×10=20 points）Agricultural reform in the early years led to substantial growth in grain output and, around the mid 1980s, China for the first time in its socialist history was able to feed its population from its own resources at reasonably high levels of consumption. China has about 21 per cent of the world's population but only 10 percent of the world's arable (可耕种的) land. As China continues its trade liberalization, industrialization and rapid growth, the volume of its net grain imports will rise significantly. Changes throughout the 1990s confirmed these trends.A 1. Agricultural reform in China from the 1980s to 1990s was very important mainly because ___. A. China has a large population but limited arable land. B. China's net grain import is increasing.C. China has a higher level of consumption of goods.D. agricultural reform is more important than other reforms.It has been argued that a problem of food supply is posed by the liberalization of the agricultural sector in China. One response has been to say that China will feed itself through domestic production and trade. From this perspective, China has strong interests in seeing developed economies dealing with sensitive economic sectors. Another response has been that China can feed itself through the exchange of 'food for food'. A strong export growth of food products in China has been observed, and may be consistent with China's comparative advantage within the agricultural sector.D 2. "The problem of food supply is posed by the liberalization of the agricultural sector in China, " (paragraph 2 line l ) What does the word "posed" mean? A. affected B. made C. solved D. createdA shift in the focus of policy towards the efficiency objective might therefore lead to the growth of exports of some foods as well as imports of others. Cooperation with industrialized economies may be in the form of technology transfers and mobilization of funding for rural infrastructure development. All of these developments would facilitate a reorientation to exports or competition with imported products in the food sector in China.Chinese policymakers face a turning point in managing agricultural policy. Reforms and structural adjustments within the Chinese economy have pushed domestic prices of major grain products above the international counterparts (对应物) since 1994. Continued liberalization of Chinese agriculture is argued as the best policy choice, despite the strong forces for protection within the Chinese political economy. Agricultural protection policy would not only impose a very high cost on the economy but would also fail to achieve some of its policy goals.Researchers completed a joint research project on China's grain marketing system with the University of Adelaide and the Chinese Ministry of Agriculture. The ACIAR-sponsored project produced more than a hundred research papers, several books and two international workshops. The research findings were well received by the Chinese senior officials and international scholars.A 3. From the text we know that ____.A. the change of China's agricultural policy may lead to the increase in export and import of agricultural productsB. China will never be able to feed itself through domestic production and tradeC. China should not cooperate with developed countries in agricultureD. China will have a strong net export growth of food productsD 4. Which of the following is NOT the reason for the liberalization of Chinese agriculture ?A. Agricultural protection policy would impose a high cost on the economy.B. Agricultural protection could not achieve the economic objectives.C. The liberalization of Chinese agriculture is argued as the best policy.D. A joint research project has produced many research findings.5. The above text is mainly about ____.A. China's food export and importB. China's problem of food supplyC. China's agricultural reform and food policyD. China's agricultural protection and liberalizationHow can more "Made in the U.S.A.' goods get into store shelves in China? Under current trade restrictions, imports from the United States have barely flowed into that nation. However, imports will flood in, if China, the largest emerging market in Asia, joins the World Trade Organization. Although U.S. exports to China have increased over the past decade, the yearly total is still only about $ 12 billion, a tiny piece of all U.S. exports. Meanwhile, the United States has been a very good market for China' s goods: U.S. imports about $ 50 billion worth of goods from China every year, up from roughly 8-10 billion worth of yearly imports just a decade ago.D 6. How can more "Made in the U.S.A.' goods enter into China?A. To make China economy stronger.B. To ask China to import less from other countries.C. To improve the relationship between China and U.S.A.D. To let China join the World Trade Organization.B 7. According to above text, the yearly U.S. export to China was _ _.A. about $ 50 billionsB. about $12 billionsC. $8-10 billionD. a large part of all U.S. exports.If China joins the WTO, the level of U.S. exports to China will skyrocket because high tariffs and various other trade restrictions will be removed. Today tariffs on imports into China range as high as 120 percent. As part of its bid for WTO membership, China has agreed to cut the average tariff rate to 15 percent by the year 2000. In addition, WTO membership would put trade with China under a more standardized legal framework, giving exporters and importers alike more consistent treatment.A8. China has agreed to cut the average tariff rate to 15 percent by the year 2000 ____.A. To get WTO membershipB. To improve the relationship between China and U.S.A.C. To balance its foreign tradeD. To buy more from other countries excerpt U.S.A.Another benefit of China's proposed WTO membership is that U.S. companies would within a few years be allowed to deal directly with Chinese companies instead of going through a trading company. Just as important, U.S. manufacturers would finally be able to market directly to Chinese consumers. Such an import-friendly environment would be bound to open new trade opportunities for U.S. businesses — which is why many U.S. officials favor WTO membership for China.C.9. If China obtains WTO membership, China will trade with other countries ____.A. with more different treatmentsB. on the basis of zero-sum gameC. under a more standardized legal frameworkD. with a slight increase in its total trade volumeC 10. The above text is mainly about ____.A. United States has been a very good market for China' s goodsB. U.S. exports to China have increased over the past decadeC. China's WTO membership will benefit U.S. businessesD. China wants to get WTO membership（标准答题纸在下页！）专业英语阅读（国贸专业）课程作业（A）答题纸班级：姓名：学号：成绩：I. Translate the following economic terms.（2×10=20 points）（i）From English into Chinese：1.2.3.4.5.（ii）From Chinese into English：6.7.8.9.10.Ⅱ. Fill in each of the following 10 blanks with an appropriate word（Choose 10 words from the given 12 words in the box, but each word can be used only once.）(2×10=20 points)1. 2. 3. 4. 5.6. 7. 8. 9. 10.III. Mark the following 20 statements T (True ) or F (False ) according to the information provided in the text.（2×20=40 points）1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.IV. Read the following two texts and answer each question by choosing the right answer from the four given choices marked with A、B、C and D.（2×10=20 points）1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.。
2023年自考专业(国贸)《国际商务英语》考试历年真题摘选附带答案
2023年自考专业(国贸)《国际商务英语》考试历年真题摘选附带答案第1卷一.全考点综合测验(共20题)1.【单选题】We take the liberty____writing to you with a hope to get your best offers for Chinese bicycles.A.toB. inC.ofD.with2.【单选题】The letter we sent last week is an enquiry _______ color TV sets.A.aboutB. forC.ofD.as3.【单选题】Please see to it that the goods we ordered are shipped as soon as the covering letter of credit ______ you.A.getsesC.arrivesD. reaches4.【单选题】We agree to the amendments to the contract _____requested in your letter of May5.A.asB.likeC. to beD. when5.【单选题】Our bank offers minimum interest ______ for seller financing and for loans of cash.A.levelsB.ratesC.basesD.percentage6.【单选题】We regret the need for you to write to us and hope the steps we are taking____the safe arrival of all your orders in the future.A.insureB. assureC.sureD.ensure7.【单选题】On receipt of your instruction, we shall carry out this order ______.A.in returnB.without least delayC.with least delayD.without delays8.【单选题】The importer will go to the wharf and____delivery of the goods.A.makeB.effectC.fulfillD.take9.【单选题】After unpacking the case we found the goods did not____with the original sample.pareB. matchC.agreeD.measure10.【单选题】____shipment, please amend the L/C to allow transshipment.A.RegardingB.CoveringC.ConcerningD. Referring11.【单选题】We cannot accept any fresh orders _______ heavy commitments.A.due toB.owing toC.becauseD.on account of12.【单选题】Because there is no direct steamer from here to your port, we suggest that you____trans-shipment at Hong Kong.A.may acceptB.acceptC.must acceptD. can accept13.【单选题】Many international companies produce a large number of products, often divided into product________.A.categoriesB.mixC.brandsD.lines14.【单选题】We would like to take this ______ to establish business relations with you.A.openingB.opportunityC. stepD.advantage15.【单选题】We have received your enquiry of October 15_____we learn that you are interested in our Sewing Machines.A.from whichB.in whichC. whichD.at which16.【单选题】______our catalogues for your reference.A.EnclosingB. Please find encloseC.Enclosed please findD.Enclosure17.【单选题】No discount will be allowed ____ you could place an order for more than 5,000pcs.A.untilB. exceptC.besidesD.unless18.【单选题】The credit of letter will be confirmed by the Bank of China, Shanghai, that will _______your draft on the documents at sight for the amount of your invoice.A. acceptB.pay forC. receiveD.obtain19.【单选题】To comply with your request, we are quoting you _____.A.as followingB.as followC. as followsD.follow20.【单选题】As we are ____ the market for Table cloth, we should be glad if you would send us your best quotation。
英语精读一(国贸本)期末A卷
英语精读第1 学期Words:10%1.混合物2.听众3.领导者4.宗教5.个别的1.The parents were ________ by the child’s dangerous act.2.During the meal he kept ________ at the door, obviously expecting someone towalk in.3.She ______ for her glasses on the bedside table4.The car ____________into a tree and burst into flames.5.The construction was completed three weeks ahead of __________________.6.We drove as fast as we could, trying to __________ lost time.7.The manager’s _______________ to our plan was encouraging.8.We can’t ________ the possibility that she was murdered by her husband.9.Professor Brown’s books are very ________ and are hard to read.10.Sailors use an ____________ to know in which direction their ship is headed. Reading comprehension 40%Passage oneAs supplier of most of the food we eat and of raw material for many industrial processes, agriculture is clearly an important area of the economy. But the productive performance of agriculture is even more important than this, because in nations where the productivity of farmers is low, most of the working population is needed to raise food and few people are available for production of industrial goods or of other activities required for economic growth. Indeed, one of the factors related most closely to the per capita income of a nation is the number of its population engaged in farming. In the poorest nations of the world, more than half of the population lives on farms. This compares sharply with less than 10 percent in Western Europe and less than 4 percent in the United States. In short, the course of economic development in general depends in a fundamental way on the productive performance of farmers. This performance, in turn, depends on how agriculture is organized and on the economic environment, or market structure, within which it works. In the following pages the performance of American agriculture is examined. It is reasonable to begin with a consideration of its market structure.1. This passage is most probably part of .A) a news item B) an advertisement C) a lecture D) an article2. What is most important to agriculture is .A) its productive performanceB) the per capita income of farmersC) the amount of food it producesD) the production of industrial goods3. The word “this” (line 4) refers to .A) the productivity of farmersB) the provision of food and raw materialsC) the production of investment goodsD) the economy as a whole4. The performance of farmers essentially determines .A) the size of the working populationB) the organization of agricultureC) the market structureD) the general development of economy5. This passage will most probably be followed by a discussion of .A) the market structure of American agricultureB) the structure of American farming populationC) the various functions of American agricultureD) the organization of American agriculturePassage twoIn ancient time the most important examinations were spoken, not written. In the schools of ancient Greece and Rome, testing usually consisted of saying poetry aloud or giving speeches.In the European universities of the Middle Ages, students who were working for advanced degrees had to discuss questions in their field of study with people who had made a special study of the subject. This custom exists today as part of the process of testing students for the doctor’s degree.Generally, however, modern examinations are written. The written examination, where all students are tested on the same questions, was probably not known until the nineteenth century. Perhaps it came into existence with the great increase in population and development of modern industry. A room full of students for a state examination, timed exactly by electric clocks and carefully watched over by managers, resembles a group of workers at an automobile factory. Certainly, during examinations teachers and students are expected to act like machines.One type of test is sometimes called an objective test. It is intended to deal with facts, not personal opinions. To set an objective test the teacher writes a series of questions, each of which has only one correct answer. Along with each question the teacher writes the correct answer and also three statements that look like answers to students who have not learned the material properly.6. In the Middle Ages students .A) took objective tests B) were timed by electric clocksC) specialized in one subject D) seldom took written exams7. Nowadays a student working for the doctor’s degree .A) has to take a kind of oral examinationB) must ask a number of questionsC) has to write a poemD) must take an advanced examination8. According to Paragraph 3 , which of the following is true.A) Written examinations were not heard of before 1900.B) The development of modern industry resulted from the increase in populationC) A group of workers of an automobile factory are taking a written examinationD) Modern examinations are mainly set in written form and taken in a limited amount of time.9. The kind of exam where students must select answers is .A) personal B) spoken C) objective D) written10. It may be concluded that examinations .A) should test only opinions B) have changed since the Middle AgesC) should always be written D) are also given in factoriesPassage threeLong after the 1998 World Cup was won，disappointed fans were still cursing the disputed refereeing（裁判）decisions that denied victory to their team . A researcher was appointed to study the performance of some top referees.The researcher organized an experimental tournament （锦标赛）involving four youth teams . Each match lasted an hour, divided into three periods’of 20 minutes during which different referees were in charge.Observers noted down the referees’errors, of which there were 61 over the tournament. Converted to a standard match of 90 minutes, each referee made almost 23 mistakes, a remarkably high number.The researcher then studied the videotapes to analyse the matches in detail, Surprisingly, he found that errors were more likely when the referees were close to the incident, When the officials got it right, they were, on average, 17 meters away from the action. The average distance in the case of errors was 12 meters. The research shows the optimum（最佳的）distance is about 20 meters.There also seemed to be an optimum speed for errors came when the referees were moving at a speed of about 2 meters per second. The average speed for errors was 4 meters per second.If FIFA , football’s international ruling body , wants to improve the standard of refereeing at the next World Cup , it should encourage referees to keep their eyes on the action from a distance , rather than rushing to keep up with the ball , the researcher argues.He also says that FIFA’s insistence that referees should retire at age 45 may be misguided. If keeping up with the action is not so important, their physical condition is less critical.11. The experiment conducted by the researcher was meant to .A) review the decisions of referees at the 1998 World CupB) analyse the causes of errors made by football refereesC) set a standard for football refereeingD) reexamine the rules for football refereeing12. The number of refereeing errors in the experimental match was .A) slightly above average B) higher than in the 1998 World CupC) quite unexpected D) as high as in a standard match13. The findings of the experiment show that .A) errors are more likely when a referee keeps close to the ballB) the farther the referee is from the incident ,the fewer the errorsC) the more slowly the referee runs, the more likely will errors occurD) errors are less likely when a referee stays in one spot14. The word “officials”(Line 2, para. 4)most probably refers to .A) the researchers involved in the experimentB) the inspectors of the football tournamentC) the referees of the football tournamentD) the observers at the site of the experiment15. What is one of the possible conclusions of the experiment?A) The ideal retirement age of an experienced football referee is 45.B) Age should not be the chief consideration in choosing a football referee.C) A football referee should be as young and energetic as possible.D) An experienced football referee can do well even when in poor physical condition.TranslationChinese to English1.他希望能够给予她比现在更多的帮助。
【免费下载】国贸专业英语课后答案版
国贸专业英语（第二版）课后习题答案II. 1.c 2.g 3.e 4.k 5.a 6.f 7.h 8.b 9.i 10.o 11.L 12.m 13.p 14.q 15.nV. 1.Trading globally gives consumers and countries the opportunity to be exposed to goods and services not available in their own countries.2.International trade allows wealthy countries to use their resources-whether labor ,technology ,or capital-more efficiently.3.Multinational firms, as opposed to local ones ,undertake their business operations on a global basis.4.For recent years ,China has registered fast and sustained growth in foreign trade volumes.5.Given a globalized world market,firms find themselves in fierce competition with domestic and foreign players.II. 1.b 2.d 3.q 4.a 5.g 6.e 7.c 8.m 9.h 10.o 11.l 12.p 13.j 14.k 15.rV. 1.The import policy is directed at the acquisition of capital goods that embody the modern technology needed to develop China’s economy.2.Many economist argue that free trade will enhance the economic growth and increase the living standard.3.International trade continues to be dominated by advanced industrialized countries the trade volume of which accounts for over half of the world’s total.4.Since the implementation of reforms and opening up policy ,especially after its accession to the WTO ,China has achieved remarkable growth in foreign trade.5.Economists have been engaged in the research on the theoretical and practical issues arising from the expansion of international business.II. 1.p 2.g 3.h 4.b 5.e 6.q 7.a 8.i 9.j 10.c 11.n 12.m 13.d 14.l 15.fV. 1.After the Second World War, there emerged various forms of cross business activities such as trade in goods and services, foreign direct investment and technology transfer, etc.2.In the absence of exchange reserves or credit ,or the possibility of negotiating another type of agreement ,the only alternative is barter.3.Before entering into a licensing agreement ,the licensor should have a thorough knowledge of the laws and regulations concerning the intellectual property rights in the licensee’s country.4.Increasingly, firms are obtaining more profits by introducing products in foreign and their domestic markets as they move toward greater globalization of their operations.5.There is no question that high returns on overseas investments are a major motive for multinational companies to engage in foreign direct investment.II. 1.f 2.h 3.a 4.i 5.b 6.g 7.d 8.k 9.n 10.p 11.m 12.o 13.e 14.c 15.qV. 1.Chrysler auto company should declare bankruptcy rather than ask the government for help.2.The project is the key to the factory for its survival and development.3.The agreement can be considered by America a vote of confidence for Russia's economy.4.The surgeon of emergency room was so busy that he had only time to bolt down a sandwich.5.More specifically, they questioned whether the United States really exported capital-intensive items in exchange for labor-intensive products.II. 1.b 2.q 3.h 4.a 5.i 6.c 7.j 8.k 9.f 10.l 11.p 12.m 13.n 14.d 15.eV. 1.For many years there has been an agreement among nations against imposing quotas unilaterally on goods.2.A projective tariff is intended to artificially inflate prices of imports and “project” domestic industries from foreign competition.ernment procurement policies are also trade barriers because they usually favor domestic manufactures and severely restrict purchases of imported goods by government agencies.4.Free trade is an economic concept referring to the selling of products between countries without tariffs or other trade barriers.5.Customs and other administrative formalities involve a variety of government policies and procedures that either discriminate against imports or favor exports.II. 1.f 2.a 3.m 4.b 5.g 6.d 7.e 8.i 9.n 10.j 11.h 12.k 13.c 14.l 15.oV. 1.Environmentalists argue that if issues such as global warming and protection of the rain forests are not brought into the equation, commercial goals will win out and environment will suffer.2.Unconditional MFN status came in 2000 ,paying the way for WTO membership.3.To the dismay of the US, the panel decided that Japan had not violated WTO rules,as there had been no connection between government action and Japan’s market structure.4.All countries enjoy a recognized right to safeguard national interests ,but this principle ,as well as the interpretation of WTO rules themselves,is subject to considerable latitude in interpretation.5.A country found to be in breach of trade rules by a panel may appeal to the Appellate Body.II. 1.g 2.j 3.h 4.f 5. d 6. e 7. n. 8.a 9.l 10. o 11.i 12.c 13.k 14 p 15.m V. 1.Low- income countries generally did not want to add new topics ,and this conference just reached an agreement for establishing a working group to take on these issues.2. They formed an alliance in Cancun, the alliance took the fight to the Axis powers in Europe and America for the first time.3. To the chagrin of high-income countries , India ,China ,Cuba, Pakistan and Zimbabwe try to link these issues with the obligations of rather than rights of foreign investors.4. Environmental provisions allow a country to restrict imports from other countries without a clear environmental standards, then in this regard, the environmental provisions are in as much asthe labor provisions.5. In Cancun, the EU is in the face of strong opposition from G22, a new alliance of low-income countries, for EU's proposal of cancellation of the terms of investment and competition.II. 1 .c 2 g 3 o 4 f 5 b 6 k 7 e 8 i 9 l 10 d 11 a 12 h 13 j 14 p 15 nV. 1 The buyer will assume all costs and risks and make arrangements associated with the transport of the goods, and must make payment according to the contract terms.2 If other modes of transport are involved ,these terms do not apply, even if one of the legs of the journey is by ship.3 In a CFR contract, the sellers has the usual FOB obligations, and after the vessel is loaded the seller is absolved from liability for damage to the cargo.4 The seller’s responsibility for costs and risks of loss will end when the rail car or truck trailer is loaded, or in the case of sea or air transport, when the goods are delivered to the carrier for loading.5 Normally the buyer will make arrangements for further transportation, though the contract might specify that the seller will make such arrangements.II. 1 d 2 g 3i 4 b 5 j 6 a 7 e 8 f 9 h 10 c 11 n 12 k 13 m 14 l 15 oV. 1 It would be impractical to attempt to acknowledge individually those many who have given us aid and advice.2 National currencies always have advantage over private currencies.3 The factory was shut down for lack of funds.4 It’s management that’s at fault rather than the workforce.5 Such behavior may result in the executive being asked to leave.II. 1 d 2 f 3 p 4 j 5 h 6 g 7 a 8 c 9 e 10i 11 b 12 k 13 n 14 o 15lV. 1 The company may prefer to submit quotes in the form of a pro-forma invoice for ease of administration as the pro-forma details can be simply transferred to a commercial invoice when the order is placed.2 Once the quotation has been submitted to the buyer, the exporter is committed to fulfilling all the terms contained within the document should an order be placed on the strength of it.3 The buyer, understandably, pointed out that the contract had been agreed and that the exporter was bound to its terms.4 Difficulties may arise when the purchasing company also includes its standard terms and conditions and tries to the gain the upper hand.5. The exporter is advised to prepare some standard terms and conditions of sale that can be incorporated into the documentation in addition to the specific terms of the contract.II. 1.i 2.g 3.f 4.o 5.h 6.e 7.d 8.b 9.m 10.a 11.k 12.n 13.cV. 1.The letter of credit is the bank instrument that assures the seller of payment if he makes theagreed upon shipment.2. Payment shall be available by draft drawn under L/C payable not longer than 90 days after presentation of documents to the negotiating bank of the L/C, together with an interest of 8.5% per annum for buyer’s account.3. Payment by a prime banker’s irrevocable, transferable L/C, confirmed by a first-class bank in the key currency country, covering full value of the contracted goods, in favor of seller, available by draft at sight for 100% invoice value, accompanied with the following documents.4. We have today instructed our bank to open in your favor a confirmed, irrevocable letter of credit with partial shipment and transshipment allowed, available by draft at sight, against surrendering the full set of shipping documents to the negotiating bank.5. This method is for the seller to draw on the buyer for the purchase price on D/P basis.6. The importer, when he wants to open an L/C to cover the purchase from abroad, may apply to his banker for a letter of credit for any amount.7. Your order was confirmed by our fax of March 15, subject to arrival of credit within 15 days from the date.II. 1i 2.q 3.j 4.p 5.l 6.e 7.o 8.n 9.b 10.c 11.h 12.d 13.a 14.m 15.kV. 1.The Brown Bank in London is in a position to open letters of credit in Renminbi against our sales confirmation or contract.2.You must be aware that an irrevocable L/C gives the exporter the additional protection of banker's guarantee.3.A documentary credit is a letter issued by a bank at the request of the seller whereby the bank promises to pay a beneficiary against presentation of documents relating to the dispatch of goods.4.The documentary requirements are designated by the buyer in his bank application for the letter of credit.5.We have drawn on you at 60 days' sight a draft for $90,000, under the credit No.450 of June 6, in favor of the Tokyo Bank.6.The expiry date of the credit being May 31, we request that you will arrange with your banker to extend it up to June 10, amending the said credit.7.After the bank pays the sight draft presented by the seller, it advises the buyer that the documents have been successfully negotiated and the buyer should pay the bank in accordance with his bank application.II. 1. d 2.j 3.i 4.l 5. p 6.e 7.g 8. o 9.m 10.k 11.c 12 a 13.h 14.b 15.fV. 1. Although freight forwarders charge for their services, they do at least have well-established international distribution networks that can be utilized cost-effectively, efficiently and with minimum involvement from the importer or exporter.2. There are many numbers of ways in which businesses can see their profitability eroded by lost or damaged goods.3. Companies make use of insurance brokers to insure the shipment during transport and customs brokers to clear the goods through customs on arrival.4. The deposit was refunded on leaving the country providing that it could be proven that thenature and value of the consignment remained unchanged.5. It is within the forwarder’s remit to ensure that goods are properly packaged and marked for transport and that appropriate documentation is prepared to facilitate shipment.。
国贸专业英语——进口商在进行进口贸易时该做什么
进口商应该做什么What should the importer do，and L/C,FOB?1.The establishment of an effective import contract订立有效合同2.Opening a Letter of Credit and amending the L/C开立信用证和修改信用证3.Booking space and arranging shipment订舱和安排装运4.Insurance 保险5.Checking documents and making payment审单付款6.Customs declaration and receiving shipment报关接货7.Checking and receiving goods, and goods delivery货物的验收与交付8.Claiming an indemnity索赔What should the importer do，and L/C,CFR?1.The establishment of an effective import contract订立有效合同2.Opening a Letter of Credit and amending the L/C开立信用证和修改信用证3.Insurance 保险4.Checking documents and making payment审单付款5.Customs declaration and receiving shipment报关接货6.Checking and receiving goods, and goods delivery货物的验收与交付7.Claiming an indemnity索赔What should the importer do，and L/C,CIF?1.The establishment of an effective import contract订立有效合同2.Opening a Letter of Credit and amending the L/C开立信用证和修改信用证3.Checking documents and making payment审单付款4.Customs declaration and receiving shipment报关接货5.Checking and receiving goods, and goods delivery货物的验收与交付6.Claiming an indemnity索赔What should the importer do，and D/P,FOB?1.The establishment of an effective import contract订立有效合同2.Booking space and arranging shipment订舱和安排装运3.Insurance 保险4.Checking documents and making payment审单付款5.Customs declaration and receiving shipment报关接货6.Checking and receiving goods, and goods delivery货物的验收与交付7.Claiming an indemnity索赔What should the importer do，and D/P,CFR?1.The establishment of an effective import contract订立有效合同2.Insurance 保险3.Checking documents and making payment审单付款4.Customs declaration and receiving shipment报关接货5.Checking and receiving goods, and goods delivery货物的验收与交付6.Claiming an indemnity索赔What should the importer do，and D/P,CIF?1.The establishment of an effective import contract订立有效合同2.Checking documents and making payment审单付款3.Customs declaration and receiving shipment报关接货4.Checking and receiving goods, and goods delivery货物的验收与交付5.Claiming an indemnity索赔What should the importer do，and D/A,FOB?1.The establishment of an effective import contract订立有效合同2.Booking space and arranging shipment订舱和安排装运3.Insurance 保险4.Accepting time draft 接受远期汇票5.Customs declaration and receiving shipment报关接货6.Checking and receiving goods, and goods delivery货物的验收与交付7.making payment付款8.Claiming an indemnity索赔What should the importer do，and D/A,CFR?1.The establishment of an effective import contract订立有效合同2.Insurance 保险3.Accepting time draft 接受远期汇票4.Customs declaration and receiving shipment报关接货5.Checking and receiving goods, and goods delivery货物的验收与交付6.making payment付款7.Claiming an indemnity索赔What should the importer do，and D/A,CIF?1.The establishment of an effective import contract订立有效合同2.Accepting time draft 接受远期汇票3.Customs declaration and receiving shipment报关接货4.Checking and receiving goods, and goods delivery货物的验收与交付5.making payment付款6.Claiming an indemnity索赔What should the importer do，and T/T(Before shipment),FOB?1.The establishment of an effective import contract订立有效合同2. Making payment付款3.Booking space and arranging shipment订舱和安排装运4.Insurance 保险5.Receiving documents接收票据6.Customs declaration and receiving shipment报关接货7.Checking and receiving goods, and goods delivery货物的验收与交付8.Claiming an indemnity索赔What should the importer do，and T/T(Before shipment),CFR?1.The establishment of an effective import contract订立有效合同2. Making payment付款3.Insurance 保险4.Receiving documents接收票据5.Customs declaration and receiving shipment报关接货6.Checking and receiving goods, and goods delivery货物的验收与交付7.Claiming an indemnity索赔What should the importer do，and T/T(Before shipment),CIF?1.The establishment of an effective import contract订立有效合同2. Making payment付款3.Receiving documents接收票据4.Customs declaration and receiving shipment报关接货5.Checking and receiving goods, and goods delivery货物的验收与交付6.Claiming an indemnity索赔What should the importer do，and T/T(After shipment),FOB?1.The establishment of an effective import contract订立有效合同2.Booking space and arranging shipment订舱和安排装运3.Insurance 保险4.Receiving documents 接受票据5.Customs declaration and receiving shipment报关接货6.Checking and receiving goods, and goods delivery货物的验收与交付7.making payment付款8.Claiming an indemnity索赔What should the importer do，and T/T(After shipment),CFR?1.The establishment of an effective import contract订立有效合同2.Insurance 保险3.Receiving documents 接受票据4.Customs declaration and receiving shipment报关接货5.Checking and receiving goods, and goods delivery货物的验收与交付6.making payment付款7.Claiming an indemnity索赔What should the importer do，and T/T(After shipment),CIF?1.The establishment of an effective import contract订立有效合同2.Receiving documents 接受票据3.Customs declaration and receiving shipment报关接货4.Checking and receiving goods, and goods delivery货物的验收与交付5.making payment付款6.Claiming an indemnity索赔。
2024年自考-自考专业(国贸)-外刊经贸知识选读考试历年真题常考点试题3带答案
2024年自考-自考专业(国贸)-外刊经贸知识选读考试历年真题常考点试题带答案（图片大小可任意调节）第1卷一.单选题(共20题)1.Will you _________ playing basketball?A.join us inB. join toC. join us toD. to join us2.Our teachers made us ________a lot of homework after school.A.to doB.doingC.doD.to have done until seven o clock.3.The cost of the various repairs amounts __________ total to just over a hundred pounds.A. toB.inC.byD.for4.His whole school education ________ only 2 years because of his illness.A.added upB.added up inC. added up toD.was added up5.I don't know_________.B.how I could finish my homework on timeC.I can how finish my homework on the timeD.how I can finish my homework on time6.________, the first settlers found in New Zealand many strange birds and animals that exist nowhere else in the world.A.As in AustraliaB.As AustraliaC.Like in AustraliaD.Like Australia7.The storm died away at last with the golden waves __________ the shore in peace.A.beatB.to beatC.beatingD. beaten8.I don ’ t want to buy the sweater because I don ’ t like the color. __________, it is too expensive.A.ExceptB.Except forC.HoweverD.Besides9.You should try to write __________ eve n when you ’ re busy. As you know, pract ice makes perfect.A.now and thenB.more or lessC.sooner or laterD.here and there10.We are living a_____A.stillB.quietC.calmD.silent11.When Bob woke up he found himself in hospital, but he didn t __________.A.came aboutB. came outC. came along12.The world ’ s smallest baby, a __________ girl weighed just 24 grams when she was born .A.three monthsB.three-month-oldC.three months oldD.three-months-old13.One way to understand thousands of new words is to gain __________ good knowledge of basic word formation.A./B.theC.aD.one14.John said he would pay __________ second visit to China __________ next month.A.the; /B. the; theC.a; theD.a; /15.I __________ the movie, but now I hardly remember it. Can you remind me of its name?A.may seeB. can seeC. may have seenD. can ’ t have seen16.Are you _________ your classmates well?A.getting alongB.get long withC.getting long withD.getting along with life in the country.17.--- Have you moved into the new house? --- Not yet. The rooms __________.A.are paintingB.are being paintedC.are paintedD.have painted18.—You look very pale. You __________ very tired. —I didn ’ t sleep at all last night.A.must beB. must have been19.I want your_________, sir. I don t know what to do.A.advicesB.piece of advicesC.adviceD.advise20.For some reason, it __________ all day over the two weeks.A.rainedB.rainsC.was rainingD.has been raining第2卷一.单选题(共20题)1.You look not a bit older than you did 5 years ago. How do you __________so young?A.changeB.growC.becomeD.stay2.At this moment the bell rang, ________ the end of class.A.announcedB.. having announcedC.announcingD.to announce3.Mr. Smith is in good health now for it is quite a long time since he __________.A.not smokedB.smokedC. has smokedD.began to smoke4.I _________when I was a young girl.C.made diariesD.kept diaries5.It's seven thirty. I_________ go to school.A.have gotB.have got toC.got toD.had got to6.Where was __________ you met with the famous scientist?A.it thatB.itC.the placeD.there7.No one _________of it.A.dared to speakingB.dared speakC. can dared speakD.dare speaking8.This is the first time that I_________ at the meeting.A. had spokenB. have spokenC.amD. was9.An A4 sized panel ( 太阳能板 ) put onto the back of a jacket costs __________ US$15. It could __________ a cellphone during a summer walk.A.at most; workB.at least; controlC.at least; fuelD.at most; charge10.Our teacher __________ us to practise our spoken English as often as possible.A.hopesB.suggestsC.advisesD.lets11.Wood is often _________ paper.ed to be madeed making12.—It ’ s a warm day, isn —’ Yes, t it? it ’ s __________ cold. I just wear a jacket.A.not a bitB.a bitC.a littleD. not a little13.The speech is strongly impressed ________ my memory.A.toB.overC.byD.on14.You __________ put your computer in your bedroom.A.don ’ t needB.had not betterC.had better notD.ought not15.He came into the classroom_________.A.very upsetB.being upsetC.to upsetD.to be upset16.The number of tall buildings __________ greatly in Tianjin in the last few years.A.is increasingB.has increasedC.are increasedD. have increased17.The boy bought a new dictionary__________ he turned for help.A.from whichB. into whichC. whichD. to which18.__________ twenty-fifth of December is __________Christmas Day.C.The; aD.A; the19.— How are you today? —Oh, I __________ as ill as I do now for a long time.A.didn ’ t feelB.didn ’ t feelC. wasn’ t feelingD.don ’ t feel20.The two main popular__________ of Easter are the Easter bunny and the Easter egg.A.signsB. symbolsC. marksD.signals第1卷参考答案一.单选题1.参考答案： A2.参考答案： C3.参考答案： B4.参考答案： C5.参考答案： D7.参考答案： C8.参考答案： D9.参考答案： A10.参考答案： B11.参考答案： A12.参考答案： B13.参考答案： C14.参考答案： C15.参考答案： C16.参考答案： D17.参考答案： B18.参考答案： A20.参考答案： D第2卷参考答案一.单选题1.参考答案： D2.参考答案： C3.参考答案： B4.参考答案： A5.参考答案： B6.参考答案： A7.参考答案： B8.参考答案： B10.参考答案： C11.参考答案： B12.参考答案： A13.参考答案： D14.参考答案： C15.参考答案： A16.参考答案： B17.参考答案： D18.参考答案： A19.参考答案： B20.参考答案： B。
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专业英语阅读（国贸专业）课程作业（A）浙江外国语学院国际工商管理学院教师刘钢I. Translate the following economic terms.（2×10=20 points）（i）From English into Chinese：1. credit crunch 信贷危机2. liquidity 流动性3. junk bond 垃圾债券4. laissez-faire 自由放任5. convertible currency 可兑换货币（ii）From Chinese into English：6. 外国直接投资 foreigh direct investment7. 资产负债表balance sheet8. 微型萧条mini-depression9. 要素禀赋fact endowment10. 自愿出口限制VERs(Voluntary Export Restraints)Ⅱ. Fill in each of the following 10 blanks with an appropriate word（Choose 10 words from theInternational trade is often explained by the theory of comparative advantage, also called the comparative cost theory. This (1)_ theory was developed by David Ricardo, John Stuart Mill, and (2) other _ economists in the nineteenth century. The theory (3)_ emphasizes that different countries or regions have different (4) absolute _ possibilities. A tropical climate is better suited for growing bananas (5) than _ a cold one. A country like Norway could produce bananas in hot houses, (6) but _ it is cheaper for Norway to (7)import_ bananas than to produce them. Thus, climate establishes a trade pattern between a northern and a southern country. In other cases the availability of natural resources may be a trade factor.The theory of comparative cost points out that trade between countries can be (8) profitable _ for all, even if one of the countries can produce every commodity more cheaply. As long as there are minor, relative differences in the (9)efficiency_ of producing a commodity, even the poor country can (10)have_ a comparative advantage in producing it.III. Mark the following 20 statements T (True ) or F (False ) according to the information provided in the given text.（2×20=40 points）The development of modem nationalism during the 16th century shifted attention to the problem of increasingthe wealth and power of the various nation-states. The economic policy of the leaders of that time, known as mercantilism, sought to encourage national self-sufficiency. The heyday (兴盛期) of the mercantilist school (学派) in England and Western Europe occurred during the 16th through the early 18th centuries.Mercantilists valued gold and silver as an index of national power. Without the gold and silver mines in the New World from which Spain drew its riches, a nation could accumulate these precious metals only by selling more merchandise to foreigners than it bought from them. This favorable balance of trade necessarily compelled foreigners to cover their deficits by shipping gold and silver.Mercantilists took for granted that their own country was either at war with its neighbors, recovering from a recent conflict, or getting ready to plunge into a new war. With gold and silver, a ruler could hire mercenaries (唯利是图的人) to fight, a practice followed by King George III of the United Kingdom of Great Britain when he used Hessian troops during the American Revolution. As needed, the monarch (君主) could also buy weapons, uniforms, and food to supply the soldiers and sailors.Mercantilist preoccupation with precious metals also inspired several domestic policies.It was vital for anation to keep wages low and the population large and growing. A large, ill-paid population produced more goods to be sold at low prices to foreigners. Ordinary men and women were encouraged to work hard and avoid suchextravagances (奢侈品) as tea, gin（杜松子酒）, ribbons（缎带）, and silks. It also followed that the earlier thatchildren began to work, the better it was for their country's prosperity.One mercantilist writer had a plan for children of the poor: "When these children are four years old, they shall be sent to the county workhouse and theretaught to read two hours a day and be kept fully employed the rest of the time in any of the manufactures of thehouse which best suits their age, strength, and capacity."As a coherent economic theory, classical economics starts with Smith, continues with the British economistsThomas Robert Malthus and David Ricardo, and culminates in (告终于) the synthesis of John Stuart Mill, who asa young man was a follower of Ricardo. Although differences of opinions were numerous among the classical economists in the three-quarters of a century between Smith's Wealth of Nations and Mill's Principles of PoliticalEconomy (1848), members of the group agreed on major principles. All believed in private property, free markets,and, in Mill's words, that "only through the principle of competition has political economy any pretension (借口, 托词) to the character of a science." They shared Smith's strong suspicion of government and his ardent (坚定的) confidence in the power of self-interest represented by his famous "invisible hand," which reconciled (, 使一致) public benefit with individual pursuit of private gain.From Ricardo, classicists derived () the notion of diminishing returns, which held that as more labor and capital were applied to land, the increase in yields steadilydiminished.Through Smith's emphasis on consumption, rather than on production, the scope of economics was considerably broadened. Smith was optimistic about the chances of improving general standards of life. He called attention to the importance of permitting individuals to follow their self-interest as a means of promoting national prosperity.Malthus, on the other hand, in his enormously influential book An Essay on the Principle of Population(1798), imparted (给予) a tone of gloom to classical economics, arguing that hopes for prosperity were fated to founder (, ) on the rock of excessive population growth. Food, he believed, would increase in arithmetic ratio (2-4-6-8-10 and so on), but population tended to double in each generation (2-4-8-16-32 and so on) unless that doubling was checked either by nature or human prudence (谨慎). According to Malthus, nature's check was "positive": "The power of population is so superior to the power of the earth to produce subsistence (口粮, 给养) for man that premature (过早的) death must occur in some shapes." The shapes it took included war, epidemics, pestilence (恶性传染病) and plague (瘟疫), human vices (人类罪恶), and famine (饥荒), all combining to level (使相等) the world's population with the world's food supply.Mill's Principles of Political Economy was the leading text on the subject until the end of the 19th century.Although Mill accepted the major theories of his classical predecessors, he held out more hope than did Ricardoand Malthus that the working class could be educated into rational limitation of their own numbers. Mill was also a reformer who was quite willing to tax inheritances (遗产) heavily and even to allow government a larger role in protecting children and workers. He was far more critical than other classical economists of business behavior and favored worker ownership of factories. Mill thus represents a bridge between classical laissez-faire economics and an emerging welfare state.T 1. The economic policy executed in England and Western Europe during the 16th through the early 18th centuries is known as mercantilism.T 2. Mercantilists regarded gold and silver as an index of national power.T 3. Mercantilists argued that a nation without the gold and silver mines could accumulate these precious metals only by selling more merchandise to foreigners and buying less from them.F 4. Mercantilists kept their own country from any war with other countries.F 5. Mercantilism had little influence on domestic policies.F 6. Mercantilists opposed to hiring children to work.F 7. Mercantilists paid much attention to common people’s living standard.T 8. All classical economists agreed on major principles shown in both Smith's Wealth of Nations and Mill's Principles of Political Economy.F 9. John Stuart Mill was not a classical economist.F 10. Thomas Robert Malthus finished the synthesis of classical economics.T 11. Classical economists agreed to Smith's strong suspicion of government and his ardent confidence in "invisible hand".F 12. The notion of diminishing returns was derived by Smith.F 13. Smith opposed to permitting individuals to follow their self-interest.T14. An Essay on the Principle of Population argued that hopes for prosperity would become impossible because of excessive population growth.T 15. Malthus believed food increased much slowly than population did.F 16. Malthus’s An Essay on the Principle of Population fully supported classical economics.F 17.Ricardo and Malthus argued that the working class could be educated into rational limitation of their own numbers.T 18. Mill favored worker ownership of factories.T 19. Mill thus represents a bridge between free economy and an emerging welfare state.T 20. The above text is mainly about the points of view of Mercantilists and classical economists.IV. Read the following two texts and answer each of the following questions by choosing the right answer from the four given choices marked with A、B、C and D.（2×10=20 points）Agricultural reform in the early years led to substantial growth in grain output and, around the mid 1980s, China for the first time in its socialist history was able to feed its population from its own resources at reasonably high levels of consumption. China has about 21 per cent of the world's population but only 10 percent of the world's arable (可耕种的) land. As China continues its trade liberalization, industrialization and rapid growth, the volume of its net grain imports will rise significantly. Changes throughout the 1990s confirmed these trends.A 1. Agricultural reform in China from the 1980s to 1990s was very important mainly because ___. A. China has a large population but limited arable land. B. China's net grain import is increasing.C. China has a higher level of consumption of goods.D. agricultural reform is more important than other reforms.It has been argued that a problem of food supply is posed by the liberalization of the agricultural sector in China. One response has been to say that China will feed itself through domestic production and trade. From this perspective, China has strong interests in seeing developed economies dealing with sensitive economic sectors. Another response has been that China can feed itself through the exchange of 'food for food'. A strong export growth of food products in China has been observed, and may be consistent with China's comparative advantage within the agricultural sector.D 2. "The problem of food supply is posed by the liberalization of the agricultural sector in China, " (paragraph 2 line l ) What does the word "posed" mean? A. affected B. made C. solved D. createdA shift in the focus of policy towards the efficiency objective might therefore lead to the growth of exports of some foods as well as imports of others. Cooperation with industrialized economies may be in the form of technology transfers and mobilization of funding for rural infrastructure development. All of these developments would facilitate a reorientation to exports or competition with imported products in the food sector in China.Chinese policymakers face a turning point in managing agricultural policy. Reforms and structural adjustments within the Chinese economy have pushed domestic prices of major grain products above the international counterparts (对应物) since 1994. Continued liberalization of Chinese agriculture is argued as the best policy choice, despite the strong forces for protection within the Chinese political economy. Agricultural protection policy would not only impose a very high cost on the economy but would also fail to achieve some of its policy goals.Researchers completed a joint research project on China's grain marketing system with the University of Adelaide and the Chinese Ministry of Agriculture. The ACIAR-sponsored project produced more than a hundred research papers, several books and two international workshops. The research findings were well received by the Chinese senior officials and international scholars.A 3. From the text we know that ____.A. the change of China's agricultural policy may lead to the increase in export and import of agricultural productsB. China will never be able to feed itself through domestic production and tradeC. China should not cooperate with developed countries in agricultureD. China will have a strong net export growth of food productsD 4. Which of the following is NOT the reason for the liberalization of Chinese agriculture ?A. Agricultural protection policy would impose a high cost on the economy.B. Agricultural protection could not achieve the economic objectives.C. The liberalization of Chinese agriculture is argued as the best policy.D. A joint research project has produced many research findings.5. The above text is mainly about ____.A. China's food export and importB. China's problem of food supplyC. China's agricultural reform and food policyD. China's agricultural protection and liberalizationHow can more "Made in the U.S.A.' goods get into store shelves in China? Under current trade restrictions, imports from the United States have barely flowed into that nation. However, imports will flood in, if China, the largest emerging market in Asia, joins the World Trade Organization. Although U.S. exports to China have increased over the past decade, the yearly total is still only about $ 12 billion, a tiny piece of all U.S. exports. Meanwhile, the United States has been a very good market for China' s goods: U.S. imports about $ 50 billion worth of goods from China every year, up from roughly 8-10 billion worth of yearly imports just a decade ago.D 6. How can more "Made in the U.S.A.' goods enter into China?A. To make China economy stronger.B. To ask China to import less from other countries.C. To improve the relationship between China and U.S.A.D. To let China join the World Trade Organization.B 7. According to above text, the yearly U.S. export to China was _ _.A. about $ 50 billionsB. about $12 billionsC. $8-10 billionD. a large part of all U.S. exports.If China joins the WTO, the level of U.S. exports to China will skyrocket because high tariffs and various other trade restrictions will be removed. Today tariffs on imports into China range as high as 120 percent. As part of its bid for WTO membership, China has agreed to cut the average tariff rate to 15 percent by the year 2000. In addition, WTO membership would put trade with China under a more standardized legal framework, giving exporters and importers alike more consistent treatment.A8. China has agreed to cut the average tariff rate to 15 percent by the year 2000 ____.A. To get WTO membershipB. To improve the relationship between China and U.S.A.C. To balance its foreign tradeD. To buy more from other countries excerpt U.S.A.Another benefit of China's proposed WTO membership is that U.S. companies would within a few years be allowed to deal directly with Chinese companies instead of going through a trading company. Just as important, U.S. manufacturers would finally be able to market directly to Chinese consumers. Such an import-friendly environment would be bound to open new trade opportunities for U.S. businesses — which is why many U.S. officials favor WTO membership for China.C.9. If China obtains WTO membership, China will trade with other countries ____.A. with more different treatmentsB. on the basis of zero-sum gameC. under a more standardized legal frameworkD. with a slight increase in its total trade volumeC 10. The above text is mainly about ____.A. United States has been a very good market for China' s goodsB. U.S. exports to China have increased over the past decadeC. China's WTO membership will benefit U.S. businessesD. China wants to get WTO membership（标准答题纸在下页！）专业英语阅读（国贸专业）课程作业（A）答题纸班级：姓名：学号：成绩：I. Translate the following economic terms.（2×10=20 points）（i）From English into Chinese：1.2.3.4.5.（ii）From Chinese into English：6.7.8.9.10.Ⅱ. Fill in each of the following 10 blanks with an appropriate word（Choose 10 words from the given 12 words in the box, but each word can be used only once.）(2×10=20 points)1. 2. 3. 4. 5.6. 7. 8. 9. 10.III. Mark the following 20 statements T (True ) or F (False ) according to the information provided in the text.（2×20=40 points）1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.IV. Read the following two texts and answer each question by choosing the right answer from the four given choices marked with A、B、C and D.（2×10=20 points）1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.。