十分钟英语史[The History of English in Ten Minutes]
英语发展史 the history of English PPT课件
thanks
由此产生的许多短语一直保留到现在，如
night and main, friend or foe, a labour of love。
（公元1100—1500年）
In 1066, the Normans conquered
1066 14
England. French became the
存并很语 象语
了。在复合词的构成格式方面，也吸收 了法语的一些特色，例如：名词+形容词， 副词+过去分词(例by-gone)。这些现象， 语言学史上称为英语的罗曼语化。这就
是为什么从谱系关系上看，英语与德语
同族，但现代英语的词汇和法语更相近 的原因。
大量的法语词的涌入，也使英语词
汇起了词义变化。有一些英语固有
的词被淘汰掉了，有一些虽然还存
（1500-- ）
早期现代英语时期，对英语词汇的影响最大的是文艺复兴 运动。文专职复兴运动是十四世纪在意大利开始的，在十 六世纪以后的两个世纪内对英国的影响很大。在这一时期， 强调研究古代希腊、罗马文化，以对抗中世纪的封建文化。 于是许多外来词，主要是拉丁语和希腊语的词语传入英语， 成为英语的书面语和术语词的基本部分。同时也为英语提 供了大量的同义词。希腊和拉丁语词进入英语后有的保留 了原来的形式，如 climax, appendix, exterior, axis；有 的失去了词尾，如（扩号内为拉丁语）, consult (consultare), exclusion (exclusioneum) exotic (exoticus)； 还有的改变了词尾，使之更适合英语的形式，如形容词词 尾us 变成了ous或变成al，名词词尾tas变为ty。
英译汉
在8世纪末，斯堪的那维亚人攻占英国。 战 争持续了将近200年。 在这个时期，很多 拉丁语、丹麦和古斯堪的那维亚的单词融入
英语作文书法发展历史
英语作文书法发展历史The history of English calligraphy development spans centuries, reflecting the evolution of language, culture, and writing techniques. From its humble beginnings to its modern forms, English calligraphy has undergone significant transformations. Let's delve into its historical journey.Early Beginnings: 。
English calligraphy traces its roots back to the early Anglo-Saxon period, around the 5th century AD, with the arrival of Germanic tribes in Britain. The writing system during this time was largely influenced by the runicscripts of the Germanic peoples. These scripts, characterized by angular shapes and straight lines, were primarily used for inscriptions on stone monuments and objects.Medieval Period: 。
During the medieval period, particularly from the 7th to the 15th century, English calligraphy experienced notable developments. The introduction of Christianity brought with it the Latin alphabet, which gradually replaced the runic scripts. Monks and scribes played a crucial role in preserving and propagating written knowledge, primarily through manuscripts and illuminated texts. The script most commonly used during this period was the Carolingian minuscule, characterized by rounded, flowing strokes.The Renaissance: 。
英语简史-A BRIEF HISTORY OF ENGLISH
The Anglo-Saxon Period 410-787 A.D.
Anglo-Saxons-Jutes
Important Events in the (First) AngloSaxon Period
410-450 Angles and Saxons invade from Baltic shores of Germany, and Jutes invade from Jutland peninsula in Denmark, thus driving out the Celts.
Anglo-Saxon Poetry and Riddles The Book of Exeter
Contains more than 30 poems and 90 riddles. Written down by monks in about 975, our primary source of Anglo-Saxon poetry Dominant mood in poetry is elegiac, or mournful Dominant tone of riddles is light and somewhat bawdy (for entertainment purposes- think SNL).
The Most Important Results of the Roman Occupation
Established camps that eventually became towns. Maintained relative peace. Latin heavily influenced the English language. Christianity begins to replace Paganism, especially after St. Augustine converts King Aethelbert in 597.
英语的发展历史 英语作文
英语的发展历史英语作文The history of the English language is a long and complex one. It has been influenced by many different languages and cultures over the centuries. From its origins in the Germanic tribes of Europe to its spread across the globe as a result of British colonialism, English has evolved and changed in many ways.Old English, also known as Anglo-Saxon, was theearliest form of the language, spoken in England from around the 5th century to the 11th century. It was heavily influenced by the Germanic languages of the Anglo-Saxon settlers, as well as by Latin, Old Norse, and Celtic languages.Middle English emerged after the Norman Conquest of 1066, when the Normans, who spoke a Romance language called Old Norman, became the ruling class in England. This led to a significant amount of French influence on the English language, with many French words and phrases entering thevocabulary.The Renaissance period in England saw a resurgence of interest in the classical languages of Latin and Greek, which had a profound impact on the English language. Many new words and phrases were borrowed from these languages, leading to an expansion of the English vocabulary.The invention of the printing press in the 15th century helped standardize the English language, as books could be mass-produced and distributed more easily. This led to a greater degree of uniformity in spelling and grammar, and helped to spread the language to a wider audience.The British Empire played a significant role in the global spread of the English language. As the empire expanded, English became the dominant language in many parts of the world, including North America, India, Africa, and Australia. This led to the development of manydifferent varieties of English, each with its own unique features and characteristics.Today, English is spoken by millions of people around the world and is the dominant language in many areas of life, including business, science, and technology. It continues to evolve and change, as new words and expressions are constantly being added to the language. The history of English is a testament to its adaptability and resilience, and its ability to reflect the diverse cultures and societies that have shaped it over the centuries.。
英语的历史英语作文
英语的历史英语作文The History of English。
English, as we know it today, is a rich and diverse language with a long and fascinating history. Its roots can be traced back to the Germanic tribes who settled in England in the 5th and 6th centuries. Over time, English has evolved and changed, influenced by a variety of different languages and cultures. In this essay, we will explore the history of the English language, from its humble beginnings to its current status as a global lingua franca.The story of English begins with the arrival of the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes in Britain in the 5th century. These Germanic tribes brought with them their own language, which would eventually become Old English. Old English was a highly inflected language, with a complex system of grammatical endings and a vocabulary that was largely Germanic in origin. However, the language began to changewith the arrival of the Vikings in the 8th and 9th centuries. The Vikings brought with them their own language, Old Norse, which had a significant impact on the development of English. Many Norse words were incorporated into Old English, and the grammar of the language began to simplify.The next major influence on the English language came with the Norman Conquest of 1066. The Normans, who were of Scandinavian descent but had adopted the French languageand culture, brought with them a form of French known asOld Norman. This had a profound effect on English, as many French words were borrowed into the language, particularlyin the areas of government, law, and the arts. As a result, English became a rich and complex language, with a vocabulary that drew on both Germanic and Romance sources.Over the centuries, English continued to evolve, and by the time of the Renaissance, it had become a fully-fledged literary language. The works of writers such as Chaucer and Shakespeare helped to standardize the language andestablish it as a vehicle for artistic expression. Theinvention of the printing press in the 15th century further contributed to the spread and standardization of English,as books and pamphlets could be produced in large numbers and distributed widely.The next major phase in the history of English camewith the expansion of the British Empire in the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries. As the British established colonies around the world, English was spread to every corner of the globe. In many cases, it became the dominant language ofthe colonized territories, and in some cases, it replaced indigenous languages altogether. This has led to thecurrent situation, where English is spoken by millions of people as a first or second language, and is used as a means of communication in international business, diplomacy, and academia.In conclusion, the history of English is a story of continuous change and adaptation. From its origins as a Germanic dialect spoken by a few thousand people in the British Isles, it has grown into a global language with a rich and diverse vocabulary. Its history has been shaped bythe influences of many different languages and cultures,and it continues to evolve and change to this day. Englishis a testament to the power of language to adapt and change, and its history is a testament to the resilience of the human spirit.。
一篇关于英国历史的英语作文80词
一篇关于英国历史的英语作文80词全文共10篇示例，供读者参考篇1Once upon a time, there was a country called England. England is a really old country with a lot of history. Let me tell you all about it!First of all, England has a really long history. It all started way back in the Stone Age when cavemen were living there. They built Stonehenge, which is a big circle of stones that nobody really knows the purpose of.Then, the Romans came to England. They built cool things like Hadrian's Wall and brought new ideas like baths and roads. But then the Roman Empire fell apart and the Anglo-Saxons took over. They were warriors who liked to fight a lot.After that, the Vikings invaded England. They were fierce warriors who sailed across the sea in big ships. But eventually, they settled down and became part of the country.In 1066, a big battle called the Battle of Hastings took place. The Normans, led by William the Conqueror, defeated theAnglo-Saxons and William became the king of England. This was a really important event in English history.Over the years, England became a powerful kingdom. It had kings and queens like Henry VIII and Queen Elizabeth I who did a lot of important things. They built beautiful castles, explored new lands, and fought wars with other countries.England also went through a lot of changes. The Industrial Revolution started in England and changed the way people lived and worked. Factories were built, cities grew bigger, and new inventions were made.In the 20th century, England went through two world wars. It was a difficult time, but the people of England were strong and brave. They worked together to rebuild their country and make it better than ever.Today, England is a modern country with a rich history. It's known for its famous landmarks like Big Ben and the Tower of London, its delicious food like fish and chips, and its traditions like tea time.I love learning about the history of England. It's so interesting to see how the country has changed over the years. I can't wait to learn even more about it!篇2Hello everyone! Today I'm going to tell you all about the history of England. England has a really long history, with lots of kings and queens ruling over the country.In the olden days, there were lots of battles between different kingdoms in England. One of the most famous battles was the Battle of Hastings in 1066. This battle was fought between King Harold II of England and William the Conqueror, who was from Normandy in France. William won the battle and became the first Norman king of England.After that, there were lots of different kings and queens who ruled England. Some of them were really famous, like King Henry VIII who had six wives, and Queen Elizabeth I who defeated the Spanish Armada.In the 17th century, there was a big civil war in England between the Royalists who supported the king, and the Parliamentarians who wanted more power. In the end, the Parliamentarians won and King Charles I was executed.In the 18th and 19th centuries, England became a really powerful country. The British Empire spanned the globe, with colonies all over the world. England was at the forefront of theIndustrial Revolution, with lots of inventions and new technologies.In the 20th century, England was involved in two World Wars. After the wars, the British Empire started to break up and many countries gained their independence.Today, England is part of the United Kingdom along with Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. It has a rich history and a lot of famous landmarks like Big Ben, Buckingham Palace, and Stonehenge. England may be a small country, but it has a big place in history!篇3Once upon a time, there was a country called England. England is a super cool country with a long, long history. Let me tell you all about it!First of all, England used to have kings and queens ruling the country. They lived in big, fancy castles and wore fancy clothes. One of the most famous kings was King Henry VIII. He had six wives and he even chopped off some of their heads! Crazy, right?Then there was Queen Elizabeth I. She was a super powerful queen and she defeated the Spanish Armada. She also liked to wear lots of fancy dresses and jewelry. Go, Queen Elizabeth!England also had a famous battle called the Battle of Hastings. It was between the Normans and the Saxons. The Normans, led by William the Conqueror, won the battle and became kings of England. That's how the Norman Conquest happened!In the 1600s, there was a big civil war in England. It was between the King and Parliament. The Parliament won and they chopped off the King's head! Poor King Charles I.England also had a really cool scientist named Isaac Newton. He discovered gravity when an apple fell on his head. How cool is that?And let's not forget about the British Empire. It was the biggest empire in the world and England had colonies all over the globe. They ruled countries like India, Canada, and Australia. But eventually, those countries gained their independence.Today, England is a modern country with a cool queen called Queen Elizabeth II. The history of England is super interestingand has shaped the country into what it is today. I love learning about all the cool stories from England's past!篇4Once upon a time, there was a country called England. England is a small country in Europe with a long and interesting history.Long, long ago, before there were cars or planes or even smartphones, England was ruled by kings and queens. The most famous of all the kings and queens was Queen Elizabeth I. She ruled England for a long time and was known as the Virgin Queen because she never got married. Queen Elizabeth I was a very powerful and wise ruler who made England a strong and prosperous country.But not all the kings and queens of England were good. Some were very mean and greedy, like King Henry VIII. He had six wives and he even had two of them executed! King Henry VIII was also the king who started the Church of England because he wanted to get a divorce from his first wife.In the 17th century, England had a civil war between the supporters of the king and the supporters of Parliament. The king was eventually defeated and executed. This was a veryimportant event in English history because it marked the end of absolute monarchy in England.In the 18th and 19th centuries, England became a powerful empire with colonies all over the world. The Industrial Revolution began in England, leading to great advances in technology and industry. England became the "workshop of the world" and its factories produced goods that were shipped all over the globe.In the 20th century, England fought in two World Wars and emerged as a victor. The British Empire began to decline and many of its colonies gained independence. Today, England is a modern and multicultural country with a rich history that is still remembered and celebrated. And that, my friends, is the story of England.篇5Once upon a time, there was a country called England. It is a very old country with a long history. Let me tell you all about it!England is a small island in the north-west of Europe. It has a lot of green fields, beautiful castles, and even a big clock called Big Ben in its capital city, London. But do you know how England became the way it is today?A long time ago, England was ruled by kings and queens. One of the most famous kings was King Henry VIII. He had six wives, can you believe it? And he even started his own church, the Church of England, just so he could divorce his first wife!But there were also times of great sadness in England's history. The Black Death was a terrible disease that killed many people in the Middle Ages. And there was a big fire in London in 1666 that destroyed a lot of the city.In the 18th and 19th centuries, England became very powerful. It had a big empire that stretched all over the world. The Industrial Revolution started in England, bringing new inventions like the steam engine and changing the way people lived and worked.In the 20th century, England went through two world wars. Many brave soldiers fought to protect their country and its freedom. And today, England is a modern and diverse country with people from all over the world living there.So that's the story of England, a country with a rich and fascinating history. I hope you enjoyed learning all about it!篇6Hey guys, today I want to tell you all about the history of England! It's super cool and full of kings, queens, battles, and even some dragons (just kidding about the dragons, but that would be awesome, right?).So, England has been around for like, forever. The Romans invaded and built a lot of stuff, like Hadrian's Wall, which was to keep out those pesky Northern invaders. Then, the Anglo-Saxons and the Vikings showed up and fought over who would be in charge.But then, in 1066, everything changed! William the Conqueror, from France, invaded England and became the first Norman king. He built castles all over the place and made sure everyone knew he was in charge. And that's how the Norman kings ruled for a long time.Then, in the 1500s, King Henry VIII showed up and had a bunch of wives (like, seriously, six wives!). He wanted a son to be king, so he kept getting married and divorced until he finally got one (poor wives).After that, England had some big battles with France (the Hundred Years' War), and then the English Civil War where they chopped off the king's head (yikes!). But eventually, thingssettled down and England became a powerful empire with colonies all over the world.And now, England is known for fish and chips, Big Ben, the Queen, and of course, Harry Potter! So cool, right? England's history is amazing and full of drama, just like a movie. I can't wait to learn more about it!篇7Once upon a time, there was a country called England. England is a really old country with a lot of history. Let me tell you all about it!A long time ago, in the year 1066, there was a big battle called the Battle of Hastings. It was between two kings, King Harold and Duke William. Duke William won the battle and became King of England. He was also known as William the Conqueror. After that, England had a new king and a new royal family called the Normans.In the 14th century, there was a terrible disease called the Black Death. It was a really scary disease that spread quickly and killed a lot of people. It was a difficult time for England, but they managed to recover and become stronger.In the 16th century, there was a queen called Queen Elizabeth I. She was a powerful queen who ruled England for a long time. She defeated the Spanish Armada and made England a strong and powerful country.In the 17th century, there was a civil war in England between the Royalists and the Parliamentarians. The Parliamentarians won and King Charles I was executed. This was a difficult time for England, but they eventually became a constitutional monarchy with a king or queen as the head of state.In the 19th century, England became a powerful empire with colonies all around the world. They were known as the British Empire and they had a lot of influence in world affairs.In the 20th century, England was involved in two World Wars. They fought bravely and helped to defeat the enemies. After the wars, England went through a lot of changes and became a modern country with a strong economy and a diverse society.So, that's a brief history of England. It's a country with a lot of stories and adventures. I hope you enjoyed learning about it!篇8Hi everyone! Today I want to talk to you about the history of England. England is a country in Europe and it has a really long and cool history.So, a long time ago, England was ruled by kings and queens. One of the most famous kings was King Henry VIII. He had six wives and he started the Church of England because he wanted to get a divorce from his first wife. He was a bit of a crazy king, but he did some cool things too.Then, there was Queen Elizabeth I. She was a really powerful queen and she defeated the Spanish Armada. She was called the Virgin Queen because she never got married. She was a smart queen and she did a lot of good things for England.After that, England had a civil war between the Cavaliers and the Roundheads. The Roundheads were led by Oliver Cromwell and they won the war. Cromwell became the leader of England, but he was a bit of a dictator. After he died, the monarchy was restored and King Charles II became king.In the 19th century, England became really powerful and had an empire that stretched all over the world. They had colonies in India, Africa, and Australia. Queen Victoria was the queen at that time and she ruled for a really long time.In the 20th century, England was involved in two world wars. They fought with the Allies in World War I and World War II. After the wars, England became a lot more modern and they have a lot of cool things like the Beatles and Harry Potter.So, that's a brief history of England. It's a really interesting country with a lot of cool stories. I hope you learned something new today!篇9Hey guys, do you want to know about the history of England? Let me tell you all about it!England has a super long history that goes way back to ancient times. It all started with the Celts, who lived in England over 2,000 years ago. Then came the Romans, with Julius Caesar leading the charge in 55 BC. The Romans built roads, walls, and even the city of Londinium (which is now London!).After the Romans, the Anglo-Saxons arrived in England from Germany in the 5th century. They brought their own language and culture, and eventually united the different kingdoms into one country. Then came the Vikings – fierce warriors from Scandinavia who invaded England in the 8th century.In 1066, things got really interesting when William the Conqueror, a Norman duke from France, invaded England and became the first Norman king. This event forever changed the course of English history and introduced feudalism to the country.Fast forward to the Tudor era, with famous monarchs like Henry VIII and Elizabeth I ruling England. The Tudors were followed by the Stuarts, who had some pretty crazy stories of their own (like the English Civil War!).And of course, we can't forget about the Industrial Revolution, which transformed England into a major world power. The British Empire expanded across the globe, bringing wealth and influence to the country.Today, England is a modern nation with a rich history that is still celebrated and remembered. So next time you visit England, remember to check out some of its famous historical sites – you won't be disappointed!篇10Hello everyone! Today I'm going to tell you all about the history of England. England is a really cool place with a lot of interesting stories from the past.A long time ago, England was ruled by kings and queens. One of the most famous kings was King Henry VIII. He had lots of wives and even started his own church just so he could get a divorce! Can you believe that?Another important event in English history is the English Civil War. It was a big fight between the king and Parliament over who should have more power. In the end, the king lost his head! Literally, they cut it off!England also had a really big empire. They had colonies all over the world, including India and America. The British Empire was really powerful and had a lot of influence on other countries.One of the most famous English people is William Shakespeare. He was a playwright and wrote lots of famous plays like Romeo and Juliet and Hamlet. He was like the Beyonce of his time!In more recent history, England was involved in both World Wars. They fought against Germany and helped to defeat the bad guys. England is a really important country in the world and has a lot of history to learn about.I hope you enjoyed learning a bit about England's history. It's really interesting and there are so many cool stories to discover. Thanks for reading!。
英语历史
The History of EnglishEnglish, which belongs to Germanic language of the Indo-European family, in numbers of speakers as well as in its uses for international communication and in other less quantifiable measures，is one of the most important languages of the world. But do you ever consider the history of English? Does it ever occurs to your mind that how English acquires its dominion position?Do you ever show interest and concern in the changes in English language ?In fact,the history of English is a story of cultures in contact during the past 1500 years. It understates matters to say that political, economic, and social forces influence a language. These forces shape the language in every aspect, most obviously in the number and spread of its speakers, and in what is called “the sociology of language,” but also in the meaning of words, in the accents of the spoken language, and even in the structure of the grammar.We are so accustomed to thinking of English as an inseparable adjunct to the English people that we are likely to forget that it has been the language of England for a comparatively short period in the world‟s history. The history of the English language really started with the arrival of three Germanic tribes who invaded Britain during the 5th century AD. Germanic invaders entered Britain on the east and south coasts in the 5th century. The invading Germanic tribes spoke similar languages, which inBritain developed into what we now call Old English(450-1150). The Middle English period (1150–1500) was marked by momentous changes in the English language, changes more extensive and fundamental than those that have taken place at any time before or since. Some of them were the result of the Norman Conquest and the conditions which followed in the wake of that event. Others were a continuation of tendencies that had begun to manifest themselves in Old English.Towards the end of Middle English, a sudden and distinct change in pronunciation (the Great V owel Shift) started, with vowels being pronounced shorter and shorter. From then on,English evolves into Modern English(1500 up to the present).Languages become important because of events that shape the balance of power among nations.These political, economic, technological, and military events may or may not reflect favorably, in a moral sense, on the peoples and states that are the participants; and certainly different parties to the events will have different interpretations of what is admirable or not. It is clear, however, that the language of a powerful nation will acquire importance as a direct reflection of political, economic, technological, and military strength; so also will the arts and sciences expressed in that language have advantages, including the opportunities for propagation. The spread of arts and sciences through the medium of a particular language in turn reinforces the prestige of that language. Theascendancy of English as measured by numbers of speakers in various activities does not depend on nostalgic attitudes toward the originally English speaking people or toward the language itself. Fishman makes the point that English is less loved but more used; French is more loved but less used. And in a world where “econo-technical superiority” is what counts, “the real …powerhouse‟ is still English. It doesn‟t have to worry about being loved because, loved or not, it works. It makes the world go round, and few indeed can afford to …knock it.‟However, English, like all other languages, is subject to that constant growth and decay that characterize all forms of life.The change that is constantly going on in a living language can be most easily seen in the vocabulary. Old words die out, new words are added, and existing words change their meaning. Much of the vocabulary of Old English has been lost, and the development of new words to meet new conditions is one of the most familiar phenomena of our language.Less familiar but no less real is the change of pronunciation. A slow but steady alteration, especially in the vowel sounds, has characterized English throughout its history.Changes likewise occur in the grammatical forms of a language. These may be the result of gradual phonetic modification, or they may result from the desire for uniformity commonly felt where similarity of function or use is involved.Recent awareness of “endangered languages” and a new sensitivity to ecolinguistics have made clear that the success ofEnglish brings problems in its wake. The world is poorer when a language dies on average every two weeks. For native speakers of English as well, the status of the English language can be a mixed blessing, especially if the great majority of English speakers remain monolingual. Despite the dominance of English in the European Union, a British candidate for an international position may be at a disadvantage compared with a young EU citizen from Bonn or Milan or Lyon who isnearly fluent in English. Referring to International English as “Global,” one observer writes: “The emergence of Global is n ot an unqualified bonus for the British… for while we have relatively easy access to Global, so too do well-educated mainland Europeans,who have other linguistic assets besides.”。
一个悠久的历史英语作文
一个悠久的历史英语作文The Long History of English。
English is a language with a long and fascinating history. Its roots can be traced back to the Germanictribes that inhabited what is now modern-day England in the fifth century. These tribes spoke a variety of related languages, which eventually evolved into Old English.Old English was a highly inflected language, which means that the endings of words changed to indicate their grammatical function. For example, the word "cniht" meant "boy," while "cnihtes" meant "of the boy." Old English also had a complex system of noun declensions and verb conjugations.In the eleventh century, the Normans invaded England and brought with them their own language, Old French. This led to a period of linguistic change, as the two languages merged and evolved into Middle English. During this time,English lost many of its inflections and adopted a simpler grammar.The Middle English period also saw the emergence of a standardized written form of English. This was largely due to the influence of the Church, which used Latin as its official language. English became the language of the common people, while Latin remained the language of the educated elite.In the sixteenth century, the English language underwent another major transformation. This was the time of the Renaissance, when scholars began to study the classical languages of Greece and Rome. This led to a renewed interest in the English language, and many new words were borrowed from Latin and Greek.The seventeenth century saw the rise of the British Empire, and English spread around the world. As the language evolved, it continued to absorb words from other languages, such as French, Spanish, and Hindi. Today, English is the most widely spoken language in the world,with over 1.5 billion speakers.Despite its long and complex history, English remains a vital and dynamic language. It continues to evolve and adapt to the needs of its speakers, and its influence can be seen in everything from literature to technology. As we look to the future, it is clear that English will continue to play a central role in our global society.。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
十分钟英语史No.1 盎格鲁-撒克逊人No.1 Anglo-SaxonThe History of English in Ten Minutes. Chapter 1. Anglo-Saxon or whatever happen to the Jutes.十分钟了解英语历史。
第一章，盎格鲁撒克逊人或发生在朱特人的任何事。
The English language begins with the phrase ‘Up Yours Caesar!’ as the Romans leave Britain and a lot of Germanic tribes start flooding in, tribes such as the Angles and the Saxons –who together gave us the term Anglo-Saxon, and the Jutes –who didn’t.英语以这句话开头，去你的凯撒！当罗马人离开英国，大量日耳曼部落开始涌入。
例如盎格鲁和撒克逊人。
他们留下这个盎格鲁撒克逊人的叫法。
以及没留下痕迹的朱特人。
The Romans left some very straight roads behind, but not much of their Latin language. The Anglo-Saxon vocab was much more useful as it was mainly words for simple everyday things like ‘house’, ‘woman’, ‘loaf’ and ‘werewolf’.罗马人留下了一些笔直的道路，但是关于拉丁语的不多。
盎格鲁撒克逊的语汇更有帮助因为他们都是关于简单的日常用语，像房子，女人，面包，狼人。
Four of our days of the week - Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday and Friday were named in honour of Anglo-Saxon gods, but they didn’t bother with Saturday, Sunday and Monday as they had all gone off for a long weekend.我们一周的四天，周二，周三，周四和周五提名为祭拜盎格鲁撒克逊的上帝的日子。
但是周六，周日和周一并不打扰人们的正常生活，因为人们都出去度假了。
While they were away, Christian missionaries stole in bringing with them leaflets about jumble sales and more Latin. Christianity was a hit with the locals and made them much happier to take on funky new words like ‘martyr’, ‘bishop’ and ‘font’.当他们离开的时候，基督教传教士潜进了，带着传单小册子。
为了慈善汇款和更多的拉丁语。
基督教给当地人带来震动，让他们乐于接受极具表现力的新词，比如殉道者，主教，洗礼盆。
Along came the Vikings, with their action-man words like ‘drag’, ‘ransack’, ‘thrust’ and ‘die’, and a love of pickled herring. They may have raped and pillaged but there were also into ‘give’and ‘take’–two of around 2000 words that they gave English, as well as the phrase ‘watch out for that man with the enormous axe.’同时到来的还有北欧海盗说着的话，比如拖，彻底搜索，刺，死亡，喜欢腌制鲱鱼。
他们可能强奸或抢劫，但是也会喜欢给予和索取。
这是他们带来的2000个词汇中的两个，还有句话，他们挥舞着巨大的斧头说，小心一点！No.2 诺曼人入侵No.2 The Norman ConquestThe History of English in Ten Minutes. Chapter Two, The Norman Conquest or Excuse My English.十分钟了解英语历史。
第二章，诺曼人入侵或原谅我的英语1066. True to his name, William the Conqueror invades England, bringing new concepts from across the channel, like the French language, the Doomsday Book and the duty-free Galois's multipack. French was ‘de rigueur’ for all official business, with words like ‘judge’, ‘jury’, ‘evidence’and ‘justice’coming in and giving John Grisham's career a kick-start. Latin was still used ‘ad nauseam’in church, but the common man spoke English, able to communicate only by speaking more slowly and loudly until the others understood him. Words like ‘cow’, ‘sheep’ and ‘swine’ come from the English-speaking farmers. While the ‘a la carte’versions ‘beef’, ‘mutton’and ‘pork’come from the French-speaking toffs, beginning a long-running trend of restaurants having completely indecipherable menus.1066年，名副其实的征服者William入侵英国，从海峡对岸带来了新的概念，诸如法语，末日裁判书，伽罗瓦万用箱。
法语是官方商用语言，带来外来词例如法官，陪审团，证据和正义，使得约翰-格里姆森的事业起飞。
拉丁语依然令人生厌的应用于各个教堂。
普通人讲英语，只能通过放慢语速和提高音量来让人听懂。
有些词如公牛，羊和猪，源自说英语的农民。
而菜单上的版本牛肉，羊肉和猪肉则源自说法语的有钱阶层，餐馆制定让人读不懂的菜单的风气源远流长，就是从那时候开始的。
All in all, the English absorbed about 10,000 new words from the Normans, though they still couldn't grasp the rules of cheek kissing. The ‘bon-ami’all ended when the English nation took their new warlike lingo of ‘armies’, ‘navies’and ‘soldiers’and began the Hundred Years' War against France. It actually lasted 116 years but by that point, no one could count any higher in French and English took over as the language of power.总的来说，英语从诺曼人那里吸收了差不多10,000个词汇，但依然无法描述自己的君主。
这种亲切彻底结束于英国运用新的军事行话，如军队，海军，士兵。
英法之间的百年战争开始了。
其实进行了116年。
但早已无人能计算出到底是英语还是法语是最有力的语言。
No.3 莎士比亚No.3 ShakespeareThe history of English in ten minutes. Chapter three, Shakespeare, or a plaque on both his houses.十分钟内了解英国历史。
第三章，莎士比亚，或两个家的纪念匾。
As the dictionary tells us about 2,000 new words and phrases were invented by William Shakespeare.就如字典告诉我们的，大约2000个新单词和短语是莎士比亚造出的。
He gave us handy words like eyeball, puppydog and anchovy and more show-offy words like dauntless, besmirch and lacklustre. He came up with the word alligator soon after he ran out of the things to rhyme with crocodile. And the nation of tea drinkers finally took into their hearts when he invented the hob-nob.他留给我们灵巧的词语，如eyeball, puppydog和anchovy，以及很多更炫的词如dauntless, besmirch 和lacklustre。
他造出了这个词，短吻鳄，不久他就才思用尽想不出跟鳄鱼押韵的词。
一个全国和茶的民族最终特别喜欢他，当他创造出“对酌”这个词。
Shakespeare knew the power of catchphrases as well as biscuits. Without him, we would never eat our flesh and blood out of house and home. We would have to say good riddance to the green-eyed monster and breaking the ice would be as dead as a doornail.莎士比亚知道引人注目的话语和饼干一样有吸引力，没有他我们从不会吃肉喝血，不会倾家荡产，我们不得不说可喜的摆脱了绿眼怪，打破僵局将会是一命呜呼。