社会语言学 -中南大学网络教育学院网上作业模拟练习题
Sociolinguistics社会语言学
5). Social dialect: language use among different social groups in a variety of
social contexts. ①～⑧
1
研究范围的大小或角度分别如下:
1.Diglossia and bilingualism
2. Standard and nonstandard language
2)The important characteristic of a speech community is that the members of the group must interact linguistically with other members of the community.
3. Five sections
1). Language variation: general introduction regarding language variation and the situational use of language.①～⑥
2). Standard and nonstandard language: examine language variation in
language variation and language use.
Contents:
1. Speech community
2. Speech variety
3. Regional variation
4. Social variation
5. Stylistic variation
6. Idiolectal variation
2) A social group: besides regionally, a social group may distinguish
北语17春《社会语言学》作业2答案
17春《社会语言学》作业2
一、单选题（共 20 道试题，共 100 分。
）
1. 下面说法中错误的是（）。
A. 语言会影响思维
B. 语言并不完全地决定思维
C. 反映人类直接感官体验的概念独立于语言
D. 人们的世界观是因语言相异而不同
正确答案：D
2. 文化的（）是制约词汇输入采用音译或意译方式的主要因素。
A. 制约性
B. 兼容性
C. 熟悉性
D. 亲近性
正确答案：B
3. 下列关于一些术语的解释，说法正确的是哪项？
A. 本地语指某个地区内不同语言背景的人所用的共同语
B. 皮钦语指不具备共同第一语言的人用作交际工具的语言
C. 第一语言指孩童时习惯的语言
D. 官方语言指某个政治的、社会的、文化的实体的语言
正确答案：C
4. 语言存在着___是所有差异中最直观、最常见的。
A. 性别差异
B. 年龄差异。
社会语言学考试题及答案
社会语言学考试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 社会语言学研究的主要对象是：A. 语言结构B. 语言使用C. 语言演变D. 语言起源答案：B2. 以下哪个术语不是社会语言学的范畴？A. 语域B. 语码转换C. 语音学D. 语言变异答案：C3. 社会语言学中，语域指的是：A. 语言的地域分布B. 语言的社会功能C. 语言的语法结构D. 语言的词汇组成答案：B4. 语言变异通常与以下哪个因素有关？A. 年龄B. 性别C. 教育水平D. 所有以上因素答案：D5. 语码转换是指：A. 语言的转换B. 语言的混合C. 语言的借用D. 语言的替换答案：B6. 在社会语言学中，性别差异对语言使用的影响主要表现在：A. 发音B. 词汇C. 语法D. 以上都是答案：D7. 以下哪个选项不是社会语言学研究的方法？A. 问卷调查B. 观察法C. 实验法D. 计算法答案：D8. 社会语言学研究中，社会阶层对语言的影响主要体现在：A. 语言的发音B. 语言的词汇C. 语言的语法D. 语言的风格答案：D9. 以下哪个术语与社会语言学无关？A. 社会方言B. 地域方言C. 语言接触D. 语言习得答案：D10. 社会语言学研究的主要目的是：A. 描述语言现象B. 解释语言现象C. 预测语言现象D. 以上都是答案：D二、简答题（每题5分，共20分）1. 简述社会语言学的定义。
答案：社会语言学是研究语言与社会之间关系的一个语言学分支，它探讨语言如何反映和影响社会结构、文化和社会身份。
2. 描述社会语言学中的“语码转换”现象。
答案：语码转换是指在不同的社会情境或与不同的社会群体交流时，人们会根据需要在不同语言或方言之间进行切换。
3. 社会语言学研究中，如何理解“语言变异”？答案：语言变异是指在不同的社会群体中，由于社会、文化、地域等因素影响，语言的发音、词汇、语法等方面表现出的差异。
4. 社会语言学研究有哪些主要方法？答案：社会语言学研究的主要方法包括问卷调查、观察法、访谈、语料库分析等。
社会语言学练习题及答案
I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Sociolinguistics is the sub-discipline of linguistics that studies social contexts.2. Language as a means of social communication is a homogeneous system with a homogeneous group of speakers.3. Language use varies from one speech community to another, from one regional group to another, from one social group to another, and even from one individual to another.4. The goal of sociolinguistics is to explore the nature of language variation and language use among a variety of speech communities and in different social situations.5. The linguistic markers that characterize individual social groups may serve as social markers of group membership.6. From the sociolinguistic perspecti ve, the term “speech variety ” can not be used to refer to standard language, vernacular language, dialect or pidgin.7.Functional speech varieties are known as regional dialects.8. The most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its grammar and uses of vocabulary.9.Geographical barriers are the only source of regional variation of language.10. A person’s social backgrounds do not exert a shaping influence on his choice of linguistic features.11.Two speakers of the same language or dialect use their language or dialect in the same way.12. Every speaker of a language is, in a stricter sense, a speaker of a distinct idiolect.13. The standard language is a better language than nonstandard languages.14. A lingua franca can only be used within a particular country for communication among groups of people with different linguistic backgrounds.15.Pidgins are linguistically inferior to standard languages.16. A pidgin usually reflects the influence of the higher, or dominant, language in its lexicon and that of the lower language in their phonology and occasionally syntax.17.The major difference between a pidgin and a creole is that the former usually has its native speakers while the latter doesn’t.18.Bilingualism and diglossia mean the same thing.19.The kind of name or term speakers use to call or refer to someone may indicate something of their social relationship to or personal feelings about that individual.20.The use of euphemisms has the effect of removing derogatory overtones and the disassociative effect as such is usually long-lasting.II. Fill in each of the blanks below with one word which begins with the letter given:21. The social group isolated for any given study is called the speech c________.22. Speech v_________ refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or group of speakers.23. From the sociolinguistic perspective, a speech variety is no more than a d__________ variety of a language.24. Language standardization is also called language p_______.25. Social variation gives rise to s_________ which are subdivisible into smaller speech categories that reflect their socioeconomic, educational, occupational background, etc.26. S_______ variation in a person’s speech or writi ng usually ranges on a continuum from casual or colloquial to formal or polite according to the type of communicative situation.27. A regional dialect may gain status and become standardized as the national or o________ language of a country.28. The standard language is a s_________, socially prestigious dialect of language.29. Language varieties other than the standard are called nonstandard, or v_______ languages.30. A pidgin typically lacks in i_______ morphemes.31. Linguistic taboo reflects s_________ taboo.32. The avoidance of using taboo language mirrors social attitudes, emotions and value judgments and has nol_________ basis.III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:33. _______ is concerned with the social significance of language variation and language use in different speech communities.A. PsycholinguisticsB. SociolinguisticsC. Historical linguisticsD. General linguistics34. The most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its _____.A. use of wordsB. use of structuresC. accentD. morphemes35. ____ is speech variation according to the particular area where a speaker comes from.A. Regional variationB. Language variationC. Social variationD. Register variation36. _______ are the major source of regional variation of language.A. Geographical barriersB. Loyalty to and confidence in one’s native speechC. Physical discomfort and psychological resistance to changeD. Social barriers37. _________ means that certain authorities, such as the government choose, a particular speech variety, standardize it and spread the use of it across regional boundaries.A. Language interferenceB. Language changesC. Language planningD. Language transfer38. _________ in a person’s speech or writing usually ranges on a continuum from casual or colloquial to formal or polite according to the type of communicative situation.A. Regional variationB. Changes in emotionsC. V ariation in connotationsD. Stylistic variation39. A ____ is a variety of language that serves as a medium of communication among groups of people for diverse linguistic backgrounds .A. lingua francaB. registerC. CreoleD. national language40. Although _______ are simplified languages with reduced grammatical features, they are rule-governed, like any human language.A. vernacular languagesB. creolesC. pidginsD. sociolects41. In normal situations, ____ speakers tend to use more prestigious forms than their ____ counterparts with the same social background.A. female; maleB. male; femaleC. old; youngD. young; old42. A linguistic ____ refers to a word or expression that is prohibited by the "polite" society from general use.A. slangB. euphemismC. jargonD. tabooIV. Define the following terms:43. sociolinguistics 44. speech community45. speech variety 46. language planning47. idiolect 48. standard language49. nonstandard language 50. lingua franca51. pidgin 52. Creole53. diglossia 54. Bilingualism55. ethnic dialect 56. Sociolect57. register 58. slang59. taboo 60. euphemismV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:61. Discuss with examples that the speech of women may differ from the speech of men.62. Discuss with examples some of the linguistic differences between Standard English and Black English.63. What is a linguistic taboo? What effect does it have on our use of language?64众所周知，所谓"魔力之词"，如"thank you"和"please"等，普遍存在。
社会语言学 第八章作业
Language and Society13073080 刘颖Sociolinguistics is the sub-field of linguistics that studies the relation between the language and society, between the use of language and the social structures in which the users of the language live. There are many indications of the inter-relationship between language and society. One of them are that while language is principally used to communicate meaning, it is used to established and maintain social relationships. Another indication is that the users of the same language in a sense all speak differently. Then to some extent, language, especially the structure of its lexicon, reflects both the physical and the social environment of a society. As a social phenomenon, language is closely related the structure of the society in which it is used, and the evaluation of a language form is entirely social.In sociolinguistic studies, speakers are regarded as member of social groups. The social group that is singled out for any special study is called the speech community. The term speech community, or linguistic community, is widely used by sociolinguistics to refer to a community based on language. Within a speech community there exist various social groups. Speech variety, or linguistic variety, refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or a group of speakers. In sociolinguistics studies three types of speech variety are of special interest, i.e. regional dialects, sociolects, and registers.The study of the relationship between the language and society can be approached in two ways. We can look at society as a whole and consider how it reflects the social differentiations. The other approach is to look at society from the point of view of individual members of the society. The former is sometimes refers to as micro-sociolinguistics or the sociology of language, and the latter a micro-sociolinguistics or sociolinguistics proper. The notion of a language is not monolithic and there exist types or varieties of the same language. Varieties related to the user are normally known as dialects and varieties related to use as registers.The striking variation of age is well illustrated by children language as it develops, regarding all levels of language from phonology to vocabulary and syntax. Age divisions are 2, 5 and 12. Variation in language use is also associated with the sex of individual speakers. Sex-preferred differentiation in terms of speech varieties of males and females exists in all natural languages across the world. Women in many countries are more status-conscious than men, and therefore more aware of the social significance of linguistic variables. Language reflects obvious sex prejudice. The use of sexist language does not mean that it is the language that is sexist but rather the social attitude connoted in the language is sexist. The meanings of some English words really echo the realtraditional roles of men and women in history. As social attitude towards women change in recent years, linguistic changes in many languages are taking place that reflect the feminist movement and the growing awareness that language and language use mirror social attitudes and reinforce stereotypes and bias. The change can be sensed in the morphological variation. Linguistic forms associating sexist prejudice are always intentionally avoided in communication. Gender varieties are caused by society rather than by evolution.Register, in a restricted sense, refers to the variety of language related to one’s occupation. Field of discourse: What is going on: to the area of operation of the language activity. It is concerned with the purpose (why) and subject matter (about what) of communication. It can be either technical or non-technical. Tenor of discourse: the role of relationship in the situation in question: who are the participants in the communication and in what relationship they stand to each other. (Customer-shop-assistant, teacher-student, etc.). Mode of discourse: the means of communication. It is concerned with how communication is carried out. (oral, written, on the line…)Formality refers to the degree of formality in different occasions and reflects the relationship and conversations. According to Martin Joos, there are five stages of formality, namely, intimate, casual, consultative, formal and frozen. The standard variety is a superimposed, socially prestigious dialect of a language. It is the language employed by the government and the judiciary system, used by the mass media, and taught in educational institutions, including school settings where the language is taught as a foreign or second language. The standard language serves as a yard stick against which all other varieties are measured. Features of the standard variety, it is based on a selected variety of the language; usually it is the local speech of an area which is considered the nation’s political and commercial center. It is not a dialect a child acquires naturally like his regional dialect, rather it is taught and learnt in schools. It has some special functions and it the language used on any formal occasions.A pidgin is a special language variety that mixes or blends languages and it is used by people who speak different languages for restricted purposes such as trading. Limited vocabulary and much reduced grammatical structure. When a pidgin has become the primary language of a speech community, and is acquired by the children of that speech community as their native language, it is said to have become a Creole. It is through mistakes and compromises that pidgins develop themselves. A creole is often defined as a pidgin that has become the first language of a new generation of speakers. After a pidgin is creolized, there is another stage of development in which the speakers of the creole may be introduced to the standard language. A post-creole continuum: standard language mayplay the role at one end to fulfill certain social obligation and the creole may function at another end in its specific field. What happens to regional dialect.Diglossia refers to two varieties of a language exist side by side throughout the community, with each having a definite role to play. It is used to describe any stable linguistic situation, in which there exists a strict functional differentiation between a “high” variety and a “low”variety. In some speech communities, two languages are used side by side with each having a different role to play; and language switching occurs when the situation changes. This constitutes the situation of Bilingualism. Diglossia usually describes a situation in which two different varieties of language co-exist in a speech community, each with a distinct range of purely social function and appropriate for certain situations. Diglossia is a not a universal phenomenon. It, for example, hardly exists in English-speaking countries such as Britain and United States. According to Ferguson, diglossia refers to a sociolinguistic situation similar to bilingualism. But instead of two different languages, in a diglossia situation two varieties of a language exist side by side throughout the community, with each having a definite role to play. They estimated that there are more than 6000 languages spoken throughout the world. Multilingualism is mainly created by three reasons: migration, conquest and intermarriage.Welcome !!! 欢迎您的下载，资料仅供参考！。
北语 18秋《社会语言学》
18秋《社会语言学》作业_1一、单选题( 每题5分, 共11道小题, 总分值55分)1.“懂得什么样的话适合什么样的场合”是海姆斯“言语交际能力”（）的要求。
A. 形式上的可能性B. 实施手段上的可行性C. 语境适应性D. 现实中的实施情况答案：C 答案可以联系屏幕左上的“文档贡献者”2.对语言转用的认识有误的是（）。
A. 语言转用只能是整体转用型B. 语言转用也是由语言接触引起的C. 语言转用又称“语言替换”、“语言替代”D. 语言转用是指一个民族或一个民族的部分人放弃使用自己的母语而转用另一语言的现象答案：A3.制定、实施语言规划，要充分考虑政策所依赖的群众因素，尊重人民的意愿，满足群众的需要，并依靠群众去贯彻、执行，这符合语言规划的（）原则。
A. 政治性B. 理论性C. 群众性D. 可行性答案：C4.语言存在着的（）差异是所有差异中最直观、最常见的。
A. 性别B. 年龄C. 职业D. 阶层答案：B5.从语言规划角度去看，语言的人文性主要表现不包括（）。
A. 语言所反映的文化性质、文化价值和文化功能B. 语言应用中折射出的各种文化现象，如经济形态、思想观念等C. 语言交际中所反映的各个国家的政治制度、经济发展等社会因素D. 语言交际中所反映的语言使用者的思维、情感、态度及其他文化背景等答案：C6.有关阶级差别与语言代码、语言威望的理解，不正确的是（）。
A. 掌握代码系统多少以及复杂程度是语言能力的体现B. 伯恩斯坦通过实验认为出身上等阶级的人比下等阶级的人在语言能力上更有优势C. 最下层阶级的男性发音往往是远离社会标准发音的，形成“显威望”标准D. 中产阶级的地位、生活方式连同他们的语言特点都成为较低等级的人们模仿学习的对象7.对以社会交际为导向的教学标准的认识有误的是（）。
A. Munby的大纲，开启了以交际功能为导向的第二语言教学路径B. 产生了交际法、任务型教学等教学模式C. 《交际大纲设计》使言语交际微观交际功能项目体系得到完善D. 中国也编制了一些用于对外汉语教学的交际功能的大纲8.同语言变异有关的社会变量多种多样，（）是诸多变量中最重要的参数。
社会语言学 第八章作业
Language and Society刘颖Sociolinguistics is the sub-field of linguistics that studies the relation between the language and society, between the use of language and the social structures in which the users of the language live. There are many indications of the inter-relationship between language and society. One of them are that while language is principally used to communicate meaning, it is used to established and maintain social relationships. Another indication is that the users of the same language in a sense all speak differently. Then to some extent, language, especially the structure of its lexicon, reflects both the physical and the social environment of a society. As a social phenomenon, language is closely related the structure of the society in which it is used, and the evaluation of a language form is entirely social.In sociolinguistic studies, speakers are regarded as member of social groups. The social group that is singled out for any special study is called the speech community. The term speech community, or linguistic community, is widely used by sociolinguistics to refer to a community based on language. Within a speech community there exist various social groups. Speech variety, or linguistic variety, refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or a group of speakers. In sociolinguistics studies three types of speech variety are of special interest, . regional dialects, sociolects, and registers.The study of the relationship between the language and society can be approached in two ways. We can look at society as a whole and consider how it reflects the social differentiations. The other approach is to look at society from the point of view of individual members of the society.The former is sometimes refers to as micro-sociolinguistics or the sociology of language, and the latter a micro-sociolinguistics or sociolinguistics proper. The notion of a language is not monolithic and there exist types or varieties of the same language. Varieties related to the user are normally known as dialects and varieties related to use as registers.The striking variation of age is well illustrated by children language as it develops, regarding all levels of language from phonology to vocabulary and syntax. Age divisions are 2, 5 and 12. Variation in language use is also associated with the sex of individual speakers. Sex-preferred differentiation in terms of speech varieties of males and females exists in all natural languages across the world. Women in many countries are more status-conscious than men, and therefore more aware of the social significance of linguistic variables. Language reflects obvious sex prejudice. The use of sexist language does not mean that it is the language that is sexist but rather the social attitude connoted in the language is sexist. The meanings of some English words really echo the real traditional roles of men and women in history. As social attitude towards women change in recent years, linguistic changes in many languages are taking place that reflect the feminist movement and the growing awareness that language and language use mirror social attitudes and reinforce stereotypes and bias. The change can be sensed in the morphological variation. Linguistic forms associating sexist prejudice are always intentionally avoided in communication. Gender varieties are caused by society rather than by evolution.Register, in a restricted sense, refers to the variety of language related to one’s occupation. Field of discourse: What is going on: to the areaof operation of the language activity. It is concerned with the purpose (why) and subject matter (about what) of communication. It can be either technical or non-technical. Tenor of discourse: the role of relationship in the situation in question: who are the participants in the communication and in what relationship they stand to each other. (Customer-shop-assistant, teacher-student, etc.). Mode of discourse: the means of communication. It is concerned with how communication is carried out. (oral, written, on the li ne…)Formality refers to the degree of formality in different occasions and reflects the relationship and conversations. According to Martin Joos, there are five stages of formality, namely, intimate, casual, consultative, formal and frozen. The standard variety is a superimposed, socially prestigious dialect of a language. It is the language employed by the government and the judiciary system, used by the mass media, and taught in educational institutions, including school settings where the language is taught as a foreign or second language. The standard language serves as a yard stick against which all other varieties are measured. Features of the standard variety, it is based on a selected variety of the language; usually it is the local speech of an area which is considered the nation’s political and commercial center. It is not a dialect a child acquires naturally like his regional dialect, rather it is taught and learnt in schools. It has some special functions and it the language used on any formal occasions.A pidgin is a special language variety that mixes or blends languages and it is used by people who speak different languages for restricted purposes such as trading. Limited vocabulary and much reduced grammatical structure. When a pidgin has become the primary language of a speechcommunity, and is acquired by the children of that speech community as their native language, it is said to have become a Creole. It is through mistakes and compromises that pidgins develop themselves. A creole is often defined as a pidgin that has become the first language of a new generation of speakers. After a pidgin is creolized, there is another stage of development in which the speakers of the creole may be introduced to the standard language. A post-creole continuum: standard language may play the role at one end to fulfill certain social obligation and the creole may function at another end in its specific field. What happens to regional dialect.Diglossia refers to two varieties of a language exist side by side throughout the community, with each having a definite role to play. It is used to describe any stable linguistic situation, in which there exists a strict functional differentiation between a “high” variety and a “low” variety. In some speech communities, t wo languages are used side by side with each having a different role to play; and language switching occurs when the situation changes. This constitutes the situation of Bilingualism. Diglossia usually describes a situation in which two different varieties of language co-exist in a speech community, each with a distinct range of purely social function and appropriate for certain situations. Diglossia is a not a universal phenomenon. It, for example, hardly exists in English-speaking countries such as Britain and United States. According to Ferguson, diglossia refers to a sociolinguistic situation similar to bilingualism. But instead of two different languages, in a diglossia situation two varieties of a language exist side by side throughout the community, with each having a definite role to play. They estimated that there are more than 6000 languages spoken throughout theworld. Multilingualism is mainly created by three reasons: migration, conquest and intermarriage.。
北语 18春《社会语言学》
18春《社会语言学》作业_1一、单选题( 每题4分, 共10道小题, 总分值40分)1.语言规划的政策性原则，不包括（）。
A. 政治性B. 系统性C. 群众性D. 理论性答案：B2.“双重语言现象”和“双层语言现象”在一个社会里稳定并存，是社会语言竞争、发展的结果。
这一观点是由（）提出来的。
A. Charles FergusonB. FishmanC. SaussureD. Francis答案：B3.社会语言学研究中的个人因素不包括（）。
A. 年龄B. 性别C. 受教育程度D. 语境答案：D4.严格意义上的社会语言学研究在中国应该开始于（）。
A. 20世纪60年代B. 20世纪70年代C. 20世纪80年代D. 20世纪90年代答案：C5.亲属称谓有不同的亚系统，其中比较重要的是面称、（）亚系统。
A. 他称B. 自称C. 旁称D. 对称答案：C6.在现代汉语中，最常用的词是以（）占绝大多数。
A. 单音节B. 双音节C. 三音节D. 多音节7.1959年新加坡成为马来西亚的一个自治邦，（）在名义上被当作国语，但实际上，可以说是徒有虚名。
A. 华语B. 马来语C. 英语D. 泰米尔语8.香港和（）之间的新词接近率是最高的，因为两地的方言相同，都使用粤语，并且交流也频繁。
A. 上海B. 北京C. 澳门D. 台湾9.近年来产生的（）为社会语言学带来崭新的研究工具。
A. 语料库语言学B. 实验语言学C. 认知语言学D. 结构语言学10.国内和海外各地华语文在词语上存在不少差异，主要是由于受外来文化影响衍生的（）不同。
A. 新语音B. 新词C. 新语法D. 新句子二、多选题( 每题4分, 共5道小题, 总分值20分)1.下列属于社会语言学研究方法的是（）。
A. 多人次抽样调查B. 定量分析C. 快速隐秘调查法D. 配对变法答案：ABCD2.下列说法正确的是哪项？A. 语言学的社会语言学的研究目标纯粹是为了充实和完善语言B. 民族学的社会语言学研究的最终目标是要建立综合性的人类交际科学C. 社会学的社会语言学的主要任务是解决社会所面临的重大语言问题D. 态度研究不属于社会语言学的范畴3.下列关于语言中性别差异的起因的说法正确的是哪些项？A. 女性对言语这一标志的重要性不够敏感B. 女性的社会地位决定的C. 女性的心理状态决定的D. 女性的社会角色和活动天地决定的4.社会语言学界在分析语言的阶级、阶层变异时，目前中国内地的社会分层为（）。
社会语言学试题及答案
社会语言学试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共10分）1. 社会语言学主要研究语言与（）之间的关系。
A. 社会B. 文化C. 经济D. 政治答案：A2. 下列哪项不是社会语言学的研究范畴？A. 语言变异B. 语言变迁C. 语言规划D. 语言习得答案：D3. 社会语言学中，方言和标准语的差异属于（）。
A. 社会方言B. 地域方言C. 社会方言和地域方言D. 语言接触答案：C4. 社会语言学家认为语言的性别差异主要体现在（）。
A. 发音B. 词汇C. 语法D. 所有选项答案：D5. 社会语言学研究中，语言的阶级差异主要指的是（）。
A. 语言的地域分布B. 语言的社会功能C. 语言的社会地位D. 语言的经济价值答案：C二、填空题（每题2分，共10分）1. 社会语言学认为，语言是社会生活的______。
答案：反映2. 社会语言学中，语言的性别差异被称为______。
答案：性别语言3. 社会语言学研究中，语言的地域差异被称为______。
答案：地域方言4. 社会语言学家认为，语言的阶级差异主要体现在______。
答案：语言使用5. 社会语言学研究中，语言的变异现象包括______和______。
答案：地域变异；社会变异三、简答题（每题5分，共20分）1. 简述社会语言学的研究目的。
答案：社会语言学的研究目的是探索语言与社会之间的关系，包括语言在不同社会群体中的使用情况、语言的社会功能、语言与社会结构的关系等。
2. 社会语言学中，语言变异是如何产生的？答案：语言变异是语言在不同社会群体、不同地域、不同情境中使用时产生的自然变化，受社会、文化、经济、教育等多种因素的影响。
3. 社会语言学研究中，如何理解语言的性别差异？答案：语言的性别差异是指男性和女性在语言使用上的差异，包括发音、词汇、语法、语调等方面。
这些差异可能反映了性别角色、社会地位、教育背景等社会因素。
4. 社会语言学中，语言的阶级差异有哪些表现？答案：语言的阶级差异主要表现在不同社会阶级的人在语言使用上的差异，如词汇选择、语法结构、语言风格等方面。
社会语言学教程期末复习材料
社会语言学教程期末复习材料第一章1.“社会语言学”这一学科名称，是由“社会学”和“语言学”复合而成的。
其基本内容包括两个方面：1)一是社会语言学，其基本涵义是：从语言的社会属性出发，用社会学的方法研究语言，从社会的角度解释语言变体和语言演变。
2)二是语言社会学，其基本涵义是：从语言变体和语言演变的事实，来解释相关的社会现象及其演变和发展的过程。
3)两者的研究方向不同，简而言之，前者从社会研究语言，后者从语言研究社会。
2.社会语言学的三位先锋：拉波夫、特鲁杰和海姆斯。
3.着重调查研究不同阶层、不同年龄、不同场合的语言差异，即语言变项。
4.《纽约市百货公司（r）的社会分层》P105.特鲁杰的方言调查P11这个世界在亚马逊河的西北部地区。
该地区一半在巴西境内，一半在哥伦比亚。
它地广人稀，面积相当于英格兰，而人口只有1万左右。
居民大多数是土著印第安人，分为20多个部落，这些部落又组成了5个部落群。
每个部落都说不同的语言——不同到相互之间无法理解的程度，也非源于同一母语。
5个部落群实行族外通婚制。
结果是一个男子的妻子肯定说一种和他不同的语言。
妻子要住在丈夫长大的地方，与子女讲话的时候必须用丈夫的语言（“语言从夫婚姻”）。
母亲不能把自己的语言交给孩子，而是把自己只不过像外国人一样所讲的一种语言教给孩子。
孩子生活在大家庭里，跟讲父亲语言的人接触较多，他们的语言没有出现“退化”现象。
问题：1、语言确定部落；2、语言显示地位；3、在一个讲X语言的部落里，有土著语使用者，也有非土著语使用者。
如果要编写X 语言的语法，语法的适用对象究竟是谁？是所有土著语言使用者（包括散落在其他部落的妇女）？还是该部落里的所有说话者，包括土著人和非土著人？语言的接触、双语现象、语码的选择等。
一个部落里会有不同语言，对语言的选择往往根据需要而定（与子女讲话的时候必须用丈夫的语言这点除外）。
要是来了客人不懂X部落的语言，而部落中有人懂客人的语言，那么，主人在跟客人讲话的时候，就会使用客人的语言。
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(一) 单选题1. 语言规划的政策性原则不包括（）。
(A) 政治性(B) 效益性(C) 理论性(D) 群众性参考答案：(B)---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2. 一般说来，某一文化现象的重要性与（）成正比。
(A) 实词数量(B) 相关词汇数量(C) 名词数量(D) 动词数量参考答案：(B)---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3. 我国当代语言规划存在的主要问题之一是（）。
(A) 语言法律、法规体系不健全(B) 有些语言规划工作受政治影响较大(C) 未能认真贯彻、体现国家正确的语言政策(D) 社会各界参与不够参考答案：(B)---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4. 与其他语言相比，汉语亲属称谓的特点是（）。
(A) 含义模糊，数量多(B) 含义精确，数量少(C) 含义模糊，数量少(D) 含义精确，数量多参考答案：(D)---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5. （）是我国改革发展阶段语言规划的一项内容。
(A) 加强现代汉语规范化(B) 加强现代汉语规范化(C) 实行文字改革(D) 制定、推行各项语言文字规范标准参考答案：(D)---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6. 汉语与壮语的亲属称谓相比，（）。
(A) 二者基本一致(B) 汉语比壮语复杂(C) 二者完全一致(D) 壮语比汉语复杂参考答案：(B)---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7. 近些年来，我国普通话的轻声、儿化明显减少，变调也逐渐简化，这是语言规划中（）的结果。
(A) 约定俗成与从俗从众(B) 行政干预与语言调控(C) 学术规范与辞书指导(D) 宣传引导与媒体示范参考答案：(A)---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8. 文字规范标准的制定与推行是（）的具体内容。
(A) 语言地位规划(B) 语言声望规划(C) 语言本体规划(D) 语言结构规划参考答案：(C)---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------9. （）是我国改革发展阶段的少数民族语言规划工作的一项内容。
(A) 成立民族语言规划职能部门(B) 为少数民族创制、改革文字(C) 调查、抢救濒危语言(D) 开展民族语言大调查参考答案：(C)---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------10. 要求尽可能译成世界上的各种语言和方言的著名宗教经典是（）。
(A) 古兰经(B) 吠陀经(C) 道德经(D) 圣经参考答案：(D)---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------11. 渐进性是语言规划（）原则的内容。
(A) 科学性原则(B) 政策性原则(C) 稳妥性原则(D) 经济性原则参考答案：(C)---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------12. （）是随机抽样调查的一种形式。
(A) 偶然抽样(B) 系统抽样(C) 比例抽样(D) 判断抽样参考答案：(B)---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------13. 亲属称谓在实际运用中有泛化现象，多见于对（）使用亲属称谓。
(A) 上辈非亲属(B) 上级领导(C) 平辈非亲属(D) 下辈非亲属参考答案：(A)---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------14. “异质有序”的语言观是美国社会语言学家（）等人首先提出的。
(A) 温瑞奇和海姆斯(B) 甘柏兹和拉波夫(C) 海姆斯和甘柏兹(D) 温瑞奇和拉波夫参考答案：(D)---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------15. 《中华人民共和国国家通用语言文字法》从（）起实施(A) 36892(B) 37257(C) 36982(D) 37347参考答案：(A)---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------16. 我国回族的宗教人士，在举行宗教仪式时使用（），而在日常生活中则使用汉语。
(A) 阿拉伯语(B) 梵语(C) 维吾尔语(D) 藏语参考答案：(A)---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------17. 语言规划的求实性、动态性、系统性和可行性是语言规划（）的体现。
(A) 政策性原则(B) 稳妥性原则(C) 经济性原则(D) 科学性原则参考答案：(D)---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------18. 语言规划的对象总的来说是（）及语言使用。
(A) 语言结构(B) 语言本体(C) 语言地位(D) 语言声望参考答案：(B)---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------19. 我国立国建设阶段的少数民族语言规划工作之一是（）。
(A) 加强民族语文规范化、标准化(B) 开展民族语言大调查(C) 大力推广普通话，同时加强民族地区的双语教育(D) 调查、抢救濒危语言参考答案：(B)---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------20. 中国人与美国人在称呼上一个明显的差异就是（）。
(A) 汉语中不直呼其名(B) 英语中直呼其名(C) 汉语中亲属称谓的泛化(D) 英语中亲属称谓的泛化参考答案：(C)---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------21. 文化接触导致语言接触，最直接、最常见的现象就是（）。
(A) 借音(B) 借用语法结构(C) 借词(D) 创造新词参考答案：(C)---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------22. 社会是复杂、多变的，制定语言规划要充分考虑语言的（）。
(A) 社会性(B) 政治性(C) 科学性(D) 阶级性参考答案：(A)---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------23. 语言和文化的关系是（）(A) 二者相互影响、相互制约(B) 语言决定文化(C) 文化决定语言(D) 二者没有联系参考答案：(A)---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------24. 在中国当代社会，直呼姓名，一般见于有一定社会联系的（）之间。
(A) 平级别的人(B) 平辈分的人(C) 上下级(D) 同年龄的人参考答案：(D)---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------25. 中国人一般认为，用( )最显得有礼貌。