英汉翻译理论与技巧之词汇翻译.
[英语学习]英汉互译实践与技巧
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• 翻译训练 • PROVERBS IN LATIN AMERICAN TALK • Proverbs are the popular sayings that brighten so much Latin American talk, the down wisdom that you are as apt to hear from professors as from peasants, from beggars as from elegantes. Brief and colorful, they more often than not carry a sting. • 拉美日常会话中的谚语 • 谚语人人都喜欢说，拉美日常会话中有了谚语会 增色不少。从形形色色的人嘴里你都可以听到谚 语这一智慧的结晶 ─ 雅至大学的教授，俗至种 田的村夫，穷至讨饭的乞丐，潮至摩登的女郎。 谚语简单明了，丰富多彩，常常还很尖锐。
• Her daughter made one more try. "But Mama, you often say, 'If the saint is annoyed, don't pray to him until he gets over it. ' Can't I leave it for tomorrow?" "No, no and no! Remember: If the dose is nasty, swallow it fast. 'You know, my child, you did wrong. But, 'A gift is the key to open the door closed against you. ' I have a cake in the oven that I was making for the Senora's dinner. I will explain to the Senora. Now, dear, hurry home and make yourself pretty in your pink dress. By the time you get back, I will have the cake ready for you to take to your mother-in-law. She will be so pleased that she may make your father-in-law pay for the bed. Remember: 'One hand washes the other, but together they wash the face. • 她女儿还是不甘心。“妈妈你不是常说，‘如果菩萨生了气，就 等他消了气再向他祈祷’，道歉的事我明天再说不行吗？” “不行不行，绝对不行。你要记住：‘药不好吃更要快吃’。要 知道，闺女呀，是你做得不对。‘大门关得紧，不挡送礼人’。 我在烤箱里烤了一块蛋糕，本来是烤给夫人做晚餐的。晚上我给 夫人说一下。现在，亲爱的，快点回去，打扮漂亮点，换上你那 条粉红色的裙子。等你回来，我的蛋糕就烤好了，给你婆婆带去。 说不定她一高兴，会让你公公把床钱出了。记得一句话：你敬我 一尺，我敬你一丈，家庭生活才能幸福又兴旺。
英汉互译技巧 3
英汉句式翻译—转换法(英→ 汉)
2. 成分转换 a. 主语 谓语、宾语、 谓语、宾语、状语或定语
Care must be taken at all times to protect the instrument from dust and damp. 应当始终注意保护仪器，使其不沾灰尘、不受潮。 As the match burns, heat and light are given off. 火柴燃烧时发出光和热。 Bad weather prevented us from going camping last weekend. 上周末因天气不好，我们没去野营。 Without air, the earth would undergo extreme changes in temperature. 没有空气，地球上的温度会发生极大的变化。
英汉词汇翻译—转换法(英→ 汉)
1. 词类转换 c. 形容词 动词、名词、 动词、名词、副词
Shortly after his election as President, his advisers were reported as recommending lower taxes and higher government spending. 据说，他当选总统后不久，他的顾问们就建议降低税收， 扩大政府开支。 Steven was eloquent and elegant, but soft. 史蒂夫有口才、有风度，但很软弱。 All peace-loving people demand the complete prohibition and thorough destruction of nuclear weapons. 一切爱好和平的人都要求全面禁止核武器，彻底销毁核 武器。
第四章汉译英常用方法和技巧（8-11）
第四章汉译英常用方法和技巧（教学安排：8课时）与词有关的翻译方法包括：✓直译和意译✓词义的选择✓词的增补与省略✓词类转义法✓重复法✓正说反译法和反说正译法✓分句法和合句法第一节直译和意译首先应当指出，直译不是死译，而是指基本保留原有句子结构，照字面意思翻译。
意译也不是胡译、乱译，而是在不损害原文内容和精神的前提下，为了表达的需要，对原文作相应的调整。
例1原文：我们的朋友遍天下。
直译：Our friends are all over the world.意译：We have friends all over the world.直译以严格意义上的忠实为宗旨，意译则更多考虑英语的特点，更强调译文的效果，不求形式对应，只求语言在深层次中的对应。
总之，选择直译还是意译，应该根据文章具体需要而定，两种译法可以并用。
✧能直译则直译例2原文：爱是耐心和善良；爱不是妒忌和吹嘘；爱不是傲慢和粗鲁。
译文：love is patience and kindness; love is not jealous and boast; love is not arrogance and rudeness.例3原文：进入21世纪，麦当劳团体的对手们又集合到一面共同的旗帜之下——反对全球化。
译文：On stepping into the 21st century, the McDonalds’ groups have again assembled under the same flag——anti-globalization.Upon entering opponents banner rafilled例4原文：电学上最常用的两个单位是安培和伏特，前者是电流单位，后者是电压单位。
译文：the unit of current the one of voltage例5原文：俗话说：“千里搭凉棚，没有不散的筵席”。
再过两三年，咱们都要离开这里的。
汉英互译学生版-英汉部分
English-Chinese /English-Chinese TranslationWhat is translation?通俗的定义⏹《辞海》：把一种语言文字的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来。
⏹《牛津英语词典》：在保留意义的情况下从一种语言转变成另一种语言。
⏹I love you. 我爱你。
⏹Who are you? 你是谁？⏹Today is Monday. 今天是星期一。
⏹One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys no boy.⏹一个和尚挑水喝，两个和尚抬水喝。
三个和尚没水喝⏹他见马克思去了。
⏹He passed away.Word has its meaning in context.上课了？⏹Sauna⏹Pizza⏹Nike⏹Maxwell house⏹Jazz⏹Olay⏹The senator picked up his hat and courage.⏹参议员拾起了帽子，也鼓起了勇气文艺学的定义⏹从文艺学的角度解释翻译，认为翻译是艺术创作的一种形式，强调语言的创造功能，讲究译品的艺术效果Translation is art.⏹My dear father has joined the heavenly choir.⏹My dear father has passed away.⏹My father has died.⏹My old man has just kicked the bucket.⏹升天、过世、死了、翘辫子海上升明月，天涯共此时⏹Rising is the bright moon above the sea,Arising harmonious feeling you and me.⏹A round bright moon above the sea, a faraway homesickness you and me⏹Above the sea, the bright moon is hanging.In our hearts, the nostalgia is feeling.⏹Day after day he came to his work-sweeping, scrubbing, cleaning.Exercises影视片名的翻译transliteration 音译⏹Titanic⏹Mona Lisa⏹Hamletliteral translation 直译⏹My Fair Lady⏹The Graduate⏹Beauty and the Beast⏹Sleepless in Seattle⏹A Walk in the Clouds⏹Blood and Sand⏹The Silence of LampsFree translation 意译⏹Waterloo Bridge⏹Cloud Dancer⏹The Bathing Beauty⏹Gone with the Wind⏹The Red Shoes译名混乱⏹Ghost⏹Pretty Woman⏹Do the Right Thing⏹The House of the Spirits⏹The Sun Also RisesThe properties of translation⏹One servant, two masters⏹一仆二主Criteria of Translating⏹王佐良⏹一切照原作，雅俗如之，深浅如之，口气如之，文体如之。
英汉互译技巧-1
f.增补表达时态的词语
I had imagined it to be merely a gesture of affection, but it seems it is to smell the lamb and make sure that it is her own. 原来我以为这不过是一种亲热的表示，但是现在看来这是为了闻一闻 羊羔的味道，确定它是自己生的。
英汉翻译技巧
What is Translation?
➢Conversion of meaning from one language to another language.
➢The art of reproducing the author’s exact idea by means of another language from the original.
A stream was winding its way through the valley and into the river 一条溪流蜿蜒流过山谷，汇入江河。
e.增补语气助词
Don’t take it seriously. I个玩笑啦。
英汉词汇翻译—增补法 (英→ 汉)
1.增补语义上、修辞上需要的词语
g.增补表达复数的词语
He stretched his legs which were scattered with scars. 他伸出双腿，露出腿上的道道伤痕。
英语翻译技巧
01英汉语言结构对比和翻译中的转换形合与意合定义及理论知识1英语是语法型语言，重语法结构：其语义通过形式表达出来。
比如用 and 表示并列关系，用 if 表示条件关系，用 because 表示因果关系等。
句子成分之间的逻辑关系靠关联词等显性连接。
汉语是语义型语言，通常汉语各分局之间的联系主要是通过逻辑纽带或语序之间接地表现出来，句子成分之间靠隐性连贯。
实例分析2① Dear dear, think of me, if you won't think of yourself. When should I do when you die?哎呀！你就是不为自己着想，也得我我想想，你死了我怎么办呀？（译文中省略介词of和连词when、if）②爹，你就是不为自己着想，也得为我想想，也得想到......俺娘。
Dad, think of me... and my mummy, if you won't think of yourself.（译文中增补介词of和连词if）③ I may be wrong and you may be right, and by an effort, we may be nearer to be the truth.也许我是错的，你是对的。
我们做出努力，就会更接近真理。
（译文中省略了连词and）举一反三31. 听到这个消息，他满眼是泪。
2. 中国将努力促进国内粮食增长，在正常情况下，粮食自给率不低于95%。
02英汉语言结构对比和翻译中的转换形合转为意合英译汉——形合转为意合1在英译汉时，要摆脱原文形合结构的束缚，尽可能采用意合方法，才能符合汉语的表达习惯，使译文流转自如，明白晓畅。
另外，英语中除了多用关联词外，还有其他连接手段，包括通过词的形态变化表示各种语法概念。
泰特勒（Alexander Fraser Tytler）对“好的翻译”所下的定义是：“原作的长处完全移注在另一语文里，似的译文文字所属的国家的人能明确地领悟，强烈地感受，正像用原作的语文的人们所领悟的，所感受的一样”实例分析2① Some delighted films made by the late Dr. Arnold Gesell of Yale University show little creatures who can barely talk investigating problems with all the zeal and excitement of explorers, making discoveries with the passionand absorption of dedicated scientists.(Gilbert Highet, The Pleasure of Learning )由已故的耶鲁大学阿诺德·盖塞尔博士拍摄的几部有趣的电影表明，还没学会说话的小家伙们竟以探险家般的热情和兴奋来探究问题，以热诚的科学家们那种激情和专注来进行研究发现。
翻译理论(英译汉)
❖ (1)When the boy came back, the old man was asleep in the chair and the sun went down
❖ 孩子回来的时候，老头儿已在椅子上睡着，太阳已经西 沉了。
❖ (2)He was bending his head down，his right hand tightly clenched upon the edge of the bench．
❖ 再比如“past”这个词： ❖ (1)The days are past when Jewish blood could be
shed with impunity. ❖ 可以不受惩罚地屠杀犹太人的时代已一去不复返。
❖ (2)The old man sitting in a chair is a past president. ❖ 坐在椅子上的那位老人是一位卸任的总统。 ❖ (以上两例中past是形容词) ❖ (3)There was no question that Chrysler had a
(8)Time appears to run more slowly for a moving clock than for a clock at rest.
对于正在运动的时钟来说，时间似乎过得比静止的时 钟慢些。
(9)A fifty foot navy boat was waiting at the dock，its diesel motors running.
现在一切取决于我们打这手牌时是否冷静而审 慎。
(6)The clock hands pointed to ten minutes after five.
叶子南《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》(第3版)配套题库(含考研真题)(翻译的基本技巧 1.2 词性转换法
1.2词性转换法⊙名词转换1.a good sailor【译文】不晕船2.a slow walker【译文】走得慢3.a heavy smoker【译文】烟抽得很多/烟鬼4.a big eater【译文】吃得很多/能吃/饭量大5.a great believer in...【译文】笃信……6.the greatest sufferer【译文】受苦（害）最深7.the best singer【译文】唱得最好/最好的歌唱家8.a good swimmer【译文】很会游泳9.a good loser【译文】输得起10.the worst dancer【译文】最不会跳舞11.an early riser【译文】早起（床）的人12.a hard worker【译文】勤奋工作13.a fast runner【译文】跑得很快14.a slick talker【译文】能说会道/耍嘴皮子/耍花腔15.a willing worker【译文】乐意干活16.a duelist【译文】好决斗17.a good observer【译文】善于观察18.a great joker【译文】很会开玩笑19.a light sleeper【译文】睡眠时易醒/睡不熟/易警醒20.a good thief【译文】很会偷/善偷21.a bad liar【译文】不会说谎/很不善于撒谎22.a rapid writer【译文】笔头快/下笔快/写得快23.a good whistler【译文】口哨吹得好24.a bit of a fancier【译文】有点喜欢胡思乱想25.a good looker【译文】很好看/很漂亮/美人26.a master complicator【译文】真会捣乱27.a loner【译文】喜欢孤独的人/独立自主的人/不合群28.a clock-watcher【译文】老是看钟等下班（或下课等）的工人（或学生等）29.the best hater【译文】最会记仇30.a worrier【译文】放心不下/担心/发愁31.an idler or a loafer【译文】游手好闲/懒汉/闲荡32.a good worker【译文】干得好33.The speakers called for the downfall of imperialism,abolition of exploitation of man by man,liberation of the oppressed of China and the world.(G.Hatem:A Tribute)【译文】讲演者号召人们打倒帝国主义，消灭人剥削人的制度，解放中国和世界受压迫者。
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8. Differentiate words or expressions which are similar in form but different in meaning
A drawing-room A retiring man
Meaning Extension
Translate the following sentences:
5. Judging from the context
(1). It’s a crime you didn’t finish school. 你上学没有毕业真是个憾事。 (2). Haig was planning a new attack but the Germans beat him and launched theirs on 21 March. 海格在计划一次新的进攻，但德国人赶在 他的前面于3月21日发起了进攻。 (3). If misery loves company, so do sports fans. 同病相怜，排长队买票看比赛的人也总是 互相照顾着。
G. Leech’s seven types of meaning in Semantics: conceptual meaning connotative meaning social meaning affective meaning reflected meaning collocative meaning thematic meaning
2．Judging from the part of speech
He likes mathematics more than physics. 他喜欢数学甚于喜欢物理学。（动词） He does not look like his brother. 他看起来不像他兄弟。（介词） Like knows like. 英雄识英雄。（名词） We will never see his like again. 我们再也见不到他那样的人了。（名词） Like charges repel; unlike charges attract. 相同的电荷相斥，不同的电荷相吸。（形容词） The teacher cannot cite a like instance. 老师一时举不出类似的例子。（形容词）
(1). A porter is a baggage carrier. (2). Flies and mosquitoes are carriers of infectious diseases. (3). The pilot landed his plane on the aircraft carrier.
References:
1. 说到办公室明争暗斗那一套，波拉可是无师 自通。 2. 他是个难对付的人。 3. 他告诉我说，领导这场运动的人都是优秀人才 。 4. 尽管有重重阻碍我仍希望那本书能如期出版。 5. 即使对他的老朋友杰克，他也爱耍卑鄙手段。 6. 我的邻居真爱炫耀，碰到什么人她都要谈到她 那有钱的家。
1. Paula doesn’t need any lessons when it comes to office politics. 2. He was a tough proposition. 3. He told me that the people leading the movement were the salt of the earth. 4. I hope the book will come out on time in spite of all the bottlenecks. 5. He is a weasel even to his old friend Jack. 6. What a peacock my neighbor is. She always talks about her rich family while meeting anybody.
Judging from the Collocation
delicate skin delicate porcelain delicate upbringing delicate living delicate health delicate stomach delicate vase delicate diplomatic question delicate difference delicate surgical operation delicate ear for music delicate sense of smell delicate touch delicate food delicate features
4. Judging from the style of expression and affective difference
(1). Wife 妻子、爱人、夫人、老婆、老伴、媳妇、 堂客、内人、贱内、拙荆、家里的 Potato 马铃薯、洋芋、土豆、山药蛋 President: 总统、总裁、主席、董事长、议长、会长、 社长、校长 (2). Winds / red flower / green willow
3．Judgingቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱfrom the Collocation
“ …who is a good Christian, a good parent, a good child, a good wife or a good husband…” --Vanity Fair 虔诚的教徒 a faithful Christian 慈爱的父母 a loving parent 孝顺的儿女 a obedient child 贤良的妻子 a virtuous wife 尽职的丈夫 a dutiful husband
对许多家庭来说，夫妻俩都去上班赚钱是迫不得已 的事，在东京尤其如此。 3. John was a fool for danger. 约翰是天不怕地不怕的。 4. This is an “egg-and-hen” question. 这是一个长期争论不休的问题。
Meaning Extension
英、汉两种语言是两个不同语系的语言，由于文化、政治、生活 习惯、生活环境、思维方式等方面的差异，两种语言在词语的内 涵意义、搭配意义以及句子结构上，存在许多差异。英汉互译时 ，总有些词或词组难以按原文的字面意义直接译出来。为了使译 文通顺达意，常常根据上下文和逻辑关系将原文的内涵意义挖掘 出来。这种方法就叫词义引申法。引申词义要根据上下文的内在 联系和逻辑关系，透过原文的表层结构，用恰当的译入语和符合 译入语习惯的表达法将原文词语的深层意义表达出来，不能主观 随意，不能脱离原文词义的基本范围。
中华文明是存在最长、从未间断过的一个文明。
(2). Washington wants to maintain an American presence in that region.
7．Use different Chinese words to translate the same English word and vice versa
Words without Equivalents
Teenager Clock-watcher A throwaway society
1. Determine whether the meaning is commendatory, neutral or derogatory
(1) I am very reluctant to give up an ambition which I have cherished for over twenty years. (2) The domineering ambition of Hitler’s Germany was not satisfied.
Newmark: The chief difficulties in translation are lexical, not grammatical, that is, words, collocation and fixed phrases or idioms; these include neologisms and “unfindable” words. Difficulties with words are of two kinds: a. you do not understand them; b. you find them hard to translate.
英汉翻译理论与技巧 之词汇翻译
The fact is that while without grammar very little can be conveyed, without vocabulary nothing can be conveyed. (Wilkins 1972:11) 翻译的基本单位不是词语这一层面，但是， 透彻理解原文词语的含义并用准确的译文 词语表达出来则是翻译的核心工作之一。
Word-for-word Correspondence
Marxism = 马克思主义 Aspirin = 阿司匹林 H-beam = 工字梁 o-ring = 环形圈 u-steel = 槽钢 v-belt = 三角皮带 x-brace = 交叉支撑 y-curve = 叉形曲线
Methods of Extension：
I. Generalization II. Specification III. Logical Extension