胡壮麟语言学第一章复习

---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------胡壮麟语言学第一章复习红?色是定义部分笔记在鑫宇那 why study language what is languageThe symbols have been chosen arbitrarily. In other words, it is impossible to predict the meaning from the form, or vice versa. the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. The symbols have been chosen arbitrarily. In other words, it is impossible to predict the meaning from the form, or vice versa. 1 arbitrary relationship between the sound of a morpheme and ite meaning 语素?音义关系的任意性 2 arbitrariness at the syntactic level 句?法层?面上的任意性 they derive from the choice of subject matters. once such links between particular word and associative meaning are fixed, it becomes a matter of nguage is a means of verbal communicationarbitrariness任意性 3 arbitrariness and convention 任意性和规约性Saussure索绪尔提出design features of language 语?言的特点duality?二层性It means that language is a system which consists of two levels of structures, at the lower level there is the structure of sounds; at the higher level there is the structure of words.下层lower 上层higher=primarysounds交通灯和动物叫声?一样，只有下层含义。

1/ 4∵meaning units cannot be divided into smaller meaningless element further words, sentencescreativity创造性the ability that we all have to construct and understand an indefinitely large number of sentences in our native language, including sentences that we have never heard before, but that are appropriate to the situation in which they are uttered. the ability for the human language users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication, or the ability to use language to talk about the things that exist in our world of experience or in the world of imagination.语?言能够指称说话?人即时情境以外的语境 refers to the fact that, on the one hand, human language has a genetic basis, in other words, we are born with the capacity to acquire human language; on the other hand, the details of any human language are passed on from one generation to the next by teaching and learning, rather than by gene.displacement移位性culture transmission?文化传递referential 所指：传达信息 poetic 诗学：享受语?言?自身的乐趣emotive 情感：表达态度感觉情感 JACKBSON 语?言功能框架基本功能不?同的?人 conative 意动功能：通过指令和恳求说服和影响他?人 phatic 寒暄：与他?人建?立交际 metalingual function元语?言祈使呼语早上好嘿，听到吗语?言学ideational 概念 chap1---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ HALLIDAY 语?言元功能理?论 interpersonal ?人际 textual 语篇informative信息 function of language 语?言的功能Language serves an informative function when it is used to tell what the speaker believes, to give information about facts, or to reason things out. It is mainly concerned with interaction between the speaker and hearer in the discourse situation and the speaker’s attitude towards what he speaks or writes about. speech can be used to “do things”, performing acts. the use of language to create certain feelings in the hearer. The aim is to amuse, startle, anger, soothe, worry or please. It refers to language used for establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than for exchanging information or ideas. For instance, greetings, farewells, talking about weather are all instances of phatic function.interpersonal ?人际 performative 施为 emotive 感情功能 functionphatic communion 寒暄交谈recreational 娱乐When language is used to amuse, language is performing recreational function. For instance, verbal dueling (对歌），baby’s babbling and word game. When language is used to talk about and study language itself , language is performing metalingual function?用来谈论语?言的?言语 If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use,3/ 4it is said to be descriptive. If it aims to lay down rules for “correct” behavior, it is said to be prescriptive. Synchronic linguistics is the analysis of language at a single point in time Diachronic历时 linguistics is the study of a language through the course of its history According to Saussure, “Langue”语?言refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. “parole”?言语 refers to the actual language. 抽象的语?言系统说出来的话metalingual 元语?言to tell the truth, frankly speakingpeople don’t say XDescriptive vs. prescriptive 描写式和规定式don’t sat X 共时通常为当下Synchronic vs. Diachronic 共时和历时important distinction in linguistics 语?言学中?一些重要的区别Langue & parole 语?言和?言语Langue is abstract, parole speci?c to the speaking situation; langue not actually spoken by an individual, parole always a naturally occurring event; langue relatively stable and systematic, parole subject to personal and situational constraints. According to Chomsky, “Competence”语?言能?力? is the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language. “Performance” 语?言运?用is the actual realization of this knowledge in petence & performance 语?言能?力?和语?言运?用。