争议课文 controversial parts of a textbook
六级仔细阅读it is controversial
六级仔细阅读it is controversial It is Controversial: The Debate Surrounding Controversial TopicsIntroductionControversial topics have always been a part of societal discussions, and they tend to evoke strong emotions and opinions from different individuals. These subjects, often polarizing in nature, elicit debates, arguments, and even division among people. In this article, we will explore the reasons behind the controversy surrounding such topics and the impact they have on society.Understanding ControversyControversial topics are those that give rise to conflicting opinions and differing perspectives. They are often complex and multifaceted, making it difficult to reach a consensus. These subjects can range from political issues, social matters, religious beliefs, scientific advancements, and more.Controversy arises when individuals hold strongly opposing views on a particular subject. This disagreement can stem from differences in personal experiences, cultural background, values, or beliefs. People often feel passionately about controversial topics, as they tend to touch on issues that directly impact their lives or challenge their core beliefs.Reasons for ControversyThere are several reasons why certain topics become controversial. One of the main reasons is the clash of values and beliefs. When a topic challenges deeply rooted cultural, religious, or moral values, it often sparks intense debates. For example, issues such as abortion, same-sex marriage, and euthanasia are controversial due to the clash between different belief systems and moral frameworks.Another reason for controversy is the lack of consensus on the evidence or facts surrounding a particular topic. Scientific advancements, for instance, can lead tocontroversial debates as different researchers present conflicting findings. Climate change, genetic engineering, and the safety of vaccines are examples of controversial scientific topics that are subject to ongoing debates and disagreements.Furthermore, controversy can be fueled by media sensationalism and the spread of misinformation. In the era of social media, news and information spread rapidly, often without proper fact-checking. This can lead to the amplification of controversial issues, making it difficult for the public to distinguish between truth and sensationalism.The Impact of Controversial TopicsControversial topics have a significant impact on society, shaping public opinion, policy decisions, and social dynamics. They serve as catalysts for change, challenging societal norms and pushing for progress. However, they can also lead to division, hostility, and the marginalization of certain groups.On one hand, the debate surrounding controversial topics promotes critical thinking and encourages individuals to examine their own beliefs and values. It stimulates dialogue, enabling people to consider different perspectives and challenge their preconceived notions. This can lead to personal growth, increased empathy, and a broader understanding of complex issues.On the other hand, controversy can also lead to polarization and the strengthening of echo chambers. People often seek out like-minded individuals who reinforce their own beliefs, leading to an echo chamber effect. This can result in the further entrenchment of existing divisions, hindering constructive dialogue and inhibiting progress.ConclusionControversial topics will always exist, as they are an inherent part of a diverse and complex society. While they can generate heated debates and division, they also serve as a catalyst for growth and change. Understanding the reasons behind the controversy surrounding these topics and their impact on society allows us to engage in informed and constructive discussions, fostering a more inclusive and tolerant society.。
高中英语人教版英语选修6课文原文及课文译文
高中英语人教版英语选修6课文原文及课文译文Unit 1 Art 第一单元艺术ReadingA SHORT HISTORY OF WESTERN PAINTINGArt is influenced by the customs and faith of a people. Styles in Western art have changed many times. As there are so many different styles of Western art, it would be impossible to describe all of them in such a short text. Consequently, this text will describe only the most important ones. Starting from the sixth century AD.The Middle Ages(5th to the 15th century AD)During the Middle Ages, the main aim of painters was to represent religious themes. A conventional artistof this period was not interested in showing nature and people as they really were. A typical picture at this time was full of religious symbols, which created a feeling of respect and love for God. But it was evident that ideas were changing in the 13th century when painters like Giotto di Bondone began to paint religious scenes in a more realistic way.The Renaissance(15th to 16th century)During the Renaissance, new ideas and values gradually replaced those held in the Middle Ages. People began to concentrate less on religious themes and adopt a more humanistic attitude to life.At the same time painters returned to classical Roman and Greek ideas about art. They tried to paint people and nature as they really were. Rich people wanted to possess their own paintings, so they coule decorate their superb palaces and great houses. They paid famous artists to paint pictures of themselves, their houses and possessions as well astheir activities and achievements.One of the most important discoveries during this period was how to draw things in perspective. This technique was first used by Masaccio in 1428. When people first saw his paintings, they were convinced that they were looking through a hole in a wall at a real scene. If the rules of perspective had not been discovered, no one would have been able to paint such realistic pictures. By coincidence,oil paints were also developed at this time, which made the colours used in paintings look richer and deeper. Without the new paints and the new technique, we would not be able to see the many great masterpieces for which this period is famous.Impressionism(late 19h to early 20th century)In the late 19th century, Europe changed a great deal,from a mostly agricultural society to a mostly industrial one. Many people moved from the countryside to the new cities. There were many new inventions and social changes also led to new painting styles. Among the painters who broke away from the traditional style of painting were the Impressionists, who lived and worke in Paris.The Impressionists were the first painters to work outdoors. They were eager to show how light and shadow fell on objects at different times of day. However, because natural light changes so quickly, the Impressionists had to paint quickly. Their paintings were not as detailed as those of earlier painters. At first, many people disliked this style of painting and became very angry about it. They said that the painters were careless and their paintings were ridiculous.Modern Art(29th century to today)At the time they were created, the Impressionist paintingswere controversial, but today they are accepeted as the beginning of what we call 'modern art'. This is because the Impressionists encouraged artists to look at their environment in new ways. There are scores of modern art styles,but without the Impressionists, many of these painting styles might not exsist. On the one hand, some modern art is abstract; that is, the painter does not attempt to paint objects as we see them with our eyes, but instead concentrates n certain qualities of the object, using colour, line and shape to represent them. On the other hand, some paintings of modern art are so realistic that they look like photographs. These styles are so different. Who can predict what painting styles there will be in the future?西方绘画艺术简史西方艺术风格变化较大，而中国艺术风格变化较小。
初二上册英语课文原文内容
初二上册英语课文原文内容全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1English Class Is Wild This YearI have to say, the readings we've been doing in English class this year are pretty crazy! Mrs. Garcia has really picked some intense passages for us to analyze. I figured English class would be boring, just reading old stories about princes and princesses like we did in elementary school. But these modern passages are dealing with some deep, heavy topics. It's making me think in whole new ways.The first unit was all about exploring different cultures and perspectives. We read this narrative called "The Life of Fue" that followed a teenage boy from a remote village in Papua New Guinea. It described his day-to-day life hunting and gathering food, helping his family with chores, and learning ancient traditions from the tribal elders. His existence was so different from my comfortable life in the suburbs!The passage didn't glorify Fue's life or criticize it - it just presented it as another way of living, equal to but distinct frommy own experiences. That really opened my eyes to how many diverse cultures exist across the globe. I realized my way of life isn't the only "normal" way. It made me curious to learn about other indigenous groups and how they view the world.Another reading from that unit was a firsthand account by a Syrian refugee who fled the civil war as a child. The vivid descriptions of the bombings, the perilous journey across borders, and the struggles of adjusting to a new country...it was all so intense and tragic. I can't even imagine going through that kind of upheaval and terror at such a young age. The passage revealed the grim realities that millions of refugees face every day.After that heavy unit on cultural perspectives, the next unit focused on human impacts on the environment - both negative and positive. One particularly striking passage was written by a marine biologist who witnessed severe coral bleaching on the Great Barrier Reef. The scientific detail really drove home how rising ocean temperatures are killing off these crucial ecosystems. And it's all caused by human-produced greenhouse gas emissions. That's just one example of the many environmental emergencies we're facing due to climate change.However, we also read inspiring stories about people developing innovative solutions to help the planet. Like this article about a teenage girl from India who invented asolar-powered water purifier! Using just commonly available materials, she engineered a device that can turn polluted water into safe drinking water for whole communities. Reading about her drive and ingenuity gave me hope that our generation can create technologies to improve sustainability.Our latest unit examines social movements and civic engagement. We've analyzed controversial speeches by civil rights leaders, dissected poetry raising awareness about injustice and inequality, and read personal narratives of activists risking their lives for moral causes. This thought-provoking content has pushed me to question my own ethical stances and duties as a global citizen.Like this one passage describing a youth-led protest demanding governments take forceful action against climate change. The author's passionate words filled me with conviction about the urgency of this crisis. If the adults in power won't protect the environment for our future, then it's on us young people to raise our voices and demand real, systemic changes before it's too late.Overall, these readings have shattered my preconceived notions about the world and compelled me to think critically about major issues facing humanity. Sure, some of the passages are dense and disturbing at times. But that's reality - the world can be a dark, complex place. I'd rather confront those harsh truths head-on than remain oblivious.English class has pushed me to become a more socially conscious, globally aware person. I still have so much more to learn, but at least now my mind has been opened to perspectives beyond my own little suburban bubble. Who knew analyzing a bunch of texts could be so eye-opening and life-changing? Thanks for keeping it real, Mrs. Garcia!篇2My English Textbook AdventuresI still remember the first day of 8th grade English class like it was yesterday. I was both excited and a bit nervous as I cracked open my brand new textbook. Little did I know the adventures that awaited me within those pages!One of the earliest units was all about sports and fitness. We read a passage describing different athletic activities that people enjoy around the world. I learned some fascinating newvocabulary like "rock climbing", "kayaking", and "parkour". The readings taught me that staying active is important for one's physical and mental health. My favorite part was the comic depicting two friends trying bizarre exercises like "vacuum cleaning lunges". It was hilarious!The next unit focused on nature and the environment. There were texts about natural wonders like the Northern Lights, the dangers of pollution and climate change, and how we can all do our part to protect the planet. One passage that really stuck with me was a first-hand account of a marine biologist swimming with whale sharks - those massive but harmless giants of the ocean. I was awestruck by the vivid description of such a breathtaking experience.Then we transitioned to a unit all about how technology is changing our lives, for better or worse. We read about the latest innovations in fields like robotics, artificial intelligence, and renewable energy sources. There was an interesting debate passage weighing the pros and cons of our increasing dependence on computers and smartphones. While technology certainly makes many things more convenient, the passage warned about things like internet addiction, cyberbullying, andissues with online privacy. It challenged me to be more mindful about my digital habits.Mass media was another major theme, with units exploring all the different platforms we use to entertain ourselves and consume information like books, movies, TV shows, video games, and podcasts. My favorite was probably the magazine article reviewing the latest must-read young adult novel series that's been taking the world by storm. I immediately put the book on my reading list after the passage's gripping plot summary!Traveling and experiencing new cultures was the focus of another engaging unit. Whether it was a travelogue about backpacking through Europe, tips for politely navigating customs in foreign countries, or documentaries highlighting amazing UNESCO World Heritage sites, these lessons fueled my wanderlust. I can't wait until I'm old enough to visit some of those bucket-list destinations myself someday.Another unit that really resonated with me looked at social issues that kids our age often face. There were first-person narratives about overcoming bullying, developing healthy friendships, managing mood swings and anxiety, and finding your passion through extracurricular activities. Although they could get quite heavy at times, those readings provided lots ofhelpful advice and reminded me that I'm not alone in dealing with the ups and downs of adolescence.We even tackled some fairly academic topics like famous inventors and their contributions to science and technology over the centuries. I found the passage about the eccentric but brilliant Nikola Tesla to be utterly fascinating. His rivalry with Thomas Edison and his wild experiments with electricity were straight out of a comic book! The unit also gave me a new appreciation for the scientific method and just how many failures and prototypes get discarded before achieving success with a new invention.Honestly, by the time I reached the last few units, my brain was overflowing with all this new knowledge I had absorbed through the readings. From career explorationsand entrepreneurial mindsets to thinking philosophically about ethics and values, my 8th grade English textbook ran the full gamut of topics that really got me thinking critically about the world and my place within it.As I flipped through those well-worn pages one last time before moving up to high school English, I realized just how much I had grown as a student, critical thinker, reader and writer over that single school year. While simply comprehending allthat new vocabulary and complex subject matter was challenging at first, I gradually developed literacy skills that will benefit me for years to come no matter what life path I choose.My English textbook had literally opened my eyes to hundreds of fresh perspectives from around the globe. It was a portal to understanding different cultures, forming my own views on relevant issues, and a gateway to endless possibilities for my future. No longer was English just another subject I had to take - it was an opportunity to explore the boundless realms of human knowledge and ideas. Across those 2000 pages, I encountered not only words, but entire worlds. And for that, I will be forever grateful to the authors of that incredible book.篇3Original Texts from My 8th Grade English TextbookAs an 8th grader, English class is one of the core subjects we have to take. While it can be challenging at times, I've found that really digging into the reading passages in our textbook helps improve my English skills. Our textbook has a variety of original texts spanning different genres like fiction, non-fiction, poetry, and drama. Let me tell you about some of the most memorable ones we've covered so far this semester.One of the first stories we read was "The Monkey's Paw" by W.W. Jacobs. It's a classic horror tale about being careful what you wish for. An older couple uses a mystical monkey's paw to get three wishes, but they come with disastrous consequences. The story is told with brilliant suspense and foreshadowing. Reading it sent chills down my spine! We analyzed the themes of greed, fate, and the dangers of tampering with forces beyond one's control. Discussing it in class brought up lots of interesting moral questions.Another fictional piece that made an impression was the short story "The Jade Peranakan" by Neil Humphreys. It's about a girl named Bing who receives an ancient jade pendant from her grandmother. We learned it was inspired by Chinese Peranakan culture in Southeast Asia. The story explores themes of heritage, tradition, and intergenerational bonds. I loved the vivid descriptive language transporting us to the lush tropical setting. Plus, the magical realism aspect with the pendant coming to life kept me glued to the story!We've read several impactful non-fiction pieces too. One was an autobiographical essay by Malala Yousafzai, the Pakistani activist for female education. Her courage and resilience in fighting for girls' rights to go to school, even after being shot bythe Taliban, was so inspiring. Her words gave me a deeper appreciation for the importance of education and not taking it for granted. Another great non-fiction work was Randy Pausch's "The Last Lecture" speech transcript. Despite being terminally ill, his message about achieving childhood dreams and really living life to the fullest was poignant and uplifting.On the poetry front, we analyzed classics like William Wordsworth's "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud" and Emily Dickinson's "Because I Could Not Stop for Death." Wordsworth's imagery of the daffodils swaying in the breeze felt so vivid, while Dickinson's treatment of death as a gentle guide was profound. More contemporary poems we explored included Gary Soto's "Oranges" and Julia Alvarez's "Woman's Work." The former used oranges as a symbol for innocent young love, while the latter provided perspective into a hardworking mother's mindset.Finally, we even studied a fewscenes from the famous Shakespearean play Romeo and Juliet. The dialect was pretty difficult to grasp at first, with all the "thees," "thous," and poetic metaphors. But after our teacher explained the contextual meanings and we did some acting exercises, I started to appreciate the incredible wordsmith that Shakespeare was. The balcony scene and quotes like "A plague on both your houses!"became more accessible. Romeo and Juliet highlighted the tragic consequences of the feuding Montague and Capulet families through the lived experiences of the two young, star-crossed lovers.While these pieces were all written in different time periods and styles, studying them boosted my skills in areas like literary analysis, critical thinking, vocabulary in context, and making cultural connections. Our teacher had us do lots of engaging activities like class discussions, writing assignments, and group projects to really unpack the meanings behind the words. English class hasn't been easy, but diving into these original texts has made me a better reader, writer, and all-around student of the English language. I'm eager to see what other literary gems await us next semester!。
自考综合英语二上册课文翻译与详解
综合英语(二)上册课文翻译及详解Lesson OneTwelve Things l Wish They Taught at SchoolCarl SaganLearning Guide俗话说：“活到老，学到老。
”人的一生就是不断学习、不断丰富和充实自己的过程。
青少年阶段，尤其是中学阶段，无疑是学习的最佳时期。
中学教育的重点应放在什么地方？美国著名科学家和科普作家萨根批评中学只抓各个学科具体内容的做法，他认为中学要注重对青少年的宏观教育，使他们建立起唯物的世界观和宇宙观，使他们能够正确对待自己，关心周围的世界——人类生存的环境和自己的地球同胞。
1 I attended junior and senior high school, public institutions in New York and New Jersey, just after the Second World War. It seems a long time ago. ①The facilities and the skills of the teachers were probably well above average for the United States at that time.Since then, I've learned a great deal. One of the most important things I've learned is how much there is to learn, ②and how much I don't yet know.③Sometimes I think how grateful I would be today if I had learned more back then about what really matters. In some respects that education was terribly narrow; the only thing I ever heard in school about Napoleon was that the United States made the Louisiana Purchase from him. ④(On a planet where some 95% of the inhabitants are not Americans, the only history that was thought worth teaching was American history. ) In spelling, grammar, the fundamenta ls of math, and other vital subjects, my teachers did a pretty good job. But there's so much else I wish they'd taught us.①The facilities and skills of the teachers were probably well above average for the United States at that time.学校的设施、教师的水平在当时的美国大大高于一般的水平。
教师资格证《英语学科知识与教学能力(高级中学)》(题库)模拟试卷二
教师资格证《英语学科知识与教学能力（高级中学）》（题库）模拟试卷二[单选题]1.When a s（江南博哥）tudent said in class,"I goed there yesterday." the teacher responded," Say it again, please."The response is an example of________.A.recastB.modificationC.positive feedbackD.postponed feedback参考答案：B参考解析：考查教学反馈。
教师让学生把错误的句子重说一遍，是希望他进行修改。
因此选B“修正，修改”。
[单选题]2.When pitch, stress and length variations are tied to the sentence rather than to the word，they are collectively known as___________.A.intonationB.toneC.phonemeD.sentence stress参考答案：A参考解析：语调(intonation)指高音、重音、音长在句子层面上被集中组合在一起。
[单选题]3._________are undertaken to determine the gap between the existing skills, knowledge and abilities and those that are needed to function at the desired level.A.Learning assessmentB.Learning needsC.Learning analysisD.Teaching assessment参考答案：B参考解析：学习需求是用于分析学习者已有知识与所要求达到的知识水平之间的差距。
高三英语阅读理解文章出处题完形填空题30题
高三英语阅读理解文章出处题完形填空题30题1**题干**：Reading is an important activity for students. It can expand our knowledge and improve our language skills. There are many different types of reading materials available, such as novels, newspapers, magazines, and academic papers. Each type has its own unique characteristics and purposes. For example, novels often tell stories with vivid characters and exciting plots. Newspapers provide up-to-date information on current events. Magazines cover a wide range of topics and may include articles on fashion, sports, entertainment, and more. Academic papers are usually more formal and focused on specific research topics.When we read an article, it is important to be able to identify its source. This can help us understand the purpose and credibility of the information. In this exercise, we will practice identifying the source of different articles based on their content and style.**Question 1**：The article above is most likely from a ___.A. novelB. newspaperC. magazineD. academic paper答案：C。
弗洛伊德理论在黑猫中的体现英语作文
弗洛伊德理论在黑猫中的体现英语作文Born in Boston, Massachusetts, in January 1809, and died in Baltimore, Maryland, in October1849, Edgar Allan Poe lived only forty years in this world, but his name brings to mind images ofmurderers and madmen, premature burials, and mysterious women who return from the dead. Hisworks have been in print since 1827 and include such literary classics as “The Tell-Tale Heart” ,“The Raven”, and “The Fall of the House of Usher”. This versatile writer’s oeuvre includes shortstories, poetry, a novel, a textbook, a book of scientific theory, and hundreds of essays and bookreviews. He is widely acknowledged as the inventor of the modern detective story and an innovatorin the science fiction genre, and he made his living as America’s first great literary critic andtheoretician. Poe’s reputation today rests primarily on his tales of terror as well as on his hauntinglyric poetry.Poe’s short stories are abounded with bloody violence, murder and even supernatural events.And the places where the stories occur are usually dreary and gloomy castles, bleak cellars orchurches, and thrilling grave yards. All these are the recurrent and indispensable elements inestablishing Poe’s prevalent terror,which is strong enough to shake readers’interior feelings.Among these stories, Poe can not stop interpreting his “death wish”. “Death” has become one of hisconstant themes, especially the death of a beautiful woman, and he made assertions in his famousarticle “The Philosophy of Composition” that this is “the most poetical topic in theworld”. Suchstories as “Ligeia”“Morella” and “Berenice” are good examples. And personal tragedy was anotherrecurring theme throughout Poe’s life.In his early childhood, his father deserted the family andlater his beloved mother died. He was adopted by a wealthy tobacco family but seldom had a goodtime with them. It is his miserable life experience and his pessimistic temperament that led Poe tobe obsessed with his “death fantasia” and dark romanticism. It is not difficult to find that Poe has anastonishingly strong and meanwhile twisted and weird power of imagination which is quitebewildering, and this is one of the reasons that he isdrawn much attention.Allan Poe himself is also one of the most controversial figures in the American literaryhistory. Although his contributions to the literature have been widely acknowledged at present, hewas misunderstood at his time because of his wired character. For example, his literary executor- - 1 -Rufus Griswold spared no pains, after Allan Poe’s death, to sully his reputation—he painted Poe asa Bohemian, depraved, and demonic, a villain with no virtue at all. Professor Chang also mentionedthat Poe’s own work did at times seem to corroborate the view of Griswold’s and many others thathis was an evil genius and thus the legend steadily building up about Poe placed the man in a veryunfavorable light; therefore Emerson dismissed him in three words “the jingle man”and MarkTwain declared his prose to be unreadable. Henry James madethe ruthless statement that “anenthusiasm for Poe is the mark of a decidedly primitive stage of reflection”. And Whitman, whowas the only famous literary figure presented at Poe Memorial Ceremony in Baltimore in 1875,hada mixed feeling about Poe: he did admit Poe’s genius, but it was“its narrow range and unhealthylurid quality”that most impressed him.However, needless to say, the majority of critics today, in America as well as in the world,have recognized the real, unique importance of Poe as a great writer of fiction, a poet of the firstrank, and a critic of acumen and insight. His works are read the world over with appreciation andunderstanding.thEdgar Allan Poe’s works didn’t bring him fame and fortunate before he died. Since the 20century, with the irrationalism philosophy and Fraud’s psychoanalysis rising and developing, AllanPoe and his works have been wildly accepted.Freud proposed that the human psyche could be divided intothree parts: Id, ego, andsuper-ego. Id represents human being’s basic desire, impulse and vitality for living. It is thesubconsciousness part of human being’s spiritual activities. The super-ego is the moral component of the psyche, which takes into account no special circumstances in which the morally right thingmay not be right for a given situation.The rational ego attempts to exact a balance between theimpractical hedonism of the id and the equally impractical moralism of the super-ego; it is the partof the psyche that is usually reflected most directly in a person's actions. When overburdened orthreatened by its tasks, it may employ defense mechanisms including denial, repression, anddisplacement.There are always conflicts between Id and super-ego. If a person keeps balance between bothof them, he will be a mental healthy man. If not, he will become anoia. Apparently, the hero in theBlack Cat was a twisted-mind person after experiencing a series of spirit change including impulse,crime, guilt and fear. In this thesis, the author analyzes the hero’s personalities in The Black Cataccording to Freud’s psychoanalysis, which will help us understand Poe’s other works and his- - 2 -artistic thoughts easily.Chapter 2 PsychoanalysisThis chapter consists of two parts, mainly dealing with the theories of psychoanalysis. Thefirst part is a brief introduction to Freudian psychological theories, aimed to present a panoramic view of the school. The second part gives an account of one major theory of psychoanalysis—thestructural model of personalities. Serving as an interpreting vehicle for the criticism to be conducted, the theroy will be adopted and applied later to the analysis of the unreliable narrator in The BlackCat.2.1 OverviewThe theory of psychoanalysis initiated by Sigmund Freud, the famous Austrian neurologist, isa set of creative ideas and was originally employed for thetreatment of mentally-disordered patients.thComing at the turn of the 20century, this theory provided a radically new approach to the analysisof human behaviors in the medical field. Resting on the convincing evidence obtained throughmany carefully recorded case studies, Freud claimed that most of our actions are motivated bypsychological forces over which we have very limited control. Based on years of fruitful researchwork, Freud finally established his own theoretic realm of psychoanalysis, resulting in a vehementrevolution in the field of Psychology. The foundation of the theory mainly consists of the followingthree premises Freud has ever proposed:1)most of the individual’s mental processes areunconscious;2)all human behavior is motivated ultimately by sexuality;3)many of our desires andmemories are repressed because of the powerful social taboos attached to certain sexual impulses.In the two epoch-making works, The Interpretation of Dreamsand A General Introduction toPsychoanalysis, Freud’s original ideas and pioneering explorations aremostly embodied, eachgiven a detailed explanation exhaustively. In the first work mentioned, Freud elucidates theory ofthe unconscious, the formation of dreams and 9 ways of interpreting them; in the second one, heimproves theory of the libido, proposes stages of psychosexuality and explicates the specializedterminology such as Oedipus complex, Repression, Anxiety etc. Another significant work thatdeserves mention is The Ego and the Id, in which Freud gives an elaboration on the threecomponents of personality—the id, the ego and the superego as well as the interactive relationshipamong them.The innovative and daring work Freud has made offers a brand-new view to the- - 3 -understanding of human mind, which contributes to the establishment of a general belief that humanbehaviors of any kind, as a matter of fact, are not meaningless or random but meaningful andgoal-oriented. In this sense, the psychoanalytic theory can be employed as an effective vehicle tounderstand human behaviors which are really informative and explainable.Apart from Freud, efforts are also made by such psychoanalysts as Anna Freud, Carl Jungand Marie Bonaparte, whose endeavor not only enriches the theory with new concepts and values,but also impels the development of the school of psychoanalysis. Because of its universalapplicability, the theory goes beyond the medical field and is introduced into the literary world,exerting great influence on both the creations and interpretations of literary works.2.2The Structural Model of PersonalityOne of Freud’s most influential findings is thethree-layered structure of personality. FromFreudian point of view, personality is composed of three elements which are known as id, ego andsuperego. These three parts, interacting with one another, work together and result in many complexhuman behaviors.The id, as the primary component of personality, is entirely unconscious, including thebehaviors that are instinctive and primitive. Characterized by vitality and untamedness, the only aim of the id is to strive for instant satisfaction and gratification by following the Pleasure Principle, with the least regard for social conventions, legal ethics, or moral restraints. The ego, quite differentfrom the id, operates on the basis of the Reality Principle, attempting to satisfy the id’s desires inrealistic and socially appropriate ways. Developing out of the id’s interaction with theexternalworld, the ego ensures the impulse of the id can be expressed in an acceptable manner. The lastcomponent of personality is the superego, which is supposed to hold all the internalized moralstandards and ideals that we acquire from society. The major function of the superego is to perfectand civilize human behaviors, suppressing all unacceptable urges of the id and struggling to makethe latter act upon idealistic standards instead of realistic principles. In other words, it is responsiblefor“transmitting the constraints that culture exercises over the individual, and for imposing thenecessary and ultimately excessive sacrifices of instinct demanded by civilization”.According toFreud, these aspects of personality often work together in bringing out a certain kind of humanbehavior. How one behaves is actually the result of the wrestling of the three. Therefore, a healthypersonality entails a balance among the three—the id, the ego, and the superego.- - 4 -Chapter 3 A Psychoanalytic Interpretation of The Black Cat This chapter mainly gives an interpretation of the narrator in the Black Catfrom Freudianpsychoanalytic perspective. The Black Cat is one of Allen Poe’s finest horror tales. Poe’s horrortales, featured by the psychiatric traits and psychological significance, serve as a good source for the psychoanalysts to understand both Poe and his works.Traditionally, The Black Cat is taken as a classic horror story permeated with gothic elementssuch as superstition and murder, yet from Freudianperspective, it can be treated as a case study of a patient who is troubled with psychological problems. And this horror tale can be more vividlycompared as a mind-disordered patient’s confession to a psychology doctor.3.1 Ego of the NarratorAt the beginning of the narrator’s retrospect, he described what he was like at his young age.“From my infancy I was noted for the docility and humanity of my disposition. Mytenderness of heart was even so conspicuous as to make me the jest of my companions. I wasespecially fond of animals, and was indulged by my parents with a great variety of pets. With theseI spent most of my time, and never was so happy as when feeding and caressing them. This peculiarof character grew with my growth, and in my manhood, I derived from it one of my principalsources of pleasure. ” (Poe, Tales 161)From above we can see the narrator was very kind and humane when he was young. This isego of the narrator. The ego, according to Freud, operateson the basis of the Reality Principle,attempting to satisfy the id’s desires in realistic and socially appropriate ways. During this period,the narrator liked animals and he gained pleasure by feeding and caressing them.What’s more, when the narrator got married early, he felt very happy because his wife alsoliked animals and had same nice characteristics like him. They raised animals together and thenarrator formed firm friendship with a black cat—Pluto, his favorite pet. “I married early, and washappy to find my wife a disposition not uncongenial with my own. Observing my partiality fordomestic pets, she lost no opportunity of procuring those of the most agreeable kind. We had birds,gold-fish, a fine dog, a small monkey, and a cat.”(Poe, Tales 161) The narrator’s ego enables himwent on a happy and normal life in realistic and socially appropriate ways.3.2 Id of the Narrator- - 5 -However, after he became addicted to alcohol, “a disease”what the narrator called, hisdisposition gradually changed and turned to a villain. He began to ill - treat his once loving pets andwife."I grew, day by day, more moody, more irritable, more regardless of the feelings of others. Isuffered myself to use intemperate language to my wife. At length, I even offered her personalviolence. My pets, of course, were made to feel the change in my disposition."(Poe, Tales 162)He even harmed his favorite cat."One night, returning home, much intoxicated, from one of my haunts about town, I fanciedthat the cat avoided my presence. I seized him; when, in his fright at my violence, he inflicted aslight wound upon my hand with his teeth. The fury of a demon instantly possessed me. I knewmyself no longer. My original soul seemed, at once, to take its flight from my body and a more thanfiendish malevolence, gin-nurtured, thrilled every fibre of my frame. I took from mywaistcoat-pocket a pen-knife, opened it, grasped the poorbeast by the throat, and deliberately cutone of its eyes from the socket! I blush, I burn, I shudder, while I pen the damnable atrocity." (Poe,Tales 162)At last, he killed his wife with an axe out of rage."One day she accompanied me, upon some household errand, into the cellar of the oldbuilding which our poverty compelled us to inhabit. The cat followed me down the steep stairs, and,nearly throwing me headlong, exasperated me to madness. Uplifting an axe, and forgetting, in mywrath, the childish dread which had hitherto stayed my hand, I aimed a blow at the animal which, ofcourse, would have proved instantly fatal had it descended as I wished. But this blow was arrestedby the hand of my wife. Goaded, by the interference, into a rage more than demoniacal, I withdrewmy arm from her grasp and buried the axe in her brain. She fell dead upon the spot, without agroan." (Poe, Tales 168)All his behaviors showed signs of mental distortion. The narrator was not born a bad person.He himself sensed his changing disposition. He did fell remorse about cutting an eye of his first cat.However, he couldn’t restrain himself from his inner evil. Again hesubmitted the cat to hisviolence--hanging it. He attributes his maltreating and killing of his first cat to the “FiendIntemperance”and “the spirit of perverseness”. He believes perverseness was “one of the primitive impulses of the human heart--which give direction to the character of Man”. Perverseness gives thereason of his unjustifiable acts, suck as hanging his first cat, rapping with a cane on the wall that- - 6 -concealed the body of his wife. Poe gave further arguments on the spirit of perverseness. Hebelieved man often do bad or stupid things just because we know we should not, and tend to violatelaws only because we are aware that is wrong. This exactly dovetails with id, one part of the humanpsyche Freud proposed in his late work. The id is the completely unconscious, impulsive, child-likeportion of the psyche that operates on the "PleasurePrinciple" and is the source of basic impulsesand drives; it seeks immediate pleasure and gratification, with the least regard for socialconventions, legal ethics, or moral restraints. In The Black Cat, the narrator’s unconscious evil wasawaked by the addiction of alcohol.3.3 Superego of the NarratorEvery time after the narrator’s perverse acts, his superego would appear.The first time is that after the narrator cut one of Pluto’s eyes from the socket when id wascontrolling him, he felt sorry and was frightened by what he had done to the poor cat, when hewaked up the next day. “When reason returned with the morning --when I had slept off the fumes ofthe night's debauch --I experienced a sentiment half of horror, half of remorse, for the crime ofwhich I had been guilty”. (Poe, Tales 162:163)The second time is that after the fire accident, the narrator was haunted by the terror of killingthe cat. “For months I could not rid myself of the phantasm of the cat; and, during this period, therecame back into my spirit a half-sentiment that seemed, but was not, remorse. I went so far as toregret the loss of the animal, and to look about me, among the vile haunts which I now habituallyfrequented, for another pet of the same species, and of somewhat similar appearance, with which tosupply its place.” (Poe, Tales 165)The last time appears at the beginning of the tale. The narrator was already in the prison andwas to die. He confessed his crime and said, “These events have terrified --have tortured --havedestroyed me.” (Poe, Tales 160)The narrator seemed to be a normal man in sanity and regret what he had done in this tone. Atall this times, superego dominated the narrator and let him be conscious of what he had done.According to Freud, superego holds all the internalized moral standards and ideals that we acquirefrom society. The major function of the superego is to perfect and civilize human behaviors,suppressing all unacceptable urges of the id and struggling to make the latter act upon idealisticstandards instead of realistic principles. The narrator in The Black Cat regretted every time when hefinished a crime. When the narrator recovered from alcohol or his irritation, he would act as a- - 7 -normal person. This is the result of the narrator’s superego. At this moment, the narrator realized his crime because his behaviors surely went against the society’s moral standards. Consequently, hewould feel sorry and terrified.Id, ego and superego are three parts of human psyche that Freud proposed. Normal people aredominated by ego and superego and superego can repress id. If id overweigh superego, like thenarrator in The Black Cat, the person will become spirit disordered and commit a series of abnormalthings against social conventions, legal ethics, or moral restraints. Every reader will take thenarrator in The Black Cat as a psycho, he killed his pet, ill-treated animals and murdered his wife.The narrator, indeed, is not a normal person. The beginning of this tale is the narrator’s confession,which will let others feel that he is mind-clear. As the story is scrolling, people will be frightened by the change of the narrator’s disposition and his deeds. In most parts of the tale, the narrator’sactivities are crazy and unbelievable. While his regret or horror about his doing is just in fewsentences. That means, the id of the narrator overweighs the superego in a great extend. It seemsthat the narrator is fond of cruelty and violence. And his conscience is just a piece of ice in front ofhis deep evil.The murderer is an unreliable narrator. He told the story, confessed his wrong-doing andregretted. This was just one of the short times when his superego dominated the narrator’s mind.The narrator was a mind-disordered patient rather than a murderer, because when he committed hiscrime, he didn’t think it was wrong, but took it as a normal thing. When the narrator killed his wife,he was not frightened, he did not fell upset or depressed. On the contrary, he figured out a good wayto hide the body calmly and showed out later in front ofthe police. He did all of these just as normalas his daily routine. This is a typical example ofmind-disordered patients’ behaviors.For common people, they behave themselves because of the moral standards or the law. Thatis, their superego wins over their id. People cannot do whatever they like because superego teachesthem not to go against those rules. Once the relationship between superego and id is broken, peoplewill abnormal, or worse, mad. In The Black Cat, the narrator’s id occupied his mind, thoughsometimes his superego would come out now and then, so he became crazy and cannot controlhimself. It seems that a monster was released from the deep evil of the narrator.- - 8 -Chapter 4 ConclusionWinning high praise from many critics, The Black Cat is considered one of the finest horrortales ever created by Poe. The innovative handling of the gothic elements as well as the dealing ofthe mentally disturbed protagonist, makes the taledistinct from its traditional counterparts. In the story, Poe drew upon superstitions about cats and explored into the human psyche, creating a horrornot only on a cultural scale but also on a psychological level. This thesis has analyzed the narrator’spsyche using Freudian theory.The Black Cat looks into the dark side of man, witnesses the down fall of a man, examinesthe primitive impulse of a man—perverseness. This makes it a classic gothic novel. As a master ofshort stories of horror, Poe applied different types of elements of horror, which are either from hispersonal writing technique, like the imagery and symbolisms suggesting horror, and thesynchronization of peak and emotional explosion, or from his personal psychological illusion, likethe description of dark unconsciousness and the death and resurrection of beauty. Poe’s horror talesare still very popular nowadays, because he is good at illustrating the heroes’abnormal spirit.Needless to say, the analysis of Allen Poe’s works through Freud’s psychoanalysis has greatsignificance.。
高中语文教材删除经典作品英语作文
高中语文教材删除经典作品英语作文Classic Books Got Kicked Out of High School! Say What?Hey guys, have you heard the crazy news? Some big shots decided to take out a bunch of awesome, classic books and stories from the high school Chinese textbooks! I couldn't believe it when I first found out. Those books have been around forever and they're, like, required reading for every kid in China.My big sister is a high school junior and she's super bummed about it. She was really looking forward to reading some of those classic tales in her Chinese literature class this year. But now they're gone, just like that! Poof! It's so unfair.I remember when I was in 5th grade, we had to read excerpts from books like Journey to the West, The True Story of Ah Q, and The Lu Family Manor. They were kind of hard to understand at first because the language is pretty old-fashioned. But my teacher explained what was happening and showed us pictures to help us get it. Once I got into the stories, I thought they were so cool!In Journey to the West, you've got this monk named Xuanzang traveling all the way from China to India on an epic adventure to bring Buddhist scriptures back home. He's gotthree super powerful supernatural protectors helping him - Monkey King, Pigsy and Sandy. They have to fight off evil spirits, monsters and deal with tricksters along the way. It's like this crazy fantasy world but it also teaches life lessons about perseverance, bravery and overcoming struggles.The True Story of Ah Q was mind-bending! This guy named Ah Q is basically a big loser. No matter what he does, he always gets picked on and lands in trouble. But in his head, he convinces himself that he's actually the winner and looks down on everybody else. It's a satire that makes you think about how people fool themselves sometimes to feel better about their sad lives. Pretty deep stuff for a kid's book!As for The Lu Family Manor, oh man, that book is intense! It's all about the wealthy Lu family and how their greed, backstabbing and dirty dealings ultimately ruin them over generations. There's love, lies, corruption, you name it - it's a dramatic soap opera but set in ancient China. I was totally hooked once I got into it!So you can see why I'm bummed these classics got kicked to the curb for high schoolers. They're iconic works of Chinese literature that shed light on our culture, history and values in a really engaging way. Sure, some of the content and language is abit mature for elementary kids like me. But we still get exposed to edited, toned-down versions that teach us about the stories from an early age. And then by high school, students are old enough to analyze the complete, unabridged versions and discuss the deeper meanings.From what I've heard though, the big wb Chinese education bosses felt some of the content in these classic novels didn't align with the latest "socialist core values" they want to promote. There are certain ideas, philosophies and depictions of societal issues that they decided would not send the right kind of msg to today's students. So rather than keeping the stories but revising certain sections, they just yanked the whole books out of the curriculum altogether. Such a bummer!My mom is really ticked off about the whole thing too. She's like, "These books have been taught for decades and are massively influential works that shaped Chinese literary tradition. How can they just discard such an integral part of our cultural heritage like that? It's an insult and a disgrace." Tell me about it, Mom! I haven't even had the chance to read the full versions yet before they got nixed! So not fair.Some of my mom's friends are equally outraged. They're accusing the education officials of being too heavy-handed withcensorship and depriving the next generation of students access to our nation's rich literary canon. They make some good points... After all, even classics from other cultures that we study - like Shakespeare's plays and ancient Greek myths - contain some controversial stuff that doesn't necessarily align with modern values either. But we still learn about them because they're hugely significant literary and historical works that offer profound insights despite some of the outdated elements.On the flip side, I guess I can kinda see where the officials are coming from too. They probably just want to make sure the reading material for students is as wholesome and appropriate as possible, especially in today's world where info spreads so fast online and impressionable minds can be easily swayed if exposed to the wrong ideas or messages. But still... Going nuclear and scrapping the entire books instead of simply revising certain iffy parts? That's a bit too extreme if you ask me!Anyways, my big sister and her friends aren't just sitting idly by letting this happen. They're actually organizing petitions and protests at their school to pressure the education bureau to bring back the classic books or at least provide an explanation for why each one was dropped. Good for them for taking a stand!Some students I know are getting creative too. There are already under-the-radar book clubs and study groups forming where they secretly gather to read smuggled-in copies of the banned books on their own time. It's like the classics have taken on this forbidden, rebellious quality that makes them even more intriguing to the students now. You know how teenagers are - tell them they can't do something and suddenly they want to do it even more!Personally, I'm just hoping this gets resolved in a reasonable way before I'm in high school. I'd hate to miss out on being able to read and discuss those amazing stories that have been around for centuries as a pivotal part of every Chinese student's educational journey. Maybe the officials will realize they went too far and reinstate some of the books with any inappropriate content revised out. Or maybe they'll at least provide more transparency and clear reasoning why each specific title was dropped. We'll see, I guess.But one thing's for sure - those classic tales of ancient Chinese literature aren't going away anytime soon, no matter what. They've been too influential and deeply woven into our cultural fabric to simply be erased or forgotten. If the students can't access the full versions in textbooks, they'll find a way toseek out the stories through other means, even if it's just by passing around tattered old copies in secret like contraband. You can't keep a great book down for too long - it will always find a way to be read and appreciated by those who understand its value.。
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争议课文controversial parts of a textbook
Controversial parts of a textbook for primary school students will be removed from a new edition for the autumn semester, People's Education Press said on Wednesday, adding that the current textbooks will gradually be replaced.
人民教育出版社22日表示，秋季学期的新版小学教材将删除有争议的课文，现有教材将逐步被替换。
近日，人民教育出版社小学语文教材（Chinese-language textbook for primary school students）中的课文《爱迪生救妈妈》被指内容杜撰一事引发争议。
该篇课文讲的是，爱迪生7岁那年，妈妈得了阑尾炎（appendicitis），医生到家里给她做手术（perform a surgery），但屋里光线太暗（but light in the room was too dim）。
爱迪生急中生智（have quick wits in an emergency），用几面镜子把油灯（oil lamp）的光汇聚起来，照射着让医生成功做完手术，拯救了妈妈。
然而，根据相关医学论文资料，医学界普遍认为世界上首例阑尾炎手术发生在1886年（it's widely believed in the medical field that the world's first appendectomy was carried out in 1886），而爱迪生7岁那年是1854年。
对此，人教社回应称：经核查，该故事上个世纪八十年代在国内正式出版物（formal publications）中已出现，于2002年选入人教版语文教材。
关于这篇文章，社会上有人曾对其中某些细节提出质疑（raise questions），人教社专门听取了有关专家意见，大家对此有不同的看法（views were divided on that matter）。
针对近日的争议（recent controversy），人教社正在征求更多专家意见（ask more experts for suggestions）。
人教社还表示，教育部从2012年开始组织全国一流专家编写义务教育语文教材（compile Chinese-language textbooks for compulsory education），新版一年级教材于2016年9月替换了原人教版语文教材，今年9月替换二年级教材，明年后人教版所有旧版教材将全部更换为新版教材，旧版教材不再使用。
新版教材没有选用《爱迪生救妈妈》等有争议的文章。
据报道，引发争议的小学语文课文不仅仅有《爱迪生救妈妈》。
比如，某版本小学语文课文《华盛顿与樱桃树》中，幼年华盛顿砍倒了家里的一棵樱桃树（a cherry tree），向父亲承认错误（confess his mistake）后得到了原谅（receive forgiveness）。
但考古学家（archaeologist）发现，华盛顿童年所住的房屋（the
house Washington lived in as a child）位于弗吉尼亚州的拉帕罕诺克河边的陡壁上，没有任何证据证明这里曾种植过樱桃树。
著名教育学者熊丙奇表示，课文出现史实性（historicity）问题，主要原因是选取课文（select content for textbook）时，编写教材者仅从文学性或教育性的角度去衡量文章价值，而忽略了对其历史性和真实性（authenticity）的考察。
有专家指出，教材的完善需要一个过程，教师可以利用教材中存在的问题，对孩子进行批判性思维（critical thinking）的训练。
[相关词汇]
免除学杂费waive tuition and miscellaneous fees
贫困生poor/financially disadvantaged student
课外活动extracurricular activity
课程表curriculum schedule
必修课compulsory course
选修课optional course
教学大纲syllabus
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appendicitis [əˌpendəˈsaitis] n-uncount
Appendicitis is an illness in which a person's appendix is infected and painful.
He is recovering in hospital after an operation for acute appendicitis.
做完急性阑尾炎手术后，他正在医院康复。
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appendectomy [ˌæpenˈdektəmi]
surgical removal of the vermiform appendix。