高考英语语法专项复习第17讲构词法素材

第17章构词法一.概念英语的构词法主要有:合成法,转化法,派生法,混成法,截短法和词首字母缩略法.二.相关知识点精讲1.转化法英语中，有的名词可作动词，有的形容词可作副词或动词，这种把一种词性用作另一种词性而词形不变的方法叫作转化法。

1)动词转化为名词很多动词可以转化为名词，大多意思没有多大的变化(如下①)；有时意思有一定变化(如下②)；有的与一个动词和不定冠词构成短语，表示一个动作(如下③)。

例如：①Let's go out for a walk.我们到外面去散散步吧。

②He is a man of strong build.他是一个体格健壮的汉子。

③Let's have a swim.咱们游泳吧。

2)名词转化为动词很多表示物件(如下①)、身体部位(如下②)、某类人(如下③)的名词可以用作动词来表示动作，某些抽象名词(如下④)也可作动词。

例如：①Did you book a seat on the plane?你订好飞机座位了吗?②Please hand me the book.请把那本书递给我。

③She nursed her husband back to health.她看护丈夫，使他恢复了健康。

④We lunched together.我们在一起吃了午餐。

3)形容词转化为动词有少数形容词可以转化为动词。

例如：We will try our best to better our living conditions.我们要尽力改善我们的生活状况。

4)副词转化为动词有少数副词可以转化为动词。

例如：Murder will out.(谚语)恶事终必将败露。

5)形容词转化为名词表示颜色的形容词常可转化为名词(如下①)；某些形容词如old, young, poor, rich, wounded, injured等与the连用，表示一类人，作主语时，谓语用复数(如下②)。

例如：You should be dressed in black at the funeral.你在葬礼中该穿黑色衣服。

The old in our village are living a happy life.我们村的老年人过着幸福的生活。

2.派生法在词根前面加前缀或在词根后面加后缀构成一个与原单词意义相近或截然相反的新词叫作派生法。

1)前缀除少数前缀外，前缀一般改变单词的意义，不改变词性；后缀一般改变词类，而不引起词义的变化。

(1)表示否定意义的前缀常用的有dis-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, mis-, non-, un-等，在单词的前面加这类前缀常构成与该词意义相反的新词。

例如：appear出现→disappear消失correct正确的→incorrect不正确的lead带领→mislead领错stop停下→non-stop不停(2)表示其他意义的前缀常用的有a-(多构成表语形容词), anti- (反对；抵抗), auto- (自动), co- (共同), en- (使), inter- (互相), re- (再；又), sub- (下面的；次；小), tele- (强调距离)等。

例如：alone单独的antigas防毒气的autochart自动图表cooperate合作enjoy使高兴internet互联网reuse再用subway地铁telephone电话2)后缀英语单词不仅可以通过加前缀构成新词，也可加后缀构成新词。

后缀通常会改变单词的词性，构成意义相近的其他词性；少数后缀还会改变词义，变为与原来词义相反的新词。

(1)构成名词的后缀常用的有-ence，-(e)r/ -or (从事某事的人),-ese (某地人)，-ess (雌性)，-ful (一……)，-ian (精通……的人)，-ist (专业人员)，-ment (性质；状态)，-ness (性质；状态)，-tion(动作；过程)等。

例如：differ不同于→difference区别write写→writer作家Japan日本→Japanese日本人act表演→actress女演员mouth口→mouthful一口music音乐→musician音乐家(2)构成动词的后缀常用的有-(e)n (多用于形容词之后)，-fy (使……化)，-ize (使……成为)。

例如：wide→widen加宽beauty→beautify美化pure→purify提纯real→realize意识到organ→organize组织(3)构成形容词的后缀常用的有-al，-able (有能力的)，-(a)n(某国人的)，-en (多用于表示材料的名词后)，-ern (方向的)，-ese(某国人的)，-ful，-(ic)al，-ish，-ive，-less (表示否定)，-like (像……的)，-ly，-ous，-some，-y (表示天气)等。

例如：nature自然→natural自然的reason道理→reasonable有道理的America美国→American美国的China中国→Chinese中国人的gold金子→golden金的east东→eastern东方的child孩子→childish孩子气的snow雪→snowy雪的(4)构成副词的常用后缀有-ly (主要用于形容词之后表示方式或程度)，-ward(s) (主要用于表示方位的词之后表示方向)。

例如：angry生气的→angrily生气地to到→towards朝……，向……east东方→eastward向东(5)构成数词的后缀有-teen (十几)，-ty (几十)，-th (构成序数词)。

例如：six六→sixt ee n十六→sixteenth第十六four四→forty四十→fortieth第四十3.合成法1)合成名词构成方式例词名词＋名词weekend周末名词＋动词daybreak黎明名词＋动名词handwriting书法名词＋及物动词＋er／or pain-killer止痛药名词＋介词＋名词editor-in-chief总编辑代词＋名词she-wolf母狼动词＋名词typewriter打字机动名词＋名词reading-room阅览室现在分词＋名词flying-fish飞鱼形容词＋名词gentleman绅士副词＋动词outbreak爆发介词＋名词afternoon下午2)合成形容词名词＋形容词snow-white雪白的名词＋现在分词English-speaking讲英语的名词＋to＋名词face-to-face面对面的名词＋过去分词man-made人造的数词＋名词one-way单行的数词＋名词＋形容词two-year-old两岁的数词＋名词＋ed five-storeyed五层的动词＋副词see-through透明的形容词＋名词high-class高级的形容词＋名词＋ed noble-minded高尚的形容词＋形容词light-blue浅蓝色的形容词＋现在分词good-looking相貌好看的副词＋形容词ever-green常青的副词＋现在分词hard-working勤劳的副词＋过去分词well-known著名的副词＋名词fast-food专门提供快餐服务的介词＋名词downhill下坡的3)合成动词名词＋动词sleep-walk梦游形容词＋动词white-wash粉刷副词＋动词overthrow推翻4)合成副词形容词＋名词hotfoot匆忙地形容词＋副词everywhere到处副词＋副词however尽管如此介词＋名词beforehand事先介词＋副词forever永远5)合成代词代词宾格＋self herself她自己物主代词＋self myself我自己形容词＋名词anything任何东西6)合成介词副词＋名词inside在……里面介词＋副词within在……之内副词＋介词into进入4.截短法(缩略法)截短法，即将单词缩写，词义和词性保持不变，主要有截头、去尾、截头去尾等形式。

1)截头telephone→phoneaeroplane→planeomnibus→bus2)去尾mathematics→mathsco-operate→co-opexamination→examkilogram→kilolaboratory→labtaxicab→taxi3)截头去尾influenza→flurefrigerator→fridgeprescription→script5.混合法(混成法)混合法，即将两个词混合或各取一部分紧缩而成一个新词。

后半部分表示主体；前半部分表示属性。

news broadcast→newscast新闻广播television broadcast→telecast电视播送smoke and fog→smog烟雾helicopter airport→heliport直升飞机场6.首尾字母缩略法首尾字母缩略法，即用单词首尾字母组成一个新词。

读音主要有两种形式，即各字母分别读音；作为一个单词读音。

very important person→VIP (读字母音)要人；大人物television→TV (读字母音)电视Te sting of English as a Foreign Language→TOEFL托福Nato三.巩固练习1.That man was________enough not to tell the manager that he would not do the job.A.careB.carefulC.carelessD.carelessness2.The soldier died for saving the child，so his________ is heavier than Mount Tai.A.dieB.deadC.diedD.death3.The child looked________at his brother who was badly wounded.A.sadlyB.sadnessC.sadlyD.sad4.He is an expert at chemistry.We all call him a ________.A.chemistryB.chemicalC.chemistD.physician5.The three- ________chair isn’t suitable for a young child.He may fall off.A.leggingB.leggedC.legs6.Stephenson became the________railway engineer in the world.A.leadB.leaderC.leadingD.leadership7.When the teache r praised him for working out the maths problem，Jack looked________about at his classmates.A.proudB.proudlyC.prideD.pridely8.To everyone’s ________，the girl finished the job quite well.A.satisfiedB.satisfactoryC.satisfyingD.satisfaction9.—What are you doing here?—Oh，my teacher aske d me to write a passage about ________in English.—You can write________passage in English?A.600 words；a 600-wordsB.600-word；a 600-wordsC.600 words；a 600-wordD.600 words；a 600-words10.No one should enter the spot without the________of the police.A.permitB.permissionC.permittingD.permittence11.You must come with us to the police ________.Our head is waiting for you.A.headquartersB.headlineC.headmasterD.headache12.Lettin g that animal escape was no accident；you did it ________.A.intendB.intentionC.intentionallyD.intentional13.The shop owner welcome d all the guests with a________smile.A.practiceB.practiseC.practicalD.practiced14.The________ordered him to pay a $100 fine.A.judgerB.judgmentC.judgeD.judgement15.My TV is out of order.Can you te ll me what is the________news about Iraq War?telytesttertter16.The Great Wall is more than 6000 li in ________.A.longerB.lengthC.longD.longing17.To my ________，I passed the exam easily.A.joyB.joyfulC.joylessD.joyness18.Canada is mainly an________country.A.English-speakingB.speak-EnglishC.spoken-EnglishD.English-spoken19.How________ he is! He is always acting________.He is really a ________.A.foolish；foolishly；foolB.fool；foolish；foolC.foolish；fool；foolD.foolishly；foolish；fool20.The necklace that she lost is very expensive.It’s of great ________.A.valuableB.valueC.valuelessD.unvaluable21.There were________fish in the river in South America.A.in dangerB.dangerC.dangerousD.dangerless22.The letter “b” in the word “doubt” is________.A.soundB.silentC.silenceD.sounded23.The child looked at me________.A.strangerB.strangelyC.strangeD.strangeless24.The black people were against slavery and fought for their________bravely.A.freeB.freelyC.freedomD.frees25.What you said sounded________ but in fact it was untrue.A.reasonableB.reasonfulC.reasonlessD.unreason26.We have to learn________technology from other countries.A.advanceB.advancingC.advantageD.advanced27.The children live in a village ________.They come here almost every day.A.nearbyB.nearC.nearlyD.near by28.Mr Black is an ________in the army，not an________in the government.You can not easily find him in his________.A.official；officer；officeB.officer；office；officialC.official；official；officialD.officer；official；office29.You’d better give u p smoking if you want to keep ________.A.healthB.healthyC.healthilyD.healthier30.________ speaking，I didn’t do it on purpose.A.HonestlyB.HonestC.HonestyD.Dishonest四.答案1-5 BDACB 6-10 CBDCB 11-15 ACDCB 16-20 BAAAB21-25 CBBCA 26-30 DADBA。