清华.经济学原理Chapter 23
Chapter_01_489909035清华大学经济学原理讲义
“经济学原理”课可以改变人生
“在我当学生的20年中，最令我兴奋的课程是我 在上大学一年级时所选的连续两个学期的经济 学原理。可以毫不夸张地说，这门课改变了我 的一生。” ——曼昆《经济学原理》序言 “During my 20 year career as a student, the course that excited me most was the twosemester sequence on the principles of economics that I took during my freshman year in college. It is no exaggeration to say that it changed my life.”
什么是金融学(Finance)
“微观金融”(finance)
公司金融(corporate
finance)（又称公司财务） 资产定价(asset pricing)
“宏观金融”
货币银行(money
and banking) 国际金融 (international finance) 开放经济的宏观经济学(open economy macroeconomics)
15
一种新的思维方式 A New Way of Thinking
经济学是这样一门学科——可以凭少量 的知识去理解广泛的现象。 Economics is a subject in which a little knowledge goes a long way.
16
凯恩斯：经济学思想的力量 John Maynard Keynes on Economic Ideas
20
经济学的三类问题
1. 人们如何作出决策 How People Make Decisions
曼昆《经济学原理》（宏观）第五版测试题库（23）
曼昆《经济学原理》（宏观）第五版测试题库（23）Chapter 23Measuring a Nation's IncomeTRUE/FALSE1. In years of economic contraction, firms throughout the economy increase their production of goods and services, employment rises, and jobs are easy to find.ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 23-0NAT: Analytic LOC: The study of economics and definitions of economicsTOP: Economic expansion MSC: Definitional2. Macroeconomic statistics include GDP, the inflation rate, the unemployment rate, retail sales, and the trade deficit.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 23-0NAT: Analytic LOC: The study of economics and definitions of economicsTOP: Macroeconomics MSC: Definitional3. Macroeconomic statistics tell us about a particular household, firm, or market.ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 23-0NAT: Analytic LOC: The study of economics and definitions of economicsTOP: Macroeconomics MSC: Definitional4. Macroeconomics is the study of the economy as a whole.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 23-0NAT: Analytic LOC: The study of economics and definitions of economicsTOP: Macroeconomics MSC: Definitional5. The goal of macroeconomics is to explain the economic changes that affect many households, firms, and markets simultaneously.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 23-0NAT: Analytic LOC: The study of economics and definitions of economicsTOP: Macroeconomics MSC: Definitional6. Microeconomics and macroeconomics are closely linked.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 23-0NAT: Analytic LOC: The study of economics and definitions of economicsTOP: Microeconomics | Macroeconomics MSC: Definitional7. The basic tools of supply and demand are as central to macroeconomic analysis as they are to microeconomic analysis.TOP: Demand | Supply MSC: Definitional8. GDP is the most closely watched economic statistic because it is thought to be the best single measure of asociety’s economic well-being.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 23-0NAT: Analytic LOC: The study of economics and definitions of economicsTOP: GDP MSC: Definitional9. GDP can measure either the total income of everyone in the economy or the total expenditure on theeconomy’s output of goods and services, but GDP cannot measure both at the same time.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 23-1NAT: Analytic LOC: The study of economics and definitions of economicsTOP: GDP MSC: Interpretive10. For an economy as a whole, income must exceed expenditure.ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 23-1NAT: Analytic LOC: The study of economics and definitions of economics11. An economy’s income is the same as its expenditure because every transaction has a buyer and a seller. ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 23-1NAT: Analytic LOC: The study of economics and definitions of economicsTOP: Income | Expenditure MSC: Definitional12. GDP is the market value of all final goods and services produced by a country’s citizens in a given period oftime.ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 23-2NAT: Analytic LOC: The study of economics and definitions of economicsTOP: GDP MSC: Definitional13. GDP adds together many different kinds of products into a single measure of the value of economic activity byusing market prices.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 23-2NAT: Analytic LOC: The study of economics and definitions of economicsTOP: GDP MSC: Definitional14. U.S. GDP includes the market value of rental housing, but not the market value of owner-occupied housing. ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 23-2NAT: Analytic LOC: The study of economics and definitions of economicsTOP: GDP MSC: Interpretive15. U.S. GDP excludes the production of most illegal goods.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 23-2NAT: Analytic LOC: The study of economics and definitions of economics16. U.S. GDP includes estimates of the value of items that are produced and consumed at home, such as housework and car maintenance.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 23-2NAT: Analytic LOC: The study of economics and definitions of economicsTOP: GDP MSC: Applicative17. GDP includes only the value of final goods because the value of intermediate goods is already included in the prices of the final goods.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 23-2NAT: Analytic LOC: The study of economics and definitions of economicsTOP: GDP | Intermediate goods MSC: Definitional18. Additions to inventory subtract from GDP, and when the goods in inventory are later used or sold, the reductions in inventory add to GDP.ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 23-2NAT: Analytic LOC: The study of economics and definitions of economicsTOP: GDP | Inventory MSC: Definitional19. While GDP includes tangible goods such as books and bug spray, it excludes intangible services such as the services provided by teachers and exterminators.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 23-2NAT: Analytic LOC: The study of economics and definitions of economicsTOP: GDP MSC: Applicative20. At a rummage sale, you buy two old books and an old rocking chair; your spending on these items is not included in current GDP.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 23-2NAT: Analytic LOC: The study of economics and definitions of economicsTOP: GDP MSC: Applicative21. When an American doctor opens a practice in Bermuda, his production there is part of U.S. GDP.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 23-2NAT: Analytic LOC: The study of economics and definitions of economics1560 Chapter 23 /Measuring a Nation's Income22. If the U.S. government reports that GDP in the third quarter was $12 trillion at an annual rate, then the amount of income and expenditure during quarter three was $3 trillion.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 23-2NAT: Analytic LOC: The study of economics and definitions of economicsTOP: GDP MSC: Applicativedifferent stories about overall economic conditions.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 23-2NAT: Analytic LOC: The study of economics and definitions of economicsTOP: GDP | Income MSC: Interpretive24. Expenditures by households on education are included in the consumption component of GDP.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 23-3NAT: Analytic LOC: The study of economics and definitions of economicsTOP: Consumption MSC: Interpretive25. Most goods whose purchases are included in the investment component of GDP are used to produce other goods.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 23-3NAT: Analytic LOC: The study of economics and definitions of economicsTOP: Investment MSC: Interpretive26. New home construction is included in the consumption component of GDP.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 23-3NAT: Analytic LOC: The study of economics and definitions of economicsTOP: Investment MSC: Interpretive27. Changes in inventory are included in the investment component of GDP.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 23-3NAT: Analytic LOC: The study of economics and definitions of economicsTOP: Investment MSC: Interpretive28. The investment component of GDP refers to financial investment in stocks and bonds.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 23-3NAT: Analytic LOC: The study of economics and definitions of economicsTOP: Investment MSC: Interpretive29. The government purchases component of GDP includes salaries paid to soldiers but not Social Security benefits paid to the elderly.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 23-3NAT: Analytic LOC: The study of economics and definitions of economicsTOP: Government purchases MSC: Interpretive30. If the value of an economy’s imports exceeds the value of that economy’s exports, then net exports is a negative number.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 23-3NAT: Analytic LOC: The study of economics and definitions of economics31. If someone in the United States buys a surfboard produced in Australia, then that purchase is included in both the consumption component of U.S. GDP and the net exports component of U.S. GDP.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 23-3NAT: Analytic LOC: The study of economics and definitions of economicsTOP: Consumption | Net exports MSC: Applicative32. If consumption is $4000, exports are $300, government purchases are $1000, imports are $400, and investment is $800, then GDP is $5700.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 23-3NAT: Analytic LOC: The study of economics and definitions of economics33. If exports are $500, GDP is $8000, government purchases are $1200, imports are $700, and investment is $800, then consumption is $6200.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 23-3NAT: Analytic LOC: The study of economics and definitions of economicsTOP: Consumption MSC: Applicative34. If consumption is $1800, GDP is $4300, government purchases are $1000, imports are $700, and investment i s $1200, then exports are $300.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 23-3NAT: Analytic LOC: The study of economics and definitions of economicsTOP: Exports MSC: Applicative35. U.S. GDP was almost $14 billion in 2007.ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 23-3NAT: Analytic LOC: The study of economics and definitions of economicsTOP: GDP MSC: Definitional36. In 2007, government purchases was the largest component of U.S. GDP.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 23-3NAT: Analytic LOC: The study of economics and definitions of economicsTOP: GDP MSC: Interpretive37. If total spending rises from one year to the next, then the economy must be producing a larger output of goods and services.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 23-4NAT: Analytic LOC: The study of economics and definitions of economicsTOP: GDP MSC: Interpretive38. An increase in nominal U.S. GDP necessarily implies that the United States is producing a larger output of goods and services.TOP: Nominal GDP MSC: Interpretive39. Nominal GDP uses constant base-year prices to place a value on the economy’s production of goods a nd services, while real GDP uses current prices to place a value on the economy’s production of goods and services.ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 23-4NAT: Analytic LOC: The study of economics and definitions of economicsTOP: Nominal GDP | Real GDP MSC: Definitional40. Real GDP evaluates current production using prices that are fixed at past levels and therefore shows how the economy’s overall production of goods and services changes over time.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 23-4NAT: Analytic LOC: The study of economics and definitions of economicsTOP: Real GDP MSC: Definitional41. The term real GDP refers to a country’s actual GDP as opposed to its estimated GDP.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 23-4NAT: Analytic LOC: The study of economics and definitions of economicsTOP: Real GDP MSC: Interpretive42. Changes in real GDP reflect only changes in the amounts being produced.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 23-4NAT: Analytic LOC: The study of economics and definitions of economicsTOP: Real GDP MSC: Definitional43. Real GDP is a better gauge of economic well-being than is nominal GDP.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 23-4NAT: Analytic LOC: The study of economics and definitions of economics1562 Chapter 23 /Measuring a Nation's Income44. Changes in the GDP deflator reflect only changes in the prices of goods and services.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 23-4NAT: Analytic LOC: The study of economics and definitions of economicsTOP: GDP deflator MSC: Interpretive45. If nominal GDP is $10,000 and real GDP is $8,000, then the GDP deflator is 125.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 23-4NAT: Analytic LOC: The study of economics and definitions of economicsTOP: GDP deflator MSC: Applicative46. If nominal GDP is $12,000 and the GDP deflator is 80, then real GDP is $15,000.TOP: Real GDP MSC: Applicative47. Economists use the term inflation to describe a situation in whic h the economy’s overall production level isrising.ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 23-4NAT: Analytic LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: InflationMSC: Definitional48. If the GDP deflator in 2006 was 160 and the GDP deflator in 2007 was 180, then the inflation rate in 2007 was12.5%.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 23-4NAT: Analytic LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Inflation rateMSC: Applicative49. If the GDP deflator in 2004 was 150 and the GDP deflator in 2005 was 120, then the inflation rate in 2005 was25%.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 23-4NAT: Analytic LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Inflation rateMSC: Applicative50. The GDP deflator can be used to take inflation out of nominal GDP.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 23-4NAT: Analytic LOC: The study of economics and definitions of economicsTOP: GDP deflator MSC: Definitional51. In 2004, the level of U.S. real GDP was close to four times its 1965 l evel.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 23-4NAT: Analytic LOC: The study of economics and definitions of economicsTOP: Real GDP MSC: Definitional52. The output of goods and services produced in the United States has grown on average 3.2 percent per year. ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 23-4NAT: Analytic LOC: Productivity and growthTOP: GrowthMSC: Definitional53. Periods during which real GDP rises are called recessions.ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 23-4NAT: Analytic LOC: The study of economics and definitions of economicsTOP: Recessions MSC: Definitional54. Recessions are associated with lower incomes, rising unemployment, and falling profits.TOP: Recessions MSC: Definitional55. If real GDP is higher in one country than in another, then we can be sure that the standard of living is higher inthe country with the higher real GDP.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 23-5NAT: Analytic LOC: The study of economics and definitions of economicsTOP: Real GDP | Standard of living MSC: Interpretive56. Real GDP per person tells us the income and expenditure of the average person in the economy.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 23-5NAT: Analytic LOC: The study of economics and definitions of economicsTOP: Real GDP per person MSC: Definitional57. GDP does not directly measure those things that make life worthwhile, but it does measure our ability toobtain many of the inputs into a worthwhile life.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 23-5NAT: Analytic LOC: The study of economics and definitions of economicsTOP: GDP MSC: Definitional58. GDP does not make adjustments for leisure time, environmental quality, or volunteer work.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 23-5NAT: Analytic LOC: The study of economics and definitions of economicsTOP: GDP MSC: Interpretive59. Other things equal, in countries with higher levels of real GDP per person, life expectancy and literacy ratesare higher than in countries with lower levels of real GDP per person.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 23-5NAT: Analytic LOC: The study of economics and definitions of economicsTOP: GDP MSC: InterpretiveSHORT ANSWER1. GDP is defined as the market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given periodof time. In spite of this definition, some production is left out of GDP. Explain why some final goods and services are not included.ANS:GDP excludes some products because they are so difficult to measure. These products include services performed by individuals for themselves and their families, and most goods that are produced and consumed at home and, therefore, never enter the marketplace. In addition, illegal products are not included in GDP even if they can be measured because, by society's definition, they are bads, not goods.DIF: 2 REF: 23-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions of economics TOP: GDPMSC: Interpretiveincluded directly as part of GDP, but the value of intermediate goods produced and not sold is includeddirectly as part of GDP.ANS:Intermediate goods produced and sold during the year are not included separately as part of GDP because the value of those goods is included in the value of the final goods produced from them. If the intermediate good is produced but not sold during the year, its value is included as inventory investment for the year in which it was produced. If inventory investment was not included as part of GDP, true production would be underestimated for the year the intermediate good went into inventory, and overestimated for the year the intermediate good is used or sold.DIF: 2 REF: 23-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions of economics TOP: GDP | Intermediate goods MSC: Interpretive1564 Chapter 23 /Measuring a Nation's Income3. Since it is counted as investment, why doesn't the purchase of earthmoving equipment from China by a U.S.corporation increase U.S. GDP?ANS:The purchase of foreign equipment is counted as investment, but GDP measures only the value of production within the geographic borders of the United States. In order to avoid including the value of the imported equipment, imports are subtracted from GDP. Hence, the value of the equipment in investment is canceled by subtracting its value as an import.DIF: 2 REF: 23-3 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions of economics TOP: GDP | Investment | Imports MSC: Applicative4. Identify the immediate effect of each of the following events on U.S. GDP and its components.a. James receives a Social Security check.b. John buys an Italian sports car.c. Henry buys domestically produced tools for his construction company.ANS:a. Since this is a transfer payment, there is no change to GDP or to any of its components.b. Consumption and imports will rise and cancel each other out so that there is no change in U.S. G DP.c. This increases the investment component of GDP and so increases GDP.DIF: 2 REF: 23-3 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions of economicsTOP: GDP | Transfer payments | Net exports | Investment MSC: Applicative5. Between 1929 and 1933, NNP measured in current prices fell from $96 billion to $48 billion. Over the sameperiod, the relevant price index fell from 100 to 75.a. What was the percentage decline in nominal NNP from 1929 to1933?b. What was the percentage decline in real NNP from 1929 to 1933? Show your work.ANS:a. NNP measured in current prices is nominal NNP. Nominal NNP fell from $96 billion to $48 billion, adecline of 50 percent.($96 b/100) 100 = $96 b. Real NNP in 1933 was ($48 b/75) 100 = $64 b. Real NNP fell from$96 billion to $64 billion, a decline of 33 percent.DIF: 2 REF: 23-4 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions of economics TOP: Nominal NNP | Real NNP MSC: Applicative6. You find that your paycheck for the year is higher this year than last. Does that mean that your real incomehas increased? Explain carefully.ANS:Real income is nominal income adjusted for general increase in prices. I f my paycheck is higher this year than last, my nominal income has increased. Whether my real income has increased or not depends on what has happened since last year to the level of prices of things I buy with my income. If the percentage increase in prices is less than the percentage increase in my nominal income, then my real income h as increased. Otherwise, my real income has not increased.DIF: 2 REF: 23-4 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions of economicsTOP: Nominal income | Real income MSC: Interpretive7. U.S. real GDP is substantially higher today than it was 60 years ago. What does this tell us, and what does itnot tell us, about the well-being of U.S. residents?ANS:Since this is in real terms, it tells us that the U.S. is able to make a lot more stuff than in the past. Some of the increase in real GDP is probably due to an increase in population, so we could say more if we knew what had happened to real GDP per person. Supposing that there was also an increase in real GDP per person, we can say that the standard of living has risen. Material things are an important part of well-being. Having sufficient amounts of things such as food, shelter, and clothing are fundamental to well-being. Other things such as security, a safe environment, access to safe water, access to medical care, justice, and freedom also matter. However, many of these things are more easily obtained by being able to produce more using fewer resources. Countries with higher real GDP per person tend to have longer life spans, less discrimination towards women, less child labor, and a higher rate of literacy.DIF: 2 REF: 23-5 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions of economicsTOP: Real GDP | Economic welfare MSC: InterpretiveSec00 - Measuring a Nation's IncomeMULTIPLE CHOICE1. Statistics that are of particular interest to macroeconomistsa. are largely ignored by the media.b. are widely reported by the media.c. include the equilibrium prices of individual goods and services.d. tell us about a particular household, firm, or market.ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 23-0NAT: Analytic LOC: The study of economics and definitions of economicsTOP: Macroeconomics MSC: Interpretiveb. the interaction between households and firms.c. economy-wide phenomena.d. regulations on firms and unions.ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: 23-0NAT: Analytic LOC: The study of economics and definitions of economicsTOP: Macroeconomics MSC: Definitional3. Which of the following newspaper headlines is more closely related to what microeconomists study than to what macroeconomists study?a. Unemployment rate rises from 5 percent to 5.5 percent.b. Real GDP grows by 3.1 percent in the third quarter.c. Retail sales at stores show large gains.d. The price of oranges rises after an early frost.ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 23-0NAT: Analytic LOC: The study of economics and definitions of economicsTOP: Microeconomics | Macroeconomics MSC: Interpretive4. Which of the following questions is more likely to be studied by a microeconomist than a macroeconomist?a. Why do prices in general rise by more in some countries than in others?b. Why do wages differ across industries?c. Why do production and income increase in some periods and not in others?d. How rapidly is GDP currently increasing?ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 23-0NAT: Analytic LOC: The study of economics and definitions of economicsTOP: Microeconomics | Macroeconomics MSC: Interpretive1566 Chapter 23 /Measuring a Nation's Income5. Which of the following topics are more likely to be studied by a macroeconomist than by a microeconomist?a. the effect of taxes on the prices of airline tickets, the profitability of automobile-manufacturingfirms, and employment trends in the food-service industryb. the price of beef, wage differences between genders, and antitrust lawsc. how consumers maximize utility, and how prices are established in markets for agriculturalproductsd. the percentage of the labor force that is out of work, and differences in average income fromcountry to countryANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 23-0NAT: Analytic LOC: The study of economics and definitions of economicsTOP: Microeconomics | Macroeconomics MSC: Interpretive6. We would expect a macroeconomist, as opposed to a microeconomist, to be particularly interested ina. explaining how economic changes affect prices of particular goods.b. devising policies to deal with market failures such as externalities and market power.c. devising policies to promote low inflation.d. identifying those markets that are competitive and those that are not competitive.ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 23-0NAT: Analytic LOC: The study of economics and definitions of economicsTOP: Microeconomics | Macroeconomics MSC: Interpretive7. Which of the following is not a question that macroeconomists address?a. Why is average income high in some countries while it is low in others?b. Why does the price of oil rise when war erupts in the Middle East?c. Why do production and employment expand in some years and contract in others?d. Why do prices rise rapidly in some periods of time while they are more stable in other periods? ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 23-0 NAT: Analytic LOC: The study of economics and definitions of economicsTOP: Macroeconomics MSC: Interpretive8. The basic tools of supply and demand area. useful only in the analysis of economic behavior in individual markets.b. useful in analyzing the overall economy, but not in analyzing individual markets.c. central to microeconomic analysis, but seldom used in macroeconomic analysis.d. central to macroeconomic analysis as well as to microeconomic analysis.ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 23-0NAT: Analytic LOC: The study of economics and definitions of economicsTOP: Demand | Supply MSC: Definitional9. Which of the following statistic is usually regarded as the best single measure of a society’s economic well-being?a. the unemployment rateb. the inflation ratec. gross domestic productd. the trade deficitANS: C DIF: 1 REF: 23-0NAT: Analytic LOC: The study of economics and definitions of economicsTOP: GDP MSC: DefinitionalSec01 - Measuring a Nation's Income - The Economy's Income and Expenditure MULTIPLE CHOICE1. Which of the following statements about GDP is correct?a. GDP measures two things at once: the total income of everyone in the economy and the unemployment rate of the economy’s labor force.b. Money continuously flows from households to government and then back to households, and GDP measures this flow of money.c. GDP is to a nation’s economy as household income is to a household.d. All of the above are correct.ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 23-1NAT: Analytic LOC: The study of economics and definitions of economicsTOP: GDP MSC: Interpretive2. Gross domestic product measures two things at once:a. the total spending of everyone in the economy and the total saving of everyone in the economy.b. the total income of everyone in the economy and the total expenditure on the economy's output of goods and services.c. the value of the economy's output of goods and services for domestic citizens and the value of the economy's output of goods and services for the rest of the world.d. the total income of households in the economy and the total profit of firms in the economy. ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: 23-1NAT: Analytic LOC: The study of economics and definitions of economicsTOP: GDP MSC: Definitional3. For an economy as a whole,a. wages must equal profit.b. consumption must equal saving.c. income must equal expenditure.d. the number of buyers must equal the number of sellers.ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 23-1NAT: Analytic LOC: The study of economics and definitions of economicsTOP: Income | Expenditure MSC: Interpretive4. For an economy as a whole, income must equal expenditure becausea. the number of firms is equal to the number of households in an economy.b. international law requires that income equal expenditure.c. every dollar of spending by some buyer is a dollar of income for some seller.d. every dollar of saving by some consumer is a dollar of spending by some other consumer. ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 23-1NAT: Analytic LOC: The study of economics and definitions of economicsTOP: Income | Expenditure MSC: Interpretive5. If an economy’s GDP rises, then it must be the case that the economy’sa. income rises and saving falls.b. income and saving both rise.c. income rises and expenditure falls.d. income and expenditure both rise.ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 23-1NAT: Analytic LOC: The study of economics and definitions of economics TOP: Income | Expenditure MSC: Interpretive。
《经济学原理·曼昆·第三版》第23章
补充：GDP的测算法
现在通常采用三种测算法：生产法，收入法，支出法，
1.生产法：GDP=∑各产业部门的总产出－∑各产业部门的中间 消耗 2.收入法：GDP＝∑各产业部门劳动者报酬＋∑各产业部门固 定资产折旧＋∑各产业部门生产税净额＋∑各产业部门营业利 润 或：GDP=工资+利息+利润+租金+间接税+企业转移支付+折 旧+误差
chapter23measuringanationsincomechapter23measuringanationsincome考虑为什么一个经济的总收入等于其总支出考虑为什么一个经济的总收入等于其总支出了解如何定义和计算国内生产总值gdp了解实际考虑gdp了解如何定义和计算国内生产总值了解实际gdp考虑是不是经济福利良好的衡量指标gdpgdp与名义gdp是不是经济福利良好的衡量指标与名义gdpgdp之间的区别之间的区别说明为什么收入等于支出等于产量说明为什么收入等于支出等于产量解释gdp定义消费定义消费投资投资用基期和当年价格计算实际gdp列出许多中并不包括解释gdp定义中的关键词汇和短语政府购买和净出口政府购买和净出口定义中的关键词汇和短语用基期和当年价格计算实际列出许多gdpgdp和名义但能提高福利的活动但能提高福利的活动和名义gdpgdpgdp中并不包括prologueasyoumayrecallfromchapter2economicsisdividedintotwobranches
23.2.1 “GDP是市场价值…” “GDP Is the Market Value . . .”
曼昆《经济学原理》整理
曼昆《经济学原理》整理《经济学原理》是经济学家尼古拉斯·曼昆(N. Gregory Mankiw)的经济学教材，这本教材包含宏观经济学和微观经济学两个分册。
在本文中，我将主要整理《经济学原理》的微观经济学分册。
《经济学原理（微观经济学分册）》是一本系统而经典的微观经济学教材。
教材中的内容通俗易懂，生动有趣，深入浅出，非常适合初学者学习和理解。
微观经济学研究个体决策者如何进行决策，以及这些决策如何影响市场的供求关系和资源配置。
教材分为十章，每一章都涉及到微观经济学的重要概念和原理。
以下是每章的主要内容概述：第一章介绍了经济学和经济思维的基本概念。
它解释了经济学的定义、研究方法和一些重要的经济原理，如稀缺性和成本。
第二章介绍了供求关系和市场机制的基本概念。
它解释了需求和供给曲线的性质，以及市场均衡和价格调整的过程。
第三章讨论了价格弹性和收入弹性的概念。
它解释了价格弹性和收入弹性如何衡量市场对价格和收入变化的敏感程度。
第四章讨论了消费者行为的理论和决策过程。
它解释了消费者如何进行最优消费决策，以及如何通过边际效用和限制性预算来衡量消费者福利。
第五章探讨了生产者行为的理论和决策过程。
它解释了生产者如何进行最优生产决策，并介绍了生产函数、边际产出和成本曲线的概念。
第六章介绍了市场失灵的原因和解决办法。
它讨论了市场外部性、公共物品和不完全竞争的问题，以及政府在解决市场失灵方面的角色。
第七章讨论了消费者剩余和生产者剩余的概念。
它解释了消费者剩余和生产者剩余如何衡量买家和卖家对交易的满意程度。
第八章讨论了纳什均衡和博弈理论的概念。
它解释了博弈理论如何帮助我们理解决策者之间的相互作用和策略选择。
第九章介绍了垄断和垄断竞争的市场结构。
它解释了垄断者如何通过价格和产量限制来影响市场，并讨论了垄断竞争下的市场行为。
第十章介绍了资源市场的概念和原理。
它解释了劳动市场和资本市场如何确定工资和利率，并讨论了市场竞争对工资和利率的影响。
清华经济学原理课件-寡头
双头的例子 A Duopoly Example
双头是只有两个卖者的寡头。双 头是最简单的寡头模型。 A duopoly is an oligopoly with only two members. It is the simplest type of oligopoly.
8
双头的例子：水的需求表 A Duopoly Example: Demand Schedule for Water
30
40 50 60 ……
50(40)
40 40(30) 30 ……
2,000
1,600 1,200 900 ……
14
纳什均衡 Nash Equilibrium
纳什均衡是指这样的情况：相互作用中的 每一个经济人，在其他方所选择的策略为 既定时，选择了自己的最优策略。 A Nash equilibrium is a situation in which economic actors interacting with one another each choose their best strategy given the strategies that all the others have chosen.
寡头市场的本质是只有少数几个卖者。 The essence of an oligopolistic market is that there are only a few sellers. 市场上任何一个卖者的行动都对其他卖者的利 润有重大影响。 The actions of any one seller in the market can have a large impact on the profits of all the other sellers. 寡头市场以一种竞争企业不具备的方式相互依 赖。 Oligopolistic firms are interdependent in a way that competitive firms are not. 4
清华大学经管学院钟笑寒老师《经济学原理》课件Class_02
我们如何在全球经济中满足我们的需求？ How do we satisfy our wants and needs in a global economy? 我们可以在经济上自给自足。 We can be economically self-sufficient. 我们也可以进行专业化分工，同别人进 行贸易，这就导致了经济上的相互依存 性。 We can specialize and trade with others, leading to economic interdependence.
likuishouldproducefirewood16贸?的好处thegainsfromtrade他们生产?么whattheyproduce10斤鱼0斤柴0斤鱼50斤柴他们贸??么whattheytrade以5斤鱼换得25斤柴以25斤柴换得5斤鱼他们消费?么whattheyconsume5斤鱼a25斤柴5斤鱼b25斤柴张顺李逵17贸?扩大了消费可能性集合tradeexpandsthesetofconsumptionpossibilities柴斤a贸?如何增加了张顺的消费howtradeincreaseszhangshunsconsumption张顺贸?后的消费zhangshunsconsumptionwithtrade张顺贸?前的消费zhangshunsconsumptionwithouttrade251250aa510鱼斤18贸?扩大了消费可能性集合tradeexpandsthesetofconsumptionpossibilities柴斤50b贸?如何增加了李逵的消费howtradeincreaseslikuisconsumption李逵贸?后的消费likuisconsumptionwithtrade25bb李逵贸?前的消费likuisconsumptionwithouttrade0255鱼斤19从贸?中获益thegainsfromtrade消费的增加theincreaseinconsumption125斤柴aa鱼数??变25斤鱼bb柴数??变张顺李逵20比较优势原?theprincipleofcomparativeadvantage生产成本的差异决定了
人大经济学考研必备：曼昆《经济学原理》(第二十三章)
人大经济学考研必备：曼昆《经济学原理》（第二十三章）所以说，什么叫做先下手为强。
同样的两个能力差不多的人，也许你早下手一些，你要占据的优势可能就要明显的多。
阿罗不可能定理：数学结论表明：在某些假设情况下，没有一种方案能把个人偏好加总为一组正确的社会偏好。
中值选民是王：多数规则将选出中值选民最偏好的点。
这里会发生一个奇怪的事情哦。
我们看下面这个图就知道了。
我们需要记住的是，少数人的观点不会被过多的人重视。
我们看到。
黄色的区域是中值部分，尽管他的人数不是最多。
但是选择他的优势最大，因为它会赢得60个人的支持(小于10亿美元的选择)。
如果你选择绿色的15亿美元的话，只能得到40个人支持，尽管选择绿色的人数最多。
但是它不是中值选民。
这样的话，我们以后再投票的时候就要小心了。
注意，你的观点不是要得到最多的人的支持，而是要得到中间选民的支持。
这样才是对的。
第三节行为经济学经济学和心理学结合出现了行为经济学。
经济学十大原理里面我们就假定了人们总是理性的。
但是，果真如此么?在博弈论的研究当中，我们就说过，人们总是习惯去惩罚不遵守规定的人......因为人们关心社会的公正。
你能保证你10岁以前你一直认为是对的观点现在还有效么——我基本上可以保证这个世界不需要这么多的总统，国家主席之类的官——哈哈，现在你可能不这么想了吧，因为你的观点在变化。
有这样的一些观点：1)人们并不总是理性的a.人们总是过于自信。
b.人们过分注意观察到的小数。
你已经知道了一个1000的样本通过了测试，但是你突然发现有第1001个样本没有通过测试，实际上的通过率已经很高了。
但是人们过于关注小的数字，而忘记了大局的观念。
c.人们拒绝改变自己的思想。
还记得华氏911这部电影么，他的结果使得支持戈尔的更加支持戈尔，支持布什的更加支持布什，其余并没有改变什么。
2)人们关心公正恩。
博弈理论那一章我们有提到一个观点就是这样的，人们会去惩罚不遵守规定的人。
3)人并不总是一致的第二十三章一国收入的衡量相信大家或多或少的关注过GDP(gross domestic product)。
经济学原理第23章答案
Quick Quizzes:1. Gross domestic product measures two things at once: (1) the total income of everyone in theeconomy and (2) the total expenditure on the economy’s output of final goods and services.It can measure both of these things at once because all expenditure in the economy ends up assomeone’s income.2. The production of a pound of caviar contributes more to GDP than the production of a pound ofhamburger because the contribution to GDP is measured by market value and the price of apound of caviar is much higher than the price of a pound of hamburger.3. The four components of expenditure are: (1) consumption; (2) investment; (3) governmentpurchases; and (4) net exports. The largest component is consumption, which accounts formore than 70 percent of total expenditure.4. Real GDP is the production of goods and services valued at constant prices. Nominal GDP isthe production of goods and services valued at current prices. Real GDP is a better measure ofeconomic well-being because changes in real GDP reflect changes in the amount of outputbeing produced. Thus, a rise in real GDP means people have produced more goods andservices, but a rise in nominal GDP could occur either because of increased production orbecause of higher prices.5. Although GDP is not a perfect measure of well-being, policymakers should care about itbecause a larger GDP means that a nation can afford better healthcare, better educationalsystems, and more of the material necessities of life.Questions for Review:1. An economy's income must equal its expenditure, because every transaction has a buyer and aseller. Thus, expenditure by buyers must equal income by sellers.2. The production of a luxury car contributes more to GDP than the production of an economy carbecause the luxury car has a higher market value.3. The contribution to GDP is $3, the market value of the bread, which is the final good that issold.4. The sale of used records does not affect GDP at all because it involves no current production.5. The four components of GDP are consumption, such as the purchase of a DVD; investment,such as the purchase of a computer by a business; government purchases, such as an order formilitary aircraft; and net exports, such as the sale of American wheat to Russia. (Many otherexamples are possible.)6. Economists use real GDP rather than nominal GDP to gauge economic well-being because realGDP is not affected by changes in prices, so it reflects only changes in the amounts beingproduced. You cannot determine if a rise in nominal GDP has been caused by increasedproduction or higher prices.7.405The percentage change in nominal GDP is (600 – 200)/200 x 100% = 200%. The percentagechange in real GDP is (400 – 200)/200 x 100% = 100%. The percentage change in the deflator is (150 – 100)/100 x 100% = 50%.8. It is desirable for a country to have a large GDP because people could enjoy more goods andservices. But GDP is not the only important measure of well-being. For example, laws thatrestrict pollution cause GDP to be lower. If laws against pollution were eliminated, GDP wouldbe higher but the pollution might make us worse off. Or, for example, an earthquake wouldraise GDP, as expenditures on cleanup, repair, and rebuilding increase. But an earthquake is anundesirable event that lowers our welfare.Problems and Applications1. a. Consumption increases because a refrigerator is a good purchased by a household.b. Investment increases because a house is an investment good.c. Consumption increases because a car is a good purchased by a household, but investmentdecreases because the car in For d’s inventory had been counted as an investment gooduntil it was sold.d. Consumption increases because pizza is a good purchased by a household.e. Government purchases increase because the government spent money to provide a goodto the public.f. Consumption increases because the bottle is a good purchased by a household, but netexports decrease because the bottle was imported.g. Investment increases because new structures and equipment were built.2. With transfer payments, nothing is produced, so there is no contribution to GDP.3. If GDP included goods that are resold, it would be counting output of that particular year, plussales of goods produced in a previous year. It would double-count goods that were sold morethan once and would count goods in GDP for several years if they were produced in one yearand resold in another.4. a. Calculating nominal GDP:2010: ($1 per qt. of milk ⨯ 100 qts. milk) + ($2 per qt. of honey ⨯ 50 qts. honey) = $2002011: ($1 per qt. of milk ⨯ 200 qts. milk) + ($2 per qt. of honey ⨯ 100 qts. honey) = $4002012: ($2 per qt. of milk ⨯ 200 qts. milk) + ($4 per qt. of honey ⨯ 100 qts. honey) = $800Calculating real GDP (base year 2010):2010: ($1 per qt. of milk ⨯ 100 qts. milk) + ($2 per qt. of honey ⨯ 50 qts. honey) = $2002011: ($1 per qt. of milk ⨯ 200 qts. milk) + ($2 per qt. of honey ⨯ 100 qts. honey) = $4002012: ($1 per qt. of milk ⨯ 200 qts. milk) + ($2 per qt. of honey ⨯ 100 qts. honey) = $400Calculating the GDP deflator:2010: ($200/$200) ⨯ 100 = 1002011: ($400/$400) ⨯ 100 = 1002012: ($800/$400) ⨯ 100 = 200b. Calculating the percentage change in nominal GDP:Percentage change in nominal GDP in 2011 = [($400 – $200)/$200] ⨯ 100% = 100%.Percentage change in nominal GDP in 2012 = [($800 – $400)/$400] ⨯ 100% = 100%. Calculating the percentage change in real GDP:Percentage change in real GDP in 2011 = [($400 – $200)/$200] ⨯ 100% = 100%.Percentage change in real GDP in 2012 = [($400 – $400)/$400] ⨯ 100% = 0%. Calculating the percentage change in GDP deflator:Percentage change in the GDP deflator in 2011 = [(100 – 100)/100] ⨯ 100% = 0%.Percentage change in the GDP deflator in 2012 = [(200 – 100)/100] ⨯ 100% = 100%.Prices did not change from 2010 to 2011. Thus, the percentage change in the GDP deflator is zero. Likewise, output levels did not change from 2011 to 2012. This means that thepercentage change in real GDP is zero.c. Economic well-being rose more in 2010 than in 2011, since real GDP rose in 2011 but not in2012. In 2011, real GDP rose but prices did not. In 2012, real GDP did not rise but prices did.5. a. C alculating Nominal GDP:Year 1: (3 bars ⨯ $4) = $12Year 2: (4 bars ⨯ $5) = $20Year 3: (5 bars ⨯ $6) = $30b. C alculating Real GDP:Year 1: (3 bars ⨯ $4) = $12Year 2: (4 bars ⨯ $4) = $16Year 3: (5 bars ⨯ $4) = $20c. Calculating the GDP delator:Year 1: $12/$12 ⨯ 100 = 100Year 2: $20/$16 ⨯ 100 = 125Year 3: $30/$20 ⨯ 100 = 150d. T he growth rate from Year 2 to Year 3 = (16 – 12)/12 ⨯ 100% = 4/12 ⨯ 100% = 33.3%e. The inflation rate from Year 2 to Year 3 = (150 – 125)/125 ⨯ 100% = 25/125 ⨯ 100% =20%.f. To calculate the growth rate of real GDP, we could simply calculate the percentage changein the quantity of bars. To calculate the inflation rate, we could measure the percentage change in the price of bars.6.a. The growth rate of nominal GDP = 100% ⨯ [($14,256/$9,353)0.10– 1] = 4.3%b. The growth rate of the deflator = 100% ⨯ [(109.886.8)0.10– 1] = 2.4%c. Real GDP in 1999 (in 2005 dollars) is $9,353/(86.8/100) = $10,775.35.d. Real GDP in 2009 (in 2005 dollars) is $14,256/(109.8/100) = $12,983.61.e. The growth rate of real GDP = 100% ⨯ [($12,983.61/$10,775.35)0.10– 1] = 1.9%f. The growth rate of nominal GDP is higher than the growth rate of real GDP because ofinflation.7. Many answers are possible.8. a. GDP is the market value of the final good sold, $180.b. Value added for the farmer: $100.Value added for the miller: $150 – $100 = $50.Value added for the baker: $180 – $150 = $30.c. Together, the value added for the three producers is $100 + $50 + $30 = $180. This is thevalue of GDP.9. In countries like India, people produce and consume a fair amount of food at home that is notincluded in GDP. So GDP per person in India and the United States will differ by more than their comparative economic well-being.10. a. The increased labor-force participation of women has increased GDP in the United States,because it means more people are working and production has increased.b. If our measure of well-being included time spent working in the home and taking leisure, itwould not rise as much as GDP, because the rise in women's labor-force participation has reduced time spent working in the home and taking leisure.c. Other aspects of well-being that are associated with the rise in women's increasedlabor-force participation include increased self-esteem and prestige for women in theworkforce, especially at managerial levels, but decreased quality time spent with children, whose parents have less time to spend with them. Such aspects would be quite difficult to measure.11. a. GDP equals the dollar amount Barry collects, which is $400.b. NNP = GDP – depreciation = $400 – $50 = $350.c. National income = NNP = $350.d. Personal income = national income – retained earnings – indirect business taxes = $350 –$100 – $30 = $220.e. Disposable personal income = personal income – personal income tax = $220 – $70 =$150.。
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一国收入的衡量
14
消费 (C)
家庭除购买新住房之外用于物品和劳务的总支出
关于居住成本的注释：
对租房者而言，消费包括租金 对房主而言，消费包括住房的隐含租金价值，但
不包括住房的购买价格或按揭贷款
一国收入的衡量
15
投资 （I）
投资是对用于未来生产更多物品和劳务的物品的
购买
包括下列支出：
37.5% 30.9%
一国收入的衡量
25
例：
皮萨
拿铁咖啡
年份
P
Q
P
Q
2005
$10
2006
$11
400
$$22..0000 1000
500
$2.50
1100
2007
$12
600
计算每年的真实GDP,
以2005 年作为基年:
$3.00
1200
增加：
2005: $10 x 400 + $2 x 1000 = $6,000 2006: $10 x 500 + $2 x 1100 = $7,200 2007: $10 x 600 + $2 x 1200 = $8,400
100.0 114.6 128.6
一国收入的衡量
31
主动学习 2
GDP的计算
物品 A 物品 B
2007 (基年)
2008
P
Q
P
Q
$30 900 $31 1,000
$100 192 $102 200
2009
P
Q
$36 1050
$100 205
使用上述数据解决以下问题： A. 计算 2007年的名义GDP B. 计算2008年真实GDP C. 计算2009年的GDP平减指数
通常是一年或一个季度（3个月） 季度调整
一国收入的衡量
13
GDP的组成部分
GDP 是总支出，可以被分为各种不同类的支出 四个组成部分：
消费 （C） 投资 （I） 政府购买 （G） 净出口（NX） 这四个组成部分的总和等于GDP（用Y表示）：
Y = C + I + G + NX
什么是国内生产总值（GDP）？ GDP与一国的总收入与总支出有什么联系？ GDP由哪几部分组成？ GDP怎么进行通货膨胀的校正？ GDP是衡量经济福利的好指标吗？
1
微观经济学与宏观经济学
微观经济学:
研究家庭和企业如何做出决策，以及它们如何在 市场上相互交易
宏观经济学：
研究整体经济现象
皮萨
拿铁咖啡
年份
P
Q
P
Q
2005
$10
400
$2.00
1000
2006
$11
500
$2.50
1100
2007
$12
600
$3.00
1200
计算每年的名义GDP：
增加：
2005: 2006: 2007:
$10 x 400 + $2 x 1000 = $6,000 $11 x 500 + $2.50 x 1100 = $8,250 $12 x 600 + $3 x 1200 = $10,800
我们从国家的总收入和总支出开始学习宏观经济
学
一国收入的衡量
2
收入与支出
国内生产总值 (GDP) 衡量经济中所有人的总收入 GDP也衡量用于经济中物品与劳务生产的总支出
对一个整体经济而言， 收入等于支出
因为某个买者的1美元支出正是某个卖者的1 美元收入
一国收入的衡量
3
循环流量图
宏观经济的一个简单描述 用支出，收益，要素支付和收入来说明GDP
$30 x 1000 + $100 x 200 = $50,000
33
主动学习 2
参考答案
Good A Good B
2007 (基年)
2008
P
Q
P
Q
$30 900 $31 1,000
$100 192 $102 200
资本设备 (比如机器, 工具) 建筑物(工厂，办公楼，住房) 存货 (已经生产出来但尚未售出的物品)
注意: “投资 ”并不是指购买股 票或债券这类金融资产
一Hale Waihona Puke 收入的衡量16政府购买 （G）
是地方、州、和联邦政府用于物品与劳务的支出。 政府购买不包括转移支付，比如社会保障补助或
失业保险补助
自己而做的家务
一国收入的衡量
8
国内生产总值 (GDP) ：
在某一既定时期一个国家内生产的所有最终 物品和劳务的市场价值
最终物品：为终端使用者所准备
中间物品：生产其他物品的一种组成成份或要素
GDP只包括最终产品—生产过程中使用的中间物 品的价值已经包含在最终物品的价值中
一国收入的衡量
9
国内生产总值 (GDP)：
20
主动学习 1
GDP及其组成部分
在下面的各种情形下，计算GDP及它受影响的组成部分 的变化量
A. Debbie在波士顿最好的饭店花了$200请他丈夫吃晚 饭
B. Sarah为了出版业务的需要，花$1800买了一台新笔 记本。这台笔记本是在中国制造的
C. Jane为了她编辑业务的需要花了$1200购买一台新 电脑，这台电脑是由本地的制造商在去年生产的
29
GDP平减指数
GDP平减指数是对总体价格水平的衡量
定义:
GDP平减指数= 100 x
名义 GDP 真实 GDP
衡量经济通货膨胀率的一种方法是计算从一年到
下一年GDP平减指数增加的百分比
一国收入的衡量
30
例：
年份 2005 2006 2007
名义 GDP
$6000 $8250 $10,800
D. 通用汽车公司生产了价值5亿美元的汽车，但消费者 只购买了价值4.7亿美元的汽车
主动学习 1
参考答案
A. Debbie在波士顿最好的饭店花了$200请他丈夫吃晚 饭
消费和 GDP都增加了200美元
B. Sarah为了出版业务的需要，花$1800买了一台新笔 记本。这台笔记本是在中国制造的
投资增加1800美元，净出口减少1800美元, GDP 不变
22
主动学习 1
参考答案
C. Jane为了她编辑业务的需要花了$1200购买一台新 电脑，这台电脑是由本地的制造商在去年生产的
当前的GDP与投资都不变，因为电脑是在去年生 产出来的
D. 通用汽车公司生产了价值5亿美元的汽车，但消费者 只购买了价值4.7亿美元的汽车
消费增加4.7亿美元，存货投资增加0.3亿，GDP 增加5亿美元
一国收入的衡量
11
国内生产总值 (GDP)：
在某一既定时期一个国家内生产的所 有最终物品和劳务的市场价值
GDP 衡量的生产价值局限于一个国家的地理范围之 内，不管是由本国的国民还是住在本国的外国人生产
一国收入的衡量
12
国内生产总值 (GDP)：
在某一既定时期一个国家内生产的所有 最终物品和劳务的市场价值
资料来源：中国统计年鉴2010。/tjsj/ndsj/2010/indexch.htm 指标解释 最终消费： 指常住单位在一定时期内对于货物和服务的全部最终消费支出，也就是常住单位为满足物质、文化和精神生活的需要，从本国经济领土和国外购 买的货物和服务的支出; 不包括非常住单位在本国经济领土内的消费支出。最终消费分为居民消费和政府消费。 资本形成总额：指常住单位在一定时期内获得的减去处置的固定资产加存货的变动，包括固定资本形成总额和存货增加。 货物和服务净出口： 指货物和服务出口减货物和服务进口的差额。出口包括常住单位向非常住单位出售或无偿转让的各种货物和服务的价值; 进口包括常住 单位从非常住单位购买或无偿得到的各种货物和服务的价值。由于服务活动的提供与使用同时发生，因此服务的进出口业务并不发生出入境现象，一般把常 住单位从国外得到的服务作为进口，非常住单位从本国得到的服务作为出口。货物的出口和进口都按离岸价格计算。
23 C H A P T E R
经济学原理
N. 格里高利·曼昆
一国收入的衡量
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本章我们将探索这些问题的答案：
预备知识：
生产要素：诸如劳动，土地，资本，自然资源等
投入
要素支付：支付给生产要素的报酬（例如，工资，
租金）
一国收入的衡量
4
循环流量图
家庭: 拥有生产要素，出售或出租它们给
企业以换取收入 购买并消费物品与劳务
企业
家庭
企业:
购买或租赁生产要素，用它们 来生产物品与劳务
出售物品与劳务
真实 GDP $6000 $7200 $8400
GDP 平减指数
100.0 114.6 128.6
14.6% 12.2%
计算每年的GDP 平减指数：
2005: 100 x (6000/6000) = 2006: 100 x (8250/7200) = 2007: 100 x (10,800/8400) =
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例：
年份
名义 GDP
真实 GDP
2005 2006 2007
$6000 $8250 $10,800
$6000
37.5%
$7200 30.9% $8400