初中英语动词讲解及重点学习的练习.doc

初中英语动词讲解及重点学习的练习.doc
初中英语动词讲解及重点学习的练习.doc

动词

1 )表示动作中状态的词叫做动词。

2)根据其在句中的功能,动词可分为四类,分别是:实义动词( Notional Verb )、系动词( Link Verb )、助动词( Auxiliary Verb )、情态动词( Modal Verb )。

说明:有些情况下,有些动词是兼类词,例如:

We are having a meeting.我们正在开会。(having 是实义动词。)

He has gone to New York.他已去纽约。

( has 是助动词。)

3)动词根据其后是否带有宾语,可分为两类,分别是:及物动词( Transitive Verb)、不及物动词(Intransitive Verb),缩写形式分别为vt.和vi. 。

说明:同一动词有时可用作及物动词,有时可用作不及物

动词。例如:

She can dance and sing.

她能唱歌又能跳舞。(sing在此用作不及物动词。)

She can sing many English songs.

她能唱好多首英文歌曲。(sing用作及物动词。)

4)根据是否受主语的人称和数的限制,可分两类,分别是:限定动词( Finite Verb)、非限定动词(Non-finite Verb)例如:

She sings very well.

她唱得很好。( sing受主语she 的限制,故用第三人称

单数形式sings 。)

She wants to learn English well.

她想学好英语。( to learn不受主语she 的限制,没有

词形变化,是非限定动词。

说明:英语中共有三种非限定动词,分别是:动词不定式(Infinitive)、动名词(Gerund)、分词(Participle)。

5)根据动词的组成形式,可分为三类,分别是:单字词

(O ne-Word Verb )、短语动词( Phrasal Verb )、动词短语( Verbal Phrase )例如:

The English language contains many phrasal verbs and verbal phrases.

英语里有许多短语动词和动词短语。( contains是单字动词。)

Students should learn to look up new words in dictionaries.

学生们学会查字典。( look up是短语动词。)

The young ought to take care of the old.

年轻人应照料老人。( take care of是动词短语。)6)动词有五种形态,分别是:原形(Original Form)、第

三人称单数形式( Singular From in Third Personal )、过去式( Past Form)、过去分词( Past Participle )、现在分词(Present Participle)。

系动词

系动词亦称联系动词(Link Verb ),作为系动词,它本身有词义,但不能单独用作谓语,后边必须跟表语(亦称补语),构成系表结构说明主语

的状况、性质、特征等情况。

说明:

有些系动词又是实义动词,该动词表达实义时,有词义,可单独作谓语,例如:

He fell ill yesterday.

他昨天病了。(fell是系动词,后跟补足语,说明主语情况。)

He fell off the ladder.

他从梯子上摔下来。fell是实义动词,单独作谓语。

1)状态系动词

用来表示主语状态,只有be 一词,例如:

He is a teacher.他是一名教师。(is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。)

2)持续系动词

用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand,例如:

He always kept silent at meeting.他开会时总保持沉默。

This matter rests a mystery.此事仍是一个谜。

3)表像系动词

用来表示 " 看起来像" 这一概念,主要有seem, appear, look,例如:

He looks tired.他看起来很累。

He seems (to be) very sad.他看起来很伤心。

4)感官系动词

感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste,例如:

This kind of cloth feels very soft.

这种布手感很软。

This flower smells very sweet.

这朵花闻起来很香。

5)变化系动词

这些系动词表示主语变成什么样,变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.

例如:He became mad after that.自那之后,他疯

了。

She grew rich within a short time.她没多长时间就富了。

6)终止系动词

表示主语已终止动作,主要有prove, trun out,表达"证实" , " 变成 " 之意,例如:

The rumor proved false.这谣言证实有假。

The search proved difficult.搜查证实很难。

His plan turned out a success.他的计划终于成

功了。( turn out表终止性结果)

什么是助动词

1 )协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词(Auxiliary Verb)。被协助的动词称作主要动词(Main Verb )。

助动词自身没有词义,不可单独使用,例如:

He doesn ‘ t like English.他不喜欢英语。

( doesn‘ t 是助动词,无词义; like是主要动词,有词义)

2)助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用,可以用来:

a. 表示时态,例如:

He is singing. 他在唱歌。

He has got married. 他已结婚。

b. 表示语态,例如:

He was sent to England. 他被派往英国。

c. 构成疑问句,例如:

Do you like college life 你喜欢大学生活吗

Did you study English before you came here 你

来这儿之前学过英语吗

d. 与否定副词not 合用,构成否定句,例如:

I don ‘ t like him.我不喜欢他。

e.加强语气,例如:

Do come to the party tomorrow evening.明天晚上一定来参加晚会。

He did know that.他的确知道那件事。

3 )最常用的助动词有:be, have, do, shall, will, should, would

助动词 be 的用法

1 ) be + 现在分词,构成进行时态,例如:

They are having a meeting.他们正在开会。

English is becoming more and more important.英语现在越来越重要。

2)be + 过去分词,构成被动语态,例如:

The window was broken by Tom..窗户是汤姆打碎的。

English is taught throughout the world.世界各地都教英语。

3) be +动词不定式,可表示下列内容:

a.表示最近、未来的计划或安排,例如:

He is to go to New York next week..他下周要去纽约。

We are to teach the freshpersons.我们要教新生。

说明:这种用法也可以说成是一种将来时态表达法。

b.表示命令,例如:

You are to explain this.对此你要做出解释。

He is to come to the office this afternoon.要他今天下午来办公室。

c.征求意见,例如:

How am I to answer him我该怎样答复他

Who is to go there谁该去那儿呢

d.表示相约、商定,例如:

Weare to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning.我们明天早晨7 点在校门口集合。

助动词 do 的用法

1 )构成一般疑问句,例如:

Do you want to pass the CET你想通过大学英语测

试吗

Did you study German你们学过德语吗

2) do + not构成否定句,例如:

I do not want to be criticized.我不想挨批评。

He doesn ‘ t like to study.他不想学习。

In the past, many students did not know the importance of English.过去,好多学生不知道英语的重要性。

3)构成否定祈使句,例如:

Don‘ t go there.不要去那里。

Don‘ t be so absent-minded.不要这么心不在焉。

说明:构成否定祈使句只用do,不用 did 和 does。

4)放在动词原形前,加强该动词的语气,例如:

Do come to my birthday party.一定来参加我的生日

宴会。

I did go there.我确实去那儿了。

I do miss you.我确实想你。

5)用于倒装句,例如:

Never did I hear of such a thing.我从未听说过这

样的事情。

Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance of English.

只有在开始大学生活时我们才认识到英语的重要性。

说明:引导此类倒装句的副词有never, seldom, rarely, little, only, so, well等。

6)用作代动词,例如:

---- Do you like Beijing-- 你喜欢北京吗

---- Yes, I do.-- 是的,喜欢。( do 用作代动词,代替 like Beijing.)

He knows how to drive a car, doesn‘t he

他知道如何开车,对吧

助动词 shall和will的用法

shall 和 will作为助动词可以与动词原形一起构成一般将来时,例如:

I shall study harder at English.我将更加努

力地学习英语。

He will go to Shanghai.他要去上海。

说明:

在过去的语法中,语法学家说shall用于第一人称,will 只用于第二、第三人称。现在,尤其是在口语中,will常用于第一人称,但shall只用于第一人称,如用于第二、第三人称,就失去助动词的意义,已变为情态动词,试比较:

He shall come.他必须来。(shall有命令的意味。)

He will come.他要来。(will只与动词原形构成一般将来时。)

助动词 should,would的用法

1 )should 无词义,只是shall的过去形式,与动词原形

构成过去将来时,只用于第一人称,例如:

I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do

next week.

我昨天给他打电话,问他我下周干什么。

比较:

"What shall I do next week"I asked.

" 我下周干什么" 我问道。(可以说, shall变成间接引语时,变成了should 。)

2) would 也无词义,是will的过去形式,与动词原形构成过去将来时,用于第二、第三人称,例如:

He said he would come.他说他要来。

比较:

"I will go," he said.他说:"我要去那儿。"

变成间接引语,就成了:

He said he would come.

原来的 will变成would,go变成了come.。

短语动词

动词加小品构成的起动词作用的短语叫短语动词(Phrasal Verb)。例如:

Turn off the radio.把收音机关上。(turn off是短语动词)

短语动词的构成基本有下列几种:

1)动词 +副词,如: black out;

2)动词 +介词,如: look into;

3)动词 +副词 +介词,如: look forward to 。构成短语动词的副词和介词都统称为小品词(Particle)。

非谓语动词

在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做

非谓语动词。非谓语动词分为三种形式: 不定式,动名词,和分词 ( 分词包括现在分词和过去

分词 ) 。

1)不定式

时态语态主动被动

一般式to do to be done

完成式to have done to have been done

2)动名词

时态语态主动被动

一般式doing being done

完成式having done having been done

3)分词

时态语态主动被动

一般式doing being done

完成式having done having been done

否定形式:not +不定式,not + 动名词, not + 现在分词

be 动词的自述

1.通常三种变身是am, is,are 。"I 后 am, you 后 are, is 跟着他、她、它,三单后面用 is ,复数后面要用 are 。" 也就是说:随着主语而变化,在 I 后变成 am,在 you 后变成 are ,在第三人称单数后面就变成 is ,而在复数后面一定变成 are 。

2.在句中可以帮助构成否定句和疑问句。在句中找到的变身后在其后面加not 便将句子变成了否定句。如: These are English books. →These are not English books. 。把调到主语前面可以构成疑问句,不过变化时要注意

字母大小写的变化、人称的变化和句末符号。如: Heis my brother. →Is he your brother

3.一般情况下,可与前面主语合作的,我们可以缩写。如: I am=I'm;

you are =you're; he is =he's; it is =it's, the girl is =the girl's

等。但你可不要和this, these, those 掺和在一起,。此外,否定句中也常

与 not 合写,如: is not =isn't; are not =aren't。但am可不愿意与not 缩写。特别需要注意的是,在肯定答语的句末是不能与主语缩写的。如不可

说 "Yes, it's."。而在否定答语中,可以与后面的not 缩写但 am只可与主语 I 缩写。不与其后的not 缩写。

另外,当前面的主语是两个或两个以上的人或事物时,就不能缩写。即

你不可以说 "He and I're in Class 2."。

4.在你们目前所学的范围内,不与实义动词连用的。你不能说"I'm think so.";也不能说"I'm not know."

5.翻译或造句时千万别忘了它。一般说来,在汉语句子中有 be 出现时,你们往往不会忘记,如 " 他们是老师 " 。译为 "They are teachers."但是,当汉语中没出现时,你们常会受汉语影响,忘了 be。如你们中有些人会把 " 他在家。 " 译为 "He at home." 。上句的正确译法为: "He is at home." 。

[ 热身训练 ]

I.用 be 动词的适当形式填空。

1.He________a teacher. His name________Li Ying.

2.I________a girl. My name________Wei Hua.

3.Who________that boy He________Liu Hua.

4.How old________you I________ten.

5.What________this It________a desk.

6.What________its name Its name ________Polly.

7.________you in Row Three Yes, I ________.

8.________Jim a boy Yes, he ______.

9.________it a cat Yes, it________.

10.You________a boy. I________a boy, too.

11.Kate's father________a worker.

12.Mary and Ann________girl students.

13.Jim's sister and I________in Row Three.

14.Who________the boys in the room

15.Lucy's mother and father________not at home.

II.判断下列句子中的缩写有无错误,正确的打 " √" ,错误的在后面括号内改正过来。

1.This's a pencil. It's his pencil. ( )

2.Are these your apples No, they're not. ( )

3.Those're not eggs. They're oranges. ( )

4.Who's that boy He's Lin Tao. He's my friend. ( )

5.I'm a teacher. My name's Gao Hui. ( )

6.Are you in Class 6, Grade 1 Yes, I'm. ( )

III.根据要求改写下列句子。

1. Is she an English girl Yes, she is.(改为复数句子)

2. It isn't an apple tree. (改为复数句子)

3. Those are Chinese buses. (改为否定句)

4. They are our new coats. (改为一般疑问句)

5. Jim is on duty today. (对划线部分提问)

6. My brother is fifteen. (对划线部分提问)

参考答案:

I. 1. is, is 2. am, is 3. is, is 4. are, am 5. is, is 6. is, is

7.Are, am 8. Is, is 9. Is, is 10. are, am 11. is 12. are 13. are 14.

are 15. are

II. 1. This's

→This is sre not →they aren't 3. Those're →Those are 4. √ 5. √

6. I'm →I am

III. 1. Are they English girls Yes, they are. 2. They aren't apple trees. 3. Those aren't Chinese buses. 4. Are they your new coats 5. Who's on duty today 6. How old is your brother

规则动词的词形变化

( 1)陈述语气第三人称单数一般现在时形:

( a)原形动词词尾+“ -s ”:

help (帮助)→ helps

come(来)→ comes

( b)原形动词词尾“ch, sh, o,s, x” +“ -es ”:

teach (教)→ teaches

wash(洗)→ washes

go(去)→ goes

kiss (吻)→ kisses

fix (安装)→ fixes

(c)原形动词词尾为“辅音字母 +y”时,去“ y”后加“ -ies ”,若是“元音字母 +y”,只加“ -s ”:

study (学习)→ studies

play (游戏)→ plays

解说:本项规则的“第三人称单数”是指句子的主语。例如:

I go to school on a bicycle every day .

You go to school on a bicycle every day.

She goes to school on a bicycle every day.

(2)现在分词(也称“ -ing ”形):

(a)原形动词词尾 +“ -ing ”。

speak→ speaking (说)

study → studying (学习)

go→ going (去)

( b)原形动词词尾为“-e ”时,去“ -e ”后 +“ -ing ”。

live→living(住)

make→making (制造)

( c)原形动词词尾为“-ie ”时,先把“-ie ”改为“ -y ”后 +“ -ing ”。

lie → lying (卧,躺)

die → dying (死)

( d)原形动词词尾为“短元音+辅音字母”时,先双写词尾辅音字母后再+“ -ing ”。

plan →planning (计划)

kid → kidding(开玩笑)

get → getting(得到)

stop →stopping (停止)

put → putting(放置)

shut →shutting(关闭)

注:双音节动词若其词尾的词形如本项的情形,若是重音落在第二音节者则依本项规则加“-ing visit→ visiting(访问)

begin→ beginning(开始)

但重音落在第一音节者直接

加”。

“ -ing ”,

( e)原形动词词尾为“元音+l ,r ”并为重读音节时,常重复词尾后再加“-ing ”。

compel → compelling(强迫)

prefer → preferring(宁要)

(3)过去式和过去分词

(a)原形动词词尾 +“ ed”。

rain → rained(下雨)

walk →walked (走)

need → needed (需要)

( b)原形动词词尾为“e”时,加“ -d ”。

live → lived(住)

like→liked(喜欢)

(c)原形动词词尾为“辅音字母 +y”时,去“ -y ”后加“ -ied ”,若是词尾为“元音字母

+y”,只加“ -ed ”。

study → studied (学习)

play →played (游戏)

( d)原形动词词尾为“短元音+辅音字母”时,先双写该辅音字母后再+” -ed “。

chat → chatted (闲谈)

kid → kidded (开玩笑)

beg →begged (恳求)

stop → stopped (停止)

bud →budded (萌芽)

注:双音节动词若其词尾的词形如本项的情形,但重音落在第一音节者直接加“-ed ”,若是重音落在第二音节者,则依本项规则加“-ed ”。

visit→ visited(访问)

omit →omitted(省略)

( e)原形动词词尾为“元音

+l ,r ”并为重读音节时,常双写词尾后再加“-ed ”。

compel → compelled

prefer → preferred

英语字母“ c”后面接“ e,i ”时通常都发 [s] 音,例如: face ,city。因此,如picnic 作动词使用时,其词形变化为了要保住其词尾的[k] 音,通常都先加“-k ”之后再加“ -ing ”或“ -ed ”。例如:

We went picnicking last Sunday.

(上星期天我们野餐去了)。

We picnicked in a park by a lake.

(我们在湖边的一处公园野餐了。)

练习:请按指示做下列各动词的词形变化并将词形变化后的词尾加以注音。

原形第三人称单数形式-ing形过去式

例: change changes changing changed

1. walk ______ ______ ______

2. reach ______ ______ ______

3. snow ______ ______ ______

4. name ______ ______ ______

5. push ______ ______ ______

6. work ______ ______ ______

7. test ______ ______ ______

8. drop ______ ______ ______

9. turn ______ ______ ______

10. finish ______ ______ ______

11. study ______ ______ ______

12. open ______ ______ ______

13. close ______ ______ ______ 14. pass ______ ______ ______ 15. shop ______ ______ ______

初中英语动词时态讲解及练习

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