research method in qualitive research管理学定性研究方法合集
qualititative research method -回复
qualititative research method -回复什么是质性研究方法？质性研究方法是一种在社会科学领域中广泛使用的研究方法，它以探索和理解人类行为、观点和现象为目的。
与定量研究方法相比，质性研究方法更关注个人和群体的主观经验，注重对背后的原因、动机和意义的深入理解。
质性研究方法可以通过访谈、观察、文本分析等技术来收集和分析非结构化和非数值化的数据。
质性研究方法的步骤1. 研究问题的确定：首先，研究者需要明确研究问题。
这个问题应该是精确、具体且具有一定的深入性，以便在研究过程中准确地收集和分析数据。
2. 数据收集：根据研究问题，研究者可以选择使用不同的数据收集方法。
访谈是一种常用的质性数据收集方法，它可以通过与受访者进行深入交谈来获取他们的观点、经验和态度。
观察是另一种常见的方法，研究者可以直接观察人们的行为和环境。
此外，文本分析，如对文本、文件和媒体报道的分析，也是质性研究中常用的方法。
3. 数据分析：质性研究方法的数据分析过程通常是由研究者本人进行的，他们需要仔细阅读、整理和描述收集到的数据。
数据分析的目标是从数据中提取出主题、观点和模式，并呈现出数据背后的意义和内涵。
常用的分析方法包括内容分析、比较分析和主题分析。
4. 结果呈现：根据数据分析的结果，研究者需要将他们的研究发现呈现给读者，这通常通过写作研究论文、撰写实证报告或制作多媒体展示来完成。
在这一步骤中，研究者需要清楚地描述他们的发现，支持这些发现的数据，并解释数据的意义和影响。
质性研究方法的优势和局限质性研究方法具有以下优势：1. 深入理解：质性研究方法可以提供对个体和群体的深入理解，探索其行为、动机和观点背后的原因和意义。
2. 灵活性：质性研究方法可以根据研究问题和环境的特点进行灵活调整，以适应不同的研究需求。
3. 全面性：质性研究方法可以收集一系列复杂、详细的数据，从不同的角度揭示问题的多样性和复杂性。
然而，质性研究方法也存在一些局限性：1. 主观性：由于质性研究方法侧重个体和群体的主观经验，研究者的主观立场和偏见可能会对研究结果产生影响。
QualitativeResearchMethodsResearchMethod
2) Determine the qualitative data collection method(s)
• Women prefer to shave in the shower and under dim lighting
• But men shave in front of a mirror
• Women prefer razors with a firm grip and those that give a clean, smooth shave
Qualitative Research Methods
Ipkin Anthony Wong, PhD Institute For Tourism Studies
Ch 4
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Three Categories of Research
1. Qualitative research: research involving collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data by observing what people do and say
• Provides extensive of the respondent’s feelings in a more personal setting
– gs:
• Women shave very differently from men
• Women shave more surface area than men but only shave two or three times per week
– Quantitative Research usually comes
Ch 8 next
qualitative research method
qualitative research methodQualitative research is a type of social science research method that focuses on understanding the subjective experiences, opinions, and perspectives of individuals. It is a form of exploratory research that aims to uncover the deeper meaning of human behavior and beliefs. This approach is often used in fields such as sociology, anthropology, psychology, and education.Step 1: Identifying research questionThe first step in conducting qualitative research is to identify the research question or problem that you wish to investigate. This can be done through literature review, observations, and conversations with stakeholders. The research question should be clear, concise, and specific to the topic of interest.Step 2: Selecting Participants and SamplingThe next step is to select the participants for the study. Qualitative research often involves small groups of participants or individuals, and sampling strategies are aimed at selecting a diverse range of people who can provide rich and varied perspectives on the research question or topic. The sampling method used in qualitative research is often non-probability, meaning participants are selected based on specific characteristics or criteria.Step 3: Data CollectionData collection in qualitative research is typically done through unstructured or semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions, and observations. Researchers aim togather as much data as possible to provide a comprehensive understanding of the topic being investigated. This approach allows for flexibility in data collection, as researchers can probe for more information based on participants' responses.Step 4: AnalysisQualitative data analysis involves interpreting and making sense of the data collected. This can be done through various methods such as thematic analysis, grounded theory analysis, and narrative analysis. Researchers aim to identify recurring themes and patterns within the data that arerelevant to the research question or problem being investigated. Data analysis is an iterative process wheredata is reviewed, coded, and organized until the researcher achieves data saturation, meaning that they have gathered enough information to answer the research question.Step 5: Reporting FindingsThe final step in qualitative research is reporting the findings. The results of the study should be communicated ina clear, concise, and accessible manner. This can be done through a range of mediums such as academic articles, reports, and presentations. The findings should be supported by evidence and convey the perspectives and experiences of the participants.In conclusion, qualitative research is a valuable toolfor exploring complex social phenomena. It provides insight into the subjective experiences of individuals and can aid in understanding social and cultural dynamics. By following the steps outlined above, researchers can develop a robust study that offers meaningful insights into the topic being investigated.。
qualititative research method
qualititative research method题目：探索和理解质性研究方法引言：质性研究方法是社会科学领域中一种重要的研究方法，它通过深入了解和解释社会现象及其背后的意义来增进对我们社会世界的理解。
本文将详细介绍质性研究方法，并逐步回答与该方法相关的问题。
一、质性研究方法的定义和特点（150字）：质性研究方法是一种基于文字而非数字的研究方法，旨在深入理解社会实践中的现象、事件、观点和情境。
与定量研究方法相比，它更关注于对社会现象的描述、解释和理解，强调研究对象的多样性和复杂性。
质性研究方法不仅能够帮助研究者发现隐藏在现象背后的意义，还能够提供更具丰富性和详尽性的理解。
二、质性研究方法的流程与步骤（500字）：1. 研究问题的确定：在进行质性研究之前，首先需要明确研究的目的和研究问题。
研究问题的选择应基于个人兴趣、社会需求或理论推动。
2. 文献综述：对已有的相关文献进行综述和分析，以了解研究领域的现状、研究者的观点和已有的理论框架。
这有助于研究者了解前人的研究成果、填补研究空白以及构建适当的研究设计。
3. 研究方法的选择：根据研究问题和研究目标，选择合适的研究方法，如个案研究、参与观察、深度访谈、文本分析等。
不同的方法可以帮助研究者从不同的角度深入了解研究对象。
4. 数据收集：根据所选的研究方法，采用适当的方式收集相关的数据。
例如，通过访谈、观察、文件分析等方式收集数据，并记录下来以便后续分析。
5. 数据分析：对收集到的数据进行整理、归纳和分析。
质性研究方法常见的分析方法包括主题分析、内容分析、语境分析等。
这些分析方法可以帮助研究者发现数据中的模式、主题和关系。
6. 结果解释和论证：在数据分析的基础上，研究者需要根据研究的目的和研究对象，解释和论证研究结果。
这一过程通常需要基于现有理论框架，对研究结果进行解释，与已有研究进行对比，并提出新的见解或观点。
7. 研究报告和呈现：最后，研究者应该将研究结果撰写成报告或论文，并通过适当的方式呈现给相关利益相关者。
如何做定性研究 Qualitative research
Start study with concurrent data collection and analysis. Analysis focused on identifying themes and categories-- similarities in data. Question or purpose may emerge and be refined. Data collection strategies may change
A
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Quota sampling
• Quota sampling begins with two decisions:
– What characteristics? – How many people?
• Characteristics are selected in order to find participants who have experience with or knowledge of the research topic.
• Your Questions
– If flexible format… list of things to be sure to talk about
– To get rich data: PROBE AND FOLLOW
• You and the Interview: attending, listening, thinking, taking
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Sampling in Qualitative Studies
研究计划中的研究方法
研究计划中的研究方法Research methods are an essential aspect of any research plan. 研究方法是任何研究计划中必不可少的一部分。
They determine how data will be collected, analyzed, and interpreted. 它们决定了数据将如何被收集、分析和解释。
Choosing the right research methods is crucial to ensure the validity and reliability of the research findings. 选择正确的研究方法对于确保研究结果的有效性和可靠性至关重要。
There are various research methods available, each with its own strengths and limitations. 有各种不同的研究方法可供选择，每种方法都有其优点和局限性。
One commonly used research method is the experimental method. 一个常用的研究方法是实验方法。
This involves conducting controlled experiments to test hypotheses and establish cause-and-effect relationships. 这涉及进行受控实验以测试假设并建立因果关系。
Experimental methods allow for high levels of control and the ability to establish causation, but they may not always be feasible or ethical. 实验方法允许高度控制和建立因果关系的能力，但它们可能并非总是可行或道德的。
Qualitative Research Methods (Research Method)
– Findings:
• Women shave very differently from men • Women shave more surface area than men but only shave two or three times per week • Women prefer to shave in the shower and under dim lighting • But men shave in front of a mirror • Women prefer razors with a firm grip and those that give a clean, smooth shave
Q u a n tita tiv e R esearch
O b je c tiv e
T o g a in a q u a lita tiv e u n d e rs ta n d in g o f th e u n d e rly in g re a s o n s a n d m o tiv a tio n s
Ch 8
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II. Phenomenology
• It describes the meaning for several individuals of their lived experiences of a concept or a phenomenon (e.g., preference of luxury brands, pathological gambling, Internet addiction)
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Ch 8
– Quantitative Research usually comes next
Example: Gillette Supports EquShave
研究方法作文400字左右
研究方法作文400字左右英文回答：Research Methods.Research methods are the systematic and organized procedures used to collect and analyze data in order to answer research questions or test hypotheses. They provide a framework for conducting research in a rigorous and objective manner, ensuring that the results obtained are reliable and valid.There are various types of research methods that can be employed, each with its own strengths and weaknesses. The choice of method depends on the specific research question, the available resources, and the nature of the data being collected.Quantitative Research:Involves the collection and analysis of numerical data, often using statistical methods. It is characterized bylarge sample sizes, standardized data collection procedures, and the use of statistical tests to analyze the data. Examples include surveys, experiments, and correlation studies.Qualitative Research:Involves the collection and analysis of non-numerical data, such as interviews, observations, and documents. It focuses on understanding the subjective experiences, meanings, and perspectives of participants. Researchersoften adopt a naturalistic approach, observing participants in their natural settings and seeking to interpret their actions and behaviors.Mixed Methods Research:Combines quantitative and qualitative methods toprovide a more comprehensive understanding of the research question. It allows researchers to collect both numericaland non-numerical data, triangulating the results to enhance the overall validity of the research. Mixed methods designs can be sequential, concurrent, or transformative.Data Collection Methods:Surveys: Involve asking participants questions through questionnaires or interviews.Experiments: Manipulate independent variables to observe their effects on dependent variables.Observations: Involve observing participants in their natural settings or controlled environments.Interviews: In-depth conversations with participantsto gather subjective information.Document Analysis: Examining and interpreting written materials, such as letters, emails, or historical documents.Data Analysis Methods:Statistical Analysis: Uses statistical tests to identify patterns, relationships, and differences in numerical data.Thematic Analysis: Identifies and interprets recurrent themes and patterns in qualitative data.Discourse Analysis: Examines the ways in which language is used and how it shapes social interactions and understandings.Content Analysis: Analyzes the content of text or other media to identify patterns, themes, or ideologies.Grounded Theory: Inductively generates theory from qualitative data, allowing concepts and themes to emerge from the data itself.Choosing the Right Method:The choice of research method depends on severalfactors, including:Research questions.Available resources.Nature of data.Sampling strategy.Time constraints.Ethical Considerations:Researchers must adhere to ethical guidelines when conducting research, including informed consent, confidentiality, and the protection of participants' rights and well-being.中文回答：研究方法。
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Management Schools of Thought:
Ontological
Epistemology:
Status of Human
Behaviour/action:
Ontological Status of Social Reality:
Methodological Commitments:
To illustrate the dangers of using particular evaluation criteria, constituted by particular philosophical conventions, to assess all management research;
values, attitudes, and knowledge base of those we study as expressed in their natural habitat?” (Cicourel, 1982: 15)
Raises questions around:
the extent to which the social setting in which data has been collected is typical of informants’ normal “everyday” lives?
Historical dominance of quantitative methodology in anglophone countries;
Nevertheless qualitative management research has a long established pedigree;
Meaningful
3. Critical Theory
Meaningful
4. Post modernism
Discursive
Objectivist Subjectivist Subjectivist
Realist Realist Subjectivist
Qualitative methods to enable verstehen
Constituting evaluation criteria in management research (1). Positivism
Popper’s modified positivist methodology emphasizes objectivity and unbiased data collection in order to test hypotheses against an accessible independent social reality in order to protect against “fanciful theorizing in management research” (Donaldson, 1996: 164).
Evaluating Qualitative Management Research: a Contingent Criteriology.
Workshop Number 7 ESRC Workshops for Qualitative Research in Management
Identification of training need
Objectives
By the end of the session you should be able to:
Outline the problems associated with criteriology with regard to competing processes of research evaluation;
Qualitative research management research characterized by:
substantive diversity; competing philosophical assumptions.
Confusion arises when evaluation criteria constituted by particular philosophical conventions are universally applied to this heterogeneous field;
Inappropriate assessment criteria is frequently applied to qualitative research.
Concerns exist about how to assess qualitative research
Aims
To illustrate how competing philosophical perspectives underpin different ways of evaluating management research and different research agendas;
Hence 4 key evaluation criteria:
Internal validity - whether what are interpreted as the “causes” produce the “effects” in a given piece of research - necessitates creating, or simulating, conditions of closure which allow empirical testing;
Task: Evaluate the different research methods in terms of their relative strengths in regard to the 4 criteria below:
Criteria:
Methods: e.g Laboratory Experiment e.g. Surveys
Key research questions:
1. Positivism Determined
Objectivist
Realist
Quantitative methods to enable erklaren
What are the causes of variable x?
2. Neoempiricism
To develop a contingent criteriology where appropriate evaluation criteria might be used which vary according to the philosophical assumptions informing the research.
Testing hypotheses requires the operationalization of abstract concepts causally related by the theory into indicators that measure what they are supposed to measure - construct validity.
are research findings artefacts of the social scientist’s methods of data collection and analytical tools?
(2) Neo-Empiricism
Through verstehen, and the collection of qualitative data, aims to inductively develop thick descriptions of the patterns actors use to make sense of their worlds - sometimes to also generate grounded theory.
How do people subjectively experience the world?
Qualitative methods to enable a structural phenomenology
Qualitative methods to enable deconstruction
How do people subjectively experience the world and how can they free themselves from domination? How and why are particular discourses being voiced while others aren抰?
Need to preserve distance between the researcher and the researched reliability of findings through replication - this refers to the consistency of research findings and refers to the extent to which it is possible for another researcher to (i) replicate the research design with equivalent populations; (ii) find the same results.
A key concern is external population validity - generalizing findings to a defined population beyond those respondents participating in the research.