汽车总布置设计毕业设计(含外文翻译)
毕业设计(论文)-ca6600轻型客车底盘总布置设计[管理资料]
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AC6600轻型客车设计说明书●学校长安大学●院系汽车学院●姓名●指导老师CA6600轻型客车底盘总布置设计【摘要】近几年，随着我国国民经济和公路交通事业的发展，农村城镇化建设步入正轨，农民收入和消费已经达到一定的水平，为此，专为城郊及农村开发的AC6600轻型城乡客车应运而生，本文详细叙述了AC6600的底盘总布置设计和计算过程。
【关键词】城乡客车、总布置设计、底盘改造、性能计算。
【Abstract】With the development of our country’s economy and the highway transportation these years, the constructions of the towns have reached a new level, the earning and consumption of the have reached a new stander , just for that the AC6600 is developed. This paper discusses the design idea, design characteristic, chassis character and calculating procession about AC6600 bus.【Keywords】Coach,chassis Overall design, Design characteristic, chassis character, Performance calculation.目录第一章调研报告及软件介绍1－1 市场调研和可行性分析报告……………………….1－2 软件介绍…………………………………………….. 第二章设计方案和结构选型2－1 设计内容……………………………………………..2－2 底盘设计………………………………………………2－3 底盘主要总成选型……………………………………第三章主要性能计算……………………………………………第四章设计中存在的主要问题及解决方案4－1 备胎的安放问题……………………………………4－2 轴荷分配问题……………………………………….4－3 副车架的对接问题…………………………………. 第五章参考文献………………………………………………第一章市场调研报告及软件介绍1. 市场调研及可行性分析报告****************************************AC6600系列轻型客车市场调研及可行性分析报告***我国的基本国情:我国仍是一个农业大国,农村人口占全国人口总数的80％左右,因此,,观念保守,，农村城镇化建设初见成效，农民收入和消费已经达到一定的水平，因此如何开发及占领广阔的农村市场将成为一些企业研究的主要课题。
汽车方面的毕业设计(一)2024
汽车方面的毕业设计（一）引言概述：汽车方面的毕业设计是一个关于汽车领域的研究项目，该设计旨在探索汽车技术和创新，以及解决现有汽车相关问题。
本文将就汽车方面的毕业设计进行详细阐述，分析其五个关键方面。
正文：1. 汽车性能提升：- 引擎技术的研究和改进- 车辆动力系统设计的优化- 悬挂系统和刹车系统的改良- 车辆空气动力学特性的优化- 利用先进的材料提高汽车轻量化性能2. 汽车安全性研究：- 研发先进的主动安全技术，如自动紧急制动系统（AEB）和车道保持辅助系统（LKAS）- 改进被动安全设计，包括车身结构和气囊系统- 开发智能驾驶辅助系统，如自动泊车和自适应巡航控制3. 新能源汽车技术：- 开发电动汽车的关键组件，如电池、电机和控制系统- 提高充电技术的效率和便捷性- 探索可再生能源的利用，如太阳能和风能- 研究混合动力技术，提高燃油经济性和减少排放4. 智能互联汽车技术：- 开发具有高级智能功能的汽车信息娱乐系统- 研究车辆与车辆、车辆与基础设施的通信技术，如车联网和车辆间通信- 探索人工智能技术在汽车中的应用，如语音识别和自动驾驶系统5. 汽车设计创新：- 提升汽车外观设计和内饰舒适性- 研发可持续发展的汽车设计，考虑环境和社会因素- 利用新材料和生产工艺改善汽车质量和耐久性- 探索未来汽车概念设计，如自动驾驶出租车和共享汽车总结：汽车方面的毕业设计是一个多样化且发展迅速的领域。
本文针对汽车性能提升、汽车安全性研究、新能源汽车技术、智能互联汽车技术和汽车设计创新等五个方面进行了深入阐述。
通过这些研究和创新，将为未来的汽车发展和汽车行业的进步做出重要贡献。
汽车造型设计外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
The Car Modeling DesignFor car modelling, mention the word people often can produce immediately for lenovo in the form of various body, although it is not comprehensive, because car styling is the sum of outside and inside modelling, but had to admit that the appearance of the car is the most intuitive impression of automobile modeling for people. For the automobile modeling design, it covers knowledge engineering technology, art and so on various aspects of the application and market demand, to meet the consumers' taste and functional requirements.Literally what is undeniable is that the car modeling design is derived from the designers of creative expression, by the designer, to many human idea about the car for a reasonable attempt, constantly breakthrough self, challenge themselves. Car modelling design, whether it's like ordinary people use of household car, or royal family use limousine, or a professional driver favorite car, sports car, they all have very obvious differentiation on modelling, the people in the street to see what level of body, the brand, to the natural identity formed certain association of owners, and for different brands of automobile modeling design, which comes from different designers for car design. Car modelling design is also on the technical support of many other disciplines, here I am to have very important influence on development of automobile modeling design of some of the subject part lists are analyze.Since the emergence of the car, bionics started inadvertently used in the design of the model. For automobile modeling, the bionic design in automobile modeling with a unique code to liberate the inherent pattern design of modelling form, interpretation of power, speed, and the symbol of status, wealth, fashion, convey the entire design concept. Nowadays, bionics become guidance and aided automobile modeling design is an important subject, bionic design also gradually become an important means of design, it not only build the people and things, harmonious coexistence between man and nature, man and society, also prompted design found a new form.Bionic design is applied to the various design very early, so see it is not surprising that, in the car on modelling is my understanding of the bionics, it is the nature of some biological characteristics of the advantages of refining of science improving applied to other industries, it is the purpose of pursuing people to draw inspiration from the biological resources, such as car early in the development of a designer to design the "fish" car, maybe at that time did not rise up the subject of bionics, but stylist inadvertently used for fish in the water received by its own size decrease in water resistance and to speed up their swimming this, and apply onto the body modelling design, more typical case is 1952 gm buick brand "fish" type design, surface modeling is very dynamic, because the car interior ministry wide, wide field of vision, both passengers and drivers, inside the body will feel carefree, the affinity of car body itself has an irresistible, should allowstereotyped monotonous straight line in car design, is also a very important breakthrough at the time.There are a lot of examples, such as "viper" is a sports car, as America's most ferocious snake - "viper", has the characteristics of all nature disaster. "Viper" series of models, as a breakthrough point, the appearance of modelling design in particular the sharp front face and the spirit of the headlamps, give a person with terrible ferocity, good at dueling sensory stimulation, like soldiers courageous warrior, always ready to fight to the death, embodies the human eternal pursuit of the meaning of life. Viper, the second generation of 9 models, convey the intrinsic well. Automobile modeling bionic design with "from nature to the nature", as has been the pursuit of goals, the application of natural biological form surface is limited modelling space into endless spiritual awareness, create a bionic form of aesthetic value, to achieve the "personalized" demand and the state of "imitating the nature". Can reference on modelling human nature, The Times on the automobile modeling application development gradually, it seems to me is not only on the auto industry development and progress, is more of a human can live in the actual production of respecting nature, respect nature, from the development of bionics in the automobile modeling design process I can read the industry further development, it is also because modelling are close to the essence of life itself.Automobile modeling design purpose lies in the combination offunction and form aesthetic feeling, to give users in a certain emotional factors influence or impact on the market, on modelling design, different automobile modeling can bring a person different emotional experience, and to convey the designer wants to make people get on a car design.Automobile modeling design is applied art gimmick science express car function, structure and texture, and make people for its beauty. Automobile modeling design must reflect the style of the vehicle, such as streamlined can indicate the car has a higher speed, so as to shape a sporty image in the consumers' mind. Carbon fiber material can reflect the high-tech feeling and lightness of car, has a muscular body form can express powerful and protection of security. Excellent automobile modeling design can make consumers by aesthetic appreciation to deep understanding of its meaning, to produce the desire of the product. This is based on the perceptual technology this is not by many cognitive developed from cognitive psychology on the subject's important role on the automobile modeling design. It is stylist will be collected from the market information, through the analysis of consumer psychology that design more accord with human aesthetic and functional requirements of product evolutionary design, stylist is in perceptual information, consumer psychology and rational constraints (engineering) between coordination.In automobile product development model of "user as the center" in the early stage of the design need to study consumer's perceptual demand, andconsumers to seek in the perceptual demand often from the image of the car. Such as businessman to give reliable partners to form the image of good faith, the car for business occasions, modelling is generally very grave, composed, atmosphere; Racing car, for example, has very obvious streamline on modelling design, in order to display the car performance is strong, can run very fast, with enough instances of racer; Cultural entertainment venue such as car again, the modelling is compared commonly lively, fashion, have individual character, to show the meeting activities and the characteristics of representative. These are the perceptual technology on automobile modeling design is applied to car use and the appreciation of the most common level.Automobile modeling are actually very close to our daily life, on the streets everywhere the family car, taxi, bus, sometimes even see a cable car, luxury cars, sports car, saloon car. We have a lot of focus on automobile brand rather than modelling. But nature sense, any brand of car has its unique style of the modelling, we are to determine the brand car with its shape characteristics, such as seen in the street a lamborghini, its streamline appearance alone, we will be able to determine that it is lamborghini car, this is the car model represented by the car culture connotation. At the end of this course, the reason I chose to automobile modeling design analysis for class papers, but also for any automobile modeling design, as far as I'm concerned, is the designer of some design ideas of cultural interpretation,any design is necessarily comes from life, no experience and observation, can't make the products can be accepted by the public. Automobile modeling is not only the appearance, also is not only a decoration, interior space how to start from the Angle of human nature, and so on these elements are necessarily involve automobile modeling. So this is a worthy art, technology and market coordination aspects of creative achievement, no matter from what Angle to design the vehicle model, the ultimate goal is to continuously improve to meet the needs of users of the product.汽车造型设计对于汽车造型，提到这个词时人们往往能立即产生对于各种车身形态的联想，虽然它并不全面，因为汽车造型是汽车外部和车厢内部造型的总和，但不得不承认的是，汽车的外观的确是人们对于汽车造型的最直观印象。
毕业设计--汽车的整体设计论文
`摘要本说明书从先进，实用，系统，科学的角度出发，介绍了0.5吨轻型货车的整体设计和车架，车箱的设计工三个部分，第一部分是整体设计部分，它包括了汽车型式，主要尺寸和参数的选择，汽车发动机的选择，汽车轮胎的选择，以及总布置草图设计和运动校核，本书的第二和第三部分，介绍了汽车车架和货箱的设计，车架设计部分，主要介绍了其结构形式的选择，并且对其受力情况进行了较为详尽的分析和计算，货箱设计部分就主要介绍了货箱的分类，结构及设计方法。
关键词货车整体设计车架货箱Abstract This Specification introduces three parts of 0.5t turning-lathe trailer include that the allover design and chassis system the coach from sophisticated, tlity, systematic and science. The first part is the unite design ,it include the selection of the type, main dimension and arguments, the selection of the trailer engine ,the selection of the cart tires .It also include general layout drawing and campaign check. The second and third parts of the specification introduces the design of trailer joisted and coach. In the part of joisted design, it introduces the selection of its architecture, then analyses and accountes particularly on its strength the part of the cart coach design introduces categories, architecture and contrive methodKey Words trailer overall design trailer joisted coach引言我国汽车工业从无到有，从小到大经历了四十余年，产量已居世界前列，但在产品开发水平方面还处于落后状态。
汽车总布置设计(全)
汽车总体设计1.1 整车总布置设计的任务(1)从技术先进性、生产合理性和使用要求出发，正确选择性能指标、质量和主要尺寸参数，提出总体设计方案，为各部件设计提供整车参数和设计要求；(2)对各部件进行合理布置和运动校核；(3)对整车性能进行计算和控制，保证汽车主要性能指标实现；(4)协调好整车与总成之间的匹配关系，配合总成完成布置设计，使整车的性能、可靠性达到设计要求。
1.2 设计原则、目标（1）汽车的选型应根据汽车型谱、市场需求、产品的技术发展趋势和企业的产品发展规划进行。
（2）选型应在对同类型产品进行深入的市场调查、使用调查、生产工艺调查、样车结构分析与性能分析及全面的技术、进行分析的基础上进行（3）应从已有的基础出发，对原有车型和引进的样车进行分析比较，继承优点，消除缺陷，采用已有且成熟可靠的先进技术与结构，开发新车型。
（4）涉及应遵守有关标准、规范、法规、法律，不得侵犯他人专利。
（5）力求零件标准化、部件通用化、产品系列化。
1.3汽车设计过程(1)调查研究与初始决策：选定设计目标，并制定产品设计工作及方针原则。
(2)总体方案设计：根据所选定的目标及对开发目标制定的工作方针、设计原则等主导思想提出整车设想，即概念设计（concept design）或构思设计。
(3)绘制总布置草图，确定整车主要尺寸、质量参数与性能以及各总成的基本形式。
(4)车身造型设计及绘制车身布置图：绘制不同外形、不同色彩的车身外形图；制作相应的造型的1：5整车模型；从中选优后，再制作1：5或1：1的精确模型。
(5)编写设计任务书；(6)汽车总布置设计；(7)总成设计；(8)试制、试验、定型。
2.整车型式的选择根据设计原则，目标和用户的需求特点，整车设计人员要提出被开发车型的整车型式方案，主要包括以下几部分：(1)发动机的种类和型式；(2)轴数和驱动型式；(3)车头和驾驶室的型式及与发动机、前轴(轮)的位置关系；(4)轮胎的选择。
英语版汽车设计任务书
英语版汽车设计任务书1. BackgroundOur company, XYZ Automotive, is a leading manufacturer of automobiles with a commitment to creating innovative and stylish vehicles. We are looking to develop a new car model that will cater to the needs and desires of modern consumers. This car should embody the latest technology, safety features, and aesthetics that embody our brand's values and appeal to a wide range of potential customers.2. ObjectivesThe primary objective of this project is to design a car that meets the following criteria: - Innovative and modern design that sets it apart from competitors- Ergonomic and comfortable interior that enhances the driving experience- Incorporation of the latest technology and safety features to ensure a competitive edge - Environmental sustainability and fuel efficiency- Targeted to appeal to a wide range of customers, from young professionals to families 3. SpecificationsThe car should be designed with the following specifications in mind:- It should be a compact sedan or SUV, with a focus on maximizing interior space while maintaining a sleek and modern exterior profile.- The car should be equipped with the latest technology, including a touchscreen infotainment system, smartphone integration, and advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS).- Safety features should include autonomous emergency braking, lane departure warning, adaptive cruise control, and a strong and durable vehicle safety structure.- The car should be fuel-efficient, with a range of hybrid or electric powertrain options available to cater to environmentally conscious consumers.- The interior should be designed with high-quality materials, comfortable seating, and ample storage space for passengers and cargo.4. Design FeaturesThe following design features should be considered when developing the new car model:- A sleek and aerodynamic exterior design that reflects modern and innovative aesthetics while maximizing fuel efficiency.- LED lighting technology for the headlights, taillights, and interior illumination to ensure visibility and energy efficiency.- A spacious and ergonomic interior layout that encourages comfort and practicality for both the driver and passengers.- Customizable options for interior and exterior color schemes, materials, and trims to cater to individual customer preferences.- Integration of sustainable materials and manufacturing processes to ensure a reduced environmental impact throughout the lifecycle of the product.5. Target MarketThe new car model should be designed to appeal to the following target market segments: - Young professionals looking for a stylish and innovative car that suits their urban lifestyle and driving needs.- Families seeking a practical and safe vehicle with ample interior space and advanced safety features for their daily transportation needs.- Environmentally conscious consumers who are interested in a fuel-efficient or electric vehicle option that reduces their carbon footprint.6. TimelineThe development of the new car model should adhere to the following timeline:- Research and Concept Development: 6 months- Design and Engineering: 12 months- Prototyping and Testing: 6 months- Production and Launch: 9 months7. ConclusionIn conclusion, our company's new car model project aims to create an innovative, modern, and environmentally friendly vehicle that appeals to a wide range of consumers. The design team is encouraged to think creatively and push the boundaries of automotive design to ensure the success of this project. We look forward to seeing the results of your hard work and dedication in bringing this new car model to life. Thank you for your commitment to this exciting project.。
汽车电子毕设设计外文文献翻译(适用于毕业论文外文翻译+中英文对照)
Ultrasonic ranging system designPublication title: Sensor Review. Bradford: 1993.Vol.ABSTRACT: Ultrasonic ranging technology has wide using worth in many fields, such as the industrial locale, vehicle navigation and sonar engineering. Now it has been used in level measurement, self-guided autonomous vehicles, fieldwork robots automotive navigation, air and underwater target detection, identification, location and so on. So there is an important practicing meaning to learn the ranging theory and ways deeply. To improve the precision of the ultrasonic ranging system in hand, satisfy the request of the engineering personnel for the ranging precision, the bound and the usage, a portable ultrasonic ranging system based on the single chip processor was developed.Keywords: Ultrasound, Ranging System, Single Chip Processor1. IntroductiveWith the development of science and technology, the improvement of people’s standard of living, speeding up the development and construction of the city. Urban drainage system have greatly developed their situation is construction improving. However, due to historical reasons many unpredictable factors in the synthesis of her time, the city drainage system. In particular drainage system often lags behind urban construction. Therefore, there are often good building excavation has been building facilities to upgrade the drainage system phenomenon. It brought to the city sewage, and it is clear to the city sewage and drainage culvert in the sewage treatment system.Co mfort is very important to people’s lives. Mobile robots designed to clear the drainage culvert and the automatic control system Free sewage culvert clear guarantee robots, the robot is designed to clear the culvert sewage to the core. Control system is the core component of the development of ultrasonic range finder. Therefore, it is very important to design a good ultrasonic range finder.2. A principle of ultrasonic distance measurementThe application of AT89C51:SCM is a major piece of computer components are integrated into the chip micro-computer. It is a multi-interface and counting on the micro-controller integration, and intelligence products are widely used in industrial automation. and MCS-51 microcontroller is a typical and representative.Microcontrollers are used in a multitude of commercial applications such as modems, motor-control systems, air conditioner control systems, automotive engine and among others. The high processing speed and enhanced peripheral set of these microcontrollers make them suitable for such high-speed event-based applications. However, these critical application domains also require that these microcontrollers are highly reliable. The high reliability and low market risks can be ensured by a robust testing process and a proper tools environment for the validation of these microcontrollers both at the component and at the system level. Intel Plaform Engineering department developed an object-oriented multi-threaded test environment for the validation of its AT89C51 automotive microcontrollers. The goals of this environment was not only to provide a robust testing environment for the AT89C51 automotive microcontrollers, but to develop an environment which can be easily extended and reused for the validation of several other future microcontrollers. The environment was developed in conjunction with Microsoft Foundation Classes(AT89C51).1.1 Features* Compatible with MCS-51 Products* 2Kbytes of Reprogrammable Flash MemoryEndurance: 1,000Write/Erase Cycles* 2.7V to 6V Operating Range* Fully Static operation: 0Hz to 24MHz* Two-level program memory lock* 128x8-bit internal RAM* 15programmable I/O lines* Two 16-bit timer/counters* Six interrupt sources*Programmable serial UART channel* Direct LED drive output* On-chip analog comparator* Low power idle and power down modes1.2 DescriptionThe AT89C2051 is a low-voltage, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 2Kbytes of flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM). The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry standard MCS-51 instruction set and pinout. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C2051 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly flexible and cost effective solution to many embedded control applications.The AT89C2051 provides the following standard features: 2Kbytes of flash,128bytes of RAM, 15 I/O lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, a five vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, a precision analog comparator, on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89C2051 is designed with static logicfor operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The idle mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and interrupt system to continue functioning. The power down mode saves the RAM contents but freezer the oscillator disabling all other chip functions until the next hardware reset.1.3 Pin Configuration1.4 Pin DescriptionVCC Supply voltage.GND Ground.Prot 1Prot 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port. Port pins P1.2 to P1.7 provide internal pullups. P1.0 and P1.1 require external pullups. P1.0 and P1.1 also serve as the positive input (AIN0) and the negative input (AIN1), respectively, of the on-chip precision analog comparator. The port 1 output buffers can sink 20mA and can drive LED displays directly. When 1s are written to port 1 pins, they can be used as inputs. When pins P1.2 to P1.7 are used as input and are externally pulled low, they will source current (IIL) because of the internal pullups.Port 3Port 3 pins P3.0 to P3.5, P3.7 are seven bidirectional I/O pins with internal pullups. P3.6 is hard-wired as an input to the output of the on-chip comparator and is not accessible as a general purpose I/O pin. The port 3 output buffers can sink 20mA. When 1s are written to port 3 pins they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pullups.Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89C2051 as listed below.1.5 Programming the FlashThe AT89C2051 is shipped with the 2 Kbytes of on-chip PEROM code memory array in the erased state (i.e., contents=FFH) and ready to be programmed. The code memory array is programmed one byte at a time. Once the array is programmed, to re-program any non-blank byte, the entire memory array needs to be erased electrically.Internal address counter: the AT89C2051 contains an internal PEROM address counter which is always reset to 000H on the rising edge of RST and is advanced applying a positive going pulse to pin XTAL1.Programming algorithm: to program the AT89C2051, the following sequence is recommended.1. power-up sequence:Apply power between VCC and GND pins Set RST and XTAL1 to GNDWith all other pins floating , wait for greater than 10 milliseconds2. Set pin RST to ‘H’ set pin P3.2 to ‘H’3. Apply the appropriate combination of ‘H’ or ‘L’ logic to pins P3.3, P3.4, P3.5,P3.7 to select one of the programming operations shown in the PEROM programming modes table.To program and Verify the Array:4. Apply data for code byte at location 000H to P1.0 to P1.7.5.Raise RST to 12V to enable programming.5. Pulse P3.2 once to program a byte in the PEROM array or the lock bits. The byte-write cycle is self-timed and typically takes 1.2ms.6. To verify the programmed data, lower RST from 12V to logic ‘H’ level and set pins P3.3 to P3.7 to the appropriate levels. Output data can be read at the port P1 pins.7. To program a byte at the next address location, pulse XTAL1 pin once to advance the internal address counter. Apply new data to the port P1 pins.8. Repeat steps 5 through 8, changing data and advancing the address counter for the entire 2 Kbytes array or until the end of the object file is reached.9. Power-off sequence: set XTAL1 to ‘L’ set RST to ‘L’Float all other I/O pins Turn VCC power off2.1 The principle of piezoelectric ultrasonic generatorPiezoelectric ultrasonic generator is the use of piezoelectric crystal resonators to work. Ultrasonic generator, the internal structure as shown, it has two piezoelectric chip and a resonance plate. When it’s two plus pulse signal, the frequency equal to the intrinsic piezoelectric oscillation frequency chip, the chip will happen piezoelectric resonance, and promote the development of plate vibration resonance, ultrasound is generated. Conversely, it will be for vibration suppression of piezoelectric chip, the mechanical energy is converted to electrical signals, then it becomes the ultrasonic receiver.The traditional way to determine the moment of the echo’s arrival is based on thresholding the received signal with a fixed reference. The threshold is chosen well above the noise level, whereas the moment of arrival of an echo is defined as the first moment the echo signal surpasses that threshold. The intensity of an echo reflecting from an object strongly depends on the object’s nature, size and distance from the sensor. Further, the time interval from the echo’s starting point to the moment when it surpasses the threshold changes with the intensity of the echo. As a consequence, a considerable error may occur even two echoes with different intensities arriving exactly at the same time will surpass the threshold at different moments. The stronger one will surpass the threshold earlier than the weaker, so it will be considered as belonging to a nearer object.2.2 The principle of ultrasonic distance measurementUltrasonic transmitter in a direction to launch ultrasound, in the moment to launch the beginning of time at the same time, the spread of ultrasound in the air, obstacles on his way to return immediately, the ultrasonic reflected wave received by the receiverimmediately stop the clock. Ultrasound in the air as the propagation velocity of 340m/s, according to the timer records the time t, we can calculate the distance between the launch distance barrier(s), that is: s=340t / 23. Ultrasonic Ranging System for the Second Circuit DesignSystem is characterized by single-chip microcomputer to control the use of ultrasonic transmitter and ultrasonic receiver since the launch from time to time, single-chip selection of 875, economic-to-use, and the chip has 4K of ROM, to facilitate programming.3.1 40 kHz ultrasonic pulse generated with the launchRanging system using the ultrasonic sensor of piezoelectric ceramic sensorsUCM40, its operating voltage of the pulse signal is 40kHz, which by the single-chip implementation of the following procedures to generate.puzel: mov 14h, # 12h; ultrasonic firing continued 200msHere: cpl p1.0; output 40kHz square wavenop;nop;nop;djnz 14h, here;retRanging in front of single-chip termination circuit P1.0 input port, single chip implementation of the above procedure, the P1.0 port in a 40kHz pulse output signal, after amplification transistor T, the drive to launch the first ultrasonic UCM40T, issued 40kHz ultrasonic pulse, and the continued launch of 200ms. Ranging the right and the left side of the circuit, respectively, then input port P1.1 and P1.2, the working principle and circuit in front of the same location.3.2 Reception and processing of ultrasonicUsed to receive the first launch of the first pair UCM40R, the ultrasonic pulse modulation signal into an alternating voltage, the op-amp amplification IC1A and after polarization IC1B to IC2. IC2 is locked loop with audio decoder chip LM567, internal voltage-controlled oscillator center frequency of f0=1/1.1R8C3, capacitor C4 determinetheir target bandwidth. R8-conditioning in the launch of the high jump 8 feet into a low-level, as interrupt request signals to the single-chip processing.Ranging in front of single-chip termination circuit output port INT0 interrupt the highest priority, right or left location of the output circuit with output gate IC3A access INT1 port single-chip, while single-chip P1.3 and P1.4 received input IC3A, interrupted by the process to identify the source of inquiry to deal with, interrupt priority level for the first left right after. Part of the source code is as follows:Receivel: push pswpush accclr ex1; related external interrupt 1jnb p1.1, right; P1.1 pin to 0, ranging from right to interrupt service routine circuitjnb p1.2, left; P1.2 pin to 0, to the left ranging circuit interrupt service routinereturn: SETB EX1; open external interrupt 1pop accpop pswretiright: …; right location entrance circuit interrupt service routineAjmp Returnleft: …; left ranging entrance circuit interrupt service routineAjmp Return3.3 The calculation of ultrasonic propagation timeWhen you start firing at the same time start the single-chip circuitry within the timer T0, the use of timer counting function records the time and the launch of ultrasonic reflected wave received time. When you receive the ultrasonic reflected wave, the receiver circuit output a negative jump in the end of INT0 or INT1 interrupt request generates a signal, single-chip microcomputer in response to external interrupt request, the implementation of the external interrupt service subroutine, read the time difference, calculating the distance. Some of its source code is as follows:RECEIVE0: PUSH PSWPUSH ACCCLR EX0; related external interrupt 0MOV R7, TH0; read the time valueMOV R6, TL0CLR CMOV A, R6SUBB A, #0BBH; calculate the time differenceMOV 31H, A; storage resultsMOV A, R7SUBB A, # 3CHMOV 30H, ASETB EX0; open external interrupt 0\POP ACCPOP PSWRETIFor a flat target, a distance measurement consists of two phases: a coarse measurement and a fine measurement:Step 1: Transmission of one pulse train to produce a simple ultrasonic wave.Step 2: Changing the gain of both echo amplifiers according to equation, until the echo is detected.Step 3: Detection of the amplitudes and zero-crossing times of both echoes.Step 4: Setting the gains of both echo amplifiers to normalize the output at, say 3 volts. Setting the period of the next pulses according to the: period of echoes. Setting the time window according to the data of step 2.Step 5: Sending two pulse trains to produce an interfered wave. Testing the zero-crossing times and amplitudes of the echoes. If phase inversion occurs in the echo, determine to otherwise calculate to by interpolation using the amplitudes near the trough. Derive t sub m1 and t sub m2.Step 6: Calculation of the distance y using equation.4、The ultrasonic ranging system software designSoftware is divided into two parts, the main program and interrupt service routine. Completion of the work of the main program is initialized, each sequence of ultrasonic transmitting and receiving control.Interrupt service routines from time to time to complete three of the rotation direction of ultrasonic launch, the main external interrupt service subroutine to read the value of completion time, distance calculation, the results of the output and so on.5、ConclusionsRequired measuring range of 30cm-200cm objects inside the plane to do a number of measurements found that the maximum error is 0.5cm, and good reproducibility. Single-chip design can be seen on the ultrasonic ranging system has a hardware structure is simple, reliable, small features such as measurement error. Therefore, it can be used not only for mobile robot can be used in other detection system.Thoughts: As for why the receiver do not have the transistor amplifier circuit, because the magnification well, integrated amplifier, but also with automatic gain control level, magnification to 76dB, the center frequency is 38k to 40k, is exactly resonant ultrasonic sensors frequency.6、Parking sensor6.1 Parking sensor introductionReversing radar, full name is "reversing the anti-collision radar, also known as" parking assist device, car parking or reversing the safety of assistive devices, ultrasonic sensors(commonly known as probes), controls and displays (or buzzer)and other components. To inform the driver around the obstacle to the sound or a moreintuitive display to lift the driver parking, reversing and start the vehicle around tovisit the distress caused by, and to help the driver to remove the vision deadends and blurred vision defects and improve driving safety.6.2 Reversing radar detection principleReversing radar, according to high-speed flight of the bats in thenight, not collided with any obstacle principles of design anddevelopment. Probe mounted on the rear bumper, according to different price and brand, the probe only ranging from two, three, four, six, eight,respectively, pipe around. The probe radiation, 45-degree angle up and downabout the search target. The greatest advantage is to explore lower than the bumper of the driver from the rear window is difficult to see obstacles, and the police, suchas flower beds, children playing in the squatting on the car.Display parking sensor installed in the rear view mirror, it constantlyremind drivers to car distance behindthe object distance to the dangerous distance, the buzzer starts singing, allow the driver to stop. When the gear lever linked into reverse gear, reversing radar, auto-start the work, the working range of 0.3 to 2.0 meters, so stop when the driver was very practical. Reversing radar is equivalent to an ultrasound probe for ultrasonic probe can be divided into two categories: First, Electrical, ultrasonic, the second is to use mechanical means to produce ultrasound, in view of the more commonly used piezoelectric ultrasonic generator, it has two power chips and a soundingboard, plus apulse signal when the poles, its frequency equal to the intrinsic oscillation frequency of the piezoelectric pressure chip will be resonant and drivenby the vibration of the sounding board, the mechanical energy into electrical signal, which became the ultrasonic probe works. In order to better study Ultrasonic and use up, people have to design and manufacture of ultrasonic sound, the ultrasonic probe tobe used in the use of car parking sensor. With this principle in a non-contactdetection technology for distance measurement is simple, convenient and rapid, easyto do real-time control, distance accuracy of practical industrial requirements. Parking sensor for ranging send out ultrasonic signal at a givenmoment, and shot in the face of the measured object back to the signal wave, reversing radar receiver to use statistics in the ultrasonic signal from the transmitter to receive echo signals calculate the propagation velocity in the medium, which can calculate the distance of the probe and to detect objects.6.3 Reversing radar functionality and performanceParking sensor can be divided into the LCD distance display, audible alarm, and azimuth directions, voice prompts, automatic probe detection function is complete, reversing radar distance, audible alarm, position-indicating function. A good performance reversing radar, its main properties include: (1) sensitivity, whether theresponse fast enough when there is an obstacle. (2) the existence of blind spots. (3) detection distance range.6.4 Each part of the roleReversing radar has the following effects: (1) ultrasonic sensor: used tolaunch and receive ultrasonic signals, ultrasonic sensors canmeasure distance. (2) host: after the launch of the sine wave pulse to the ultrasonic sensors, and process the received signal, to calculate the distance value, the data and monitor communication. (3) display or abuzzer: the receivinghost from the data, and display the distance value and provide differentlevels according to the distance from the alarm sound.6.5 Cautions1, the installation height: general ground: car before the installation of 45 ~55: 50 ~ 65cmcar after installation. 2, regular cleaningof the probe to prevent the fill. 3, do not use the hardstuff the probe surface cover will produce false positives or ranging allowed toprobe surface coverage, such as mud. 4, winter to avoid freezing. 5, 6 / 8 probe reversing radar before and after the probe is not free to swap may cause the ChangMing false positive problem. 6, note that the probe mounting orientation, in accordance with UP installation upward. 7, the probe is not recommended to install sheetmetal, sheet metal vibration will cause the probe resonance, resulting in false positives.超声测距系统设计原文出处：传感器文摘布拉福德：1993年超声测距技术在工业现场、车辆导航、水声工程等领域具有广泛的应用价值，目前已应用于物位测量、机器人自动导航以及空气中与水下的目标探测、识别、定位等场合。
整车总布置设计流程(Whole vehicle layout design flow)
整车总布置设计流程（Whole vehicle layout design flow）In this paper, the contribution of Yu Cheng Cheng RiverDOC documents may experience poor browsing on the WAP side. It is recommended that you first select TXT, or download the source file to the local view.Whole vehicle layout design flowThree dimensional network technology forum $a 9 H (V, P0 J J2 o; U "B 9 Z"Www.3dpo rtal.c n/ [[I-, G, I7, X]We often adopt different methods when we design a whole layout of a new car and a design of a partial modification of a whole vehicle. Below we discuss the new car overall design layout method. First of all, the overall layout of the design staff to determine the design concept, that is, a clear design task book. In the overall design process, it is necessary to determine the main vehicle size parameters, the main performance parameters, quality parameters and the basic types of the system assembly, select the engine and tire models, and so on. These are preliminary layout and conceptual design phases, that is, the Layout phase. With the design work being carried out, the body parts are gradually selected or the design is completed step by step, and then the fine design phase is entered, that is called the precise arrangement and the virtual assembly inspection stage, that is, the packaging stage."Z* L% P P9 F4 x+ j# I/ X"The preliminary determination of these parameters is the first step in the overall layout design of the vehicle. To determine the size and parameters can not rely on the accurate calculation, according to the general plan and the performance of new product development requirements, based on a large number of car market investigation and statistical analysis on the reference of domestic and foreign similar models, select the corresponding prototype as identified parameters. At the same time should also pay attention to the parameters to comply with the requirements of various regulations and standards.Forum / 3D network technology _'W 3 C6 K 5 |% @ (E5 H & U3 xThen, according to the basic dimensions and design points of the general layout design, a variety of automobile shape effect diagrams and models are designed by the styling designer, and then the design of the vehicle interior facilities is determined. Selection of the best programs, and make the overall designer vehicle layout design, determine the overall vehicle parameters, for clay modeling, finalized after the general arrangement by the designer with the overall vehicle layout design. The overall vehicle design parameters mainly include: total length and width, total height; wheelbase, front suspension, rear suspension, wheels (front and rear wheels); the angle of departure, close to the minimum ground clearance angle, etc.. Generally speaking, with the determination of the overall design parameters, the main size parameters of the body can also be initially determined. With the main dimensions of the general design parameters and the vehicle body, the otherdimensions in the layout design parameters should be gradually specific, and make it meet the size requirements; on the other hand, initially set the vehicle and main body size parameters in the layout design can get the deepening of the revisions, and eventually was determined. The total vehicle arrangement established to control the size of the car length, width and height, wheelbase, wheel, axle load distribution and water tank, powertrain, front and rear axle, transmission shaft and wheel contour size and position, then the reference data as a reference of similar models.The designer can initially determine the length, position and angle of front and rear windows, front engine and rear suspension cover height, floor level, cowl position, seat arrangement, internal space size, control the position of the steering wheel angle and steering mechanism and pedal position and so on. In short, the layout design of engine, driving device, suspension assembly, electrical equipment, spare parts, fuel tank, vehicle interior assembly and parts of the location, size, and the main technical parameters of body size and body trunk interior space, design process determined in full body styling requirements.E& x- R/: @ * _! V8 OThe ultimate goal is to arrange all the assembly and components in a limited body size, and to maximize the indoor space and improve the market competitiveness of the product.The overall layout of the vehicle has a relationship with the body, chassis, and coordinate each other. Often cross over andover again. This coordination requires designers' wisdom and experience. In this process, a great deal of effort and time are spent on the correction of data, which requires the whole design team to do the preparatory work in advance. Due to the design of a large part of the design is improved based on the original reference models on, even if is to develop a new model, not to design all the parts, but the use of large numbers of parts used to reduce cost, reduce risk. However, in order to make the product appear in front of the user in a new image, the body parts often need to be redesigned, and the parameters of the known engine and chassis components are arranged in the whole vehicle.% K; `2, g%, C6, M9, yTherefore, we have always arranged in the design method, integrated two design ideas, that is, chassis and body simultaneously design.A new car design starts with car styling. Modeling work includes drawing renderings, making models and so on. Previous car styling was entirely dependent on hand making. After making the outline of the car by hand sketching, the final scheme is determined by making a number of clay models. Now, car stylists can use their advanced graphics processing software to express their intentions quickly. Through the effect diagram, the 3D surface model is directly modeled by the 3D surface software, and the NC machining model is directly carried out after the fairing of the surface, so that the model is maximally consistent with the designer's intention.D, CAD, machinery, technology, automotive, CA TIA, PR o/e, UG inven, tor so, lidedg e, soli dworks, CAXA, time and space, Zhenjiang 'Z & G% _ + B* K + A8 f r #In other work carried out at the same time, the whole layout has begun initial tentative plan, body structure modeling, section selection, chassis parameters, structure selection and maturation. Modeling work and vehicle structure determination are interrelated and interactive. Before the whole assembly or by computer graphic design drawing program to modify the manual, time-consuming, vehicle layout is now used by Dave software, parameter modification, visual image and increase efficiency. The main contents of the overall design include the hard point of the whole vehicle. The so-called "hard point" means the position or shape that can not be changed or forcibly determined in the design of the automobile,It can be a hole, a plane or a section of curved surface and so on, the whole vehicle meets the national standard inspection report preparation, is used in the manufacture enterprise product description document compilation, as well as the entire vehicle assembly inspection. The previous vehicle assembly inspection can only be carried out in the prototype trial, and now the assembly can be checked after assembly of the 3D digital model of the parts, and the problem can be found as soon as possible. This is unprecedented.5 N* r three-dimensional network technology forum & T* C "R. n 1 K/ a P #; three dimensional network technology t # t forum. Y 2 A, l A8 X ~7 '$4} LNext is the detailed structural design of the vehicle. Under the guidance of the whole vehicle design task book and the whole vehicle overall plan, the full parametric design of vehicle CAD is carried out. Among them, the body design of the car occupies a large proportion in the design of the whole vehicle. Body design can fully reflect the characteristics of today's advanced three-dimensional parametric design. The body design consists of two parts: the design of automobile sheet metal parts and the design of automobile interior and exterior parts.Before the body design in two-dimensional condition, poor surface quality and not easy to control, usingthree-dimensional design, through a lot of good surface processing software for surface fairing, the surface quality can meet the requirements of the class a surface, which is used in any case to do. Such as Passat car surface brilliance, and surface quality and "three old" obviously not in the same grade.Three dimensional, CAD, mechanical, technical, automotive, CA, TIA, PR, o/e, UG, inven, tor, so, lidedg, e, soli, dworks, CAXA, time, space, Zhenjiang, 7, l, `1, U,, K4,, Z3, N, A000.JPG (8.57, KB)One。
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摘要随着汽车行业的蓬勃发展，以及人机工程学、空气动力学在汽车上的应用，车身总布置也在飞速的变革与发展。
车身总布置设计是经验和原理方法的结合，是在考虑整车形式、车身与底盘的关系、以及总布置和造型传递给车身内部布置的一些约束条件下，进行车室内部布置，是基于功能和约束的方案寻求最优的过程。
一个与众不同的驾驶空间：开阔的视野，舒适的座椅布置，布置紧凑的仪表以及伸手可及的操作元件，能给人充分的心理满足和安全感。
人机工程学、空气动力学和现代化制造方法的发展促使汽车车身总布置的不断更新和完善，传统与创新艺术风格的有机结合也影响着车身总布置的美学实践。
然而，每一款新车型的问世都离不开车身总布置和它的设计工具，汽车车身总布置是汽车概念设计阶段的一项相当重要的方案设计工作。
本次设计主要内容是根据人机工程学的理论和在汽车上实际应用的分析，进行总布置设计。
本文介绍汽车总布置设计工具人体模型，眼椭圆。
提出了综合考虑驾驶员舒适性、视野性、腿部操纵空间、方向盘、顶盖等因素的H 点区域法。
利用CATIA进行总布置设计,CATIA对于提高车身总布置的质量，以及缩短产品开发周期具有非常大的现实意义关键词：车身总布置设计；人机工程学；人体模型；眼椭圆。
AbstractWith the vigorous development of auto industry, and ergonomics, air dynamics in automotive applications, general arrangement in the rapid development and reform. Body: the layout design experience and the principle of method is combined, is considering vehicle body and forms, the chassis layout, and transfer to body shape and some internal layout constraints on car interior ministry decorate, it is based on the function and constraints for the solution of the optimal process. A special driving space: open vision, comfortable seats arrangement of instrumentation and arrangement, compact and operating components, can give a person to fully satisfy the psychology and security. the modern automobile body is always arranging also in the rapid transformation and the development.The man-machine engineering, the aerodynamics and the modernized manufacture method development urges the unceasing renewal and the consummation which the automobile body always arranges, traditional and the innovation artistic style organic synthesis is also affecting esthetics practice which the automobile body always arranges.However, each section new vehicle being published cannot leave the automobile body always to arrange and its design tool, the automobile body total arrangement is an automobile conceptual design stage quite important project design work.T he main content of the theory is based on ergonomics in cars and practical application analysis, the layout design. Introduces the layout design tool car body model, elliptic. Puts forward comprehensive consideration of the pilot, leg vision comfortableness, manipulation of space, the steering wheel, the above factors zone method H. To improve the CATIA layout of quality, body and shorten the development cycle has very great practical significanceKeywords: body layout design, Ergonomics, Human model, Eye ellipse.目录第1章绪论 (1)1.1 车身总布置设计概述 (1)1.2本设计采用的绘图软件介绍 (2)1.2.1 CATIA简介 (2)1.1.2CATIA的功能特点 (3)1.1.3 CATIA软件发展 (4)1.1.4 CATIA人机工程功能在产品设计中的应用 (4)1.3研究本课题的意义 (7)1.4毕业设计内容 (8)第2章车身设计方法 (9)2.1传统的车身设计方法 (9)2.2 现代设计方法 (9)2.3 整车布置的基准线——零线的确定 (10)2.4 本设计采用的设计方法 (12)2.4.1 概念设计 (12)2.4.2 工程设计 (12)2.5 车身总布置内容及原则 (12)2.6车身承载方式的确定 (13)2.6.1车身承载方式 (13)2.7本车承载方式的确定 (15)第3章人机工程学的基础研究 (16)3.1 人机工程学概况 (16)3.2人机工程学简介 (18)3.3人机系统概述 (20)3.4不同人种间的人体模型差异 (21)3.5我国人体尺寸标准 (22)3.5.1人体的主要尺寸 (23)3.5.2立姿人体尺寸 (23)3.5.3坐姿人体尺寸 (25)3.5.4人体水平尺寸 (27)3.6 SAE人体模型 (28)3.7 结论 (29)第4章轿车车身总布置 (30)4.1人体功能尺寸 (30)4.2人体模板关节角度的调节范围 (34)4.3座椅的布置 (37)4.3.1 输入已知整车控制参数及边界条件 (37)4.3.2踵点的确定 (38)4.3.3确定H点位置 (39)4.3.4确定座椅水平和垂直调节范围 (41)4.3.5 仪表板的布置 (41)4.4驾驶员的眼椭圆及视野校核 (42)4.4.1眼椭圆的定义 (42)4.4.2 眼椭圆的意义 (42)4.4.3 眼椭圆的含义 (43)4.4.4 眼椭圆的样板 (43)4.4.5眼椭圆制作步骤 (43)4.4.6 眼椭圆的定位 (44)4.4.7眼椭圆的应用 (46)4.5头廓包络 (47)4.5.1概述 (47)4.5.2头廓包络面的尺寸 (48)4.5.3头部包络面的定位 (49)4.6前方视野校核 (50)4.6.1前风窗开口视野校核 (50)结束语 (53)参考文献 (55)致谢 (56)附录 (57)第1章绪论1.1 车身总布置设计概述汽车诞生一百多年来，其技术经过不断地发展，到现在已经成为集传统工业和高新科技为一身的典型的机电产品，而围绕汽车工业的庞大工业体系也发展成为世界上屈指可数的企业群体。
随着汽车工业的蓬勃发展，车身作为汽车三大总成之一，已经在汽车设计过程中越来越趋于主导地位。
据统计，客车、轿车和多数专用汽车车身的质量约占整车质量的40％～60％，有些车型的车身占整车制造成本的百分比甚至还要略高一些[1]。
因此，仅从这一点来说汽车车身的经济效益也要高于其它两个总成。
在汽车制造过程中车身设计是重要环节，而车身的总布置又是其中的重要组成部分。
车身总布置的任务是在车身内部有限的空间内把人员和货物安排在最恰当的位置，既要满足乘坐舒适性又要保证最大承载质量，尽可能的提高车身有效面积利用率，将车内空间发挥到极致，达到节能减排降低成本的目的。
对于不同用途的汽车总部置设计也是不同的，即使是同一类车，因其用途、性能要求以及所选的各总成的类型尺寸的不同，总布置设计也是千差万别的。
车身总布置是在整车总布置的基础上进行的。
整车的总布置提供了汽车长、宽、高、各部分总成的相对位置和乘客室的尺寸、轴距、轮距等控制尺寸、轴荷分配以及水箱、动力总成、前桥、后桥、传动轴与车轮等的轮廓尺寸和位置。
据此再参考同类车型的有关数据作为参考，即可以初步确定汽车的基本形状，前悬和后悬的长度，前后风窗位置和角度，发动机罩的高度，前围板位置，座椅位置，内部空间控制尺寸，方向盘位置角度与操纵机构和踏板的相互位置等[2]。
车身总布置设计指导思想是“以人为本”。
在汽车设计中，车身内部布置应当能够满足驾驶员和乘员的乘坐舒适性、操纵性、行车安全性、视野性等要求。
为了达到以上性能。
SAE、ISO、GB等定义了汽车驾驶员的眼睛、头部、肢体上一些与车身布置有关的人体特征点[3]。
当驾驶员以正常驾驶姿势入座后，测取人体特征点，经统计处理后，便可得到各种百分位身材男女驾驶员的人体特征点分布图形。
这些图形称为车身内部布置设计工具。
它们包括人体模型、眼椭圆、头廓包络线、手伸及界面等。
1.2本设计采用的绘图软件介绍1.2.1 CATIA简介CATIA是由法国著名飞机制造公司Dassau1t开发并由IBM公司负责销售的CAD/CAM/CAE/PDM应用系统。
围绕数字化产品和电子商务集成概念进行系统结构设计的CATIA V5版本，可为数字化企业建立一个针对产品整个开发过程的工作环境。
在这个环境中，可以对产品开发过程的各个方面进行仿真，并能够实现工程人员和非工程人员之间的电子通信[4]。