巴罗宏观经济学：现代观点第10章
巴罗《宏观经济学：现代观点》学习辅导书(政府支出)【圣才出品】
第12章政府支出12.1 复习笔记考点一：政府预算约束★★★1．政府支出政府支出是指各级政府购买商品和服务、转移支付（转移支付给家庭和厂商的金额）和利息支出所付出的货币。
政府支出主要用于采购商品和服务，分为中央政府采购和地方政府采购。
2．政府预算约束的定义政府预算约束是指政府资金使用总量所受到的限制。
一般而言，政府的资金使用总量必须等于资金来源总量。
其中，政府资金主要用于购买商品和服务以及转移支付；资金来源为税收和货币创造的收入。
因此，简单的政府预算约束用方程式可以表示为：G t＋V t＝T t＋（M t－M t－1）/P t实际采购＋实际转移支付＝实际税收＋货币创造的实际收入其中，G t表示实际采购支出；V t表示实际转移支付；T t表示实际税收；（M t－M t－1）/P t表示货币创造的实际收入。
该式表明，政府资金使用总量等于政府资金来源总量。
通常情况下，政府印制货币的实际收入占政府总收入的很小部分，因此在模型分析中常将此忽略不计，从而政府的预算约束可以简化为：G t＋V t＝T t上式表明，政府的实际采购支出与实际转移支付之和等于政府的实际税收收入。
3．公共生产与公共服务通常情况下不考虑公共生产，实际上是假设政府将其所有生产分包给了私人部门，政府向私人生产者购买最终商品和服务。
公共服务包括为家庭带来效用的服务和对私人生产的投入等。
考点二：家庭预算约束（见表12-1）★★★★表12-1 家庭预算约束考点三：政府采购的持久性变化（见表12-2）★★★★表12-2 政府采购的持久性变化考点四：政府采购的暂时性变化（见表12-3）★★★★表12-3 政府采购的暂时性变化12.2 课后习题详解一、概念题1．政府的预算约束（government’s budget constraint）答：政府预算约束是指政府资金使用总量所受到的限制。
一般而言，政府的资金使用总量必须等于资金来源总量。
其中，政府资金主要用于购买商品和服务以及转移支付；资金来源为税收和货币创造的收入。
巴罗《宏观经济学：现代观点》配套题库-章节题库-货币需求和物价水平【圣才出品】
7．货币可以将现在的购买力变成未来的购买力，这是货币交换媒介职能的表现。（ ） 【答案】× 【解析】货币可以将现在的购买力变成未来的购买力，这是货币作为价值储藏手段的表 现。
三、计算题 1．某国货币流通速度是不变的。实际 GDP 每年增长 3%，货币存量每年增长 8%，名 义利率是 9%。以下各个变量是多少？ a．名义 GDP 的增长率； b．通货膨胀率； c．实际利率。 解：a．根据 MV＝PY，PY 即为名义 GDP，那么有：M 变动%＋V 变动%＝名义 GDP 变动%。
2．计价单位（unit of account） 答：计价单位指货币提供了可以表示物价和记录债务的单位的职能。货币具有表现商品 价值、衡量商品价值量的功能作用。计价单位是货币的首要的基本职能。货币作为计价单位， 是将商品的价值表现为同名的量，使它们在质的方面相同，在量的方面可以比较。它是通过 将商品的价值表现为价格而实现的。
4/5
圣才电子书 十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台
通货数目增加了，由此导致了物价的上升。
3．某经济的货币需求函数为（M/P）d＝0.2Y/i1/2。 a．推导货币流通速度的表达式。货币流通速度取决于什么？解释为什么会有这种依赖 关系。 b．如果名义利率为 4%，计算货币流通速度。 c．如果产出 Y 为 1000 单位，货币供给 M 为 1200 美元，那么，价格水平 P 为多少？ 答：a．根据：（M/P）d＝kY，即 M/P＝kY，简单整理各项后，这个方程变为 M（1/k） ＝PY。上式也可以写为 MV＝PY，式中，V＝1/k，因此根据题意可以得出，V＝5i0.5。根据 公式可以看出，货币流通速度取决于名义利率 i。当名义利率越大时，人们对每一美元的收 入愿意持有的货币量越小（考虑到名义利率可以看成人们对持有货币而不是存入银行的机会 成本），而当人们只想持有少量货币时（k 小），货币转手就频繁（V 大），因此名义利率越 大时，货币流通速度也越大。 b．如果名义利率为 4%，即 i＝4，根据 V＝5i0.5，可得 V＝10。 c．由 MV＝PY，Y＝1000，M＝1200，V＝10，可得 P＝12。
《宏观经济学现代观点》考研巴罗版考研复习笔记
《宏观经济学现代观点》考研巴罗版考研复习笔记第一部分导论
第1章思考宏观经济学
1.1 复习笔记
考点一：宏观经济学的含义及研究内容（见表1-1）★★
表1-1 宏观经济学的含义及研究内容
考点二：宏观经济学的微观经济基础（见表1-2）★★★★
表1-2 宏观经济学的微观经济基础
考点三：经济模型与现代宏观经济学的研究方法（见表1-3）★★★
表1-3 经济模型与现代宏观经济学的研究方法
考点四：浮动价格与粘性价格★★
市场出清的隐含条件是价格能够迅速调整使得市场上供求平衡，但在现实当中，价格粘性甚至价格刚性都是存在的。
正如凯恩斯所提出的，劳动力市场通常处于非均衡的状态，因此，短期中劳动力的需求量与供给量之间总是存在着差异，工资率是粘性的，它仅作缓慢调整以便在长期中使劳动力市场出清。
近年来，一些宏观经济学家强调有些商品市场出现不均衡状态，这种分析方法称为新凯恩斯模型。
很多时候，宏观经济学家认为长期中价格或工资是充分变动的，而在短期分析当中则存在粘性。
当然，将长期增长的分析方法运用在短期分析当中将有助于理解宏观经济的短期波动。
宏观经济学家们一致认为：经济始终是在向市场出清状态接近的。
因此，不管对短期内粘性价格显著性的最终判定如何，利用市场出清模型做宏观经济分析确实是一条最佳的途径。
2020版曼昆版宏观经济学(第十版)课件第10章
——约翰•贝茨•克拉克 (John Bates
● 经济波动给经济学家和政策制定者呈现了一个反复出现的问题。 ● 一些年份的增长高于另一些年份。有时候经济没有进展,增长变为负值。 经济中产出的这些波动与就业的波动紧密相连。当经济经历产出下降和 失业上升的时期时,经济被称为处于衰退(recession)中。 ● 经济学家把产出与就业的这些短期波动称为经济周期(business cycle)。虽然这个词表明经济波动是定期的和可以预测的,但实际并不是 这样。衰退就像它是常见的那样,是间隔不一的。有时衰退一次接着一次, 有时则相隔甚远。
为了理解短期与长期有什么不同,考虑货币政策变动的效应。 在长期,货币供给的变动并没有引起产出或就业的波动。 在短期,许多价格并不对货币政策作出反应。这种短期价格黏性意味着货币供给 变动的短期影响与长期影响并不相同。 经济波动模型必须考虑这种短期价格黏性。我们将看到,价格不能迅速和完全地 对货币供给变动(以及经济状况的其他外生变动)作出调整意味着,在短期,产出和就 业等实际变量必须作出某种调整。换言之,在价格为黏性的时间范围内,古典二分法 不再成立:名义变量会影响实际变量,经济会背离古典模型所预言的均衡。
图10—4 奥肯定律
该图是一个横轴表示失业率、纵轴表示实际GDP的百分比变动的散点图,使用
了美国经济的数据。每一点代表一年。这些变量之间的负相关关系显示,失业率的
上升往往与实际GDP低于正常水平的增长相联系。
2020/9/26
二、领先经济指标
许多经济学家,特别是那些在企业和政府中工作的经济学家,有着预测经 济的短期波动的任务。企业的经济学家对预测感兴趣是为了帮助公司对经 济环境的变化作出计划。政府的经济学家对预测感兴趣出于两个原因。第 一,经济环境影响政府;例如,经济状况影响政府的税收收入。第二,政府通过 使用货币政策和财政政策可以影响经济。因此,经济预测是政策制订计划所 需的一种投入。
巴罗宏观经济学：现代观点第10章
In our model, it is best to use a narrower definition of money, for example, as currency held by the public.
PC + ∆B + P·∆K = π + wL + i ·( B+ PK)
nominal consumption + nominal saving = nominal income
Macroeconomics Chapter 10
9
The Demand for Money
“demand for money,” Md,
Macroeconomics Chapter 10
20
Determination of the Price Level
Macroeconomics Chapter 10
21
Determination of the Price Level
A Change in the Nominal Quantity of Money
Checkable deposits issued by banks and other financial institutions.
Macroeconomics Chapter 10
4
Macroeconomics Chapter 10
5
Macroeconomics Chapter 10
6
Macroeconomics Chapter 10
巴罗宏观经济学：现代观点第7章
Macroeconomics Chapter 7
12
Consumption and Saving
Choosing consumption: income effects
10
Consumption and Saving
Household chooses the time path of consumption—in this case, C1 and C2— to maximize utility, subject to the budget constraint.
Macroeconomics Chapter 7
4
Consumption and Saving
Consumption Over Two Years
Combine the budget constraints to describe a household’s choice between consuming this year, C1, and next year, C2.
Macroeconomics Chapter 7
20
Consumption and Saving
The income effect from a change in the interest rate
Since households like to consume at similar levels in the two years, we predict that C1 and C2 will rise by similar amounts. These responses of consumption to increases in initial assets or wage incomes are called income effects.
罗伯特·巴罗《宏观经济学：现代观点》CH08
Exercise for MacroeconomicsChapter 8TRUE/FALSE1. Intertemporal substitution effects are substitution effects over time.2. When the marginal product of labor increases due to a positive technology change, the real wage falls.3. The model predicts that in response to a permanent positive change in technology real consumptionwill be procyclical.4. An increase in the interest rate makes future consumption cheaper and future leisure more expensive.5. The income effect on labor supply is positive.MULTIPLE CHOICE1. The cyclical part of real GDP isa. trend real GDP less real GDP. c. real GDP/trend real GDP.b. real GDP less trend real GDP. d. trend real GDP/real GDP.2. Real GDP equals:a. trend real GDP plus the cyclical part ofGDP c. trend real GDP less the cyclical part ofGDP.b. trend real GDP times the cyclical part ofGDP. d. trend real GDP divided by the cyclicalpart of GDP.3. An equilibrium business-cycle model:a. uses shocks to GDP to find equilibriumconditions. c. uses equilibrium conditions to determinehow shocks affect real GDP and othermacroeconomic variables. .b. uses GDP to find equilibrium shocks tothe economy.d. uses GDP to find equilibrium conditions.4. An increase in the level of technology, A, causes:a. an increase in the MPL c. a movement along the MPL hiring morelabor.b. a decrease in the MPL d. a movement along the MPL hiring lesslabor.5. The model predicts that an economic expansion caused by an increase in technology, A, will:a. drive down the real wage. c. drive up the real wage.b. cause labor supply to be greater than labor d. lead to a relatively low real wage.demand.6. The model predicts that in a recession caused by an decrease in technology, A, we would observe:a. a relatively low real wage. c. a relatively high real wage.b. an excess demand for labor. d. an increase in the MPL7. If technology, A, increases, then:a. the MPK and the demand for capitalservices increase. c. the MPK increases and the demand forcapital services decreases.b. the MPK and the demand for capitalservices decrease. d. the MPK decreases and the demand forcapital services increases.8. The model predicts that if there is a technology, A, shock, the real rental price of capital will:a. be relatively high during an economicexpansion or a recession. c. be relatively high during an economicexpansion and relatively low during arecession.b. be relatively low during an economicexpansion or a recession. d. be relatively low during an economicexpansion and relatively high during a recession.9. The model predicts that if there is a technology, A, shock, the interest rate, i, will be:a. relatively high during an economicexpansion or a recession. c. relatively high during an economicexpansion and relatively low during a recession.b. relatively low during an economicexpansion or a recession. d. relatively low during an economicexpansion and relatively high during a recession.10. During an economic expansion due to an increase in technology, A, consumption will:a. tend to rise due to the income effect. c. tend to fall due to the intertemporalsubstitution effect of the interest raterising.b. may rise or fall depending on whether theincome effect is greater than thesubstitution effect or not.d. all of the above.11. During an economic expansion due to an increase in technology, A, consumption will:a. tend to fall due to the income effect. c. tend to rise due to the intertemporalsubstitution effect of the interest raterising.b. may rise or fall depending on whether theincome effect is greater than thesubstitution effect or not.d. all of the above.12. During an economic expansion due to an increase in technology, A, consumption will:a. tend to rise due to the income effect. c. tend to rise due to the intertemporalsubstitution effect of the interest raterising.b. be unchanged. d. tend to fluctuate.13. During an economic expansion due to an increase in technology, A, consumption will:a. tend to fall due to the income effect. c. tend to fall due to the intertemporalsubstitution effect of the interest raterising.b. be unchanged. d. tend to fluctuate.14. If technology, A, increases permanently then we would expect:a. consumption to decrease as thesubstitution effect would be greater than the income effect of the change. c. consumption to increase as thesubstitution effect would be greater than the income effect of the change.b. consumption to increase as the incomeeffect would be greater than thesubstitution effect of the change. d. consumption to decrease as the incomeeffect would be greater than thesubstitution effect of the change.15. If there is a permanent increase in technology, A, then we expect consumption to:a. increase by more than real GDP. c. increase but by less than real GDP.b. increase by the same amount as real GDP. d. be unchanged.16. If there were a permanent increase in technology, A, we would expect real saving to:a. increase as the increase in realconsumption is less than real GDP. c. decrease as the increase in realconsumption is more than real GDP.b. increase as the increase in realconsumption is more than real GDP. d. decrease as the increase in realconsumption is less than real GDP.17. A variable that moves in the same direction as real GDP is known as:a. acyclical. c. countercyclical.b. procyclical. d. exogenous.18. A variable that has little tendency to move during a business cycle is known as:a. acyclical. c. countercyclical.b. procyclical. d. exogenous.19. A variable that moves in the opposite direction as real GDP is known as:a. acyclical. c. countercyclical.b. procyclical. d. exogenous.20. An acyclical variable is one that:a. moves the same direction as real GDP. c. moves the opposite direction as real GDP.b. has little tendency to move during abusiness cycle.d. determined outside the model.21. An procyclical variable is one that:a. moves the same direction as real GDP. c. moves the opposite direction as real GDP.b. has little tendency to move during abusiness cycle.d. determined outside the model.22. An countercyclical variable is one that:a. moves the same direction as real GDP. c. moves the opposite direction as real GDP.b. has little tendency to move during abusiness cycle.d. determined outside the model.23. US real consumer expenditure since 1954 has been:a. procyclical. c. a cyclical.b. countercyclical. d. exogenous.24. US real gross domestic private investment since 1954 has been:a. procyclical. c. a cyclical.b. countercyclical. d. exogenous.25. Since 1954, in the US:a. real gross private investment has variedmore than real GDP, while real consumerexpenditure has varied less than real GDP. c. real gross private investment has variedless than real GDP, while real consumer expenditure has varied more than realGDP.b. real gross private investment and realconsumer expenditure have varied more than real GDP. d. real gross private investment and realconsumer expenditure have varied less than real GDP.26. US real average earnings of production workers since 1954 has been:a. procyclical. c. a cyclical.b. countercyclical. d. exogenous.27. US real rental price of capital since 1954 has been:a. procyclical as the model predicts. c. procyclical rather countercyclical as themodel predicts.b. countercyclical as the model predicts. d. countercyclical rather procyclical as themodel predicts.28. An example of a temporary change in technology would be:a. a new discovery. c. a harvest failure.b. a new invention. d. all of the above.29. An example of a temporary change in technology would be:a. a new discovery. c. a new invention.b. a general strike. d. all of the above.30. With a temporary change in technology the model predicts:a. the interest rate will be procyclical. c. a higher interest rate will motivatehouseholds to increase current real saving.b. a lower interest rate will motivatehouseholds to increase current realconsumption.d. all of the above.31. With a temporary change in technology the model predicts:a. the interest rate will be procyclical. c. a higher interest rate will motivatehouseholds to decrease current real saving.b. a lower interest rate will motivatehouseholds to decrease current realconsumption.d. all of the above.32. With a temporary change in technology, we would expect:a. the income effect of consumption to belarger. c. the intertemporal substitution effect onconsumption to be larger.b. the income effect of consumption to besmaller. d. the intertemporal substitution effect onconsumption to be larger.33. With a temporary positive change in technology we would expect real current consumption:a. to increase a lot. c. to remain unchanged.b. to decrease a lot. d. to either increase or decrease a little.34. With a temporary change in technology, A, we expect little change in consumption because:a. the income effect on consumption islarger. c. the intertemporal-substitution effect islarger.b. the income effect on consumption issmaller. d. the intertemporal-substitution effect issmaller.35. The model predicts that an economic expansion caused by a temporary increase in technology, A,would lead to:a. high real GDP and investment. c. low real GDP and investment.b. low real GDP and high real investment. d. high real GDP and low real investment.36. Temporary changes in technology, A, conflict with the data in that:a. investment is clearly acyclical. c. the wage rate is clearly countercyclical.b. consumption is clearly procyclical. d. all of the above.37. A higher real wage:a. makes consumption more expensive. c. makes leisure less expensive.b. makes it a worse deal for households towork an extra hour.d. makes leisure more expensive.38. A higher real wage:a. increases the income of householdsinducing them to work more. c. increases the income of householdsinducing them to work less.b. decreases the income of householdsinducing them to work more. d. decreases the income of householdsinducing them to work less.39. The overall effect of a higher real wage is:a. to increase labor as the income andsubstitution effect reinforce each other. c. to decrease labor as the income andsubstitution effect reinforce each other.b. ambiguous on labor as the income andsubstitution effect work against eachother. d. ambiguous because the income andsubstitution effect reinforce each other.40. We expect that an increase in real wages will:a. increase labor supply, if temporary. c. increase labor supply, whether permanentor temporary.b. increase labor supply, if permanent. d. reduce labor supply, whether permanent ortemporary.41. An increase in the interest rate induces worker to:a. work more in the current period and lessin the future. c. work less in the current period and morein the future.b. work more in the current period and in thefuture. d. work less in the current period and in thefuture.42. A higher interest rate makes:a. future consumption cheaper. c. current consumption more expensive.b. future leisure cheaper. d. all of the above.43. A higher interest rate makes:a. future consumption and leisure moreexpensive.c. future consumption and leisure cheaper.b. future consumption cheaper and futureleisure more expensive. d. future consumption more expensive andfuture leisure cheaper.44. A higher interest rate makes:a. current consumption and leisure moreexpensive.c. current consumption and leisure cheaper.b. current consumption cheaper and current.leisure more expensive. d. current consumption more expensive andcurrent leisure cheaper.45. A higher interest rate makes:a. current consumption and future leisuremore expensive. c. current consumption and future leisurecheaper.b. current consumption cheaper and future.leisure more expensive. d. current consumption more expensive andfuture leisure cheaper.46. Intertemporal substitution effects motivate households to:a. supply more labor when the wage rate istemporarily low. c. supply less labor when the wage rate istemporarily low.b. supply more labor when the wage rate ispermanently low. d. supply more labor when the wage rate ispermanently low.47. In the US since 1964 total hours worked and employment have been:a. acyclical. c. procyclical.b. countercyclical. d. exogenous.48. The measure of labor productivity used in the popular media is:a. Y/L c. procyclical.b. average product of labor. d. all of the above.49. In the model with an upward sloping supply curve of labor and increase demand for labor due to apositive technological, A, change:a. increases employment and the real wage. c. decreases employment and the real wage.b. decreases employment and increases thereal wage. d. decreases employment and increases thereal wage.50. When the labor supply of households is allowed to slope upward:a. the model predictions match the observeddata that employment and real wages arecountercyclical. c. the model predictions do not match theobserved data that employment and real wages are procyclical.b. the model predictions do not match theobserved data that employment and real wages are countercyclical. d. the model predictions match the observeddata that employment and real wages areprocyclical.SHORT ANSWER1. If there is a positive technological change, what happens in the labor market?2. What does the model predict about investment when technology increases and why and what do thedata show about investment in the US?3. What happens to consumption when there is a permanent and temporary increase in technology, A,and why?4. What is the relationship between real GDP and the cyclical part of GDP?5. What happens in the model, if a temporary technology change increase real wages temporarily?。
(NEW)巴罗《宏观经济学：现代观点》课后习题详解
目 录第一部分 导 论第1章 思考宏观经济学第2章 国民收入核算：国内生产总值和物价水平第二部分 经济增长第3章 经济增长导论第4章 运用索洛增长模型第5章 有条件趋同和长期经济增长第三部分 经济波动第6章 市场、价格、供给和需求第7章 消费、储蓄和投资第8章 均衡经济周期模型第9章 资本的利用和失业第四部分 货币和价格第10章 货币需求和物价水平第11章 通货膨胀、货币增长和利率第五部分 政府部门第12章 政府支出第13章 税 收第14章 公共债务第六部分 货币与经济周期第15章 货币与经济周期Ⅰ：价格错觉模型第16章 货币与经济周期Ⅱ：粘性价格与名义工资率第七部分 国际宏观经济学第17章 商品和信贷的世界市场第18章 汇 率第一部分 导 论第1章 思考宏观经济学一、概念题1景气（boom）答：景气（或繁荣）是指在经济周期中，经济活动处于全面扩张，不断达到新的高峰的阶段。
一个完整的经济周期包括繁荣、衰退、萧条、复苏四个阶段。
有时也将复苏阶段和繁荣阶段合称扩张阶段。
经济学家们构建了若干指标来判断经济是否处于景气期，如采购经理人指数（PMI）等。
2经济周期（商业周期）（business cycle）答：经济周期又称经济波动或国民收入波动，指总体经济活动的扩张和收缩交替反复出现的过程。
现代经济学中关于经济周期的论述一般是指经济增长率的上升和下降的交替过程，而不是经济总量的增加和减少。
一个完整的经济周期包括繁荣、衰退、萧条、复苏（也可以称为扩张、持平、收缩）四个阶段。
在繁荣阶段，经济活动全面扩张，不断达到新的高峰。
在衰退阶段，经济短时间内保持均衡后出现紧缩的趋势。
在萧条阶段，经济出现急剧的收缩和下降，很快从活动量的最高点下降到最低点。
在复苏阶段，经济从最低点恢复并逐渐上升到先前的活动量高度，进入繁荣。
衡量经济周期处于什么阶段，主要依据国民生产总值、工业生产指数、就业和收入、价格指数、利息率等综合经济活动指标的波动。
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Macroeconomics Chapter 10
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The Demand for Money
The Interest Rate and the Demand for Money
A higher interest rate, i, provides a greater incentive to hold down average holdings of money, M, in order to raise average holdings of interest-bearing assets, B + PK. That is, with a higher i, households are more willing to incur transaction costs in order to reduce M
In our model, it is best to use a narrower definition of money, for example, as currency held by the public.
Macroeconomics Chapter 10
Байду номын сангаас
7
The Demand for Money
At the Federal Reserve. Another name for high-powered money is the monetary base.
Macroeconomics Chapter 10
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Concepts of Money
Monetary aggregate
A monetary aggregate is the total dollar stock of a group of financial assets defined to be money. The most common definition, called M1
Money is hand-to-hand currency
Assume that the interest rate paid on money is zero.
Bonds and ownership of capital
Interest-bearing assets These assets pay a positive return to
Chapter10
The Demand for Money and the Price Level
Macroeconomics Chapter 10
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Macroeconomics Chapter 10
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Concepts of Money
Fiat money has value due to government fiat, rather than through intrinsic value.
For a given price level, P, we can also say that a higher i lowers the real demand for money, Md/P.
Macroeconomics Chapter 10
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The Demand for Money
The Price Level and the Demand for Money
the holder.
Macroeconomics Chapter 10
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The Demand for Money
The household budget constraint in nominal terms
PC + ∆B + P·∆K = π + wL + i ·( B+ PK)
nominal consumption + nominal saving = nominal income
Macroeconomics Chapter 10
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The Demand for Money
“demand for money,” Md,
The average holding of money that results from the household’s optimal strategy for money management.
Suppose that the price level, P, doubles. The nominal demand for money, Md, doubles. Since Md and P have both doubled, the ratio, Md/P, is the same.
Commodity money, such as gold and silver coins, which do have intrinsic value.
High-powered money, which adds the deposits held by banks and other depository institutions
Monetary aggregate
M2 includes household holdings of savings deposits, small-time deposits, and retail money-market mutual funds.
The M2 definition goes beyond the concept of money as a medium of exchange.
Checkable deposits issued by banks and other financial institutions.
Macroeconomics Chapter 10
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Macroeconomics Chapter 10
5
Macroeconomics Chapter 10
6
Concepts of Money
Macroeconomics Chapter 10
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The Demand for Money
The Interest Rate and the Demand for Money
We predict, accordingly, that an increase in i reduces the nominal demand for money, Md.