2019智慧树德语语言学导论完整单元测试答案
语言导论试题及答案高中
语言导论试题及答案高中一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言的基本功能是（）A. 交流思想B. 表达情感C. 传递信息D. 以上都是答案：D2. 语言的最小意义单位是（）A. 音素B. 词C. 语素D. 句子答案：C3. 以下哪个选项不是语言的属性？（）A. 任意性B. 创造性C. 规律性D. 可预测性答案：D4. 语言的语音系统指的是（）A. 音位B. 音节C. 音标D. 音素答案：A5. 语言的词汇系统包括（）A. 词B. 短语C. 句子D. 以上都是答案：D6. 语言的语法系统主要研究（）A. 语音B. 词汇C. 句法D. 语义答案：C7. 语言的语义系统研究的是（）A. 词义B. 句义C. 语篇意义D. 以上都是答案：D8. 语言的语用系统关注的是（）A. 语境B. 交际目的C. 交际效果D. 以上都是答案：D9. 语言的交际功能包括（）A. 信息传递B. 情感表达C. 社会互动D. 以上都是答案：D10. 语言的演变主要受哪些因素的影响？（）A. 社会变迁B. 技术进步C. 文化交流D. 以上都是答案：D二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言是一种______的社会现象，是人类最重要的______工具。
答案：社会；交际2. 语言的______性是指语言符号与它所代表的事物之间没有必然的联系。
答案：任意3. 语言的______性是指语言符号的组合遵循一定的规则。
答案：规律4. 语言的______性是指语言使用者能够根据已有的语言规则创造新的表达方式。
答案：创造5. 语言的______性是指语言使用者能够理解和使用从未听过或说过的语言形式。
答案：习得6. 语言的______性是指语言使用者能够根据上下文推断出语言的意义。
答案：语境依赖7. 语言的______性是指语言使用者能够根据不同的交际场合选择适当的语言形式。
答案：适应8. 语言的______性是指语言使用者能够根据不同的交际目的选择适当的语言形式。
德语语言学导论_中国海洋大学中国大学mooc课后章节答案期末考试题库2023年
德语语言学导论_中国海洋大学中国大学mooc课后章节答案期末考试题库2023年1.下列哪些说法是正确的：参考答案:汉语的词类灵活，经常可以充当多种句法功能；_德语中，变位的只有动词；2.德语的框架结构都和动词有关，包括下列哪几种类型：参考答案:动词和可分前缀之间；_助动词和动词之间；_从句连词和从句的动词之间3.名词的语法范畴包括名词的词性、数和格。
参考答案:正确4.下列句子是否正确：Wenn das Wetter schön ist, gehen wir ins Freie?参考答案:错误5.篇章的表层结构为（）层面，深层结构为（）层面。
表层的任务是（），深层的任务是（）。
参考答案:语法，主题，理顺语法结构，构建认知关联性6.下列连词使用不当的是（）。
参考答案:Wenn das kleine arme Mädchen von zu Hause wegging, hatte es nurPantoffeln angehabt.7.将下列句子的两部分颠倒顺序会产生不同含义的是（）。
参考答案:Er hörte den Schritt der Mutter und schaltete den Fernseher aus._DerLehrer stellte eine Frage und die Studenten schwiegen.8.在阅读和写作篇章时还要注意多方面因素，如（）等。
参考答案:知识面_语境_文化交际规范9.阐述概念之间的逻辑关系需要必不可少的衔接手段。
参考答案:错误10.为什么要学习语言学？参考答案:认识科学，培养自身的科研素质和能力；_有助于站在理性高度去认识德语，学到掌握德语的有效方法；_为今后的学业深造奠定基础11.洪堡治学思想的核心是训练学生的科学认识论和思想方法，提高理解力和判断力，“授之以渔”。
参考答案:正确12.科学的构成要素包括：参考答案:研究对象_概念、定义、专业术语_研究方法_实验材料13.归纳是自上而下，从个体到一般的推理过程。
2020知到智慧树德语语言学导论第一单元测试答案第一章节作业结课答案见面课考试满分期末答案.docx
2020知到智慧树德语语言学导论第一单元测试答案第一章节作业结课答案见面课考试满分期末答案问：下面哪一项是埃及新王国时期,第十八王朝时出现的那位叛逆法老信奉的?()答：阿顿神问：沿着量子阶梯向下,探索更深层次的物质时,奇点处在核的上方。
答：错误问：人格包括几个方面答：三个问：生涯基本点就是:答：获得生涯快乐感问：通过TRIZ理论中资源分析的学习，太阳能电池属于（）资源。
答：自然或环境资源时间资源问：飞虫冲入耳道,急救方法不恰当的是()。
答：用筷子深入耳朵,夹出问：搭讪不成功最主要的原因是()。
答：私心导致目的性过强问：在中世纪的黑暗时期,人类的科学活动完全停滞了。
答：错误问：酒会中要积极主动和陌生人交谈。
答：正确问：以下哪些属于省政治权利机构?()答：省委省人民代表大会及其常务委员会政协主席省人民政府问：Scelsi是下面哪一国的作曲家：（）答：意大利问：Schidler:I'ma__________ofslavelabor.Iamacrimial.答：profiteer问：Schidler和Wolf于下面哪一年发明了第一台软性胃镜？（）答：1932年问：Scholasticism的汉语意思是：（）答：经院哲学问：School psychologists ad social workers are o the frot lies of keepigschools safe, but theyre uder-prioritized, ______, ad overworked.答：uderstaffed问：在半径为R的长直金属圆柱体内部挖去一个半径为r的长直圆柱体，两柱体轴线平行，其间距为，如图．今在此导体上通以电流I，电流在截面上均匀分布，则空心部分轴线上点的磁感强度的大小为（）。
答：C问：在半殖民地半封建中国，中国共产党内思想上的主要矛盾是（）。
答：无产阶级思想和非无产阶级思想的矛盾问：在帮别人穿衣服的时候应该先帮助别人穿（）答：左边的袖子问：在包含调控时滞的宏观经济模型中，政府要想改变经济衰退应该在什么时候实行扩张政策？答：在经济衰退未达到最低点之前问：在薄膜干涉中，膜的厚度很大时不会有干涉现象。
语言学导论课后习题答案
Chapter 4 MorphologyWhat is morphologyThe total number of words stored in the brain is called the lexicon.Words are the smallest free units of language that unite sounds with meaning. Morphology is defined as the study of the internal structure and the formation of words.Morphemes and allomorphsThe smallest meaningful unit of language is called a morpheme.A morpheme may be represented by different forms, called allomorphs.“zero” form of a morpheme and suppletivesSome countable nouns do not change form to express plurality. Similarly, some regular verbs do not change form to indicate past tense. In these two cases, the noun or verb contains two morphemes, among which there is one “zero form” of a morpheme.Some verbs have irregular changes when they are in past tense. In this case, the verbs also have two morphemes. Words which are not related in form to indicate grammatical contrast with their roots are called suppletives.Free and bound morphemesSome morphemes constitute words by themselves. These morphemes are called free morphemes.Other morphemes are never used independently in speech and writing. They are always attached to free morphemes to form new words. These morphemes are called bound morphemes.The distinction between a free morphemes and a bound morpheme is whether it canbe used independently in speech or writing.Free morphemes are the roots of words, while bound morphemes are the affixes (prefixes and suffixes).Inflexional and derivational morphemesInflexional morphemes in modern English indicate case and number of nouns, tense and aspect of verbs, and degree of adjectives and adverbs.Derivational morphemes are bound morphemes added to existing forms to construct new words.English affixes are divided into prefixes and suffixes.Some languages have infixes, bound morphemes which are inserted into other morphemes.The process of putting affixes to existing forms to create new words is called derivation. Words thus formed are called derivatives.Conclusion: classification of morphemesMorphemesFree morphemesBound morphemesInflexionalDerivational: affixesPrefixes: -s, -’s, -er, -est, -ing, -ed, -sSuffixesFormation of new wordsDerivationDerivation forms a word by adding an affix to a free morpheme.Since derivation can apply more than once, it is possible to create a derived word with a number of affixes. For example, if we add affixes to the word friend, we can form befriend, friendly, unfriendly, friendliness, unfriendliness, etc. This process of adding more than one affix to a free morpheme is termed complex derivation. Derivation does not apply freely to any word of a given category. Generally speaking, affixes cannot be added to morphemes of a different language origin. Derivation is also constrained by phonological factors.Some English suffixes also change the word stress.CompoundingCompounding is another common way to form words. It is the combination of free morphemes.The majority of English compounds are the combination of words from the three classes – nouns, verbs and adjectives – and fall into the three classes.In compounds, the rightmost morpheme determines the part of speech of the word. The meaning of compounds is not always the sum of meaning of the components. ConversionConversion is the process putting an existing word of one class into another class. Conversion is usually found in words containing one morpheme.ClippingClipping is a process that shortens a polysyllabic word by deleting one or more syllables.Clipped words are initially used in spoken English on informal occasions.Some clipped words have become widely accepted, and are used even in formal styles. For example, the words bus (omnibus), vet (veterinarian), gym (gymnasium), fridge (refrigerator) and fax (facsimile) are rarely used in their complete form.BlendingBlending is a process that creates new words by putting together non-morphemic parts of existing words. For example, smog (smoke + frog), brunch (a meal in the middle of morning, replacing both breakfast and lunch), motel (motor + hotel). There is also an interesting word in the textbook for junior middle school students –“plike” (a kind of machine that is like both a plane and a bik e).Back-formationBack-formation is the process that creates a new word by dropping a real or supposed suffix. For example, the word televise is back-formed from television. Originally, the word television is formed by putting the prefix tele- (far) to the root vision (viewing). At the same time, there is a suffix –sion in English indicating nouns. Then people consider the –sion in the word television as that suffix and drop it to form the verb televise.Acronyms and abbreviationsAcronyms and abbreviations are formed by putting together the initial letters of all words in a phrase or title.Acronyms can be read as a word and are usually longer than abbreviations, which are read letter by letter.This type of word formation is common in names of organizations and scientific terminology.EponymsEponyms are words that originate from proper names of individuals or places. For example, the word sandwich is a common noun originating from the fourth Earl of Sandwich, who put his food between two slices of bread so that he could eat while gambling.CoinageCoinage is a process of inventing words not based on existing morphemes.This way of word formation is especially common in cases where industry requiresa word for a new product. For example, Kodak and Coca-cola.For more detailed explanation to the ways of word formation, see my notes of Practical English Grammar.转自[英美者]-英语专业网站： 3 PhonologyWhat is phonologyPhonology is the study of sound systems and patterns.Phonology and phonetics are two studies different in perspectives, which are concerned with the study of speech sounds.Phonology focuses on three fundamental questions.What sounds make up the list of sounds that can distinguish meaning in a particular languageWhat sounds vary in what ways in what contextWhat sounds can appear together in a sequence in a particular languagePhonemes and allophonesA phoneme is a distinctive, abstract sound unit with a distinctive feature. The variants of a phoneme are termed allophones.We use allophones to realize phonemes.Discovering phonemesContrastive distribution – phonemesIf sounds appear in the same environment, they are said to be in contrastive distribution.Typical contrastive distribution of sounds is found in minimal pairs and minimal sets.A minimal pair consists of two words that differ by only one sound in the same position.Minimal sets are more than two words that are distinguished by one segment in the same position.The overwhelming majority of the consonants and vowels represented by the English phonetic alphabet are in contrastive distribution.Some sounds can hardly be found in contrastive distribution in English. However, these sounds are distinctive in terms of phonetic features. Therefore, they are separate phonemes.Complementary distribution – allophonesSounds that are not found in the same position are said to be in complementary distribution.If segments are in complementary distribution and share a number of features, they are allophones of the same phoneme.Free variationIf segments appear in the same position but the mutual substitution does not result in change of meaning, they are said to be in free variation.Distinctive and non-distinctive featuresFeatures that distinguish meaning are called distinctive features, and features do not, non-distinctive features.Distinctive features in one language may be non-distinctive in another.Phonological rulesPhonemes are abstract sound units stored in the mind, while allophones are the actual pronunciations in speech.What phoneme is realized by what allophones in what specific context is another major question in phonology.The regularities that what sounds vary in what ways in what context are generalized and stated in phonology as rules.There are many phonological rules in English. Take the following ones as examples. [+voiced +consonant] – [-voiced]/[-voiced +consonant]_[-voiced +bilabial +stop] – unaspirated/[-voiced +alveolar +fricative]_Syllable structureA syllable is a phonological unit that is composed of one or more phonemes. Every syllable has a nucleus, which is usually a vowel.The nucleus may be preceded by one or more consonants called the onset and followed by one or more consonants called the coda.Sequence of phonemesNative speakers of any language intuitively know what sounds can be put together.Some sequences are not possible in English. The impossible sequences are called systematic gaps.Sequences that are possible but do not occur yet are called accidental gaps.When new words are coined, they may fill some accidental gaps but they will never fill systematic gaps.Suprasegmental featuresFeatures that are found over a segment or a sequence of two or more segments are called suprasegmental features.These features are distinctive features.StressStress is the perceived prominence of one or more syllabic elements over others in a word.Stress is a relative notion. Only words that are composed of two or more syllables have stress.If a word has three or more syllables, there is a primary stress and a secondary stress.In some languages word stress is fixed, . on a certain syllable. In English, word stress is unpredictable.IntonationWhen we speak, we change the pitch of our voice to express ideas.Intonation is the variation of pitch to distinguish utterance meaning.The same sentence uttered with different intonation may express different attitude of the speaker.In English, there are three basic intonation patterns: fall, rise, fall-rise. ToneTone is the variation of pitch to distinguish words.The same sequence of segments can be different words if uttered with different tones.Chinese is a typical tone language.-转自[英美者]-英语专业网站： 2 PhoneticsWhat is phoneticsPhonetics is termed as the study of speech sounds.Sub-branches of phoneticsArticulatory phonetics – the production of speech soundsAcoustic phonetics – the physical properties of speech soundsAuditory phonetics – the perceptive mechanism of speech soundsThe speech organsWhere does the air stream come fromFrom the lungWhat is the function of vocal cordsControlling the air streamWhat are the cavitiesOral cavityPharyngeal cavityNasal cavityTranscription of speech soundsUnits of representationSegments (the individual sounds)Phonetic symbolsThe widely used symbols for phonetic transcription of speech sounds is the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA).The IPA attempts to represent each sound of human speech with a single symbol and the symbols are enclosed in brackets [ ] to distinguish phonetic transcriptions from the spelling system of a language.In more detailed transcription (narrow transcription) a sound may be transcribed with a symbol to which a smaller is added in order to mark the finer distinctions. Description of speech soundsDescription of English consonantsGeneral feature: obstructionCriteria of consonant descriptionPlaces of articulationManners of articulationVoicing of articulationPlaces of articulationThis refers to each point at which the air stream can be modified to produce a sound.Bilabial: [p] [b] [m] [w]Labiodental: [f] [v]Interdental: [] []Alveolar: [t] [d] [s] [z] [l] [n] [r]Palatal: [] [] [t] [d] [j]Velar: [k] [g] []Glottal: [h]Manners of articulationThis refers to how the air stream is modified, whether it is completely blocked or partially obstructed.Stops: [p] [b] [t] [d] [k] [g]Fricatives: [s] [z] [] [] [f] [v] [] [] [h]Affricates: [t] [d]Liquids: [l] [r]Glides: [w] [j]Nasals: [m] [n] []Voicing of articulationThis refers to the vibrating of the vocal cords when sounds are produced.Voiced soundsVoiceless soundsDescription of English vowelsGeneral feature: without obstructionCriteria of vowel descriptionPart of the tongue that is raisedFrontCentralBackExtent to which the tongue rises in the direction of the palateHighMidLowKind of opening made at the lipsPosition of the soft palateSingle vowels (monophthongs) and diphthongsPhonetic features and natural classesClasses of sounds that share a feature or features are called natural classes. Major class features can specify segments across the consonant-vowel boundary.Classification of segments by features is the basis on which variations of sounds can be analyzed.第三章“词汇”问题和练习1. 解释下列术语语素复合词屈折变化词缀派生词词根语素变体词干粘着语素自由语素词位词汇语法词词汇词封闭类开放类混成法借词混合借词转移借词缩略语脱落逆构词法同化异化俗词源2. 给下列词加上适当的否定前缀a. removable m. syllabicb. formal n. normalc. practicable o. workabled. sensible p. writtene. tangible q. usualf. logical r. thinkableg. regular s. humanh. proportionate t. relevanti. effective u. editablej. elastic v. mobilek. ductive w. legall. rational x. discreet3. 语素被定义为表达和内容关系的最小单位。
语言导论试题及答案高中
语言导论试题及答案高中一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言的基本功能是（）。
A. 交流思想B. 传递信息C. 表达情感D. 以上都是答案：D2. 语言的最小意义单位是（）。
A. 音素B. 词C. 语素D. 句子答案：C3. 以下哪个选项不是语言的要素？（）A. 语音B. 词汇C. 语法D. 逻辑答案：D4. 语言的演变通常是由以下哪个因素驱动的？（）A. 社会变迁B. 技术进步C. 个人偏好D. 以上都是答案：D5. 以下哪种语言现象不属于语言变化？（）A. 新词的创造B. 语法规则的简化C. 语音的变异D. 语言的标准化答案：D6. 语言的标准化是指（）。
A. 语言的统一B. 语言的规范化C. 语言的简化D. 语言的固定化答案：B7. 语言的方言是指（）。
A. 同一语言的不同变体B. 不同语言的混合C. 语言的书面形式D. 语言的口头形式答案：A8. 以下哪种语言现象不属于语言的交际功能？（）A. 描述B. 命令C. 询问D. 诗歌创作答案：D9. 语言的语用学研究的是（）。
A. 语言的结构B. 语言的意义C. 语言的使用D. 语言的演变答案：C10. 以下哪种语言现象不属于语言的语义学研究范畴？（）A. 词义B. 句义C. 语音D. 语义场答案：C二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言的______功能是指人们通过语言进行思想交流。
答案：交流2. 语言的______功能是指人们通过语言表达自己的情感和态度。
答案：表达3. 语言的______功能是指人们通过语言进行社会互动。
答案：社会4. 语言的______功能是指人们通过语言进行思考和推理。
答案：认知5. 语言的______功能是指人们通过语言进行记忆和学习。
答案：记忆6. 语言的______功能是指人们通过语言进行审美体验。
答案：审美7. 语言的______功能是指人们通过语言进行娱乐。
答案：娱乐8. 语言的______功能是指人们通过语言进行教育和学习。
普通语言学概论知到章节答案智慧树2023年东北师范大学
普通语言学概论知到章节测试答案智慧树2023年最新东北师范大学绪论单元测试1.语言学是专门以人类语言及其相关问题为研究对象的科学。
（）参考答案:对2.最早对希腊语句法进行全面描写和分析的是亚里斯塔克，他曾被誉为“语法最伟大的权威”。
（）参考答案:错3.《普通语言学教程》是索绪尔的两位弟子兼同事巴利和薛施蔼根据学生们的听课笔记，整理成书并于1916年出版的。
（）参考答案:对4.（）是中国见于记载的最早的韵书。
参考答案:《声类》5.系统功能语言学的代表人物是英国语言学家（）。
参考答案:6.乔姆斯基的转换生成语法理论是建立在（）的哲学基础之上的。
参考答案:理性主义7.应用语言学包括很多与语言学有关的边缘学科，如( )。
参考答案:计算语言学;心理语言学;语言规划学8.我国古代的所谓“小学”有( )。
参考答案:音韵学;训诂学;文字学第一章测试1.语言虽然只是文化系统中的一部分内容，但它负载的却是文化的全部内容。
（）对2.索绪尔把符号的形式叫作“所指”，把符号的内容叫作“能指”。
（）参考答案:错3.提出言语行为理论的人是（）。
参考答案:奥斯汀4.语言符号的形式是（）。
参考答案:语音5.语言符号和非语言符号共有的特点是（）。
参考答案:依存性;任意性;系统性6.语言系统的子系统包括（）。
参考答案:;语义系统;词汇系统;语音系统第二章测试1.广州话[kɑ:u]是"教"的意思，[kɑu]是"救"的意思，它们彼此之间的区别是由于音质音位的不同造成的。
（）参考答案:错2.常见的语流音变现象有同化、异化、弱化、脱落、增音。
（）参考答案:对3.从自然属性角度划分出来的最小语音单位是（）。
参考答案:音素4.舌面元音的分类标准有( )。
参考答案:舌位的前后;舌位的高低;唇形的圆展5.参考答案:收音第三章测试1.义素是对词的义项进行分析所得到的词的最小的语义特征。
（）参考答案:对2.在述谓结构中，变元是处于支配地位的核心成分。
德语单元测试题及答案解析
德语单元测试题及答案解析一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. Was bedeutet das Wort "Geschenk" auf Deutsch?A. GeschenkB. HausC. AutoD. Essen2. Wie sagt man "Ich mag dich" auf Deutsch?A. Ich hasse dich.B. Ich mag dich.C. Ich liebe dich.D. Ich kenne dich.3. Welches Wort passt nicht zu den anderen?A. MutterB. VaterC. BruderD. Auto4. Was bedeutet "Wetter" auf Deutsch?A. WetterB. EssenC. HausD. Zeit5. Welcher Satz ist korrekt?A. Ich gehe in die Schule.B. Ich gehe in der Schule.C. Ich gehe das Schule.D. Ich gehe zu der Schule....20. Was ist die deutsche Bezeichnung für "Freund"?A. FreundB. FeindC. LehrerD. Kollege答案解析：1. D - "Geschenk" bedeutet "Gift" auf Deutsch.2. B - "Ich mag dich" ist die korrekte Übersetzung für "I like you".3. D - "Auto" ist nicht mit den anderen Familienmitgliedern verbunden.4. A - "Wetter" bedeutet "weather" auf Deutsch.5. A - Die korrekte Form ist "Ich gehe in die Schule".二、填空题（每空1分，共10分）1. Das Wort "____" bedeutet "book" auf Deutsch.2. "Ich komme aus Deutschland" bedeutet "I come from ____".3. Der deutsche Begriff für "teacher" ist "______".4. "Ich habe Hunger" bedeutet "I am ____" auf Englisch.5. "Wie komme ich zur Hauptstraße?" ist die Frage auf Deutsch für "____".答案解析：1. Buch2. Germany3. Lehrer4. hungry5. How do I get to the main street?三、阅读理解（每题3分，共15分）Lesen Sie den folgenden Text und beantworten Sie die Fragen.Text:Es war einmal ein kleiner Junge namens Max, der in einer Stadt lebte. Max liebte es, in der Natur zu spielen und hatte viele Freunde. Eines Tages traf Max auf einen alten Mann, der ihm ein Geheimnis erzählte. Der alte Mann sagte, dass es im Wald ein Schatz vergraben sei. Max war neugierig und beschloss, den Schatz zu finden.Fragen:1. Wer ist Max?2. Was liebte Max?3. Was erzählte der alte Mann Max?4. Was beschloss Max zu tun?5. Was ist das Geheimnis des alten Mannes?答案解析：1. Max ist ein kleiner Junge.2. Max liebte es, in der Natur zu spielen.3. Der alte Mann erzählte Max, dass es im Wald ein Schatz vergraben sei.4. Max beschloss, den Schatz zu finden.5. Das Geheimnis des alten Mannes ist, dass es im Wald ein Schatz gibt.四、翻译题（每题5分，共20分）1. Translate the following sentence into German: "I am very happy to be here."2. Übersetzen Sie den Satz ins Deutsche: "The weather is nice today."3. "Ich hoffe, du kommst bald wieder." - Translate this into English.4. Übersetzen Sie den Satz ins Englische: "Ich mag es, in der Natur zu spazieren."答案解析：1. "Ich bin sehr froh, hier zu sein."2. "Das Wetter ist heute schön."3. "I hope you come back soon."4. "I like to walk in nature."五、写作题（15分）Schreiben Sie einen kurzen Text über IhreLieblingsaktivitäten auf Deutsch.答案解析：(这部分没有标准答案，考生应根据自己的情况自由发挥。
语言学导论课后答案
语言学导论课后答案【篇一：语言学导论复习题】txt>i. blank-filling1. the description of a language at some point of time in history is a synchronice ______________ linguistic study; the descriptionof a language as it changes through time is a diachronic _____linguistic study. modern linguists tend to prefer a synchronic approach to a diachronic ______ one.2. speech _____ and writing _____ are the two major media oflinguistic communication. modern linguistics regards the speech language as the primary medium of humanlanguage.3. if a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive ; if the linguistic study aims to lay downrules for “ correct and standard ” behavior in using language, it is said to be prescriptive _____ .4. langue _____ refers to the abstract linguistic systemshared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use.5. language is a system of arbitrary _____ vocal symbolsused for human communication _____ .6. competence ____ can be defined as the ideal user?sknowledge of the rules of his language, and performance can be defined as the actual realization ofthis knowledge in linguistic communication.7. language is arbitrary _____ in the sense that there is nointrinsic 本质的connection between a linguistic symbol and what the symbol stands for.8. the fact that children acquire spoken language before they can read or write also indicates that language is primarily vocal .9. language is productive ____ or creative in that its userscan produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences, including sentences they have never heard before.10. language can be used to refer to things which are present or absent, real or imagined matters in the past, present, orfuture, or in far-away places. this is what displacement _____means.11. the study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics.12. linguistics can be defined as the systematic ____ studyof language _____ .13. duality of structures is also referred to as double _____articulation 结构双重性________ .ii. multiple choice1. the distinction between langue and parole was made by the swiss linguist ___ in the early 20th century.a. noam. chomskyb. f. de saussurec. charles hockettd. j.r. firth2. the distinction between competence and performance was made by the american linguist ___ in the late 1950?s.a. noam. chomskyb. f. de saussurec. charles hockettd. j.r. firth3. a modern linguist would not prefer to be a(n) ___.a. observerb. analyzerc. judged. recorderii. true or false judgement( ) 1. langue is concrete while parole is abstract. langue is relatively stable whileparole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation.( ) 2. similar to saussure, chomsky thinks that what linguists should study is theideal speaker?s performance, not his competence.( ) 3. modern linguistics is prescriptive while traditional grammar is descriptive.( ) 4. modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written.( ) 5. traditional grammar forced languages into a latin-based framework. ( ) 6. in modern linguistics, a diachronic approach seems to enjoy priority over a synchronic one.( ) 7. “ language is a system ” means that elements of language are combinedaccording to rules.( ) 8. language is culturally as well as genetically transmitted.( ) 9. linguistics studies not any particular language, but languages in general.( ) 10. in a broad sense applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistictheories and principles to language teaching, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages.( ) 11.a modern linguist is interested in what is said, not in what he thinks ought to be said.keys:i. blank-filling1. synchronic, diachronic, synchronic, diachronic2. speech, writing, speech3. descriptive, prescriptive4. langue, parole5. arbitrary, communication6. competence, performance7. arbitrary8. vocal9. productive10. displacement11. general12. systematic/scientific, language13. double articulationii. multiple choice1. b2. a3. c iii. true or false judgement1. f2. f3. f4. t5. t6. f7. t8. f9. t 10. f11. t2 phonologyi. blank-filling1. phonetics _____ is defined as the study of the phonicmedium of language.2. the three important branches of phonetics are: (1) 发音学articulatory phonetics, which studies how a speakeruses his speech organs to articulate the sounds;(2) 听觉acoustic _____ phonetics, which studies the physicalproperties of speech sounds and (3) 声学acoustic _______ phonetics, which studies how the sounds are perceived by the hearer.4. vibration of the vocal ______ cords ____ results in aquality of speech sounds called “ voicing ____________ ”, which is a feature of all vowels and some consonants in english.5. there are two ways to transcribe speech sounds. the transcription with letter-symbols only and the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics. the former is called broad transcription while the latter is callednarrow ______ transcription.6. the sound [p] is pronounced differently in the two words pit and spit. in the word pit, the sound[p] is pronounced with a strong puff of air, but in spit the puff of air is withheld to some extent. in the case of pit, the [p] sound issaid to be aspirated and in the case of spit, the [p] sound is unaspirated .7. speech sounds in english can be divided into two broad categories: vowels _______________ and consonants _____ .8. when the vocal cords are drawn wide apart, letting air go through without causing vibration, the sounds produced in such a condition are voiceless ______________________ .9. in terms of manner of articulation the english consonants can be classified into the following types: stops ____________ ,fricatives ______ , affricates _____ , liquids _____ ,nasals ______ , glides ____ . in terms of place of articulation,the english consonants can be classified into the following types: bilabial , labiodental ______ , dental _________ ,alveolar _____ , palatal _____ , velar _____ , glottal _____ consonants.10. english vowels may be distinguished as front ____ ,central _____ , and back _____ according to which part of thetongue is held highest.11. according to the openness of the mouth, we can classify the vowels into: close ______________ vowels, semi close _____vowels, semi open _____ vowels and open ______ vowels.12. vowels can be classified according to the shape of the lips. in english, all the front vowels are uounded _____________ vowels andmost back vowels are rounded _____ .13. the english vowels can be classified according to the length of the sound. the long vowels are all tense ________________vowels and the lax _____ vowels are lax vowels.14. a phoneme is not any particular sound, but rather it is represented or realized by a certain phone __________________ in a certainphonetic context.15. the different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme.16. phonetically similar sounds might be related in two ways. if they are two distinctive phonemes they are said to form a phonemic contrast . if they are allophones of thesame phoneme, then they are said to be in complementary distribution .17. when two different forms are identical in every way except for one soundsegment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two sound combinations are said to form a minimal __________ pair19. rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called sequential ________________ rules.21. the parts of speech that are normally stressed in an english sentence are nouns __________________ , main ______ verbs,adjectives ____ , adverbs _____ , numerals _____ anddemonstrative _____ pronouns; the other categories of wordslike articles _____ , person _____ pronouns, auxiliary _____verbs, preposition _____ , and conj unctions _____ are usuallynot stressed.25. in english we can produce a sound by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions, the sound thus produced is calleda diphthong _____________________________ .26. speech _____ sounds are sounds that convey meaning inhuman communication.27. ipa is the short form for international _____phonetic _____ alphabet ____ or i _____ p _____association _____ .28. in english glides are sometimes called semivowels _____ .the english glides are _w ____ and ___j ___.29. a phoneme consists of a set of distinctive 与众不同的_____ features. it is just because of these features that a phoneme is capable of distinguishing meaning. ii. multiple choice1. which of the following is not a suprasegmental feature?a. phonemeb. stressc. toned. intonation2. the english word that contains a voiceless bilabial unaspirated stop is .a. peakb. speakc. tip c. topic3. chinese is a(n) ___ language.a. intonationb. tonec. pitchd. stress4. the rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called _______________________ .a. sequential rulesb. combining rulesc. assimilation rulesd. deletion rules5. which of the following is a minimal pair?a. fear, pearb. put, hutc. bit, beatd. beat, beastiii. true or false judgement( ) 2. linguists are interested in all sounds produced by humans.( ) 3. the “ same” sounds we claim to have heard are in most cases only phonetically similar, but rarely phonetically identical.( ) 4. narrow transcription is normally used in dictionaries and teaching textbooks for general purposes.( ) 6. a phoneme is a phonological unit, it is a unit that is of distinctive value.( ) 7. the location of stress in english does not distinguish meaning.( ) 10. conventionally phonemes are placed within square brackets, and phones in slashes.keys: blank-filling 1.phonetics2. rticulatory, acoustic, auditory4.vocal cords, voicing5.broad, narrow6. aspirated, unaspirated7. vowels, consonants8. voiceless9. stops, fricatives, affricates, liquids, nasals, glides; bilabial, labiodental, dental, alveolar, palatal, velar, glottal10. front, central, back11. close, semi-close, semi-open, open12. uounded, rounded13. tense, lax14. phone15. allophones16. phonemic contrast, complementary distribution17. minimal pair19.sequential21.nouns, main, adjectives, adverbs, numerals, demonstrative; articles, person, auxiliary, prepositions, conjunctions 25.diphthong26.speech27.international phonetic alphabet, international phonetic association28.semivowels, [w], [j]29.distinctive multiple choice 1-5abbac true or false judgement 2.f 3.t 4.f 6.t 7.f 10.f3. morphologyi. blank filling1. in english, nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs are sometimes called o class words since we can regularlyadd new words to these classes. the other syntactic categories, such as conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns, are sometimes called c class words since new words arenot usually added to them.2. m _____ refers to the study of the internal structure ofw _____ , and the rules by which words are formed.3. the most basic element of meaning is traditionally called m .4. some morphemes occurs only before other morphemes. suchmorphemes are called p _________ ; other morphemes occuronly after other morphemes, such morphemes are called s .5. when some morphemes are conjoined to other morphemes a new word is formed, such morphemes are called d _______________ morphemes.6. bound morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical markers, signifying such concepts as tense, number, case and so on are referred to as i ____________________________ morphemes.篇二：《语言学概论》练习题答案】＞一、名词解释1 、语言学：语言学是以人类语言作为研究对象的学科，研究人类语言的性质、结构、发展等。
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归纳是自上而下，从个体到一般的推理过程。
演绎是从个别现象出发推导出关于总体规律的论证过程。
对洪堡提出的治学理念，下列哪些表述是正确的：
洪堡（Wilhelm von Humboldt）根据词的结构把语言划分为孤立语、屈折语、黏着语。
索绪尔的学说开辟了语言学的新纪元，下列哪些说法正确：
可在【妙状元．Ｃｏｍ】查看完整版答案
乔姆斯基的理论使语言学从研究语言结构转向了语言的功能。
Linguistik也称为Strukturalismus，可在【妙状元．Ｃｏｍ】查看完整版答案即结构主义语言学。
动物的语言是先天的。
而人的言语能力是后天获得的。
与动物语言相比，人类语可在【妙状元．Ｃｏｍ】查看完整版答案言具有以下特征：
下列表述错误的是：可在【妙状元．Ｃｏｍ】查看完整版答案
语言交际中的附带信息，如发音、语调、音量等也会传达信息。
社会关系制约着人们的言语方式，决定交际是否成功。
中国人说“我不喜欢那件大衣。
”，德国人却说?Der Mantel gef?llt mir nicht.“这种文化差异属于语用层面的差异。
可在【妙状元．Ｃｏｍ】查看完整版答案
从母语习得过程中我们可以得到许多学习外语的启示，例如：
下列几对单词中，（）不构成最小可在【妙状元．Ｃｏｍ】查看完整版答案音位对立体。
某个音素在一种语言中是音位，在另一种语言中却不一定是。
下列哪些词既可以是可分动词，又可以是不可分动词（）。
德语发音的特点有（）。
下列使用替换法判断某一音素是不是音位的有（）。
符号必须具备的两个基本条件是（）。
现代符号学创始人美国学者Peirce划分了三种符号类型，它们是（）。
象征性符号的特点有（）。
以下属于非语言符号的是（）。
下面属于语言附属符号的是（）。
Die beiden Jungen zankten sich um den Fu?ball. “zanken”这个词带有（）。
下列哪几组词汇属于反义关系：
下列哪几组词汇属于同义关系：
一个词的词义受制于它的语义场，只有熟悉整个语义场，才能准确理解语义场内的每个词义。
下列表述正确的是：
语义学研究的是索绪尔的言语领域（parole），语用学研究的是语言领域（langue）。
下面哪句话中的“endlich”传递了言者的情绪？
中国人称呼“李老师、李主任、李大夫、李总……”，在德国通常只用“Frau/ Herr Li”称呼即可。
格赖斯的四项合作原则，下列说法正确的是：
人际交往中，语用错误一般不会影响理解，只有语法错误才是造成交际失败的原因。
奥斯汀创立的言语行为理论将言语行为分为：
语素是指最小的具有意义的单位，所以德语中多数独立语素都能构成一个词。
下列词中包含非独立语素的有（）。
对句子“Er studiert Informatik.”中各个成分所包含的语素分析正确的有（）。
下列复合词中没有构词语素的是（）。
下列复合词中不具有偏正关系的是（）。
下列词类转换形式正确的有（）。
下列哪些说法是正确的：
德语句法以动词为中心，先分析句法关系而获得其义，汉语正相反。
“他总是在课堂上玩手机。
”这句话德语可以翻译为：Er spielt im Unterricht immer das Handy. 下列句子哪些是正确的：
德语的框架结构都和动词有关，包括下列哪几种类型：
德语句子中往往缺少连接词，只有理解了意思才知道句义关系和省略的连词。
对掌握德语语法的策略，下列表述正确的有哪些？
篇章的表层结构为（）层面，深层结构为（）层面。
表层的任务是（），深层的任务是（）。
下列连词使用不当的是（）。
阐述概念之间的逻辑关系需要必不可少的衔接手段。
将下列句子的两部分颠倒顺序会产生不同含义的是（）。
在阅读和写作篇章时还要注意多方面因素，如（）等。