Uncertainty Avoidance不确定性规避 ppt课件
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Uncertainty Avoidance(不确定性规避)
Uncertainty Avoidance(不确定性规避)
According to Hofstede(1998), uncertainty avoidance refers to the lack of tolerance for ambiguity and uncertainty and the need for formal rules and high-level organizational structure.
Uncertainty Avoidance includes two forms:
•Low uncertainty Avoidance •High uncertainty Avoidance
Cultures of low uncertainty avoidance have less concern about ambiguity and uncertainty and have more tolerance for a variety of opinions. （U.S.,Canada,Great Britain…）
Cultures of high uncertainty avoidance have a low tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity.(France,Japan…)
1.There is a strong winglingness to live day by day. 2.People have low level of stress.
high
1.Superordinates may say “I don’t know.” 2.Less formal organizational structures are desired.
Uncertainty Avoidance(不确定性规避)教学提纲
2.People have low level of stress.
low
There is greater anxiety about the future. People have high level of stress.
high
People are more risk-taking. One hopes for success.
Differences are tolerated
Sometimes rules can be broken.
Differences are dangerous Rules can be broken.
Some characteristics of business culture.
low high
Uncertainty Avoidance(不确定性规 避)
According to Hofstede(1998), uncertainty avoidance refers to the lack of
tolerance for ambiguity and uncertainty and the need for formal rules and high-
low high
low high
The Score of Uncertainty Avoidance Index
上 (50,70) 中
下
16
Influence
Each country has each culture, we can not treat any countries at the same attitude. In the business, a American clerk will never understand why staff should stay in the same company for all his/her life. So there will be conflict between them because that is culture influence that not every culture can be adapt to another culture. In a word, influence is inevitable.
low
There is greater anxiety about the future. People have high level of stress.
high
People are more risk-taking. One hopes for success.
Differences are tolerated
Sometimes rules can be broken.
Differences are dangerous Rules can be broken.
Some characteristics of business culture.
low high
Uncertainty Avoidance(不确定性规 避)
According to Hofstede(1998), uncertainty avoidance refers to the lack of
tolerance for ambiguity and uncertainty and the need for formal rules and high-
low high
low high
The Score of Uncertainty Avoidance Index
上 (50,70) 中
下
16
Influence
Each country has each culture, we can not treat any countries at the same attitude. In the business, a American clerk will never understand why staff should stay in the same company for all his/her life. So there will be conflict between them because that is culture influence that not every culture can be adapt to another culture. In a word, influence is inevitable.
霍夫斯泰德文化维度ppt课件
Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions
CONTENTS
1.Power Distance （权力距离）
2.Individualism vs Collectivism （个人主义vs集体主义）
3.Uncertainty Avoidance （不确定性规避）
4.Masculinity vs Femininity （男性度vs女性度）
个人主义意味着在这样的社会中，社 会成员之间的联系很松散，每个人只 关心自己或与之亲近的人。相反，在 集体主义社会中，人们从出生起就融 入到强大而紧密的群体当中，这个群 体为人们提供终身的保护以换取人们 对于该群体的绝对忠诚.
在个人主义文化里，人们更关注自身 利益，较少受到集体和社会准则的影 响。在集体主义文化中，个体容易被 集体利益驱使，做出有利于集体的事 情，如共享，合作及维护团体和睦。
5.Long-Term Orientation vs Short-term orientation
（长期取向vs短期取向）
Power Distance
➢Power distance is defined as 'the extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organizations within a country expect and accept that power isdistributed unequally' (Hofstede et al., 2010: 61). ➢People in large power distance societies accept a hierarchical order in which everybody has a place that needs no further justification, whereas those in small power distance societies strive for power equalization and demand justification for power inequalities.
CONTENTS
1.Power Distance （权力距离）
2.Individualism vs Collectivism （个人主义vs集体主义）
3.Uncertainty Avoidance （不确定性规避）
4.Masculinity vs Femininity （男性度vs女性度）
个人主义意味着在这样的社会中，社 会成员之间的联系很松散，每个人只 关心自己或与之亲近的人。相反，在 集体主义社会中，人们从出生起就融 入到强大而紧密的群体当中，这个群 体为人们提供终身的保护以换取人们 对于该群体的绝对忠诚.
在个人主义文化里，人们更关注自身 利益，较少受到集体和社会准则的影 响。在集体主义文化中，个体容易被 集体利益驱使，做出有利于集体的事 情，如共享，合作及维护团体和睦。
5.Long-Term Orientation vs Short-term orientation
（长期取向vs短期取向）
Power Distance
➢Power distance is defined as 'the extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organizations within a country expect and accept that power isdistributed unequally' (Hofstede et al., 2010: 61). ➢People in large power distance societies accept a hierarchical order in which everybody has a place that needs no further justification, whereas those in small power distance societies strive for power equalization and demand justification for power inequalities.
Uncertainty Avoidance(不确定性规避)教学内容
Uncertainty Avoidance(不确定性规 避)
According to Hofstede(1998), uncertainty avoidance refers to the lack of
tolerance for ambiguity and uncertainty and the need for formal rules and high-
level organizational structure.
Uncertainty Avoidance includes two forms:
•Low uncertainty Avoidance
•High uncertainty Avoidance
Low Uncertainty Avoidance 低度不确定性规避
2.People have low level of stress.
low
There is greater anxiety about the future. People have high level of stress.
high
People are more risk-taking. One hopes for success.
low
People are less risk-taking. Failure is feared.
high
1.Superordinates may say “I don’t know.” 2.Less formal organizational structures are desired.
low
Cultures of low uncertainty avoidance have less concern about ambiguity and uncertainty and have more tolerance for a variety of opinions.
According to Hofstede(1998), uncertainty avoidance refers to the lack of
tolerance for ambiguity and uncertainty and the need for formal rules and high-
level organizational structure.
Uncertainty Avoidance includes two forms:
•Low uncertainty Avoidance
•High uncertainty Avoidance
Low Uncertainty Avoidance 低度不确定性规避
2.People have low level of stress.
low
There is greater anxiety about the future. People have high level of stress.
high
People are more risk-taking. One hopes for success.
low
People are less risk-taking. Failure is feared.
high
1.Superordinates may say “I don’t know.” 2.Less formal organizational structures are desired.
low
Cultures of low uncertainty avoidance have less concern about ambiguity and uncertainty and have more tolerance for a variety of opinions.
Uncertainty Avoidance(共17张PPT)
Differences are dangerous Rules can be broken.
Some characteristics of business culture.
low high
low
high
low
high
The Score of Uncertainty Avoidance Index
More loyalty to one’s employer
Initiative） of subordinates Initiative of subordinates is
is encouraged
discouraged
Differences are tolerated
Sometimes rules can be broken.
1.Superordinates may say “I don’t know.” 2.Less formal organizational structures are desired.
low
Superordinates have all the answers. Formal organizational structures are desired.
According to Hofstede(1998), uncertainty avoidance refers to the lack of tolerance for ambiguity and uncertainty and the need for formal rules and high-level organizational structure.
low
People are less risk-taking.
14不确定性和风险下的.ppt
E(W)
n
WiPi
均值可以代表未来i1的平均收益。
风险的大小可以用标准差来衡量，标准差越大，风
险就越大；标准差越小，风险越小；标准差为零时
则没有风险。
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16
I
0
2020/9/28
U3 U2 U1
我们假定人们是风险 回避者。因此，方差 的增加（即风险的增 加）会带来效用水平 的下降，而收入均值 的增加会带来效用水 平的上升。
18
14.4 保险为什么会减少风险
保险是通过分摊风险而发生作用。由于人们 厌恶风险，所以保险活动可能存在，并可通过保险 获取利润。任何一个人发生严重车祸的概率是很小 的，但对遇到车祸的人来说其成本是巨大的。对大 多数人而言，一个人发生车祸的概率是在总人口中 发生车祸的比率。由于这个概率可以估算出来，所 以车祸的成本是可以预测的。
U[pW1+ （1-p）W2]>[ pU（W1）+ （1-p）U（W2）]
则该消费者为风险回避者。
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13
如果某消费者认为在无风险条件下持有一笔确定的 货币收入期望值效用小于在风险条件下获得这笔收入 的期望效用，即
U[pW1+ （1-p）W2]< [pU（W1）+ （1-p）U
（W2）]则该消费者为风险爱好者。
但知道其发生的概率。
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2
Probability Distribution for Sales (Figure 14.1)
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3
期望值
n
E( X ) Expected value of X pi Xi i 1
方差
n
Uncertainty Avoidance(不确定性规避)ppt课件
level organizational structure.
.
Uncertainty Avoidance includes two forms:
•Low uncertainty Avoidance •High uncertainty Avoidance
.
Low Uncertainty Avoidance 低度不确定性规避
.
.ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
High Uncertainty Avoidance 高度不确定性规避
Cultures of high uncertainty avoidance have a low tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity.(France,Japan…)
.
1.There is a strong winglingness to live day by day.
low
.
Superordinates have all the answers. Formal organizational structures are desired.
high
.
Low Uncertainty Avoidance High Uncertainty Avoidance
Less emotional resistance to More emotional resistance
Differences are tolerated
Sometimes rules can be broken.
Differences are dangerous Rules can be broken.
.
Some characteristics of business culture.
.
Uncertainty Avoidance includes two forms:
•Low uncertainty Avoidance •High uncertainty Avoidance
.
Low Uncertainty Avoidance 低度不确定性规避
.
.ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
High Uncertainty Avoidance 高度不确定性规避
Cultures of high uncertainty avoidance have a low tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity.(France,Japan…)
.
1.There is a strong winglingness to live day by day.
low
.
Superordinates have all the answers. Formal organizational structures are desired.
high
.
Low Uncertainty Avoidance High Uncertainty Avoidance
Less emotional resistance to More emotional resistance
Differences are tolerated
Sometimes rules can be broken.
Differences are dangerous Rules can be broken.
.
Some characteristics of business culture.
高。低。 不确定性规避
Avoidance 低度不确定性规避
不确定性规避
Uncertainty Avoidance
2
High Uncertainty Avoidance 高度不确定性规避
不确定性规避程度低的社会，人们较容易接受生活中固有的不确定性，
能够接受更多的意见，上级对下属的授权被执行得更为彻底，员工倾向于
THANKS
自主管理和独立的工作。在不确定性规避较低的国家，如美国、瑞典、丹 麦、芬兰等，人们会容易地接受活中的不稳定性，容易接受非同寻常的想 法和做法。他们喜欢创新、喜欢冒险、不喜欢循规蹈矩、不喜欢等级分明 的社会制度。 而在不确定性规避程度高的社会，上级倾向于对下属进行严格的控制 和清晰的指示。不确定性规避度高的国家，如亚洲国家，会尽量去避免不
Kelly: No ... if they don’t come, I’ll know that something else came up. I’ll let you know as soon as I can.
Chang: Maybe we should plan my dinner for some other night.
低度不确定性规避
认可客观存在的不确定性，并接受这一事实，顺其自 然 生活轻松和压力很小 在公平基础上竞争 不同意见可以接受 并不认为离经叛道是威胁，所以能容忍离经叛道
对年轻人有好感
愿意在生活中冒险 强调相对性和经验性 尽量少的规章 权威为公民服务
Chang: Hey, Kelly, let’s do something tonight. Kelly: All right. Chang: Please come over to my house and I’ll cook dinner for you. Kelly: I have invited some friends over to my house for dinner tonight, but I don’t know if they’re coming. Chang: Well ... as soon as you know if they’re coming, let me know. Kelly: I won’t know until tonight. Chang: What time? Kelly: I won’t know until they call me. They’ll probably call later this afternoon. Chang: How will you know whether or not to cook enough for everyone? Kelly: Oh, I’ll make up something on the spot. I like to cook. I’ll whip up something fast. Chang: But ... what if they don’t come? Won’t they call and let you know?
不确定性规避
Uncertainty Avoidance
2
High Uncertainty Avoidance 高度不确定性规避
不确定性规避程度低的社会，人们较容易接受生活中固有的不确定性，
能够接受更多的意见，上级对下属的授权被执行得更为彻底，员工倾向于
THANKS
自主管理和独立的工作。在不确定性规避较低的国家，如美国、瑞典、丹 麦、芬兰等，人们会容易地接受活中的不稳定性，容易接受非同寻常的想 法和做法。他们喜欢创新、喜欢冒险、不喜欢循规蹈矩、不喜欢等级分明 的社会制度。 而在不确定性规避程度高的社会，上级倾向于对下属进行严格的控制 和清晰的指示。不确定性规避度高的国家，如亚洲国家，会尽量去避免不
Kelly: No ... if they don’t come, I’ll know that something else came up. I’ll let you know as soon as I can.
Chang: Maybe we should plan my dinner for some other night.
低度不确定性规避
认可客观存在的不确定性，并接受这一事实，顺其自 然 生活轻松和压力很小 在公平基础上竞争 不同意见可以接受 并不认为离经叛道是威胁，所以能容忍离经叛道
对年轻人有好感
愿意在生活中冒险 强调相对性和经验性 尽量少的规章 权威为公民服务
Chang: Hey, Kelly, let’s do something tonight. Kelly: All right. Chang: Please come over to my house and I’ll cook dinner for you. Kelly: I have invited some friends over to my house for dinner tonight, but I don’t know if they’re coming. Chang: Well ... as soon as you know if they’re coming, let me know. Kelly: I won’t know until tonight. Chang: What time? Kelly: I won’t know until they call me. They’ll probably call later this afternoon. Chang: How will you know whether or not to cook enough for everyone? Kelly: Oh, I’ll make up something on the spot. I like to cook. I’ll whip up something fast. Chang: But ... what if they don’t come? Won’t they call and let you know?
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Differences are tolerated
Sometimes rules can be broken.
Differences are dangerous Rules can be broken.
Some characteristics of business culture.
low high
low
People are less risk-taking. Failure is feared.
high
1.Superordinates may say “I don’t know.” 2.Less formal organizational structures are desired.
low
Superordinates have all the answers. Formal organizational structures are desired.
high
Low Uncertainty Avoidance High Uncertainty Avoidance
Less emotional resistance to More emotional resistance
Uncertainty Avoidance不确定性 规避
Cultures of high uncertainty avoidance
have a low tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity.(France,Japan…)
1.There a strong winglingness to live day by day.
Cultures of low uncertainty avoidance have less concern about ambiguity and uncertainty and have more tolerance for a variety of opinions.
（U.S.,Canada,Great Britain…）
low high
low high
Uncertainty Avoidance不确定性 规避
上 (50,70) 中
下
16
Uncertainty Avoidance不确定性规 避
Uncertainty Avoidance includes two forms:
•Low uncertainty Avoidance
•High uncertainty Avoidance
Low Uncertainty Avoidance 低度不确定性规避
2.People have low level of stress.
low
There is greater anxiety about the future. People have high level of stress.
high
People are more risk-taking. One hopes for success.
change
to change
Little loyalty to one’s
More loyalty to one’s
employer
employer
Initiative） of subordinates Initiative of subordinates is
is encouraged
discouraged