学术英语abstract写作
学术英语如何写好摘要How-to-Write-an-Abstract
The overall objective of this study is… In this paper/study, we aim at…
The work/investigation presented in this paper focuses on…
This research is designed to determine/measure/evaluate…
Classification of abstracts Structure of an informative abstract Features of an abstract
Classification of abstracts
informative abstract - the primary research objective or purpose - method employed in solving the problems - principal findings or results - major conclusions and serves as a substitute for the full paper
Although (the research subject)…, (the related problem)… is as yet undetermined.
(The research subject)…, however, (the related problem)… remains unsolved.
Brief – conveys in as few words as possible the essential information contained in the body of the paper.
学术英语(理工)abstract
电脑黑客是如何侵入计算机的？摘要：对于黑客是如何进入计算机这个问题，要想简单地去解释是很困难的。
在本文中，我们将提供很多细节并且分析黑客侵入计算机所使用的方法。
一般来说，侵入计算机有三种形式：进入计算机系统的存储目录，掌控系统的处理能力，捕获计算机系统之间的信息交流。
至于使用的方法，我们可以简要地描述为利用计算机中的漏洞，包括已知的漏洞，如因功能需要所存在的漏洞；还有就是未知的漏洞，如由欠佳的工程处理所致或从那些原本需要的功能中产生了意外的后果。
另外，在黑客利用所开发出的技术之前，他们必须明确目标系统的规格，然后便能利用已知构型的漏洞来侵入电脑了。
当然，从黑客所使用的技术中，我们也可受到启发，如何去限制和管理系统漏洞，以此来保护我们的计算机。
关键词：计算机，非授权用户，漏洞，安全。
How Do Computer Hackers “Get Inside” a Computer? Abstract: It is very difficult if you want to simply explain how computer hackers “get inside” a computer. In this text, we will provide lots of details and analyze the way hackers use to invade into the computer. Generally speaking, there’re three patterns of getting inside the computer, which refer to gaining access to the stored contents of a computer system, gaining access to the processing capabilities of system, or capturing information being communicated between systems. As for the method, concisely, we can describe it as exploiting vulnerabilities, which includes known vulnerabilities, exist as the result of needed capabilities, and the unknown vulnerabilities, the result of poor engineering or arise from unexpected consequence of the needed capabilities. On the other hand, the unauthorized user must determine the specification of the target system, and then they can exploit the configuration’s known vulnerabilities. Of course, from the hackers’ method, we can also be enlightened how to limit and manage the vulnerabilities of your system in order to assure the security of the computer.Keywords: computer, unauthorized user, vulnerabilities, security.。
论文写作中的英文摘要范例
论文写作中的英文摘要范例英文摘要(Abstract)是论文写作中必不可少的一部分，其作用是概括出论文的主要内容和结论，帮助读者迅速了解论文的核心观点。
本文将提供一篇关于论文写作中英文摘要的范例，以供参考。
AbstractWith the increasing globalization of academic research, it has become essential for scholars to effectively communicate their work to a wider audience. One crucial element in this process is the abstract, which summarizes the main points and findings of a research paper. In this article, we will provide an example of an English abstract for a research paper, demonstrating key elements and tips for writing an effective abstract.IntroductionThe abstract serves as a brief overview of a research paper, allowing readers to quickly grasp the purpose, methodology, and outcomes of the study. It should be concise yet informative, providing enough information to engage the reader while remaining within a specified word limit.Main BodyI. Purpose and BackgroundThe first element of an abstract is a clear statement of the research paper's purpose and its background. It should outline the rationale for the study, highlighting any research gaps or unanswered questions in the field. For example:This research aims to investigate the effects of climate change on coastal ecosystems, with a focus on marine biodiversity and coral reef health. Given the increasing threats to these ecosystems, understanding the potential impacts of climate change is crucial for effective conservation strategies.II. MethodologyThe abstract should briefly describe the methodology employed in the research. This can include the study design, data collection methods, and analytical approaches. However, detailed technical information should be avoided. For example:A combination of field surveys, laboratory experiments, and statistical analyses were conducted to assess the long-term effects of temperature increase and ocean acidification on coral reefs. Data on species diversity, abundance, and health were collected from various reefs in the Caribbean region.III. ResultsThe abstract should highlight the key findings of the research. It should summarize the outcomes and conclusions derived from the data analysis. However, specific data or numerical results should be avoided, focusing instead on general trends and significant discoveries. For example:Our study revealed a significant decline in coral species diversity and overall health in response to increased water temperatures and ocean acidification. Furthermore, we found a decrease in the abundance of commercially important fish species, indicating potential impacts on local communities dependent on coral reef resources.IV. Implications and ConclusionThe abstract should conclude with a discussion of the broader implications of the research and its significance. It should provide a concise statement summarizing the main contributions of the study to the field and any recommendations for future research or policy implications. For example:These findings highlight the urgent need for immediate actions to mitigate the effects of climate change on coastal ecosystems. Implementing measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and establishing marine protected areas can help safeguard marine biodiversity and protect the livelihoods of communities dependent on coral reef resources.ConclusionIn conclusion, writing an effective English abstract is crucial for communicating the key points and contributions of a research paper. By providing a clear purpose, concise methodology, major findings, and broader implications, the abstract serves as a concise summary of the research work, enticing readers to delve deeper into the full paper. By following the guidelines and structure provided in this example abstract, researchers can enhance their chances of effectively conveying their research to a global audience.。
学术英语写作Unit 5 Abstract
What is an abstract?
An abstract is a stand-alone statement that briefly conveys the essential information of a paper, article, document or book; presents the objective, methods, results, and conclusions of a research project; has a brief, non-repetitive style. An abstract is a summary of a body of information. Sometimes, abstracts are in fact called summaries-sometimes, executive summaries or executive abstracts. There are different kinds of abstracts— your technical report uses two types: the descriptive abstract and the informative abstract.
Descriptive Abstracts
In this type of abstract, you don't summarize any of the facts or conclusions of the report. The descriptive abstract does not say something like this: Problem: Based on an exhaustive review of currently available
Abstract Writing-学术英语写作
Method
Sentence
Using…(technique)，we studied… Using…，it was found that… The…was(were)measured using…
16
Example
sentence & vocabulary.
The impacts of our obtained results are ...
Tips:
Abstracts are typically a paragraph or two and should be no more than 10% of the length of the full essay. If you will be combine the main content of the paper and the four template (PARI) connection into the nature sentence, you will get a high quality of the abstract.
9
How
to write a good abstract?
1）Use short sentences.
2）Past tense.
Such as: Describes the author's work usually use the past tense (Because the work was done in the past).On the contrary, work in the statement by these conclusions should be use the present tense.
英语学术论文中Abstract写作总结！
英语学术论文中Abstract写作总结！作者简介：晨星，男，湖北武汉人，副高职称，博士，高级程序员，IAMG（国际数学地质协会）会员。
目前研究方向为地理信息数据挖掘与知识发现、地学信息三维可视化。
当年我在攒第一篇 SCI 论文的时候，是先写的 Abstract，然后再写的正文。
在我将自以为很用心撰写的论文交给副导师审阅后，就被他立即请到办公室去畅谈了一番心声：「不是 Abstract 的位置放在正文前面，就将Abstract 放在论文前面写的！你没看到你的Abstract 有问题吗？和全文对得起来吗？」那么，好的 Abstract 应该是怎么样呢？在 SCI 论文写作中，Abstract 是很重要的一部分。
所谓 Abstract，就是对所写论文主要内容的精炼概括。
Abstract 是美国人的说法，英国的科技期刊喜欢称之为Summary。
在英文中，有资料是这么对其定义的：Abstract is a sketchy summary of the main points of an argument or theory in a paper.一篇英文科技论文特别是SCI 论文，是否能被编辑发出审稿乃至最后被录用，在很大程度上取决于论文的 Abstract 质量。
事实上，摘要由于其独特的功能，通常被认为是科技论文最重要的组成部分之一（有的文献认为是最重要的，没有之一）。
据我了解，英文科技论文的 Abstract 主要功能有以下三点：1. 提纲携领，方便检索Abstract 作为对英文科技论文的最主要内容进行不加注释和评论的简短陈述那一部分。
与整篇论文的其他部分相比，它起着至关重要的概括要点的作用。
从本质上讲，Abstract 是把论文的内容浓缩成一篇简短、简洁、概括性强的一个段落的文本。
Abstract 被看成是论文的缩略版或缩写，概括了主体的内容，例如背景、主题/问题、方法、结论和意义。
精心撰写的Abstract是检索科技文献的有用工具（反之，如果 Abstract 写得不佳，对检索该篇论文是个误导），它能使读者能够更快、更方便地识别论文的基本内容，确定论文与其个人兴趣相关性，并最终决定是否需要继续阅读整篇论文。
《英语学术论文写作教程》教学课件 Unit 6 Abstract
Abstract
Questions: 3. What tenses are used in this abstract? How are these
tenses used?
Past tense and present tense are used in this abstract. The opening statement and the purpose of the research are in the present. The past tense is used in the discussion about the methodology, results and conclusion.
英语学术论文写作教程
Unit 6 Abstract
Overview
An abstract is an overview of a research paper. It always appears at the beginning of the paper, acting as the point-of-entry. An abstract may explicitly or implicitly give information about Research Background, Introduction, Objectives, Methods, Results, and Conclusions, providing readers with brief preview about the whole study, upon which many readers depend to decide whether to read the entire paper or not. Therefore, as your first readers, publishers of some journals may determine a rejection of your manuscript by skimming the abstract alone.
学术英语摘要范文
Text 4Security Benefits of Cloud ComputingAbstract: Today, we can easily notice how the nature of the internet is changing from a place used to read web pages to an environment that allows the users to run software applications.Nowadays, with the development of web page ,the newest web page has up to web pages 3.0,also called the intelligent web ,which is the next stage of the internet evolution. the cloud means the internet .the term is derived from the way in which the internet is often represented into the network diagrams .the current cloud computing architecture involves the existence of the data centers that are able to provide services to the clients located al overthe world. the main advantages of the cloud computing are the following :there is no need to download or install a specific software and update the local system, users or clients don’t afraid to the computing crashing, because everything is stored into cloud .the cost is low or even free ,like mobile phone or PDAs. the cloud computing can be used .but everything has its short leg ,there are some disadvantages as well, like :it is hard to integrate with the existing in-house infrastructure .there are not enough major suppliers in this field and so on.Some major Security benefits for individuals or companies, like the following: centralizing data storage ,increasing uncertainty, virtualization allows a rapid replacement of compromised server located into the cloud without major costs or damages .Today ,the information infrastructure is moving faster to a simple but very innovative concept called cloud computing. the cloud computing is potentially able to offer major security benefits.Key words :security ,cloud computing, advantages, benefits云计算的安全优势摘要：今天，我们可以很容易发现如何在互联网的本质是从用于读取网页到一个环境，使用户能够运行应用软件的地方改变。
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文摘的文体结构
摘要_应具备的要素
简明扼要（conciseness）:去除文献中的次要 材料或辅助细节。
客观公正（objectivity）:摘要中不应有原文中 没有的信息资料。
全面完整（completeness）:要包括主题思想， 主要资料，结论或建议。
摘要中常见错误
������ 字少、错选：提示 性、报道性、资料性 ������ 结构要素残缺：目 的，方法，结果，结论 ������ 丧失摘要特点������
· Omit obscure abbreviations.
· Write the paper before you write the abstract.
Sample:
background
Feedback and assessment play an important role in teaching and learning of oral presentation skills. This study describes the implementation and evaluation of an innovative instruction that uses a Student Response System for peer assessment of oral presentations. A large number of oral presentations were assessed and students’ perceptions and learning what
Note:
有时由于篇幅的限制，摘要的内容不一定包括有五 个要素，因而需要缩减摘要的字数和内容。经过压 缩的摘要通常只能突出两个或三个要点，其中最重 要的应该是阐明研究的结果。简要的资料性摘要往 往省略背景知识。如果允许的字数范围内，摘要可 以在最后用一到两句话进行总结并提出建议。一篇 简要的资料性摘要的内容通常包括：
关键词（Keywords)
Introduction
thesis background
Third-hand Smoke
The harm of smoking has long been studied by researchers and many people
are aware that second-hand smoke is harmful to nonsmokers, especially
progress concerning the particular instructional approach were
method investigated. Results showed that the Student Response System was an effective way to produce feedback for presenters, assessors and results educators. Results also revealed a very positive students’ attitude towards the instructional format. The learning effect concerning assessment was rather limited. Further research is needed to come to conclusive statements about the latter. recommendation
如何写摘要
摘要的内容
内容通常包括：
1. 背景知识或文献回顾（ Background Information/Literature Review） 研究的主要目的和范围（Principal Purpose） What is the problem to be solved? What has been done? What are the results? 研究方法（Methodology） 研究的主要结果（Results） 结论和建议（Conclusions, Recommendation, Implication）
2.
1. 2. 3.
要写好英文摘要，作者必须回答好以下几个问题： 1) 本文的目的或要解决的问题(What I want to do?) 2) 解决问题的方法及过程(How I did it?) 3) 主要结果及结论(What results did I get and what conclusions can I draw) 4) 本文的创新、独到之处(What is new and original in this paper?)
1. 2. 3. 研究目的和方法（Purpose and Method of Study） 结论（Results） 总结和建议（Conclusion and Recommendation）
其中“3”可视篇幅的限制取舍。
Note:
摘要写作的重点是推介自己的研究成果， 并借此让读者深入地了解研究的过程和 意义。 摘要的格式为完整的一段，段首第一个 单词不需要缩进。字数一般在200字左右， 绝对不能超过500字。摘要的字数取决于 论文的长短或刊物的要求。
摘要的语言
权威人士和一些摘要机构对摘要时态的用 法提出的建议：
1. 2. 3. 4.
叙述研究方法和目的时，使用现在时态，现在完成 时 介绍研究过程时，描述使用方法，可以用过去时态 报道研究结果时，采用现在时态 陈述结论，提出建议或是描述一般规律时，用现在 时态
摘要_句子结构（常用句型）
常用句型
独立性、自含性； – ������ 准确性、完整性； – ������ 学术性、通用性； – ������ 简练性冠以“本人”、 “本试验”、“本研 究”、“笔者”、“作 者” 未采用第三人称： “我们得出” 与标题、引言雷同 分段叙述
摘要的长短
摘要一般不宜过长，多在100～150词左右，更 确切地说，约为原文长度的1％～5％。美国有 些高校规定，硕士论文提要以250词为宜，博 士论文以350词为宜。 一般SCI论文摘要以200～300字为宜。
Note:
Most or all of the Abstract should be written in the past tense, because it refers to work done. The Abstract should never give any information or conclusion that is not stated in the paper. References to the literature must not be cited in the Abstract (except in rare instances, such as modification of a previously published method).
Rules to follow
• Be of 100-300 words
• Don’t include details like examples
• Don’t quote or cite • Use present tense, past tense and present perfect tense • Specify any abbreviations • Use objective, academic instead of emotional words and expressions
Notes
The Abstract should never give any information or conclusion that is not stated in the paper.
·
The language should be familiar to the potential reader.
Writing an Abstract
What is an abstract?
An abstract is a summary of a scientific article or a research paper. It covers the main points of a piece of writing.
the principle of the apparatus for the use of the mechanism of the analysis of the dependence of an account of automation of is outlined is described is addressed is examined was carried out was established is given is discussed
Abstract 中文有二种说法: 文摘—独立存在，单独出版，如SCI、EI、CA等 摘要—与原文在一起 共同点：从原文中抽出主题内容，以简练的文字写写 成，只是准确、扼要地表述原文内容，不加以解释或 评论。
以下统称为摘要
Abstract and Summary
Abstract（摘要）: 现在的趋势是一篇论文或专 著的摘要，无论是自写还是他写，统称为 abstract，尤其是放在索引资料中一律要用 abstract这个术语，在论文的题目下也一律用 这个词。 Abstract对一篇论文的主要内容以精 炼的文字进行高度概括，使读者不必阅读论文 全文即可迅速了解论文内容。文中只对论文信 息进行浓缩，而不加主观评论或解释，可以脱 离原文而独立成篇。
…
摘要_写作特点
谓语动词很简单而句子其余成份十分复杂。 大量使用be和have的变化形式做谓语动词。 使用不提及人的陈述句。 经常以第三人称作为主语。以一个主题句开头，可以 用主动态，主语为“作者、本文、本文的目的” 等。也 可用被动态，句尾一般不加‘“ in this paper ” 时态可用一般现在时、一般过去时、现在完成时。 切忌逐字抄原文的句子，必须浓缩或改写原文的句子。 尽量避免使用人们不熟悉的术语、缩略语、符号等。 文摘下要求写出主题词、关键词，一般3～5个。