数字化变电站研究-参考文献及英文文献
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Power System Protections
The steady-state operation of a power system is frequently disturbed by various faults on electrical equipment.To maintain the proper operation of the power system,an effective,efficient and reliable protection scheme is required.Power system components are designed to operate under normal operating conditions.However,due to any reason,say a fault,there is an abnormality,it is necessary that there should be a device which senses these abnormal conditions and if so,the element or component where such an abnormality has taken place is removed,i.e.deleted from the rest of the system as soon as possible.This is necessary because the power system component can never be designed to withstand the worst possible conditions due to the fact that this will make the whole system highly uneconomical.And therefore,if such an abnormality takes place in any element or component of the power system network,it is desirable that the affected element/component is removed from the rest of the system reliably and quickly in order to restore power in the remaining system under the normal condition as soon as possible.
The protection scheme includes both the protective relays and switching circuits,i.e.circuit breakers. The protective relay which functions as a brain is a very important component.The protective relay is a sensing device,which senses the fault,determines its location and then sends command to the proper circuit breaker by closing its trip coil.The circuit breaker after getting command from the protective relay disconnects only the faulted element.this is why the protective relay must be reliable,maintainable and fast in operation.
In early days,there used to be electromechanical relay of induction disk-type.However,very soon the disk was replaced by inverted cup,i.e.hollow cylinder and the new relay obtained was known as an induction cup or induction cylinder relay.This relay,which is still in use,possesses several important features such as higher speed;higher torque for a given power input an more uniform torque.
However,with the advent of electronic tubes,electronic relays having distinct features were developed during1940s.With the discovery of solid state components during1950s,static relays with numerous advantages were developed.The use of digital computers for protective relaying purposes has been engaging the attention of research and practicing engineers since layer1960s and1980s.Now,the microprocessor/mini computer-based relaying scheme,because of its numerous advantages such as self –checking feature and flexibility,has been widely used in power system all over the world.
The overall system protection is divided into following sections:(i)Generator protection,(ii)Transformer protection,(iii)Bus protection,(iv)Feeder protection,(v)Transmission line protection.
Basic Requirements to Protective Relays
Any protection scheme,which i.e.required to safeguard the power system components against abnormal conditions such as faults,consists basically of two elements(i)Protective relay and(ii)Circuit breaker.The protective relay which is primarily the brain behind the whole scheme plays a very important role.Therefore proper care should be taken in selecting an appropriate protective relay which is reliable, efficient and fast in operation.The protective relay must satisfy the following requirements:
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⑴since faults on a well designed and healthy system are normally rare,the relays are called upon to operate only occasionally.This means that the relaying scheme is normally idle and must operate whenever fault occurs.In other words,it must be reliable.
(2)Since the reliability partly depends upon the maintenance,the relay must be easily maintainable.
(3)The palpation of the relay can be in two ways.One is the failure to operate in case a fault occurs an second is the relay operation when there is no fault.As a matter of fact,relay must operate if there is a fault and must not operate if there is no fault.
(4)Relaying scheme must be sensitive enough to distinguish between normal and the faulty system.
Protective Relays
The function of the protective relay is to sense the fault and energize the trip coil of the circuit breaker.The following types of the protective relays are used for the apparatus such as synchronous machines,bus bar, transformer and the other apparatus and transmission line protection.
(1)Over current relays,
(2)Under voltage relays,
(3)Under frequency relays,
(4)Directional relays,
(5)Thermal relays,
(6)Phase sequence relays such as(i)negative sequence relays and,(ii)zero sequence relays,
(7)Differential relays and percentage differential relays,
(8)Distance relays such as(I)plane impedance relays,(ii)angle impedance relay,i.e.Ohm or reactance relays,(iii)angle admittance relays,i.e.Mho relays and,(iv)offset and restricted relays,
(9)Pilot relays such as(i)wire pilot relays,(ii)carrier channel pilot relays,(iii)microwave pilot relays.
There are different types of the relaying scheme based on construction.They are:(i)electromechanical type,(ii)thermal relays,(iii)transduction relays,(iv)rectifier bridge relay,(v)electronic relays,(vi)digital relaying schemes.
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电力系统继电保护
电力系统的稳态运行经常会因各种电力设备配故障原因而被扰乱。为了保证电力系统可靠运行，有效的、充足的、可靠的保护机制是必不可少的部分。电力系统元件通常是按照在正常工作条件下运行。然而，由于任何原因，比如说故障，出现非正常运行状态，有必要采用一个装置来感知这种非正常状态，然后这种出现非正常状态的元件可以被切除，也就是说，尽可能快地将该元件与系统其它部分隔离。这是必须的，因为现实情况下，为避免造成很大的经济损失，电力系统元件并未按照故障运行情况下的耐受程度设计。因此，如果电网当中的任何元件发生异常状况，受影响的元件将会同其余部分可靠快速的切除，以便于电力系统在正常工作条件下尽可能快的恢复。
保护体系包括包括保护继电器以及跳合闸回路，例如，断路器。继电包括就如同大脑的作用一样，是十分重要的。保护继电器是一个感知元件，它感知故障、确定故障的位置，并且通过闭合相应断路器的跳闸线圈来发出跳闸命令。断路器在接收到保护继电器的命令之后切除故障元件。这就是为什么保护继电器必须可靠、快速的运行。
以前，常用的电磁继电器是一种电感性质的，不久就被一种反转型的替代。例如将中空的圆筒和新型保护继电器做成一种为人们所知的电感型的或者磁感应继电器。这种继电器至今还被延用，并且拥有很多种重要特性，例如高速、大转矩作为能量输入以及更多的均衡的转矩。
然而，1940年，电子管的出现，使电力继电器的特性得到很快的发展。1950年，伴随着固态元件的发现，静态继电器的许多优点有又被得以很好的发展。1960年至1980年，计算机被用于继电器保护中，它能很好的参与并在实践中得到很好的利用。当今，微机或者袖珍型计算机已经成为了继电保护的主题，由于其自身有很多的优点例如自检功能和强的适应能力，所以，它现在已经广泛的被用于全球的电力系统。
全球的的电力系统保护分为以下几个部分：（1）发电机保护；（2）变压器保护;(3）母线保护；（4）馈线保护；（5）输电线路保护。
保护继电器的基本构成
任何一种保护，均被用来保护电力系统异常情况下发生的故障，它包括两个基本元件分别是（1）保护继电器；（2）断路器。保护继电器在保护当中起着十分重要的作用。因此在选择合适的继电器时应当投入相当大的精力，以满足继电器在运行中的可靠性、快速性、灵敏性。保护继电器必须满足下列条件。
⑴任何设计完善能够正常运行的系统都或多或少的存在少许的问题，因此这就要求保护继电器动作的灵敏性要高。这就是说继电保护系统平常是空载运行的但无论何时一旦有故障发生必须运行。胡句话说，它应当有相当的可靠性。
⑵可靠性很大的程度上取决于它是否易于维护，因此，继电器应当便于维护。
⑶继电器的误操作有两种可能，一种是故障发生时运行失败，另一种是系统正常运行时，继电器动作。现实运行中要求，继电器在故障时必须可靠动作，在无故障是必须可靠不动作。
⑷保护系统必须能够具有充足的灵敏性去判断区分故障系统与正常运行系统。
保护继电器
继电器的作用是感应故障并与断路器配合工作。同步奠基，母线，变压器，其他电气设备和输
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电线路保护中通常使用下列几种继电器。
（1）过流继电器，
（2）过压继电器，
（3）低频继电器，
（4）方向继电器，
（5）温度继电器，
（6）相序继电器例如负序继电器以及零序继电器，
（7）差动继电器和比率差动继电器，
（8）距离继电器，包括平面阻抗继电器，角度阻抗继电器如欧姆或阻抗继电器，角度导纳继电器如母欧继电器，偏置继电器等。
（9）控制继电器，例如有线控制继电器，载波控制继电器，微波控制继电器。
继电保护按照结构可分为很多不同的种类。分别是：电磁继电器，热继电器，整流桥型继电器，电子继电器，静态继电器，数字式保护继电器。
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中英文论文参考文献标准格式 超详细
超详细中英文论文参考文献标准格式 1、参考文献和注释。按论文中所引用文献或注释编号的顺序列在论文正文之后，参考文献之前。图表或数据必须注明来源和出处。 （参考文献是期刊时，书写格式为： [编号]、作者、文章题目、期刊名（外文可缩写）、年份、卷号、期数、页码。参考文献是图书时，书写格式为： [编号]、作者、书名、出版单位、年份、版次、页码。） 2、附录。包括放在正文内过份冗长的公式推导，以备他人阅读方便所需的辅助性数学工具、重复性数据图表、论文使用的符号意义、单位缩写、程序全文及有关说明等。 参考文献（即引文出处）的类型以单字母方式标识，具体如下： [M]--专著,著作 [C]--论文集(一般指会议发表的论文续集，及一些专题论文集，如《***大学研究生学术论文集》[N]-- 报纸文章 [J]--期刊文章：发表在期刊上的论文，尽管有时我们看到的是从网上下载的（如知网），但它也是发表在期刊上的，你看到的电子期刊仅是其电子版 [D]--学位论文：不区分硕士还是博士论文 [R]--报告：一般在标题中会有"关于****的报告"字样 [S]-- 标准 [P]--专利 [A]--文章：很少用，主要是不属于以上类型的文章 [Z]--对于不属于上述的文献类型，可用字母"Z"标识，但这种情况非常少见 常用的电子文献及载体类型标识： [DB/OL] --联机网上数据(database online) [DB/MT] --磁带数据库(database on magnetic tape) [M/CD] --光盘图书(monograph on CDROM) [CP/DK] --磁盘软件(computer program on disk) [J/OL] --网上期刊(serial online) [EB/OL] --网上电子公告(electronic bulletin board online) 很显然，标识的就是该资源的英文缩写，/前面表示类型，/后面表示资源的载体，如OL表示在线资源 二、参考文献的格式及举例 1．期刊类 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[J].刊名,出版年份,卷号(期号)起止页码. 【举例】 [1] 周融，任志国，杨尚雷，厉星星.对新形势下毕业设计管理工作的思考与实践[J].电气电子教学学报，2003(6):107-109. [2] 夏鲁惠.高等学校毕业设计(论文)教学情况调研报告[J].高等理科教育,2004(1):46-52. [3] Heider, E.R.& D.C.Oliver. The structure of color space in naming and memory of two languages [J]. Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 1999, (3): 62 67. 2．专著类
电气工程及其自动化专业_外文文献_英文文献_外文翻译_plc方面
1、 外文原文 A: Fundamentals of Single-chip Microcomputer Th e si ng le -c hi p m ic ro co mp ut er i s t he c ul mi na ti on of both t h e de ve lo pm en t o f t he d ig it al co m pu te r an d th e i n te gr at ed c i rc ui t a rg ua bl y t h e to w m os t s ig ni f ic an t i nv en ti on s o f t he 20th c e nt ur y [1]. Th es e t ow ty pe s of ar ch it ec tu re a re fo un d i n s in g le -ch i p m i cr oc om pu te r. So m e em pl oy t he spl i t pr og ra m/da ta m e mo ry o f th e H a rv ar d ar ch it ect u re , sh ow n in Fi g.3-5A -1, o th ers fo ll ow t he p h il os op hy , wi del y a da pt ed f or ge n er al -p ur po se co m pu te rs a nd m i cr op ro ce ss o r s, o f ma ki ng n o log i ca l di st in ct ion be tw ee n p r og ra m an d d at a m e mo ry a s i n t he P r in ce to n ar ch ite c tu re , sh ow n i n F ig.3-5A-2. In g en er al te r ms a s in gl e -chi p m ic ro co mp ut er i s c h ar ac te ri ze d b y t h e i nc or po ra ti on o f a ll t he un it s of a co mp uter i n to a s in gl e d ev i ce , as s ho wn in Fi g3-5A -3. Fig.3-5A-1 A Harvard type Program memory Data memory CPU Input& Output unit memory CPU Input& Output unit
毕业论文英文参考文献与译文
Inventory management Inventory Control On the so-called "inventory control", many people will interpret it as a "storage management", which is actually a big distortion. The traditional narrow view, mainly for warehouse inventory control of materials for inventory, data processing, storage, distribution, etc., through the implementation of anti-corrosion, temperature and humidity control means, to make the custody of the physical inventory to maintain optimum purposes. This is just a form of inventory control, or can be defined as the physical inventory control. How, then, from a broad perspective to understand inventory control? Inventory control should be related to the company's financial and operational objectives, in particular operating cash flow by optimizing the entire demand and supply chain management processes (DSCM), a reasonable set of ERP control strategy, and supported by appropriate information processing tools, tools to achieved in ensuring the timely delivery of the premise, as far as possible to reduce inventory levels, reducing inventory and obsolescence, the risk of devaluation. In this sense, the physical inventory control to achieve financial goals is just a means to control the entire inventory or just a necessary part; from the perspective of organizational functions, physical inventory control, warehouse management is mainly the responsibility of The broad inventory control is the demand and supply chain management, and the whole company's responsibility. Why until now many people's understanding of inventory control, limited physical inventory control? The following two reasons can not be ignored: First, our enterprises do not attach importance to inventory control. Especially those who benefit relatively good business, as long as there is money on the few people to consider the problem of inventory turnover. Inventory control is simply interpreted as warehouse management, unless the time to spend money, it may have been to see the inventory problem, and see the results are often very simple procurement to buy more, or did not do warehouse departments . Second, ERP misleading. Invoicing software is simple audacity to call it ERP, companies on their so-called ERP can reduce the number of inventory, inventory control, seems to rely on their small software can get. Even as SAP, BAAN ERP world, the field of
自动化专业英文文献翻译2
西南交通大学 毕业设计（英文翻译） 节能型机房温湿度远程控制系统测控节点设 计 年级: 学号: 姓名: 专业: 指导老师: 二零一一年六月
Mosix Mosix修改bsdi上的BSD/ OS来提供电脑上的跨网络的动态负载平衡组和先发制人进程迁移。这是不错的东西，不只是为并行处理，但对于通常使用一个集群很像一个可扩展的SMP。是否有Linux版本？详细信息，请看www.cs.huji.ac.il/mosix/。NOW (工作站网络) 伯克利工作站网络项目，https://www.360docs.net/doc/3b2810030.html,/，已经极推广了并行计算中使用工作站网络，这里还有很多工作在进行中，都致力于“在未来几年展示一个实际的100处理器系统”。唉，他们不使用linux。 并行处理使用linux 并行处理使用Linux WWW站点，https://www.360docs.net/doc/3b2810030.html,/LDP/,是这些指南和许多相关文件包括为全日制量身订造的在线幻灯片的家园。除了在报纸项目上，普渡大学电机与计算机工程系已经是并行处理的领先者，这个的设立是为了帮助别人申请并行处理的Linux电脑。 自从普渡大学的第一组Linux个人电脑在1994年2月组装以来，已经诞生了许多的Linux PC集群，有些还包括视频墙。然而这些集群使用386，486和奔腾系统（没有奔腾Pro系统），英特尔最近获得普渡大学的捐赠，将允许它的奔腾II系统构建多个大型集群（与单个群集计划多达165机）。并且这些集群都将有论文网，也具有最传统的网络。 奔腾Pro集群研讨会 1997年，4月10-11日，埃姆斯实验室在得梅因，爱荷华州举行了奔腾Pro集群研讨会。WWW在本次研讨会，https://www.360docs.net/doc/3b2810030.html,/workshops/PPCworkshop.html，从云集的参加者中收集了很多丰富的PC集群信息。 TreadMarks帝斯曼(分布式共享存) 帝斯曼（分布式共享存）是一种技术，即一个消息传递系统可以出现的行为作为一个SMP。有不少这样的系统，其部分使用OS页故障触发消息传输机制。TreadMarks，https://www.360docs.net/doc/3b2810030.html,/~willy/TreadMarks/overview.html，是这种系统更有效地之一，并在Linux集群上运行。坏消息是“TreadMarks”正在由一个小成本的大学和非盈利机构的分配。欲了解更多有关该软件，请联系https://www.360docs.net/doc/3b2810030.html,信息。 U型网 (用户级网络接口架构) U型网（用户级网络接口架构）在康奈尔大学，
英语毕业论文引用和参考文献格式
英语毕业论文引用和参考文献格式 英语专业毕业论文引用和参考文献格式采用APA格式及规。 一、文中夹注格式 英语学位论文引用别人的观点、方法、言论必须注明出处，注明出处时使用括号夹注的方法（一般不使用脚注或者尾注），且一般应在正文后面的参考文献中列出。关于夹注，采用APA格式。 （一）引用整篇文献的观点 引用整篇文献（即全书或全文）观点时有两种情况： 1.作者的姓氏在正文中没有出现，如： Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing (Taylor, 1990). 2. 作者的姓氏已在正文同一句中出现，如： Taylor claims that Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing (1990). 3. 如果作者的姓氏和文献出版年份均已在正文同一句中出现，按APA的规不需使用括号夹注，如： In a 1990 article, Taylor claims that Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing. 4. 在英文撰写的论文中引用中文著作或者期刊，括号夹注中只需用汉语拼音标明作者的姓氏，不得使用汉字，如：(Zhang, 2005) （二）引用文献中具体观点或文字 引用文献中某一具体观点或文字时必须注明该观点或者该段文字出现的页码出版年份，没有页码是文献引用不规的表现。 1.引用一位作者的文献 （1）引用容在一页，如： Emily Bronte “expressed increasing hostility for the world of human relationships, whether sexual or social” (Taylor, 1988：11). （2）引用容在多页上，如： Newmark (1988：39-40) notes three characteristically expressive text-types: (a) serious imaginative literature (e.g. lyrical poetry); (b) authoritative statements (political speeches and documents, statutes and legal documents, philosophical and academic works by acknowledged authorities); (c) autobiography, essays, personal correspondence (when these are personal effusions).
电气自动化专业毕业论文英文翻译
电厂蒸汽动力的基础和使用 1.1 为何需要了解蒸汽 对于目前为止最大的发电工业部门来说, 蒸汽动力是最为基础性的。 若没有蒸汽动力, 社会的样子将会变得和现在大为不同。我们将不得已的去依靠水力发电厂、风车、电池、太阳能蓄电池和燃料电池,这些方法只能为我们平日用电提供很小的一部分。 蒸汽是很重要的,产生和使用蒸汽的安全与效率取决于怎样控制和应用仪表,在术语中通常被简写成C&I(控制和仪表 。此书旨在在发电厂的工程规程和电子学、仪器仪表以 及控制工程之间架设一座桥梁。 作为开篇,我将在本章大体描述由水到蒸汽的形态变化,然后将叙述蒸汽产生和使用的基本原则的概述。这看似简单的课题实际上却极为复杂。这里, 我们有必要做一个概述:这本书不是内容详尽的论文,有的时候甚至会掩盖一些细节, 而这些细节将会使热力学家 和燃烧物理学家都为之一震。但我们应该了解,这本书的目的是为了使控制仪表工程师充 分理解这一课题,从而可以安全的处理实用控制系统设计、运作、维护等方面的问题。1.2沸腾:水到蒸汽的状态变化 当水被加热时,其温度变化能通过某种途径被察觉(例如用温度计 。通过这种方式 得到的热量因为在某时水开始沸腾时其效果可被察觉,因而被称为感热。 然而,我们还需要更深的了解。“沸腾”究竟是什么含义?在深入了解之前,我们必须考虑到物质的三种状态:固态,液态,气态。 (当气体中的原子被电离时所产生的等离子气体经常被认为是物质的第四种状态, 但在实际应用中, 只需考虑以上三种状态固态,
物质由分子通过分子间的吸引力紧紧地靠在一起。当物质吸收热量,分子的能量升级并且 使得分子之间的间隙增大。当越来越多的能量被吸收,这种效果就会加剧,粒子之间相互脱离。这种由固态到液态的状态变化通常被称之为熔化。 当液体吸收了更多的热量时,一些分子获得了足够多的能量而从表面脱离,这个过程 被称为蒸发(凭此洒在地面的水会逐渐的消失在蒸发的过程中,一些分子是在相当低的 温度下脱离的,然而随着温度的上升,分子更加迅速的脱离,并且在某一温度上液体内部 变得非常剧烈,大量的气泡向液体表面升起。在这时我们称液体开始沸腾。这个过程是变为蒸汽的过程,也就是液体处于汽化状态。 让我们试想大量的水装在一个敞开的容器内。液体表面的空气对液体施加了一定的压 力,随着液体温度的上升,便会有足够的能量使得表面的分子挣脱出去,水这时开始改变 自身的状态,变成蒸汽。在此条件下获得更多的热量将不会引起温度上的明显变化。所增 加的能量只是被用来改变液体的状态。它的效用不能用温度计测量出来,但是它仍然发生 着。正因为如此,它被称为是潜在的,而不是可认知的热量。使这一现象发生的温度被称为是沸点。在常温常压下,水的沸点为100摄氏度。 如果液体表面的压力上升, 需要更多的能量才可以使得水变为蒸汽的状态。 换句话说, 必须使得温度更高才可以使它沸腾。总而言之,如果大气压力比正常值升高百分之十,水必须被加热到一百零二度才可以使之沸腾。
论文参考文献英文字母意义
J——期刊文章 N——报纸文章 M——专著 更多请看下面： 参考文献（即引文出处）的类型以单字母方式标识，具体如下： M——专著C——论文集N——报纸文章J——期刊文章D——学位论文R——报告S——标准P——专利A——文章 对于不属于上述的文献类型，采用字母“Z”标识。 常用的电子文献及载体类型标识： 〔DB/OL〕——联机网上数据(database online) 〔DB/MT〕——磁带数据库(database on magnetic tape) 〔M/CD〕——光盘图书(monograph on CDROM) 〔CP／DK〕——磁盘软件(computer program on disk) 〔J／OL〕——网上期刊(serial online) 〔EB/OL〕——网上电子公告(electronic bulletin board online) 参考文献著录格式 1 期刊作者.题名［J］.刊名，出版年，卷(期)：起止页码 2 专著作者.书名［M］.版本(第一版不著录).出版地：出版者，出版年.起止页码 3 论文集作者.题名［C］.//编者.论文集名.出版地：出版者，出版年. 起止页码 4 学位论文作者.题名［D］.保存地点：保存单位，年份 5 专利文献题名［P］.国别，专利文献种类，专利号.出版日期 6 标准标准编号，标准名称［S］ 7 报纸作者.题名［N］.报纸名，出版日期(版次)
8 报告作者.题名［R］.保存地点：年份 9 电子文献作者.题名［电子文献及载体类型标识］.文献出处，日期 二、文献类型及其标识 1.根据GB3469 规定 ①期刊［J］ ②专著［M］ ③论文集［C］ ④学位论文［D］ ⑤专利［P］ ⑥标准［S］ ⑦报纸［N］ ⑧技术报告［R］ 2.电子文献载体类型用双字母标识，例如： ①磁带［MT］②磁盘［DK］③光盘［CD］④联机网络［OL］ 3.电子文献载体类型的参考文献类型标识方法为：［文献类型标识/载体类型标识 例如：①联机网上数据库［DB/OL］②磁带数据库［DB/MT］③光盘图书［M/CD］④磁盘软件［CP/DK］⑤网上期刊［J/OL］⑥网上电子公告［EB/OL］
自动化英文文献
Classification of control systems there are three ways: by automatic classification methods in order to participate in the control mode classification, to adjust the law category. One way to control category 1, the open-loop control system if the computer output of open loop control system to exercise control of the production process, but the control results --- the state of the production process does not affect the computer control systems, computer \ controller \ production and other sectors does not constitute a closed loop, is called open-loop control system computer. the production process of the state is no feedback to the computer, but by the operator to monitor the status of the production process, decision control program, and tell the computer to control the role of exercising control. 2, closed loop control system computer to the production of an object or process control, the state can directly influence the production process computer control system, called the closed-loop control system computer. Control of the computer monitor in the operator, the automatic acceptance of the production process state test results, calculate and determine the control scheme, the direct command and control units (devices) of action, the role of exercising control of the production process. In such systems, aircraft control components under control of control information sent to control device operation, the other running equipment condition as the output, measured by the detection part, the feedback as input to the control computer; to make control Computer \ Control Components \ production \ test components form a closed loop. We will call this form of control computer control closed-loop control. Closed loop control system computer, using a mathematical model to set the value of the production process and test results of the best value of the deviation between the feedback and control the production process to run at their best. 3, line control system as long as the computer controlled production of the controlled object or process, to exercise direct control, without human intervention are called the control computer on-line control, or on-line control system. 4, offline control system control computer does not directly participate in the control object or the controlled production process. It only managed to complete the process of the controlled object or the status of testing, and testing of data processing; and then develop control programs, the output control instruction, operator reference control instructions manually controlled operation to control parts of the object or
英语论文参考文献精选3篇
英语论文参考文献精选3篇 英语论文参考文献精选1篇 英文及其它语种的文献在前，中文文献在后，参照以下标准执行。 期刊论文 Bolinger, D. 1965. The atomization of word meaning [J]. Language 41 (4): 555-573. 朱永生，2006，名词化、动词化与语法隐喻[J]，《外语教学与研究》(2)：83-90。 论文集论文 Bybee, J. 1994. The grammaticization of zero: Asymmetries in tense and aspect systems [A]. In W. Pagliuca (ed.). Perspectives on Grammaticalization [C]. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 235-254. 文秋芳，2003a，英语学习者动机、观念、策略的变化规律与特点 [A]。载文秋芳、王立非(编)，《英语学习策略实证研究》[C]。西安：陕西师范大学出版社。255-259。 网上文献 Jiang, Yan. 2000. The Tao of verbal communication: An Elementary textbook on pragmatics and discourse analysis [OL]. (accessed 30/04/2006). 王岳川，2004，当代传媒中的网络文化与电视批评[OL]， (2005年11月18日读取)。 专著 Bloomfield, L. 1933. Language [M]. New York: Holt. 吕叔湘、朱德熙，1952，《语法修辞讲话》[M]。北京：中国青年出版社。 译著 Nedjalkov, V. P. (ed.). 1983/1988. Typology of Resultative Constructions, trans. Bernard Comrie [C]. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 赵元任，1968/1980，《中国话的文法》(A Grammar of Spoken Chinese)[M]，丁邦新译。英语论文参考文献精选3篇英语论文参考文献精选3篇。香港：香港中文大学出版社。 编著/论文集
自动化专业单片机英文文献(20000字符)
Single-chip is an integrated on a single chip a complete computer system. Even though most of his features in a small chip, but it has a need to complete the majority of computer components: CPU, memory, internal and external bus system, most will have the Core. At the same time, such as integrated communication interfaces, timers, real-time clock and other peripheral equipment. And now the most powerful single-chip microcomputer system can even voice, image, networking, input and output complex system integration on a single chip. Also known as single-chip MCU (Microcontroller), because it was first used in the field of industrial control. Only by the single-chip CPU chip developed from the dedicated processor. The design concept is the first by a large number of peripherals and CPU in a single chip, the computer system so that smaller, more easily integrated into the complex and demanding on the volume control devices. INTEL the Z80 is one of the first design in accordance with the idea of the processor, From then on, the MCU and the development of a dedicated processor parted ways. Early single-chip 8-bit or all of the four. One of the most successful is INTEL's 8031, because the performance of a simple and reliable access to a lot of good praise. Since then in 8031 to develop a single-chip microcomputer system MCS51 series. Based on single-chip microcomputer system of the system is still widely used until now. As the field of industrial control requirements increase in the beginning of a 16-bit single-chip, but not ideal because the price has not been very widely used. After the 90's with the big consumer electronics product development, single-chip technology is a huge improvement. INTEL i960 Series with subsequent ARM in particular, a broad range of applications, quickly replaced by 32-bit single-chip 16-bit single-chip high-end status, and enter the mainstream market. Traditional 8-bit single-chip performance has been the rapid increase in processing power compared to the 80's to raise a few hundred times. At present, the high-end 32-bit single-chip frequency over 300MHz, the performance of the mid-90's close on the heels of a special processor, while the ordinary price of the model dropped to one U.S. dollars, the most high-end models, only 10 U.S. dollars. Contemporary single-chip microcomputer system is no longer only the bare-metal environment in the development and use of a large number of dedicated embedded operating system is widely used in the full range of single-chip microcomputer. In PDAs and cell phones as the core processing of high-end single-chip or even a dedicated direct access to Windows and Linux operating systems. More than a dedicated single-chip processor suitable for embedded systems, so it was up to the application. In fact the number of single-chip is the world's largest computer. Modern human life used in almost every piece of electronic and mechanical products will have a single-chip integration. Phone, telephone, calculator, home appliances, electronic toys, handheld computers and computer accessories such as a mouse in the Department are equipped with 1-2 single chip. And personal computers also have a large number of single-chip microcomputer in the workplace. Vehicles equipped with more than 40 Department of the general single-chip, complex industrial control systems and even single-chip may have hundreds of work at the same time! SCM is not only far exceeds the number of PC and other integrated computing, even more than the number of human beings. The 8051 family of micro controllers is based on an architecture which is highly optimized for embedded control systems. It is used in a wide variety of applications from military equipment to automobiles to the keyboard on your PC. Second only to the Motorola 68HC11 in eight bit processors sales, the 8051 family of microcontrollers is available in a wide array of variations from manufacturers such as Intel, Philips, and Siemens. These manufacturers have added numerous features and peripherals to the 8051 such as I2C interfaces, analog to digital converters,
英语论文参考文献格式
用Times New Roman。每一条目顶格, 如某一条目超过一行，从第二行起“悬挂缩进”2字符。参考文献中所有标点与符号均在英文状态下输入，标点符号后空一格。 参考文献条目排列顺序：英文文献、中文文献、网络文献。分别按作者姓氏字母顺序排列。文献前不用序号。 1）英文参考文献 （1）专著与编著 排列顺序为：作者姓、名、专著名、出版地、出版社、出版年。 例如： Brinkley, Alan. The Unfinished Nation. New York: Knopf, 1993. 专著名中如果还包含其他著作或作品名，后者用斜体。 例如： Dunn, Richard J ed. Charlotte Bront?: Jane Eyre. New York: Norton, 1971. A．两个至三个作者 第一作者的姓在前，名在后，中间用逗号隔开；其余作者名在前，姓在后，中间无逗号；每个作者之间用逗号隔开，最后一个作者的姓名前用“and”，后用句号。 例如： Rowe, Richard, and Larry Jeffus. The Essential Welder: Gas Metal Arc Welding Classroom Manual. Albany: Delmar, 2000. B. 三个以上作者 第一作者姓名（姓在前，名在后，中间加逗号）后接“et al.”，其他作者姓名省略。 例如： Randall, John et al. Fishes of the Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1997. C. 同一作者同一年出版的不同文献，参照下例： Widdowson, Henry G. EIL: Squaring the Circles. A Reply. London: Lomgman, 1998a. Widdowson, Henry G. Communication and Community. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998b. （2）论文集 参照下例： Thompson, Pett. “Modal Verbs in Academic Writing”. In Ben Kettlemann & Marko, Henry ed. Teaching and Learning by Doing Corpus Analysis. New York: Rodopi, 2002: 305-323. （3）百科全书等参考文献 参照下例： Fagan, Jeffrey. “Gangs and Drugs”.Encyclopedia of Drugs, Alcohol and Addictive Behavior. New York: Macmillan, 2001. （4）学术期刊论文 参照下例： Murphy, Karen. “Meaningful Connections: Using Technology in Primary Classrooms”. Young Children. 2003, (6): 12-18. （5）网络文献 参照下例： ----“Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About URL” .