英国国家概况(八)(中英语版)
英国中英文介绍
Britain, the whole is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, in ancient Britain is known as the "day not fall" empire is England, Scotland, wales and Northern Ireland the United Kingdom.It is a capitalist country in Western EuropeTHE British national anthem is "GOD SAVE THE Queen", which is THE translation of Chinese GOD SAVE THE Queen.And that diamonds are the country by, white heart red rose is a symbol of the country.In London, the capital of the UK takes a seat.The city of London a and economy, politics and culture in one place.Here, you can appreciate the wide of the Thames, Big Ben's majesty.Britain also has a long history, from the earliest civilizations to Roman times, and then through the medieval period, the industrial revolution, the colonial expansion, and the world war ii, has been in the present day.The UK is a parliamentary constitutional monarchy.In this country, the king is the head of state, however, the real power in the cabinet, actually.Parliament is the highest judicial and regulatory institutions, by the king, under the house of lords and the house of CommonsOn the economic front, the UK is the world's one of the important economic and trade and the global financial center.He is still the world's sixth-largest economy system, is the world fastest growing economy and one of the highest living standards.Among them, the household is its export of Rolls-RoyceBritish culture is also very rich.First,the education popularity is very high, it also promoted the development of the British education.Britain's education and academic research level is currently in the world's leading position.The world-famous education have a holy land at the university of Cambridge and Oxford University.Except, of course, education, the British sports is also very rich.One of the most famous ball sport is football, rugby and cricket.Among them, the cricket is also known as "the movement of a gentleman, it is by 11 people alternating attacks by both teams and Fielding a team sport.And, the British are sports stars, David Beckham is the most typical representativeIn Britain, there are a variety of delicious.If you are in the UK, you can enjoy a hearty breakfast.The British for breakfast is very exquisite!Restaurant supply in Britain there are many different kinds of food, fruit juice, fruit, eggs, meat, wheat rice porridge, bread, jam and coffee, etc.In the popular afternoon TEA (HIGH TEA) was given from the UK, its a famous Victoria typeMore is also very suitable for living, Britain's climate is temperate maritime climate throughout the year.In Britain, is humid warm all year round.Especially suitable for living.All in all, Britain is a European country full of cultural atmosphere.If you want to learn native English and European culture, English is definitely a good choice英国英国，全程是大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国，在古代英国又被叫做“日不落”帝国是有英格兰苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰所组成的联合王国。
《英语国家概况》辅导(8) 第五章 英帝国的兴衰(1688—1990)
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英美国家概况Unit 8 British Foreign Relations (英国的外交关系)
9. The special relationship with the United States (与美国的特殊关系)
10. The presence of superpower bases in Britain （在英国存在超级大国的军事基地）
11. Its participation in NATO [积极参与北约(北大西洋公约组织)的活动]
3) involvement in NATO (The North Atlantic Treaty Organization was set up in 1949. The author believes that the purpose of NATO is to protect member states against aggression, to provide a foundation for security in Europe, and to provide a forum for transatlantic defense cooperation.)英国国防政策的核心就是它加入北大西洋公约组织。北约是1949年成立的。作者认为北约的目的是要保护其成员国免受侵略，为欧洲的安全奠定基础，为跨大西洋的国防合作提供一个论坛。
(受其历史和地缘政治影响的外交政策)
3. Long-term physical separation from the European continent (长期与欧洲大陆隔绝)
4. The involvement of the Foreign and Common wealth Office (英国外交与联邦事务部的参与)
Unit 8 British Foreign Relations (英国的外交关系)
英国概况简介英文作文
英国概况简介英文作文英文回答：The United Kingdom (UK), also known as Great Britain, is a sovereign island nation located off the northwestern coast of mainland Europe. It encompasses England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. The UK covers an area of242,495 square kilometers (93,628 square miles) and has a population of approximately 68.3 million people. The UK is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary democracy. The head of state is the monarch, currently Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 1952. The head of government is the Prime Minister, currently Rishi Sunak. The UK is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations, the European Union, the Council of Europe, and the United Nations.Historically, the UK has played a significant role in global affairs. It was a major colonial power during the19th and early 20th centuries, with territories scattered across the world. The UK played a pivotal role in bothWorld Wars and was one of the main Allied powers. After World War II, the UK began to decolonize its empire,leading to the independence of many of its former colonies. Today, the UK is a major economic and political power, with a highly developed economy and a strong military.The UK is a diverse and multicultural country. It is home to a variety of ethnic groups, religions, and languages. The official language of the UK is English, but Welsh, Scottish Gaelic, Irish, and Cornish are also spokenin different parts of the country. The UK is a populartourist destination, with many attractions including Buckingham Palace, the Houses of Parliament, the Tower of London, and Stonehenge.中文回答：英国概况：英国，又称大不列颠国，是一个位于欧洲大陆西北海岸的岛国。
英国国家概况及英国文化
英国国家概况及英国文化、教育简介国名：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国 ( The United Kingdo m of GreatB ritai n and Northe rn Irelan d)国旗：呈横长方形，长与宽之比为２∶１。
为“米”字旗，由深蓝底色和红、白色“米”字组成。
旗中带白边的红色正十字代表英格兰守护神圣乔治，白色交叉十字代表苏格兰守护神圣安德鲁，红色交叉十字代表爱尔兰守护神圣帕特里克。
此旗产生于１８０１年，是由原英格兰的白地红色正十旗、苏格兰的蓝地白色交叉十字旗和爱尔兰的白地红色交叉十字旗重叠而成。
国徽：即英王徽。
中心图案为一枚盾徽，盾面上左上角和右下角为红地上三只金狮，象征英格兰；右上角为金地上半站立的红狮，象征苏格兰；左下角为蓝地上金黄色竖琴，象征爱尔兰。
盾徽两侧各由一只头戴王冠、代表英格兰的狮子和一只代表苏格兰的独角兽支扶着。
盾徽周围用法文写着一句格言，意为“恶有恶报”；下端悬挂着嘉德勋章，饰带上写着“天有上帝，我有权利”。
盾徽上端为镶有珠宝的金银色头盔、帝国王冠和头戴王冠的狮子。
国歌：《上帝保佑女王》 "god save the queen"（如在位的是男性君主，国歌改为"god save the king"）国花：玫瑰花国鸟：红胸鸽国石：钻石科学节：１８３１年开始，一年举办一次科学周：１９９４年开始，在每年的３月举办自然地理：２４．４１万平方公里（包括内陆水域），英格兰地区１３.０４万平方公里，苏格兰７. ８８万平方公里，威尔士２. ０８万平方公里，北爱尔兰１. ４１万平方公里。
位于欧洲西部的岛国。
由大不列颠岛（包括英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士）、爱尔兰岛东北部和周围一些小岛组成。
The United Kingdom 英国国家概况
The United Kingdom1.英国的全称The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland2.大不列颠岛的组成England, Scotland & Wales3.什么叫“英联邦”The Commonwealth of Nations, usually known as the Commonwealth, is a voluntary association of 53 independent sovereign states, most of which are former British colonies, or dependencies of these colonies (the exceptions being the United Kingdom itself and Mozambique). 4.伦敦的地位London is the largest city located in the south of the country. It is dominant in Britain in all sorts of ways. It is the cultural and business center and headquarters of the vast majority of Britain’s big companies. It is not only the financial center of the nation, but also one of the three major international financial centers in the world.5.有哪些国家入侵过英国？英格兰：Invasion by RomansIn 43 AD, Britain was invaded by the Roman Empire, and England and Wales became a part of the Roman Empire for nearly 400 years.Invasion by Anglo-SaxonsAs the Roman armies and Roman protection were withdrawn from Britain, and Britain was again divided into small kingdoms, and again it came under threat from Germanic peoples: the Angles, and the Saxon.The Anglo-Saxons succeeded in invading Britain, and either absorb the Celtic people, or pushed them to the western and northern edges of Britain.Invasion by VikingsFrom the late 8th century on, raiders from Scandinavia, the Vikings, threatened Britain shores.Invasion by NormansIn 1066, England was invaded by the Normans under William of Normandy, from northern France, who were descendants of Vikings.The Battle of Hastings defeated an English army under King Harold, marks the last time that an army from outside the British Isles succeeded in invading.苏格兰：Scotland was not conquered by the Romans, though they did try to, and for a while occupied as far as the edge of the northern highland zone.Nor was most of Scotland conquered by the Anglo-Saxons.British Celts occupied the area around what is now Glasgow.Around the 6th century AD, people from Northern Ireland invaded the south-west. They were called the Scots, and it is they that gave the modern country of Scotland its name.The original Scottish Celts, called the Picts, were left the highland zone.6.1689年通过《权利法案》，议会得到权力7.苏格兰首府Edinburgh，最大的城市Glasgow8.威尔士首府Cardiff，民族英雄LlywelynapGruffudd和Owain Glyndwr9.北爱尔兰贫穷的原因：Economic ProblemsPolitical ProblemsConflicts between Protestants and Roman CatholicsConflicts between Unionists /Royalists and nationalists/Republicans10.北爱尔兰的首府Belfast11.The Giant’s Causeway 被列为世界文化遗产，英国第七大奇迹12.Sinn Fein PartySinn Fein is a legal political party in Northern Ireland which supports the IRA to fight for the union of Ireland. The leaders of Sinn Fein prefer union with Ireland by a twin campaign, both military and political which they call the policy of “the Bullet and the Ballot Box”.It believes that without the participation of Sinn Fein the political of Northern Ireland cannot be thoroughly solved.13.IRAThe Irish Republican Army (IRA) was an Irish republican revolutionary military organization descended from the Irish Volunteers.Its aim is to overthrow the British rule in Ireland and unify Northern Ireland with the Southern one, forming an independent Republic of Ireland.14.爱尔兰宗教冲突Conflicts between Protestants and CatholicsThe majority of Irish people were descendants of the original Celtic people who inhabited the British Isles before the Roman Invasion, thus they were ethnically distinct from the majority of British people.In addition, most Irish people were Catholics, while most British people became Protestants.In the 17th century, the English government, trying to increase its control of Ireland, encourages people from Scotland and Northern England to emigrate to Northern Ireland.These people saw themselves different from the rest of the Irish people, and thought of themselves as British, and wished to remain a part of the British state.The Protestants, being the majority, controlled the local democratically-elected parliament, and used that power to support their own economic and social dominance in the province.The Catholics found it hard to get jobs, or to benefit from social programs. Schools and sporting events were segregated.15.英国皇室起源The power of the monarchy was largely derived from the ancient doctrine of “the divine right of kings”. It was held that the sovereign derived his authority from God, not from his subjects.16.“君权神授”The sovereign derived his authority from God, not from his subjects.17.大宪章Magana CartaA charter of liberty and political rights is signed by the King John.MaganaCarta placed some limits on the king’s ability to abuse his royal power. This is still regarded as Britain’s key expression of the rights of citizens against the Crown.18.英国的政体（君主立宪制+代议民主制）女王议会内阁●The Queen is the official Head of State.Britain has aconstitutional monarchy where the Queen only rules symbolically.●Parliament represents the people.●Government runs the country and is also elected by the people ;The leader of the Government is the Prime Minister.19.英国宪法的构成20.议会的职能21.君主的职责●Head of the State●Head of the Armed Forces●Head of the Church of England●Her government duties●Meeting Prime Ministers●Visits22.上下议院的职能The House of Lords:“Double check” new laws to make sure they are fair and will work.The House of Commons:Discussing policies and making laws.23.英国大选 5 年举行一次。
英语国家概况(汉英对照)
英语国家概况A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO ENGLISH-SPEAKING COUNTRIESPart One The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland第一部分大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国第一章国土与人民Chapter 1 Land and PeopleⅠ.英国的不同名称及其区域1. Different Names for Britain and its Parts人们说到英国时常常使用不同的名称:不列颠、大不列颠、英格兰、不列颠群岛、联合王国等。
这些名称一样吗?还是有所区别? When people refer to Britain, they often use different names such as Britain, Great Britain, England, the British Isles, the United Kingdom or the U.K. Do they mean the same thing? Or are they different?严格地讲，不列颠诸岛、大不列颠和英格兰都是地理名称。
它们并不是这个国家的正式名称。
不列颠诸岛是由两个大岛和几百个小岛组成的。
两个大岛是不列颠岛和爱尔兰岛，其中不列颠岛较大，它与爱尔兰岛的北部一北爱尔兰构成联合王国。
因此，联合王国的正式国名是大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。
但一口气说出这么长的国名太费事，因此，人们就说不列颠，联合王国或简单地说UK。
这是不列颠岛上的一个国家，首都是伦敦。
另外还有一个国家，叫爱尔兰共和国或称爱尔兰，也位于不列颠岛上。
它占据了爱尔兰岛的其余部分，在岛的南部。
1949 年始爱尔兰独立，首都是都柏林。
Strictly speaking, the British Isles,Great Britain and England are all geographical names. They are not the official name of the country. The British Isles are made up of two large islands and hundreds of small ones. The two large islands are Great Britain andIreland. Great Britain is the larger of these two islands. It forms the United Kingdom with Northern Ireland—the northern part of Ireland. So the official name of the United Kingdom is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. But it is too much of a mouthful to say such a long name for a country, so people just say Britain, the United Kingdom or simply U.K. This is one country on the British Isles and its capital is London. There is another country called the Republic of Ireland or Eire on the British Isles. It takes up the remainder of Ireland—the southern part of Ireland. It has been an independent republic since 1949 and its capital is Dublin.大不列颠岛上有三个政治区:英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。
英语国家概况(自测中英互译)——英国篇
第一部分英国第一章国土与人民1、地理名称：大不列颠群岛、大不列颠和英格兰2官方名称、大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国3、大不列颠群岛是有两个达到和成百上千个小岛组成的。
两个大岛分别是大不列颠岛和北爱尔兰岛4大不列颠岛上有3个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士第二章英国的起源1、有记载的英国历史开始于罗马人的入侵2、罗马人把基督教这一新宗教带到不列颠3爱德华国王因其对宗教的虔诚被封为“忏悔者”，并且他对过时的关心苏护远不及他对修建威斯敏斯特大教堂的关心4、1066年的诺曼征服也许是英国历史上最著名的事件。
征服者威廉几乎没收了所有的土地，并将其分发给他的诺曼追随者。
他用强大的诺曼政府取代了软弱的撒克逊政府。
于是，封建制度在英国完全确立。
它开放了英国与欧走大陆的联系，文明和商业得到发展，引进了诺曼-法国文化、语言、习俗和建筑。
教会与罗马联系更为密切，教会法庭与吗，民事法庭分离第三章英国的形成1、在未立案通知下，英国的封建制度完全确立了。
根据此制度，国王个人拥有全国所有的土地。
威廉把英国的大片土地分封给贵族，条件是贵族保证服军役和交租2、威廉用大议会取代了盎格鲁-撒克逊过往的顾问团——贤人会议。
大会以由他的土地承租人组成，一旦国王着急，他们就得为大议会服务3、《大宪章》是约翰国王于1215年在封建贵族的压力下签定的。
《大宪章》共有63条，其中最重要的内容是：没有大议会批准不得征税：只有依照国家有关法律才能逮捕、拘谨自由人及剥夺他们的财产：教会影响收起所有权利且具有选举自由；伦敦河其他城市应保留其古时的权利和特权；全国应统一度量衡4尽管《大宪章》长期以来被普遍认为是英国自由的基础，但它规定的只是国王与贵族之间的封建关系与法律关系，保证了教会的自由，限制了国王的权利，指望权与封建法律的约束下5、战争的起因既有领土因素也有经济因素。
领土起因尤其与英国国王拥有法国的阿基坦大片公爵领地有密切联系。
随着法国国王势力日增，他们日益觊觎这篇从他们领土内被分割出去的土地。
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英国国家概况（八）（中英文版）第八章Justice and the law法律与司法机构There is no single legal system in the United Kingdom. A feature common to all systems of law in the United Kingdom is that there is no complete code. The sources of law include (1) statutes; (2) a large amount of "unwritten" or common law; (3) equity law; (4) European Community. Another common feature is the distinction made between criminal law and civil law.联合王国不实行完全统一的法律制度。
联合王国所有法律制度的一个共同特点是没有以部完整的法典。
法典来源包括：（1）成文法；（2）大量的"不成文法"或习惯法；（3）衡平法；（4）欧共体法。
另一个共同的特点是刑法和民法之间的区别。
I．Criminal Proceedings刑事诉讼程序1. In England and Wales, once the police have charged a person with a criminal offence, the crown Prosecution Service assumes control of the case reviews the evidence to decide whether to prosecute.在英格兰和威尔士，一旦警察指控某人犯有刑事罪，皇家检察总署就要接管此案，并独立地审核证据以决定是否起诉。
2. In Britain all criminal trial are held in open count because the criminal law presumes the innocence of the accused until he has been proved guilty beyond reasonable doubt. The prosecution and the defense get equal treatment. No accused person has to answer the question of the police before trial. He is not compelled to give evidence in count. Every accused person has the right to employ a legal adviser to conduct his defense. If he can not afford to pay, he may be granted aid at public expense. In criminal trial by jury, the judge passes sentence, but the jury decided the issue of guilt or innocence. The jury composed of 12 or ordinary people. If the verdict of the jury can not be unanimous, it must be a majority.在英国，所有的刑事审判都在法院公开进行。
因为刑法认为，在消除合理怀疑证明被告有罪之前，他是无辜的。
原告与被告同样平等，审判时被告不必回答警察的问题，不许强迫被告提供证据。
每位被告都有权雇佣律师为其辩护。
如果他不能支付律师费，可以用公用费用提供帮助。
在由陪审团进行的刑事审判中，法官判刑，但陪审团决定是否有罪。
陪审团一般由12人组成。
如果陪审团不能做出一致判决，也必须是多数决定。
3.A verdict of " not guilt" means acquittal for the accused, who can never again be charged with that specific crime."无罪"裁决意味着被告无罪，并且永远不得再以此罪名对其指控。
II. Criminal Courts刑事法庭1. Criminal Courts in England and Wales英格兰和威尔士的刑事法庭Magistrates' Courts which try summary offences and "either way" offences.A magistrates' court, which is open to the public and the media, usually consists of three unpaid "lay" magistrates-known as justices of the peace-who are advised on point of law and procedure by a legally qualified assistant. A Magistrates' court sits without a jury.治安（警事）法庭，负责审理判决犯罪，也审理"任意方式"罪行。
治安法庭对公众和媒体公开，通常由三位无薪的"外行"地方官--地方治安官组成，由懂得法律知识的书记员和助手给他们提供法律规定和程序方面的建议。
治安法庭审察时没有陪审团。
Youth Court which try most cases involving people under 18.青少年法庭，负责审理18岁以下青年的大多数案件。
The Crown Court tries the most serious offences and 'either way" offences referred to it by magistrates. The Crown Court is presided over by High Court judges, full-time circuit Judges and part-time Recorders England and Wales are divided into six circuits for the purpose of hearing criminal case. Each circuit is divided into areas containing one or more centers of High Court and Crown Court.皇家刑事法庭。
负责审理最严重的罪行和由地方法官提交的"任意方式"罪行。
皇家刑事法庭由高级法院法官，全职巡回法官和兼任刑事法官主持。
为审理刑事案，英格兰和威尔士被分为六个巡回区，每个巡回区又分区域，每个区域有一个或多个高级法庭和皇家刑事法庭。
2. Criminal courts in Scotland苏格兰的刑事法庭There are three criminal courts in Scotland.（1）the High Court of Justiciary;(2) the sheriff court;(3) the district court. Scotland has two types of criminal procedure, know as solemn procedure and summary procedure. In solemn procedure, a defendant is tried by a judge sits without a jury.英格兰有三种刑事法院：（1）高级法院；（2）郡法院；（3）区法院。
英格兰有两种刑事诉讼：庄重诉讼和即决诉讼。
庄重诉讼里，被告由陪审团和法官审理。
在即决诉讼中，法官独自审理，不用陪审团。
3. Criminal courts in Northern Ireland北爱尔兰的刑事法庭Cases involving minor summary offences are heard by magistrates' courts presided over by a full-time legally qualified resident magistrate. County courts are primarily civil law courts. The Crown Court deals with criminal trails on indictment.涉及轻微即决犯罪的案件由治安法庭听审，法庭由全职的法律合格的常驻治安法官主持。
郡法庭主要是民事法庭。
皇家刑事法庭根据起诉进行刑事审判.III．Civil Courts民事法庭1. Civil Courts in England and Wales英格兰和威尔士的民事法庭Magistrates' Courts have limited civil jurisdiction, The main courts of civil jurisdiction are County Courts, the High Court deals with the more complicated civil case. Its jurisdiction covers mainly civil and some criminal cases. It has three divisions: (1) the family Division; (2) the Chancery Division; (3) the Queen's Bench Division.治安法庭只有一定的民事审判权。
主要行使民事司法权的是民事法院，高等法院处理更为复杂的民事案。
主要包括民事案和一些刑事案，高等法院有三个分支：（1）家事庭；（2）娃哈哈官庭；（3）王室庭。
2. Civil Courts in Scotland苏格兰的民事法庭The Civil Courts are the sheriff court and the Court of session.民事法院包括郡法院和巡回法院（最高中心法院）。