英国国家概况(八)(中英文版)
英国概况简介英文作文
英国概况简介英文作文英文回答：The United Kingdom (UK), also known as Great Britain, is a sovereign island nation located off the northwestern coast of mainland Europe. It encompasses England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. The UK covers an area of242,495 square kilometers (93,628 square miles) and has a population of approximately 68.3 million people. The UK is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary democracy. The head of state is the monarch, currently Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 1952. The head of government is the Prime Minister, currently Rishi Sunak. The UK is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations, the European Union, the Council of Europe, and the United Nations.Historically, the UK has played a significant role in global affairs. It was a major colonial power during the19th and early 20th centuries, with territories scattered across the world. The UK played a pivotal role in bothWorld Wars and was one of the main Allied powers. After World War II, the UK began to decolonize its empire,leading to the independence of many of its former colonies. Today, the UK is a major economic and political power, with a highly developed economy and a strong military.The UK is a diverse and multicultural country. It is home to a variety of ethnic groups, religions, and languages. The official language of the UK is English, but Welsh, Scottish Gaelic, Irish, and Cornish are also spokenin different parts of the country. The UK is a populartourist destination, with many attractions including Buckingham Palace, the Houses of Parliament, the Tower of London, and Stonehenge.中文回答：英国概况：英国，又称大不列颠国，是一个位于欧洲大陆西北海岸的岛国。
英国国家概况及英国文化
英国国家概况及英国文化、教育简介国名：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国 ( The United Kingdo m of GreatB ritai n and Northe rn Irelan d)国旗：呈横长方形，长与宽之比为２∶１。
为“米”字旗，由深蓝底色和红、白色“米”字组成。
旗中带白边的红色正十字代表英格兰守护神圣乔治，白色交叉十字代表苏格兰守护神圣安德鲁，红色交叉十字代表爱尔兰守护神圣帕特里克。
此旗产生于１８０１年，是由原英格兰的白地红色正十旗、苏格兰的蓝地白色交叉十字旗和爱尔兰的白地红色交叉十字旗重叠而成。
国徽：即英王徽。
中心图案为一枚盾徽，盾面上左上角和右下角为红地上三只金狮，象征英格兰；右上角为金地上半站立的红狮，象征苏格兰；左下角为蓝地上金黄色竖琴，象征爱尔兰。
盾徽两侧各由一只头戴王冠、代表英格兰的狮子和一只代表苏格兰的独角兽支扶着。
盾徽周围用法文写着一句格言，意为“恶有恶报”；下端悬挂着嘉德勋章，饰带上写着“天有上帝，我有权利”。
盾徽上端为镶有珠宝的金银色头盔、帝国王冠和头戴王冠的狮子。
国歌：《上帝保佑女王》 "god save the queen"（如在位的是男性君主，国歌改为"god save the king"）国花：玫瑰花国鸟：红胸鸽国石：钻石科学节：１８３１年开始，一年举办一次科学周：１９９４年开始，在每年的３月举办自然地理：２４．４１万平方公里（包括内陆水域），英格兰地区１３.０４万平方公里，苏格兰７. ８８万平方公里，威尔士２. ０８万平方公里，北爱尔兰１. ４１万平方公里。
位于欧洲西部的岛国。
由大不列颠岛（包括英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士）、爱尔兰岛东北部和周围一些小岛组成。
英国国家概况 英语版
English【England synthesizes introduced】England's full title is "Great Britain and the Northern Ireland united kingdom" by approaches northeast the Europe continent the seacoast British archipelago majority of islands to be composed. She separates North Sea, Straits of Dover and the English Channel faces one another with the Europe continent is an island country. according to the history, the geography and the national character divides into England, Scotland, Wales, the Northern Ireland four parts, English people account for the total population 80%.England is the modern times Industrial Revolution place of origin, the official name "the united kingdom，t he national area altogether 244,000 square kilometers, the population nearly 59 million, the inhabitant multi- letters Christianity protestantism, the Northern Ireland area partial inhabitants believe Catholicism some Englishes also believe in the Islamism, Buddhism, Hinduism, the race, the Judaism and so on. The entire boundary by approaches northeast the Europe continent the seacoast British archipelago majority of islands to be composed, separates North Sea, Straits of Dover and the English Channel faces one another with the Europe continent is an island country. Coastline total length 11,000 kilometers. The east side British island is in the archipelago the biggest islands, also is the English most main national territory. It by the north Scotland, south and the middle England and the north-west Welsh three areas is composed.【British flag 】comprehensive the original England (white-floored red flag), Scotland is cross to the whitecross cross (blue flag) and Ireland (Red Cross cross white-floored flags of the flag) symbol. Now the red Flag is white cross on behalf of England patron saint st. George, the white cross cross for Scotland, the red guard sacred Andrew cross cross representative Irish patron saint st. Patrick British Flag, commonly known as the "MiZiQi", the official name is the Union Flag ，and often called" the Union Jack ". Jack is navy terms, refers to the flag hanging in prows. Union Flag is meaning "joint flags". British flag represent England patron saint of cross st. George's, Scotland guard sacred Andrew and Irish patron saint st. Patrick.【British national anthem 】British national anthem produced in the 1740s, formerly known as the fortune favors the king "in 1837 queen Victoria to 1901 days and 1952 Elizabeth ii was renamed as" fortune favors the queen, "after praise king of England, it is the songs.【British population 】Britain is the typical gentleman lady of the township life conservative and speak tradition, but also respect personal freedom and thought the nation. Tolerance Britain's population 6020 million (about in June 2005), including England, Scotland 5040 million population da da 510 million to 300 million, wales, Northern Ireland 170 million. 80% of the population in the city, London's population 1/5 of China's population. Both official and language is English. Wales, northern still use welsh Scottish highlands and Northern Ireland northwest parts still use the Gaelic language. Residents, main points, protestant Christian church of England (also called anglicans, its members accounted for about 60 percent of British adults) and the church of Scotland (also called Presbyterian, have adult christians 66 million).British population statistics office data showed that Britain has nearly distance 1158million elderly, they were older than 65 of men and women over the age of 60. In contrast, the age of less than 16 1152 million, the old man is more than teenagers. The first number The statistics office also says that Britain has already been fully into aging society. In the past 30 years, England, more than 80 years of age population has tripled, just 2.7 million twice 30 years ago. As medical condition gets great improvement, 80 years old man became Britain's fastest-growing bracket, and the growth rate in future time will also continue to accelerate. And because the population average rising life expectancy, British annual death toll is also on the decline.【language and religion 】t he official language is English. Wales, northern Scottish highlands in wales and Northern Ireland still northwest part is still use the Gaelic language. Religious mainly protestant Christian church of England (also known as Anglican, its members about 60% of British adults) and the church of Scotland (also called Presbyterian). Otherwise the Catholic church and buddhist, Hindu, j ewish and Muslim big religious organizations.【climate 】British pop level control, mild in the wet, the four seasons is changing. Temperate deciduous broadleaved forest belt. Usually the highest temperature not more than 32 ℃, the lowest temperature not below - 10 ℃, the annual average temperature in the January 4 ~ 7 ℃ ~ 17 ℃, July 13th. The average annual rainfall of about 1000 mm. Northern and western mountainous area rainfall 2000 millimeters, central and east less than 800 mm. From February to March 10 months to most dry, wet year. Most January【resources and traffic 】British major mineral resources are coal, iron, oil and gas. YingMei reserves total 17 million tons. About 38 million tons of iron reserves. Cornwall peninsula southwest a tank. In Cheshire and da pull mu containing large rock salt. Stafford county has high quality clay. Cornwall produces and white clay. Rush ning mountain slope peninsula dolostone can be mined. Lancashire nearby hill southwest xerox ShiYingDa force field. North sea oil reserves in England nearly 10 ~ 40 tons of continental shelf in between. Natural gas reserves in 25,850 about 86-hundred ~ about billion cubic meters.British transport infrastructure is complete. Highway, railway, waterway, air transport are more developed. London has very subway nets. In 1994 the channel tunnel breakthrough, and mainland Europe, England are connected railway system. T he private enterprise as the main body of the economy, accounting for 60% of GDP. Service industry is the mainstay industry, British economy of GDP three-fourths. Under the influence of the global financial crisis, the British banking steelmakers, economic situation grim. In addition, the energy industry in the UK economy, occupies an important position in recent years the UK government emphasize to improve energy efficiency and renewable energy, founded the construction "a low carbon economy" goal.【political 】Britain is in the European, in 25 years, maintain and develop the relationship between the eu and China, it always and enthusiastic supporters. Britain in the Chinese biggest eu countries investors. Britain's constitution is different from most of the country's constitution, not a separate document, it is the common law, practice by statute, composed. Mainly magna carta (1215), personal protection act (1679 years), the bill of rights (1689 years), the parliament method (1911 and 1949) and former modified the electoral law, the city autonomy, countycouncil method and so on. Regime for constitutional monarchy. Parliament is the highest legislative and judicial authority, jun, up, or down) and (651 civilians. The senate members include royal descent, hereditary noble, lifelong noble, appeal court judges and church bishop and bishop. In November 1999, the senate reform bill passed, in addition to stay outside, 92 people lost more than 600 hereditary noble lords of the qualification, and not a political appointed Lord will special royal commission recommended. The house of Commons also called civilian courts, senators by universal suffrage, adopt the most votes elected district elected system, small for a term of five years. But the government may decide that early elections. The government implement cabinet system by queen appointment in won a majority in parliamentary elections the party leader and prime minister responsible for his appointment to the parliament. The government implemented the cabinet system by its designated seats. In parliamentary majority leader is responsible to parliament for the prime minister and his appointment.British energy resources are rich in european countries, in the first place, not only has a great deal of oil and gas resources, and coal reserves also is very rich. Steel and aluminum also have certain reserves. Coastal fisheries resources abundant.【Britain's economic 】Britain's GDP in western countries in the sixth, behind the United States, Japan, Germany, France and Italy. The private enterprise is the subject of the UK economy, accounting for 82% of GDP and of total employment 79%. Britain is the beginning of the capitalist countries industrialization process. T he first time the industrial revolution; first occurs in Britain 1850, industrial output in the world in the UK, 39 percent in world trade, all 21 percent in themonopoly position; The first world war, Britain's economic strength suffered a serious blow, British possession of 250 years lost; seas After the second world war, Britain's economic power have been badly weakened, colonial market further narrowing; In the late 1960's pushing the high taxes, welfare and nationalization policy that the UK economy is in extreme difficult; However, the British of industrial development history longer have relatively complete national economic system and industrial system, so there is still the world's countries with strong economic strength; In 1973, Britain joining the European economic community, changed its dependence on commonwealth and developing countries to strengthen the rule of the trading relations with European countries; By Margaretthatcher in 1979, when the conservative government headed over "English disease" began, the measures are: emphasis on economic role play market, reduce state intervention, retrench and lower taxes, rectify welfare, adjust the foreign exchange control, industrial, cancel its privatization and monetarist policies and as a result, the UK economy had apparent recovery; In recent years, its services in the proportion of GDP is continuously increasing, and have accounted for, and industrial proportion is taking up 71.1 percent reduced gradually, and accounted for only 27.1%; English is the world's third largest foreign investor, the main creditor's rights, British or one of the world's largest invisible trade one of import and export countries.British industrial base is a steel manufacturing, heavy industry, cotton, coal mine, shipbuilding. Manufacturing the current is still an important part of British industry; Industrial steel products are mainly, aerospace, chemical industry, plastic products, textile, shoes, clothing and electronic instrument industry, motor vehicles and transport equipment, energy supply, etc.; In addition, pharmaceutical, electronic (including computer), aviation technology and otherfields have a prominent development; Moreover, the foreign investment enterprises in English has become an important part of its economy.Britain's service industry in the national economy has important position, the merchandise wholesale, retail, the hotel industry is very flourishing, finance, insurance, more as a world leader; Its services output value accounts for about 65% of GDP, number of employees accounted for 75% of the total employment, and industrial production department has the close relation.British agriculture accounts for the national total population 2.1%, the production of labor agricultural products can satisfy the national food demand 70%, agricultural output value of gross domestic product 1.5%; Britain is cattle, food, agricultural chemical, agricultural machinery, the main exporters 77 percent of land used for farming, the main crops have wheat, barley, oats, potatoes, oil, beet, etc.; Main fruits and vegetables have mushroom, carrots, celery class, apple, strawberry, wood blackberry and greenhouse cultivation of tomatoes, cucumbers, peppers, etc.; The animal husbandry developed, animal by-products more. Wool, cowhide, milk products are high quality, animal husbandry products processing industry such as wool, dairy products processing and leather processing etc are also relatively developed. Fisheries can meet its needs 60, main fry has Die, cod, cod, halibut, black by silver carps and the herring, etc.; Britain 237.95 million hectares of forest area, the forest coverage rate of 10%.【culture education 】education system Britain imposed 284 obligations. 1998/1999 education funds of GDP in the fiscal year 4.9%. Public school students were free tuition. Private school teachers' conditionsand teaching equipment are better, but fees are high, the student more for a millionaire. Britain is higher education in the world the most developed countries, have the world's top higher education levels, higher education system is the birthplace of modern civilization. Britain is the world's oldest university, also have a large number of the world's top universities, for the UK and world nurtured many outstanding scientists and statesman and so on . The famous British university, Oxford University, university of Cambridge, university college London imperial college, Sheffield university, university of Edinburgh, Birmingham university, London political and economic institute, the university of Manchester in England, Newcastle university and the university of Nottingham and so on .B ritish education generally divided into five stages. The first stage is the age in 3-5 years education; the kindergarten The second stage is t he primary school aged 5-11 education; The third stage 11 -- 16 of middle school education. 5 years old - 16 obligations of the provisions of the education law stage. School-age children must by the state is responsible for entrance fees, books and necessary supplies. 16 to 18 years old or above (or college prep school class), for secondary school university transition; Fourth order 5 years; The fifth stage for 16 years later continue to education. Including youth and adult education normal university vocational don't count, the way a part-time,]] 3.5 and spare time. In local length of schooling, departments, and each major is not the same.【British celebrity 】Cromwell, Shakespeare Churchill, Newton, Montgomery, Elizabeth I, Halley watt, hawking, Margaret thatcher and so on.【festival 】Britain has many traditional festival holiday Britain and activities. Statistics, British annual festival with milky local 106.Its main festivals are: 1. All the Year 's / (New Year's Day), jan. 1 Year celebrated the New Year begin. People hold all kinds of New Year party in the New Year, the queen remarks, various church ShouSui week do on New Year's eve.2. St. Valentine 's / (saint Valentine's Day each year on February 14), is the third century martyrdom saints shengwalunding anniversary. The lovers in this day exchanging gifts, therefore calls "valentine's day".3. St. And 's / (St. Patrick's Day), every March 17th, is the patron saint of the memorial Ireland St Patrick's holiday.4. Make an appointment (Holy Saturday) press, the Easter day is.5. Easter (Easter), generally in the first year after the vernal equinox on Sunday, about the March 21 or so. This section is the celebration of Christ Jesus the resurrection of Christ) (, at the feast people to eat more Easter Eggs (Easter Eggs).6. For the Easter Sunday, is the second day of the Easter).7. Good Friday(Christ before Easter black), on Friday, the church held a ceremony commemorating Christ crucified. In Britain this day is public, people eat traditional hot cross buns cross gao (hot).8. ShengTianJie Ascension Easter (Christ/Easter), is the first 40 days later Thursday, also known as make press.9. The holy ghost is come Pentecost (day), is the first 7 after Easter Sunday, also calledwhite.on that occur.10. Are 's/Day, virgin Mary (each year on March 25, also called Annunciation / (tian times details).11，April 11. Throw a 's/year (April Fool's Day), April 1, this quarter YuQingZhu Venal come from equinox in April 1 April Fool called by prank April wise). (12. Away 's Birthday (the Queen birthdays), every year April 21, this day is celebrate the Queen's Birthday.13. Shakespeare 's / (Shakespeare anniversary), every year April 23, this section is the celebration of Shakespeare's birthday.14. May each year, WuYueJie) / (on May 1, this Day is to meet the spring festivals.15. Commonwealth anniversary, each year (on May 1, the holiday from YuQingZhu queen Victoria's birthday.16. Away 's Birthday(could), the British Queen legal birthdays on June 10 or previous Saturday off, to replace the April 21st the Queen's Birthday.17. Halloween (Halloween), every October 31, the children masqueraded as a ghost heartily laugh and play and scare others.18. (Christmas), Christmas/each December 25, christians celebrate the Day of the birth of Christ, is the UK's largest festival. Christmas people not only can often see Santa Santa Claus or it (Christmas), but also can eat to Christmas dinner and Christmas pudding (Christmas Christmas pudding), personally dinner decorate the Christmas tree and enjoy celebrating Christmas eve, etc.【customs 】1, wear the people of Scotland case skirtIn the world of men wearing skirts, the Scottish didn't see is one of them. In 2006, wearing black case skirt, and socks, holding a pipe, bagpipes, this is the pride of Scottish people wear good clothes. Scotland love to wear a beautiful skirt, because of different photos, beautiful cloth, every clan represent different clan for their design a representative clan spirit and blood relations, through the cloth skirt of cases. When the man put on his family, by their fathers' households, also wearing a case the pride of their clansman cloth, responsibility and loyalty.2, folk mannersThe British who give the impression of being and conservative and a sense of humor. Familiar with things, British tend to accept for novelty, or exotic thing always's skeptical. British comparison modest, boasting is without breeding performance. British people very valued a person's sense of humor. Britain's starting point, humor self, their own profits and losses down enemy and their ultimate purpose is to self-mockery, laugh at their own faults, failures and embarrassments his ideal. They don't believe in colorful words and boast words. Englishmen like sports, modern forms of sports were almost all British invention, such as boxing, football, hockey, tennis etc. British food preparation method is simpler, only two: into the oven, or into the pot cooking. Cooking is, won't make what dressing eat in personal interests put some salt, pepper and mustard, such as chilli oil. Britain's specialty is roast beef steak, Fried fish, Fried potatoes3, the etiquetteIn British lady first, is known to standards of behaviour. Into the room a last-in-first-out restaurants are mostly women before, male opened. For women to walk in the street or acrossthe street, the ladies man to walk side by side. The direction of automobile dinner, ladies into the living room, hall, who stood up to show respect, madam, not its as gifts. Summary, usually when you are introduced to a woman, young introduced to an older person. Sit in the sitting room, the party started men should help lady, ladies chair seat. Was invited to British home.purchasing them, if is preparing social gathering, early is rude, because the hostess, haven't completely prepared guests here, would make him feel very embarrassed. Late, late 10 minutes optimal half an hour before it's too late, master, must apologize to you. In the master called also is very impolite. I am good at between the 10:00 to 11 points after leaving 1 hour or eat farewell. If invited to stay for a few days or a weekend, can leave money flower mistress. British people eat custom complex, the mainest is sit straight, eating is not keep talking. If it is a "soup basin should be placed on a plate, coffee spoon on the saucer. Can't put personal use a spoon in soup basin fire coffee cup. Eat not phonate, otherwise, it will be considered not understand rules. When you drink soup side, from inside to outside, cannot use ladle spoonfuls of head, the more cannot carry soup basin drink soup drank all the basin. Every meal usually only the main course, salads and desserts. Not in the table smoking and burps. When drinking coffee cup, coffee keys in a trayBritish streets and lanes are everywhere bar, drinking beer, has become a tradition of London. Some bar more than 100 years of history. British pubs usually adornment antique, carve patterns or designs on woodwork doors and Windows, wear big glass Windows brush stage. The bar has become a cultural in London.4, taboos and customsBritish people queuing habit, jump the queue is a screening nasty behavior. The British arenot like to talk about people's wages and women's age, British women think age is his secret. In Britain the most taboo is shopping, bargaining. The British don't like to bargaining dishonorably things, think this. British toilet not say straight out "to go to the toilet, generally say" please forgive a few minutes "or" I'd like to wash my hands "etc. The children usually say:" I want to go to that place ". Friends and family between the inner, "100", this is the most common parlance. British big dance around 10 at night usually start. Invited guests should master invited beforehand, invited guests. Men and women roughly the same number of people whether to invite in on the invitation to the party with dinner. Clean and tidy, dancing is guest clothing male guest take turns please a female guest, including must hostess and dancing. Attended the party, people can walk, and walk in politeness meet master.【British tourist attractions 】England is a beautiful country, the cultural relic historical site everywhere, the natural scenery beautiful may meal, the traveling resources are rich. Many cities, such as "wancheng" flower of London, "north Athens" Edinburgh, Oxford, Cambridge, the antique york city, hometown Stratford all is has the world's reputation tourist destinations. England also monarch has the lake district and so on several dozens country parks and the scenery protectorate. At present, by the United Nations as a world cultural and natural heritage places of historic interest and natural landscape has 14 place, namely, the tower of London, Westminster palace (parliament), blenheim palace (Oxford nearby), Canterbury cathedral buss city Salisbury suburb of Stonehenge, sites, such as railway gorge (retailer walter Hampton, west), FangTing convent and garden (north), york durham cathedral and the ancient castle, the hadrian's wall (Newcastle), miguel, castle group (within the E-mail area) welsh card, Scotland, Northern Ireland saint Kielreaches islands "giants of the aramaeans road" and the Pacific Ocean XiangDeSen British territory of coral. They racy20, each who its long, it is extremely popular with tourists sightseeing the hotspot.。
英语国家概况(汉英对照)
英语国家概况A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO ENGLISH-SPEAKING COUNTRIESPart One The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland第一部分大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国第一章国土与人民Chapter 1 Land and PeopleⅠ.英国的不同名称及其区域1. Different Names for Britain and its Parts人们说到英国时常常使用不同的名称:不列颠、大不列颠、英格兰、不列颠群岛、联合王国等。
这些名称一样吗?还是有所区别? When people refer to Britain, they often use different names such as Britain, Great Britain, England, the British Isles, the United Kingdom or the U.K. Do they mean the same thing? Or are they different?严格地讲，不列颠诸岛、大不列颠和英格兰都是地理名称。
它们并不是这个国家的正式名称。
不列颠诸岛是由两个大岛和几百个小岛组成的。
两个大岛是不列颠岛和爱尔兰岛，其中不列颠岛较大，它与爱尔兰岛的北部一北爱尔兰构成联合王国。
因此，联合王国的正式国名是大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。
但一口气说出这么长的国名太费事，因此，人们就说不列颠，联合王国或简单地说UK。
这是不列颠岛上的一个国家，首都是伦敦。
另外还有一个国家，叫爱尔兰共和国或称爱尔兰，也位于不列颠岛上。
它占据了爱尔兰岛的其余部分，在岛的南部。
1949 年始爱尔兰独立，首都是都柏林。
Strictly speaking, the British Isles,Great Britain and England are all geographical names. They are not the official name of the country. The British Isles are made up of two large islands and hundreds of small ones. The two large islands are Great Britain andIreland. Great Britain is the larger of these two islands. It forms the United Kingdom with Northern Ireland—the northern part of Ireland. So the official name of the United Kingdom is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. But it is too much of a mouthful to say such a long name for a country, so people just say Britain, the United Kingdom or simply U.K. This is one country on the British Isles and its capital is London. There is another country called the Republic of Ireland or Eire on the British Isles. It takes up the remainder of Ireland—the southern part of Ireland. It has been an independent republic since 1949 and its capital is Dublin.大不列颠岛上有三个政治区:英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。
《英美国家概况》终极笔记中英文对照版
新版“英语国家概况”精讲笔记Chapter 1第一章Land and People 英国的国土与人民I.Different Names for Britain and its Parts英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England.地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。
2.Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.官方正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。
3.The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland,and hundreds of small ones.不列颠群岛由两个大岛—大不列颠岛（较大的一个）和爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个小岛组成。
4.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。
(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section.英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地区。
(2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。
The United Kingdom英国介绍 详细中英文
The United Kingdom, including Great Britain (England, Wales and Scotland "and Northern Ireland, is a member of the European Community 12. Its full name is the United Kingdom.Britain is the British Isles by the majority of islands, of which the largest islands are Great Britain, the second largest island Northern Ireland and the Irish Republic. The west coast of Scotland there is a large islands called the Hebrides. Native north-east coast of Scotland Orkney Islands, Shetland Islands, and Samoa. Of these islands with the mainland have administrative relations, but the Irish Sea between Great Britain and the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands between France is largely autonomous and not an integral part of the United Kingdom.The United Kingdom area of approximately 242.5 thousand square kilometers (93600 square miles), from the south coast to Scotland is almost the most northern part of nearly 1,000 kilometers (about 600 miles), nearly horizontal at its widest point about 500 kilometers (about 300 miles)."Britain" the term originated in the Greek and Latin words, which may eventually be traced back to Celtic. Although the use of "Prehistoric" This yardstick to measure, the Celtics went to the British Isles is also a later (and before that had created those civilizations such as the Avebury stone circle Stonehenge construction sites and Such well-known historical monuments), but the history of written records relating to England, after all, about the Celtics from the start. "Celtic" This phrase is very common and regularly used to distinguish the early inhabitants of the British Isles and later the Anglo - Saxon invaders.The Romans ruled from AD 43 onwards lasted 300 years. The Romans in 408 before the final withdrawal of the island were from Northern Europe began to Angles, Saxons and Jutes intrusion, has undergone a period of growing chaos. "England" is the word from the "Angles" came. Over the next two centuries, and gradually became a settler harassment and the establishment of a number of small kingdom. British people in today's Wales and Cornwall Regional Independent survive. These small kingdom there was relatively strong to dominate the country's kingdom, first in the North (Northumbria Kingdom), and then in the central (the Kingdom of Mercia), and finally in the south (Wessex kingdoms). However, from the Scandinavian Vikings then invaded England and settled down, although in the 10th century Wessex dynasty, beat off the invading Danes and for a time to dominate the vast region of England.In 1066 took place on the last successful invasion of England. Duke William of Normandy in the Battle of Hastings defeated the British, the Normans from France and others come here to settle. In the ensuing three centuries, the French became the language of nobility, the legal structure has been the English Channel on the other side of the passage of that set of consequences, and social structure, to some extent been affected.Wales, though often in England within the sphere of influence, but has been a bastion of Boston. However, in the Prince Llewellyn was killed in 1282, after Edward I waged a battle and victory to put England under the rule of Wales. Welsh nationalist sentiment continues to rise, the beginning of the 15th century rebellion led by Owen Gerlind illustrated this point. In 1536 and in 1542 a joint decree to England and Wales in the administrative, political and legal integration into one.Originally lived in Scotland most of Picts. The 6th century, the Scots from Ireland to settle in today's Argyll area. Lothian home to England, while others continue to go north Wales, Britain came to Strathclyde. The 9th century, the various regions of Scotland to unite against Viking. Throughout the Middle Ages, when England's monarchy has always been a powerful threat to Scotland's independence.England and Scotland, the joint that eventually, when the religious differences of the ethnic hatred in the past than the more crucial. In England, Elizabeth I in 1603 by James VI of Scotland (James I of England) to the throne. Even so, England and Scotland in addition to Oliver Cromwell's rule was once forced to bring together, in the 17th century they have been independe nt of each other. To 1707, aware of a closer political and economic union benefits, the two sides agreed to establish a single British Parliament. Scotland retained its own legal system and religious communities. But in George I and George II of Hanover, two Protestants during the reign of the royal family of England and Scotland, the relationship between the nervous and James II, has launched two rebellions revolutionaries to try to restore the Catholic House of Stuart.Ireland before the Christian era there were many of the Kingdom, but Ireland is not immune from a violation of Viking, to the 10th century AD, when, suddenly became a Viking pre-eminence.Henry II of England in 1169 to launch the invasion of Ireland. England Ji Pope Adrian IV, Henry II granted the powers of the supreme ruler, because he was anxious to make Irish church fully compliant Rome. Fell in most parts of Ireland, Anglo - Norman power and privilege in the hands, but in medieval England, almost no direct exercise of jurisdiction in this.Tudor monarchs of several interventions in Ireland tend to be much stronger. In the reign of Elizabeth I, the Irish rebels launched a series of battles. 'Resistance Movement, mainly concentrated in the northern province of Ulster, 1607, due to the failure of the resistance movement as well as leaders of the exodus of Ulster from Scotland and England into areas inhabited by immigrants.As the English Civil War (1642 ~ 1652), Ireland was attacked by a number of uprisings, but have been Cromwell suppressed. 1688 James II was spent dim after the war between England and Ireland is constantly. 18th century, most of them are fragile peace. 18 century, the British Government has made various efforts to seek stability. In 1782, the Irish Parliament (established in the Middle Ages) to obtain legislative autonomy; in the Constitution than withBritain the only major link is to the Royal Government. However, the Parliament represents just a small number of Anglo - Irish privileged class, Catholics were excluded. In 1798 an uprising took place, but without success;in 1801, Ireland and Great Britain combined into one.Although the 1916 uprising in Dublin, the national insurrection was crushed, but in the First World War-stage, a stream known as the Irish Republican Army guerrilla forces began military action against the British authorities. In 1920 the Government of Ireland Act passed to set up two local government councils,one based in Dublin and one in Belfast. The Act was implemented in 1921 in Northern Ireland, Ulster Province, nine counties have six received their own parliament, while still have seats in the British Parliament, and subject to the jurisdiction of the British Parliament the highest. However, the Irish Republican Army continues to fight for the South to win its independence from Britain inthe fight. In June 1921 after the signing of an armistice agreement, accordingto conclude in December the same year, the British - Irish Treaty the Irish Free State was established in 1949, the Free State became the Republic of Ireland.Channel Islands and the Isle of Man, although not belonging to the United Kingdom, but have a special relationship with the United Kingdom. Channel Islands during the 10th century and 11th century part of the Duchy of Normandy. Isle of Man has been nominally in 1266 prior to the exercise of sovereignty by Norway to the 1765 final was governed directly by the Government of the Kingdom. Today, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man have their own legislative bodies and the legal system, where the British Government is responsible for defense and international relations.翻译：英国包括大不列颠(英格兰、威尔士和苏格兰〉和北爱尔兰,是欧洲共同体12个成员国之一。
英国国家概况(十)(中英文版)
英国国家概况（十）（中英文版）第十章Sports体育运动1. Many international sports were introduced by the British who take their leisure time very seriously. There is widespread participation in sport in Britain.许多国际体育项目是由认真对待休闲时间的英国人引进的，在英国，人们广泛参与体育。
2. Football ( or "soccer" as it is colloquially called ), the most popular sport in England as well as in Europe, has its traditional home in England where it was developed in the 19th century.足球（口语叫"soccer"）,在英格兰和欧洲是最受欢迎的运动，其传统老家在英格兰，出现于19世纪。
3. The game "Rugby" was invented at Rugby School in Warwich shire in the early 19th century.拉格比球比赛19世纪初创立于沃尔威克郡的拉格比学校，因此而得名。
4. Cricket, the most typically English of sports, has been in existence since the 16th century. On an international level, 5-day Cornhill Test Matches.板球，是英国人最典型的体育运动，自从16世纪以来已存在。
国际比赛是5天的康希尔决赛。
英语国家概况 第8章 英国社会与文化
Cash Benefits5）改革reformsIn the late 1990s a working-families tax credit（税务减免）replaced income support for low-paid working households with children; the government introduced a national minimum wage;the government also introduced a children’s tax credit toprovide additional support to low-and middle-income families.5）改革：在20世纪90年代后期，提出工薪家庭税收减免政策，来取代对低收入家庭孩子的收入支持，政府还出台了国家最低工资标准。
政府还出台了一个儿童税收减免，以向中低收入家庭提供更多的支持。
在20世纪中期1）在20世纪中期，英国地方政府营造了简易住宅（包括公共房产）1980年2）1980年“购买权”法律的出现，很多租户变成了业主居住者。
21世纪开端3）21世纪开端，当地政府对房屋的占有率几乎减半。
1）教育国务大臣全面负责英格兰的教育，并对议会、教育部和科学部负责2）在苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰，教育部门由部长领导，并对区议会负责。
初、中级教育是地方政府的责任。
地方教育机构雇佣教师，并提供教育经费。
少数的学校由自愿者经营，多具备宗教性质。
也有一小部分是私营的。
3）初级教育是免费的，从5岁到11岁是义务教育。
地方教育机构通过各种组织形式，为11到19岁的孩子提供中等教育，中等教育是免费的，义务教育到16岁。
1）除了公立学校，一小部分私立学校（常被称为“公学”）为1到20岁的孩子提供教育。
2）在英国，那些私立学校常被称为“公学”。
3）这些学校的教育资金来源于学费和私人募捐。
4）其中的大部分学生来自富裕家庭，并非常愿意继续到名牌大学深造。
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英国国家概况（八）（中英文版）第八章Justice and the law法律与司法机构There is no single legal system in the United Kingdom. A feature common to all systems of law in the United Kingdom is that there is no complete code. The sources of law include (1) statutes; (2) a large amount of "unwritten" or common law; (3) equity law; (4) European Community. Another common feature is the distinction made between criminal law and civil law.联合王国不实行完全统一的法律制度。
联合王国所有法律制度的一个共同特点是没有以部完整的法典。
法典来源包括：（1）成文法；（2）大量的"不成文法"或习惯法；（3）衡平法；（4）欧共体法。
另一个共同的特点是刑法和民法之间的区别。
I．Criminal Proceedings刑事诉讼程序1. In England and Wales, once the police have charged a person with a criminal offence, the crown Prosecution Service assumes control of the case reviews the evidence to decide whether to prosecute.在英格兰和威尔士，一旦警察指控某人犯有刑事罪，皇家检察总署就要接管此案，并独立地审核证据以决定是否起诉。
2. In Britain all criminal trial are held in open count because the criminal law presumes the innocence of the accused until he has been proved guilty beyond reasonable doubt. The prosecution and the defense get equal treatment. No accused person has to answer the question of the police before trial. He is not compelled to give evidence in count. Every accused person has the right to employ a legal adviser to conduct his defense. If he can not afford to pay, he may be granted aid at public expense. In criminal trial by jury, the judge passes sentence, but the jury decided the issue of guilt or innocence. The jury composed of 12 or ordinary people. If the verdict of the jury can not be unanimous, it must be a majority.在英国，所有的刑事审判都在法院公开进行。
因为刑法认为，在消除合理怀疑证明被告有罪之前，他是无辜的。
原告与被告同样平等，审判时被告不必回答警察的问题，不许强迫被告提供证据。
每位被告都有权雇佣律师为其辩护。
如果他不能支付律师费，可以用公用费用提供帮助。
在由陪审团进行的刑事审判中，法官判刑，但陪审团决定是否有罪。
陪审团一般由12人组成。
如果陪审团不能做出一致判决，也必须是多数决定。
3.A verdict of " not guilt" means acquittal for the accused, who can never again be charged with that specific crime."无罪"裁决意味着被告无罪，并且永远不得再以此罪名对其指控。
II. Criminal Courts刑事法庭1. Criminal Courts in England and Wales英格兰和威尔士的刑事法庭Magistrates' Courts which try summary offences and "either way" offences.A magistrates' court, which is open to the public and the media, usually consists of three unpaid "lay" magistrates-known as justices of the peace-who are advised on point of law and procedure by a legally qualified assistant. A Magistrates' court sits without a jury.治安（警事）法庭，负责审理判决犯罪，也审理"任意方式"罪行。
治安法庭对公众和媒体公开，通常由三位无薪的"外行"地方官--地方治安官组成，由懂得法律知识的书记员和助手给他们提供法律规定和程序方面的建议。
治安法庭审察时没有陪审团。
Youth Court which try most cases involving people under 18.青少年法庭，负责审理18岁以下青年的大多数案件。
The Crown Court tries the most serious offences and 'either way" offences referred to it by magistrates. The Crown Court is presided over by High Court judges, full-time circuit Judges and part-time Recorders England and Wales are divided into six circuits for the purpose of hearing criminal case. Each circuit is divided into areas containing one or more centers of High Court and Crown Court.皇家刑事法庭。
负责审理最严重的罪行和由地方法官提交的"任意方式"罪行。
皇家刑事法庭由高级法院法官，全职巡回法官和兼任刑事法官主持。
为审理刑事案，英格兰和威尔士被分为六个巡回区，每个巡回区又分区域，每个区域有一个或多个高级法庭和皇家刑事法庭。
2. Criminal courts in Scotland苏格兰的刑事法庭There are three criminal courts in Scotland.（1）the High Court of Justiciary;(2) the sheriff court;(3) the district court. Scotland has two types of criminal procedure, know as solemn procedure and summary procedure. In solemn procedure, a defendant is tried by a judge sits without a jury.英格兰有三种刑事法院：（1）高级法院；（2）郡法院；（3）区法院。
英格兰有两种刑事诉讼：庄重诉讼和即决诉讼。
庄重诉讼里，被告由陪审团和法官审理。
在即决诉讼中，法官独自审理，不用陪审团。
3. Criminal courts in Northern Ireland北爱尔兰的刑事法庭Cases involving minor summary offences are heard by magistrates' courts presided over by a full-time legally qualified resident magistrate. County courts are primarily civil law courts. The Crown Court deals with criminal trails on indictment.涉及轻微即决犯罪的案件由治安法庭听审，法庭由全职的法律合格的常驻治安法官主持。
郡法庭主要是民事法庭。
皇家刑事法庭根据起诉进行刑事审判.III．Civil Courts民事法庭1. Civil Courts in England and Wales英格兰和威尔士的民事法庭Magistrates' Courts have limited civil jurisdiction, The main courts of civil jurisdiction are County Courts, the High Court deals with the more complicated civil case. Its jurisdiction covers mainly civil and some criminal cases. It has three divisions: (1) the family Division; (2) the Chancery Division; (3) the Queen's Bench Division.治安法庭只有一定的民事审判权。
主要行使民事司法权的是民事法院，高等法院处理更为复杂的民事案。
主要包括民事案和一些刑事案，高等法院有三个分支：（1）家事庭；（2）娃哈哈官庭；（3）王室庭。
2. Civil Courts in Scotland苏格兰的民事法庭The Civil Courts are the sheriff court and the Court of session.民事法院包括郡法院和巡回法院（最高中心法院）。