生化英译汉
生化检验复习题
习题集（教材：《生物化学检验》，李萍主编，人民卫生出版社，2002年第2版）一、名词解释1、抗凝剂2、决定性方法3、参考方法4、常规方法5、标准品6、一级标准品7、二级标准品8、控制物9、实验误差 10系统误差 11、随机误差 12、精密度 13、准确度 14、特异度 15、干扰 16、检测能力 17、回收试验 18、回收率 19、允许分析误差 20、参考值 21、参考范围 22、医学决定水平 23、金标准 24、ROC曲线 25、质量控制26、质控品 27、实验室认可 28、光谱分析 29、酶活性 30、酶活性单位 31、酶活性国际单位 32、延滞期 33、线性期 34、偏离线性期35、固定时间法 36、连续监测法 37、工具酶 38、心肌酶 39、急性时相反应蛋白 40、Lowry改良法 41、糖尿病 42、酮血症 43、OGTT 44、脂蛋白受体 45、清道夫受体46、残粒受体 47、高脂蛋白血症 48、脱水 49、高渗性脱水 50、等渗性脱水 51、低渗性脱水 52、水肿 53、血氧饱和度 54、Bohr效应 55、二氧化碳分压 56、氧分压 57、二氧化碳总量 58、实际碳酸氢盐 59、标准碳酸氢盐 60、缓冲碱 61、碱剩余 62、阴离子隙 63、微量元素 64、δ-胆红素 65、生物转化 66、卡门氏单位 67、肾小管重吸收 68、假肌酐 69、AMI 70、心脏标志物二、填空1、英译汉：NCCLS的中文全称是；IFCC的中文全称是。
2、IQC、 TRF、 APR、 GFR的中文全称依次为、、、。
3、BE的中文全称为，AG为，AB为，BB为。
4、生化检验常用的体液标本有、、和等，其中以标本最为常用。
5、生化检验中，是最常用的血液标本，是最常用的采血方法6、生化检验中常用的抗凝剂有、等。
7、血气分析多使用血。
8、离子交换法得到的纯水的纯度（高于/低于）蒸馏法得到的纯水的纯度。
9、临床实验室用水，一般选用级水，级水用于特殊实验，级水用作仪器的自来水清洁后冲洗。
四级英译汉
Translating1.Researchers have established that when people are mentally engaged, biochemical changes occur in the brain that allow it to act more effectively in cognitive(认知的)areas such as attention and memory.2.And someone with a history of doing more rather than less will go into old age more cognitively sound than someone who has not had an active mind.3.Too often we believe what accounts for others' success is some special secret or a lucky break(机遇). But rarely is success so mysterious.4.The latter ignores the higher cost of providing full services to a scattered community and the cost in both money and time of journeys to work for the suburban resident.5.For the population as a whole, we must be more concerned with the delayed effects of absorbing small amounts of the pesticides that invisibly pollute our world.6.An alternative to the market system is administrative control by some agency over all transactions. This agency will issue edictsor commands as to how much of each kind of goods and service should be produced, exchanged, and consumed by each economic unit.7.Aristotle,for example, whose natural science dominated western thought for two thousand years, believed that man could arrive at an understanding of reality by reasoning from self-evident principles.8.He still has the Purple Heart awarded him after he was wounded, although he has had a difficult time keeping it. His girlfriends, explains the bachelor, have wanted to wear it.9.In the developing country where a vastly expanded population is pressing hard upon the limits of food, space and natural resources, it will be the first concern of government to place a limit on the birth rate, whatever the consequences maybe.10.That was before we entered the permissive period in education in which we decided it was all right not to push our children to achieve their best in school.11.A second difference in male and female roles in that within marriage many decisions and responsibilities are shared. The husband and wife may choose to have children, or they may not. If they have children, the man may take care of them some of time, all of the time or not at all.12.Often however, the ambitions that parents have for their children are another cause of the division between them. Often they discover that they have very little in common with each other.13.These souvenir collectors chip off pieces of stone when the guards are not looking. This activity seems to be tolerated by other tourists standing nearby, as few complaints are ever recorded.14.It finds it in those other plats which, having received theirs free from the sun, relinquish it at some point in their cycle either to other animals or to fungi.15.Good sense is the most equitably distributed thing in the world, for each man considers himself so well provided with it that even those who are most difficult to satisfy in everything else do not usually wish to have more of it than they have already.答案:1.研究人员证实人们在动脑筋时，头脑里会产生生化变化，使头脑在注意力和记忆力这类认知领域中更加有效地活动。
生化英汉互译-名词解释
肽peptide 糖异生gluconeogenesis甘油三酯triglyceride 信号肽signal peptide磷脂phospholipid 翻译translation胆固醇cholesterol 遗传密码genetic codon脂蛋白lipoprotein 生物转化biotransformation脂肪酸fatty acid 胆汁酸bile acid乳糜微粒chylomicra CM 蛋白激酶protein kinase PK酮体ketone bodies 结构域domain极低密度脂蛋白very low density lipoprotein 变性denaturation低密度脂蛋白low density lipoprotein 碱基base高密度脂蛋白high density lipoprotein 双螺旋double helix转氨基作用transamination 酶enzyme关键酶key enzyme 核酶ribozyme半保留复制semiconservative replication 酶原zymogen端粒telomere 同工酶isoenzyme逆转录酶reverse transcriptase 变构调节allosteric编码链coding strand 共价修饰调节covalent modification 外显子exon 呼吸链respiratory chain内含子intron 氧化磷酸化oxidative phosphorylation 剪接cleavage splicing 葡萄糖glucose启动子promoter 反密码子anticodon有氧氧化aerobic oxidation 脂类lipids糖酵解glycolysis 柠檬酸循环citrate cycle三羧酸循环tricarboxylic acid cycle 糖原glycogen磷酸戊糖途径pentose phosphate pathway 血糖blood sugar生化名词解释1、结构域：指一些较大的蛋白质分子，其三级结构中具有两个或多个在空间上可明显区别的局部区域。
复试生化试题
天津医科大学2000年生物化学（基础）（硕士）一、名词解释：（30分）1.多核糖体循环2.联合脱氨基作用3.苹果酸-天冬氨酸穿梭4.限制性内切核酸酶5.支链氨基酸6. point mutation7. semi-conservative replication8. sodium pump9. Protein kinase 10.Hognees box二、简答题1. 说明下列物质在代谢中的重要性：（10分）⑴腺苷酸环化酶⑵加单氧酶⑶激素受体⑷酮体⑸外显子2.肝中葡萄糖-6-磷酸可能有哪些代谢途径。
（5分）3.试比较体内两种氨基甲酰磷酸合成酶在亚细胞定位及作用等方面的区别。
（5分）4.简述G蛋白Gs及Gi在激素信号传递过程中的作用机理。
5.试述糖原合成及分解的主要过程，并说明激素对它的调节。
6.HDL和VLDL在代谢上有何联系？（5分）7.合成血红素的原料是什么？限速酶是？如何调节？写出血红素合成过程中五个重要中间产物的名称。
（5分）三、论述题1.参与大肠杆菌DNA合成的酶及蛋白因子有哪些？各起什么作用？2. 试述糖、脂肪和蛋白质代谢之间有何联系？天津医科大学2000生物化学（专业）（硕士）一、名词解释：（30分）1.癌基因2.次级胆汁酸3.第二信使4.多功能酶5.信号肽6.semi-conservative replication7.homone receptor 8.antisense strand 9.Hognees box 10.oxidative phosphorylation二、简答题1. 写出下列化合物的分子式或结构式：（5分）⑴胸腺嘧啶⑵乙酰乙酸⑶天冬氨酸2.每molG彻底氧化净生成的ATPmol数为什么不是固定值，而是36或38？说明其机理和简要过程。
（10分）3.简述体内ATP是如何生成的？（5分）4.写出柠檬酸如何在体内彻底氧化CO2和水的简要过程。
（10分）5.完成下列酶催化的反应（可用文字或符号表达，可以不写结构式）。
第一章 生物化学绪论
生物化学不仅是一门对生命科学有着指导性的基础
理论学科，也是一门对国民经济有着重要意义之一的应用
学科，主要表现在以下几个方面：
（1）生物化学在工业上的应用
生物化学是食品发酵工业理论基础。
例如：食品工业制酱、酿酒、制醋；纺织工业上棉布浆化； 制革业上的毛皮毛脱脂；
（2）生物化学在农业上应用
生物化学也是农业的基础课。农作物的代谢都离不开生物 化学，以及农作物病虫防治等等。
Biochemistry 或 Biological Chemistry
现译为“生物化学”，简称“生化”。 实用文档
2、生物化学发展与起源
生物化学在18世纪开始萌芽，19世纪
初步发展，20世纪初才成为独立的学科。
首先，起源于法国，由法国传之于德
国，由德国而传到美国和英国。在20世纪
后，再由上述国家流传于其他各国。大约
生物化学
BIOCHEMISTRY
主讲：生物与制药工程学院 申 宁 实用文档
第一章 绪 论
生命与生物化学
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一 、生命的定义
具有复制的能力 具有催化的能力 具有突变的能力
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地球充满着生物，从最简单的病毒到菌 藻树草，从鱼虫鸟兽到最复杂的人类， 千姿百态。不同的生物，其形态、生理 特征和对环境的适应能力各不相同，都 经历着生长、发育、衰老、死亡的变化， 都具有繁殖后代的能力。
真核细胞中含有被核膜包着的核
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真核细胞的结构
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植物细胞的结构
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原核生物：地球上数量最多、分 布最广。代谢系多样性能适应各种 环境。 真核生物：一般为原核细胞的上千 倍～上万倍，有核，其构造与机能 均比原核生物复杂。
生化简答题
答案仅供参考10生工1班英译汉：糖酵解（EMP）磷酸果糖激酶（PFK）磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸（PEP）乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）三羧酸循环(TCA) 焦磷酸硫胺素（TPP）尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖（UDPG）磷酸戊糖途径（HMS）尿苷三磷酸（UTP）羟甲基戊二酸（HMG）脂酰基载体蛋白（ACP）甲羟戊酸（MV A）开放阅读框架（ORF）起始因子（原核IF/真核eIF）延长因子（EF）终止因子（RF）核糖体释放因子（RRF）三磷酸脱氧核苷（dNTP）核糖核苷二磷酸（NDP）单链结合蛋白（SSB）DNA聚合酶（DNA-pol）谷丙转氨酶（GPT）谷草转氨酶（GOT）苯丙酮尿症（PKU症）γ-氨基丁酸(GABA) 5-羟色胺（5-HT）多巴胺（DA）5-氟尿嘧啶（5-FU）5-磷酸核糖焦磷酸（PRPP）黄嘌呤核苷酸（XMP）次黄嘌呤核苷酸（IMP）黄素单核苷酸（FMN）黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸（FAD）CoI(NAD) CoⅡ(NADP)简答题1、简述在物质代谢中TCA循环的枢纽作用。
三羧酸循环是糖，脂肪和蛋白质三种主要有机物在体内彻底氧化的共同代谢途径，三羧酸循环的起始物乙酰-CoA，不但是糖氧化分解产物，它也可来自脂肪的甘油、脂肪酸和来自蛋白质的某些氨基酸代谢，因此三羧酸循环实际上是三种主要有机物在体内氧化供能的共同通路。
三羧酸循环也是体内三种主要有机物互变的联结机构，因糖和甘油在体内代谢可生成α-酮戊二酸及草酰乙酸等三羧酸循环的中间产物，这些中间产物可以转变成为某些氨基酸；而有些氨基酸又可通过不同途径变成α-酮戊二酸和草酰乙酸，再经糖异生的途径生成糖或转变成甘油，因此三羧酸循环起着枢纽作用。
2、简述氨中毒的机理。
高浓度氨与α-酮戊二酸形成谷氨酸，是大脑中的α-酮戊二酸大量减少，导致TCA循环无法正常进行，从而引起脑功能受损。
3、从生化的角度简述溶血性贫血的机理。
NADPH水平的降低，是蛋白质发生变化，使脂类发生过氧化作用，使红细胞产生高血红素，这些变化都使红细胞膜变弱，导致红细胞对损伤敏感，易破坏，常常发生溶血，引发溶血性贫血症。
往年考研生化真题
北京大学◇１９８８年生物化学一、选择题1.用茚三酮试剂确定氨基酸是靠它与下面()功能集团起作用。
2.影响酶催化效率的因素是()。
3.在适当条件下，盐酸胍变性球蛋白的可逆性，可证明()。
4.蛋白质中形成肽键平面的原因是()。
5.三个氨基酸(Asp，Leu，Lys)的混合物，经过一个sulphonotedpolysturene阳离子交换树脂粒，用PH5的缓冲液洗脱，洗脱液中氨基酸出现的顺序是()。
6.溶液A的PH为7.0，溶液B的PH为6.0的两个溶液的体积相等，则其H+的含量关()。
7.0.01N醋酸的PH为3.4,0.01NHCl的PH是2，用0.01NNaOH分别去中和15mL的以上醋酸和盐酸，试问需用()NaOH。
8.酶活性的国际单位(I.U.)定义为在30。
C下，将底物转化为产物，在()速度时的酶量。
9.在PH5.0的经DEAE-纤维素柱纯化酶，此酶的比活从2.2U/mg提高到303U/mg，表明()。
10.10-5毫克分子的乳酸脱氢酶，每秒催化10微克分子丙酮酸的生成，此酶的turnovernumber是()。
11.胰凝乳蛋白酶中电荷延迟系统是指()。
12.在整体代谢的调节环节调节中，别构效应可调节()。
13.A因子存在时，一个酶的初速度对底物浓度曲线为S形，而当A因子浓度增高时，此线左移，说明A因子是()。
14.一个酶的Km为3×10-5M，Vmax为转化8000克分子底物/分/克分子酶，底物浓度为3×10-5M时，初速度是()。
15.在一个2底物-2产物酶反应系统中，对其中一个底物的Km值是()。
16.一氧化碳有毒是因为()。
17.胶原蛋白的特性是()。
18.a螺旋与折叠的区别()。
19.促进酶分子催化反应的机制是()。
20.酶可以改变()。
21.转化丁二酸根为反丁二烯酸根所需要的酶是()。
22.激素17 -雌二醇发挥效应的位置在()。
23.3'-5'cAMP的性质是()。
专业名称 英译
专业名称对应英文翻译理学Natural Science数学Mathematics基础数学Fundamental Mathematics计算数学Computational Mathematics概率论与数理统计Probability and Mathematical Statistics应用数学Applied mathematics运筹学与控制论Operational Research and Cybernetics物理学Physics理论物理Theoretical Physics粒子物理与原子核物理Particle Physics and Nuclear Physics原子与分子物理Atomic and Molecular Physics等离子体物理Plasma Physics凝聚态物理Condensed Matter Physics声学Acoustics光学Optics无线电物理Radio Physics化学Chemistry无机化学Inorganic Chemistry分析化学Analytical Chemistry有机化学Organic Chemistry物理化学（含化学物理）Physical Chemistry (including Chemical Physics) 高分子化学与物理Chemistry and Physics of Polymers天文学Astronomy天体物理Astrophysics天体测量与天体力学Astrometry and Celestial Mechanics地理学Geography自然地理学Physical Geography人文地理学Human Geography地图学与地理信息系统Cartography and Geographic Information System 大气科学Atmospheric Sciences气象学Meteorology大气物理学与大气环境Atmospheric Physics and Atmospheric Environment 海洋科学Marine Sciences物理海洋学Physical Oceanography海洋化学Marine Chemistry海洋生理学Marine Biology海洋地质学Marine Geology地球物理学Geophysics固体地球物理学Solid Earth Physics空间物理学Space Physics地质学Geology矿物学、岩石学、矿床学Mineralogy, Petrology, Mineral Deposit Geology地球化学Geochemistry古生物学与地层学（含古人类学）Paleontology and Stratigraphy (includingPaleoanthropology)构造地质学Structural Geology第四纪地质学Quaternary Geology生物学Biology植物学Botany动物学Zoology生理学Physiology水生生物学Hydrobiology微生物学Microbiology神经生物学Neurobiology遗传学Genetics发育生物学Developmental Biology细胞生物学Cell Biology生物化学与分子生物学Biochemistry and Molecular Biology生物物理学Biophysics生态学Ecology系统科学Systems Science系统理论Systems Theory系统分析与集成Systems Analysis and Integration科学技术史History of Science and Technology农业科学农学Agriculture作物学Crop Science作物栽培学与耕作学Crop Cultivation and Farming System作物遗传育种学Crop Genetics and Breeding园艺学Horticulture果树学Pomology蔬菜学Olericulture茶学Tea Science农业资源利用学Utilization Science of Agricultural Resources土壤学Soil Science植物营养学Plant Nutrition植物保护学Plant Protection植物病理学Plant Pathology农业昆虫与害虫防治Agricultural Entomology and Pest Control农药学Pesticide Science畜牧学Animal Science动物遗传育种与繁殖Animal Genetics, Breeding and ReproductionScience动物营养与饲料科学Animal Nutrition and Feed Science草业科学Practaculture Science特种经济动物饲养学（含蚕、蜂等）The Rearing of Special-type EconomicAnimals (including Silkworm, Honeybees, etc.)兽医学V eterinary Medic ine基础兽医学Basic V eterinary Medicine预防兽医学Preventive V eterinary Medicine临床兽医学Clinical V eterinary Medicine林学Forestry林木遗传育种学Forest Tree Genetics and Breeding森林培育学Silviculture森林保护学Forest Protection森林经理学Forest Management野生动植物保护与利用Wildlife Conservation and Utilization园林植物与观赏园艺Ornamental Plants and Horticulture水土保持与荒漠化防治Soil and Water Conservation and Desertification Combating水产学Fisheries Science水产养殖学Aquaculture Science捕捞学Fishing Science渔业资源学Science of Fisheries Resources医药科学医学Medicine基础医学Basic Medicine人体解剖与组织胚胎学Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology免疫学Immunology病原生物学Pathogenic Organisms病理学与病理生理学Pathology and Pathophysiology法医学Forensic Medicine放射医学Radiation Medicine航空航天与航海医学Aerospace and Nautical medicine临床医学Clinical Medic ine内科学（含心血管病学、血液病学、呼吸系病学、消化系病学、内分泌与代谢病学、肾脏病学、风湿病学、传染病学）Internal 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A acetone丙酮acyl carrier protein酰基载体蛋白acyl carrier protein ACP脂酰基载体蛋白adenine腺嘌呤aerobic oxidation有氧氧化alanine-glucose cycle丙氨酸-葡萄糖循环albumin清蛋白allosteric regulation别构调节amino acid氨基酸antioncogene抗癌基因aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase氨基酰tRNA合成酶annealing 退火anticodon反密码子apolipoprotein载脂蛋白ascorbic acid抗坏血酸asymmetric transcription不对称转录
B biotin生物熟biological oxidation生物氧化blunt end冲结束biotransformation生物转化bile胆汁bile pigment胆汁色素
C catalase过氧化物酶Catecholamine 儿茶酚胺chemical modification 化学修饰
cholestetol胆固醇coding strand编码链coenzyme辅酶competitive inhibition竞争性抑制configuration构型conformation构象consensus sequence 共同序列cytochrome细胞色素covalent modification共价修饰cytosin胞嘧啶cis-acting element顺式作用元件
catabolite gene activation protein CAP分解代谢物基因激活蛋白coding sequence编码序列cosmid vector粘性向量cohesive end黏性末端calcitriol骨化三醇calmodulin钙调节蛋白
D decarboxylation脱羧基作用degeneracy简并性denaturation变性de nove synthesis从头合成deoxyribonucleic acid 脱氧核糖核酸dipeptide二肽domain 结合域,
direct react bilirubin直接反应胆红素
E enzyme 酶essential group 必须基因exonuclease 核酸外切酶exon 内含子eryrhropoitin EPO 促红细胞生成素enhancer增强子enterohepatic circulation肝-肠循环
F folic acid 叶酸feed back 反馈
G genetic code基因密码子gene mutation基因突变globulin球蛋白glucagon胰高血糖素glycolysis糖酵解glycogen storage disease糖原累积症glycogenolysis糖原分解gluconeogenesis 糖异生guanine 鸟嘌呤genome基因组genetic engineering基因工程genetic library基因库gene therapy基因治疗
H HMG-CoA reductase 羟甲基戊二酸单酰辅酶A还原酶house-keeping gene管家基因hormone sensitive lipase HSL激素敏感脂肪酶hormone response element 激素反应元件helicase 解链酶hemoglobin 血红蛋白human genome project HGP人类基因组计划
I isoelectric point等电点isoenzyme 同工酶insulin 胰岛素IMP次黄嘌呤核苷一磷酸intron 外显子
J jaundice黄疸
K ketone bodies 酮体key enzymes 关键酶
L lipoprotein脂蛋白lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase LCAT卵磷脂胆固醇脂酰基转移酶lipoprotein lipase LPL脂蛋白脂肪酶ligase连接酶leading strand前导链lariat套索lagging strand随从链
M motif 模序methionine cycle 甲硫氨酸循环molecular disease 分子病
molecular cloning分子克隆
N nucleotide核苷酸nitrogen balance 氮平衡nutritional essential amino acid 营养必需氨基酸non-protein nitrogen 非蛋白氮nonocistron单顺反子
O oxidative phosphorylation 氧化磷酸化one carbon unit 一碳单位循环operon操纵子okazaki fragment 冈崎片段oncogen致癌基因operator操纵基因ossifiction骨化
P peptide bond 肽键protein蛋白质prion朊病毒pyrimidine 嘧啶purine 嘌呤
pentose phosphate pathway磷酸戊糖途径Peptidyl site 肽位Perioxidase 过氧化氢酶phospholipids磷脂plasma血浆polymerase聚合酶post-transcriptional modification转录后修饰primase引物酶primer引物proenzyme酶原promoter启动子primary transcript初级转录产物protein kinase 蛋白激酶proviramin A 维生素A原PRPP 5-磷酸核糖-1-焦磷酸
poycistron多顺反子parathyroid hormone PTH甲状旁腺激素
R ribonucleic acid 核糖核酸ribozyme 核酶retinol 视黄醇riboflavin 核黄素respiratory chain 呼吸链revese trascriptase 逆转录酶replication fork 复制叉reverse transcription 反转录作用recombinant DNA technology重组DNA技术
restriction endonuclease限制性内切核酸酶rickets软骨病
S superoxide dismutase 超氧化物歧化酶salvage pathway 补救合成途径semiconservation replication 半保留复制single strand binding protein SSB 单链结合蛋白small nuclear RNA 小核RNA splicesome 剪接体serum 血清
T transaminase 转氨酶template 模板telomerase 端粒酶topoisomerase 拓扑异构酶telomere 端粒transcription factor 转录因子translation 翻译transferrin 运铁蛋白trans-acting factors反式作用因子target DNA目标DNA transformation转化
U uncoupler 接偶联剂urea 尿素uric acid 尿酸ubiquitin 泛素
V vitamin 维生素vector向量
W wobble base pair 不稳定碱基配对
X xanthine oxidase 黄嘌呤氧化酶
Z zwitte iron兼性离子zymogen 酶原
αketoacid α酮酸
βhydroxyl butyrate β羟丁酸
DNA保证复制高保真：严格配对聚合酶选择校读修复原核DNA聚合酶Ⅰ水解引物Ⅱ不详修复Ⅲ合成前导链冈崎逆转录酶三活性端粒线形末端蛋白结合重复序列维持稳定性复制完整性端粒酶RNA+蛋白质（逆转录酶活性）爬行合成解决5末端缩短问题参与DNA复制6解拓单引聚连。