考研英语真题阅读理解试题及名师解析十三.doc

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[实用参考]历年考研英语真题阅读理解试题及名师解析汇总【共10套】

历年考研英语真题阅读理解试题及名师解析(1-10)汇总AhistorPoflongandeffortlesssuccesscanbeadreadfulhandicap,but,ifprope rlPhandled,itmaPbecomeadrivingforce.WhentheUnitedStatesenteredjust suchaglowingperiodaftertheendoftheSecondWorldWar,ithadamarketeig httimeslargerthananPcompetitor,givingitsindustriesunparalleledeconomi esofscale.Itsscientistsweretheworld'sbest,itsworkersthemostskilled.Ameri caandAmericanswereprosperousbePondthedreamsoftheEuropeansandA sianswhoseeconomiesthewarhaddestroPed.ItwasinevitablethatthisprimacPshouldhavenarrowedasothercountriesgre wricher.JustasinevitablP,theretreatfrompredominanceprovedpainful.BPth emid-1980sAmericanshadfoundthemselvesatalossovertheirfadingindust rialcompetitiveness.SomehugeAmericanindustries,suchasconsumerelect ronics,hadshrunkorvanishedinthefaceofforeigncompetition.BP1987there wasonlPoneAmericantelevisionmakerleft,Zenith.(Nowthereisnone:Zenith wasboughtbPSouthKorea'sLGElectronicsinJulP。

考研英语阅读理解精选试题及答案解析

考研英语阅读理解精选试题及答案解析考研英语阅读理解精选试题及答案解析Unit1Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. （40 points）T ext 1It?s plain common sense? D the more happiness you feel, the less unhappiness you experience. It?s plain common sense, but it?s not true. Recent research reveals that happiness and unhappiness are not really two sides of the same emotion. They are two distinct feelings that, coexisting, rise and fall independently.People might think that the higher a person?s level of unhappiness, the lower their level of happiness and vice versa. But when researchers measure people?s average levels of happiness and unhappiness, they often find little relationship between the two.The recognition that feelings of happiness and unhappiness can co-exist much like love and hate in a close relationship may offer valuable clues on how to lead a happier life. It suggests, for example, that changing or avoiding things that make you mise rable may well make you less miserable, but probably won?t make you any happier. That advice is backed up by an extraordinary series of studies which indicate that a genetic predisposition for unhappiness may run in certain families. On the other hand, res earchers have found happiness doesn?t appear to be anyone?s heritage. The capacity for joy is a talentyou develop largely for yourself.Psychologists have settled on a working definition of the feeling ?D happiness is a sense of subjective well-being. They have also begun to find out who?s happy, who isn?t and why. To date, the research hasn?t found a simple formula for a happy life, but it has discovered some of the actions and attitudes that seem to bring people closer to that most desired of feelings.Why is unhappiness less influenced by environment? When we are happy, we are more responsive to people and keep up connections better than when we are feeling sad. This doesn?t mean, however, that some people are born to be sad and that?s that. Genes may predispose one to unhappiness, but disposition can be influenced by personal choice. You can increase your happiness through your own actions.1. According to the text, it is true that［A］unhappiness is more inherited than affected by environment.［B］happiness and unhappiness are mutually conditional.［C］unhappiness is subject to external more than internal factors.［D］happiness is an uncontrollable subjective feeling.2. The author argues that one can achieve happiness by［A］maintaining it at an average level.［B］escaping miserable occurrences in life.［C］pursuing it with one?s painstaking effort.［D］realizing its coexistence with unhappiness.3. The phrase “To date” (Par.4) can be best replaced by［A］As a result.［B］In addition.［C］At present.［D］Until now.4. What do you think the author believes about happinessand unhappiness?［A］One feels unhappy owing to his miserable origin.［B］They are independent but existing concurrently［C］One feels happy by participating in more activities.［D］They are actions and attitudes taken by human beings.5. The sentence “That?s that” (Par. 5) probably means: Some people are born to be sad ［A］and the situation cannot be altered.［B］and happiness remains inaccessible.［C］but they don?t think much about it.［D］but they remain unconscious of it.Text 2The legal limit for driving after drinking alcohol is 80 milligrams of alcohol in 100 millilitres of blood, when tested. But there is no sure way of telling how much you can drink before you reach this limit. It varies with each person depending on your weight, your sex, if you?ve just eaten and what sort of drinks you?ve had. Some people might reach their limit after only about three standard drinks.In fact, your driving ability can be affected by just one or two drinks. Even if you?re below the legal limit, you could still be taken to court if a police officer thinks your driving has been affected by alcohol.It takes about an hour for the body to get rid of the alcohol in one standard drink. So, if you have a heavy drinking in the evening you might find that your driving ability is still affected the next morning, or you could even find that you?re still over the legal limit. In addition, if you?ve had a few drinks at lunchtime, another one ortwo drinks in the early evening may well put you over thelegal limit.In a test with professional drivers, the more alcoholic drinks they had had, the more certain they were that they could drive a test course through a set of movable posts... and the less able they were to do it!So the only way to be sure you?re safe is not to drink at all.Alcohol is a major cause of road traffic accidents. One in three of the drivers killed in road accidents have levels of alcohol which are over the legal limit, and road accidents after drinking are the biggest cause of death among young men. More than half of the people stopped by the police to take a breath test have a blood alcohol concentration of more than twice the legal limit.It is important to remember that driving after you?ve been drinking doesn?t just affect you. If you?r e involved in an accident it affects a lot of other people as well, not least the person you might kill or injure.6. The amount of alcohol a driver can drink within the legal limit is［A］about 80mg of pure alcohol.［B］about three standard drinks.［C］in proportion to his weight.［D］varying with different people.7. You might be accused of drunk driving when［A］you drive upon having some drinks.［B］you become a helpless alcohol addict.［C］your driving is found abnormal for drinking.［D］your alcohol percentage fails the test.8. A test showed that drunken professional drivers could［A］have greater confidence than sober ones.［B］move away a set of posts on the test ground.［C］fail in the test despite their self-affirmation.［D］serve as alarming examples to potential drivers.9. Alcohol is the major cause of traffic accidents because［A］more than 30% road casualties are drink drivers.［B］drinking affects people?s mind and emotion.［C］about one-third drivers are used to drinking.［D］young drivers are familiar among traffic victims.10. About drink driving, the author warns you of the fact that you［A］may be taken to court by the police.［B］are putting yourself in danger.［C］may hurt or kill another driver.［D］are setting other people at risk.Text 3There are various ways in which individual economic units can interact with one another. Three basic ways may be described as the market system, the administered system, and the traditional system.In a market system individual economic units are free to interact among each other in the marketplace. It is possible to buy commodities from other economic units or sell commodities to them. In a market, transaction may take place via barter or money exchange. In a barter economy, real goods such as automobiles, shoes and pizzas are traded against each other. Obviously, finding somebody who wants to trade my old car in exchange for a sailboat may not always be an easy task. Hence, the introduction of money as a medium of exchange eases transactions considerably. In the modern market economy, goods and services are bought or sold for money.An alternative for the market system is administrative control by some agency over all transactions. This agency will issue edicts (orders) or commands as to how much of each good and service should be produced, exchanged, and consumed by each economic unit. Central planning may be one way of administering such an economy. The central plan, drawn up by the government, shows the amounts of each commodity produced by the various firms and allocated to different households for consumption. This is an example of complete planning of production, consumption, and exchange for the whole economy.In a traditional society, production and consumption patterns are governed by tradition; every person?s place within the economic system is fixed by parentage(origin), religion, and custom. Transactions take place on the basis of tradition, too. People belonging to a certain group or caste(social class) may have an obligation to care for other persons, provide them with food and shelter, care for their health, and provide for their education. Clearly, in a system where every decision is made on the basis of tradition alone, progress may be difficult to achieve.A stagnant (unchanging) society may result.11. The main purpose of the text is to［A］interpret the essence of general economics.［B］compare barter and cash-exchange markets.［C］outline contrasting types of economic systems.［D］argue for the superiority of a certain economy.12. The word “real” in “real goods”(Par.2) could best be re placed by［A］genuine.［B］concrete.［C］durable.［D］practical.13. According to the text, a barter economy may lead to［A］unfair transaction.［B］direct conflicts.［C］gradual deflation.［D］trading troubles.14. In an administered system, business activities are under the direction of［A］major economic organizations.［B］general public advisory body.［C］large commercial companies.［D］certain official departments.15. All of the following are mentioned as factors determining one?s place in a traditional society EXCEPT［A］family background.［B］age and education.［C］religious beliefs.［D］established experience.Text 4It?s possible that while you are at work, you may dream about a month of Sundays, but your boss wishes for a week of Tuesday. That?s because she/he probably knows that productivity is one of the main factors bolstering (supporting) a company?s growth. And a recent poll shows that workers are most productive on Tuesdays!Accountemps, an employment agency, conducted a national survey of office managers, which shows that by the middle of the week, they see a dramatic productivity decrease. While Monday is considered second in “productivity value,” only nine percent of office managers think Wednesday is the peak productivity day. Five percent believe it is Thursday. And Friday, well, you can just imagine! However, forty-eight percent of the managers polled said that Tuesday is, by far, the most productive day of the week.A close analysis of workweek rhythms would turn up some obvious reasons for those survey results. First of all, Monday is overloaded with meetings, designed to “get things moving,”and everybody knows meetings aren?t very productive. Wednesday is “hump day”(驼峰日) ?D get over it as painlessly as possible, a worker thinks, and the week is more than halfway over. On Thursday, people are running out of steam; and Friday, everybody?s thinking about the weekend. There are reasons why the other days aren?t produc tive, but what makes Tuesday special?Tuesdays, employees hit peak performance because they are very focused on day-to-day activities. Also, it?s usually the first day of the week when they?re focused on their own task. They?re not in meetings that take them away from their primary responsibilities. Actually, Tuesdays can be quite hectic (full of excitement and without rest). Workers are arriving at work fairly frantic (wildly excited). And so, in 10 hours, they?re doing 20-hour work. That?s productive, but it?s also tough.This does not mean that nothing happens on the last three days of the workweek. Things do not get so lax that people are sitting with their feet on desks, sipping coffee and talking on the phone all day, but there?s a definite lack of focus. The pace sof tens and the rhythm slows down. And this is not healthy: it produces fatigue and lowers productivity. To prevent this midweek slowdown, some management consultants suggest that employers avoid jamming so many meetings into Mondays. Work deadlines can be rescheduled to stretch out the workflow. Variations in productivity are only natural, but both workers and bosses win when the peaks and valleys are less dramatic than they are now.16. According to the poll, which of the following days is most productive?［A］Thursday.［B］Friday.［C］Monday.［D］Wednesday.17. The peak productivity day of the week is marked by［A］violent excitement and activity.［B］due enthusiasm and creativity.［C］hurried and disordered movement.［D］full concentration and efficiency.18. The word “lax” in the last paragraph means［A］usually negligible.［B］lacking in control.［C］totally distractive.［D］worthy of relaxing.19. With respect to the changes in productivity, the text suggests that［A］work deadlines can be readjusted.［B］they are reasonable and expectable.［C］Monday meetings may be called off.［D］their differences are to be minimized.20. The author has explained all of the following EXCEPT［A］the steps taken to alter workweek rhythms.［B］the productivity on the 6th day of the week.［C］the reason why midweek slowdown takes place.［D］the concern bosses have about low productivity.Part BDirections:You are going to read a list of headings and a text about marketing strategies. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A ?D F for each numbered paragraph (21 ?D 25). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)［A］Which marketing tactic must an entity take?［B］Quality first, competition second［C］Exemplify offensive measures［D］Complex factors cause due market analysis［E］The motive for proceeds also functions［F］Strategy varies with external conditionsThere are three general marketing strategies that an organization can adopt.21.The first is an aggressive strategy, characterized by generating a great deal of promotion, varying prices, changing the times and places at which the products/services are offered, differentiating the products/services from those of competing organizations, hiring creative salespersons to promote the products/services, spending lots of money on marketing activities, and so forth.22.The second general marketing strategy is a minimal one, characterized by doing very little promotion, pricing below market, offering services at traditional places and times, spending very little money on promotion and salespersons, and so forth. The third is a balanced marketing strategy, an in-between strategy that differs from an aggressive strategy and a minimal strategy only in degree. These three strategies are appropriate alternatives for any organization. However, not every organization needs an aggressive strategy, nor does every organization need a balanced strategy or a minimal one. The situation facing each entity is obviously different, calling for an analysis of the factors that dictate which of the three alternative strategies is most suitable for each organization.23.The first major factor is the nature of the market competition facing the organization. If it is in a monopoly position, with no direct competitors in its market area, then a minimal marketing strategy is suitable. However, if the organization is in an oligopoly market position, with a few competitors in its market area, then abalanced marketing strategy is called for. If there is a high degree of competition and several competing products/services in its market area, this would suggest an aggressive marketing strategy. Further, if there are many other forms of indirect competition, then the organization should pursue a balanced marketing strategy.24.The second major factor is the quality of the products/services offered. If the organization has high-quality products/services, a minimal marketing strategy is called for, other factors being equal. If it is in a weak market position with low-quality products/services, a minimal marketing strategy should be pursued. If the products/services are of medium quality, this would suggest a balanced strategy.25.The third major factor is the revenue strategies that the managers may desire to pursue. For example, if the managers want to maximize the organization?s revenues from its products? services, then the organization should adopt an aggressive marketing strategy. If it wants to minimize revenues, then it should pursue a minimal strategy. However, if it wants to balance its revenues? D not maximizing and not minimizing ?D then a balanced marketing strategy is called for. These factors may be summarized and put into decision model for an administrator to use in deciding which general marketing strategy his/her organization should use. Once the strengths and weaknesses are weighted for each factor, an overall evaluation can be completed, allowing the administrator to arrive at an overall decision ?D that is ,whether to follow an aggressive, balanced, or minimal general marketing strategy.Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and thentranslate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10 points) Not long ago, technology in the home was carved up into well-defined territories: The PC ?D care of Microsoft, Intel, Dell, and the like ?D presided over the home office. The television and stereo were king and queen of the living room. These days, though, the digital revolution is shaking up that comfortable ease. (26)With the advent of MP3 music files, personal video recorders, game machines, digital cameras, and a host of other media and services, it?s no longer clear who controls which bit of home floor. And that has set off a battle for dominance in home entertainment.The shake-up covers the technology spectrum. Microsoft Corp. is spending billions on entertainment initiatives such as its X-box video game comfort. Compaq Computer Corp. and Hewlett??Packard Co. sell MP3 music players that plug into home??stereosystems. Philips Electronics sells a stereo that hooks into a high-speed Internet connection to play music from the Web.Consumers are getting the message. (27) Sales of many of these devices should take off this year and next: U.S. shipments of MP3 digital music players for listening to songs downloaded from the Net are expected to jump by more than 50% this year, to 7 million units, according to researchers International Data Corp. Sales of personal video recorders, such as TiV o, which let you record TV shows for later viewing, should nearly triple this year in the U.S., to 2.2 million units.Even high-definition television(HDTV) ?D the durable Next Big Thing ?D may soon take off. (28) By the end of 2003, nearly 6 million U.S. homes should have HDTV sets, and by yearend, some7.7 million American homes are expected to have networks to tie their digital gear together, with strong growth spurred by a new standard for wireless links called WiFi.Call it the next big wave of technology. (29) After the PC era and the Internet Age, many consumers have grown comfortable with tech: Two-thirds of U.S. homes own PCs today, while 60% have Internet access, according to researchers Gartner Data-quest. To reach the rest of the market, technology companies need to build simpler devices that offer more entertainment. (30) And these new machines need to work together as readily as stereo components do today, and should be nearly as easy to set up and use as a telephone or a television. That is leading to the computerization of technology over the next five to ten years. The future is about MP3 players, digital video, and the like.参考答案Part AText 1: 1. A2. C3. D4. B5. AText 2: 6. D7. C8. C9. B10. DText 3: 11. C12. B13. D14. D15. BText 4: 16. C17. D18. B19. D20. APart B21. C 22. A 23. F 24. B 25. EPart C26. 随着MP3音乐文档、个人录像机、游戏机、数码照相机及许多其它媒体和服务器的问世，究竟谁会占据家庭中的哪块地盘，就很难说了。

考研英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)

考研英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)考研英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)第一部分：阅读理解（共两节，满分40分）第一节 (共15小题; 每小题2分，满分30分)阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

AFor hundreds of years, scientists have been trying to untangle(理清) the mysteries of human memory. 1)[While in the early years they believed memories were hard-wired into the brain], we now know that memory is a complex process that involves both the brain and the mind.The brain plays a key role in memory 2)[by processing new information and storing it. However, it cannot act alone. Without the mind's ability to pay attention and make value judgments, the brain would have no way to determine which information is important enough to be stored as a memory.] This interaction between the brain and the mind is crucial for memory storage.3)[Another important factor in memory is repetition, which strengthens neural connections and helps memories to endure. Repetition is particularly useful in learning new skills or acquiring new knowledge.] For example, when we learn a new language, we repeat new vocabulary words over and over until they become part of our long-term memory.Emotion is also closely related to memory. 4)[Emotional experiences tend to be more memorable than neutral ones.] This is because the amygdala, the brain's emotional center, releases stress hormones that can enhance memory formation. For example, if you experience something deeply emotional, such as winning a prize or going through a traumatic event, you are more likely to remember it vividly.5)[Furthermore, the context in which a memory is encoded can impact our ability to recall it later.] Context-dependent memory refers to the phenomenon where our memory is influenced by the environment in which we learned or experienced something. For example, if you study for an exam in a particular room and then take the exam in that same room, you are more likely to remember the information because the context cues your memory.In conclusion, memory is a complex process that involves the brain, the mind, repetition, emotion, and context. 6)[By understanding these factors, we can improve our memory and enhance our ability to learn and retain information.]1. According to the passage, what was the early belief about memory?A. It is a simple process controlled by the brain.B. It is a complex process involving both the brain and the mind.C. It is a natural ability of human beings.D. It is a hard-wired function of the mind.2. What is the role of the mind in memory storage?A. It determines which information is important.B. It processes new information and stores it.C. It helps repeat words and phrases.D. It releases stress hormones for memory formation.3. What does the passage say about repetition?A. It helps acquire new skills.B. It strengthens neural connections.C. It enhances emotional experiences.D. It cues memory in a particular context.4. Why are emotional experiences more memorable?A. They involve repetitive learning.B. They trigger the brain's emotional center.C. They release stress hormones for memory formation.D. They are associated with context-dependent memory.5. How does context impact memory recall?A. It determines the importance of information.B. It influences emotional experiences.C. It strengthens neural connections.D. It cues memory in a particular environment.6. What is the main purpose of the passage?A. To describe the complexities of human memory.B. To discuss the role of the brain in memory storage.C. To explain the connection between emotion and memory.D. To offer strategies for improving memory.解析：1. D。

13年考研英语真题及解析

10. [A] chosen [B] studied [C] found [D] identified11. [A] exceptional [B] defensible [C] replaceable [D] otherwise12. [A] inspired [B] expressed [C] conducted [D] secured13. [A] assigned [B] rated [C] matched [D] arranged14. [A] put [B] got [C] gave [D] took15. [A] instead [B] then [C] ever [D] rather16. [A] selected [B] passed [C] marked [D] introduced17. [A] before [B] after [C] above [D] below18. [A] jump [B] float [C] drop [D] fluctuate19. [A] achieve [B] undo [C] maintain [D] disregard20. [A] promising [B] possible [C] necessary [D] helpfulSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada, Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn‘t affect her, Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant‘s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to departments stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn‘t be more out of date or at odds with the feverish would be described in Overdressed,Elizabeth Cline‘sthree-year indictment of ―fast fashion‖. In the last decade or so, advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara, H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent release, and more profit. These labels encouragestyle-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable-meant to last only a wash or two, although they don‘t advertise that –and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks. Byoffering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking an industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.The victims of this revolution, of course, are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a $5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2,300-pius stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amounts of harmful chemicals.Overdressed is the fashion world‘s answer to consumer-activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan‘s The Omnivore‘s Dilemma. ―Mass-produced clothing, like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-du rable and wasteful,‖ Cline argues. Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year – about 64 items per person – and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste.Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named Sarah Kate Beaumont, who since 2008 has made all of her own clothes – and beautifully. But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; her example can‘t be knocked off.Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment – including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection line –Cline believes lasting change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can‘t afford not to.21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for her[A] poor bargaining skill.[B] insensitivity to fashion.[C] obsession with high fashion.[D] lack of imagination.22. According to Cline, mass-market labels urge consumers to[A] combat unnecessary waste.[B] shut out the feverish fashion world.[C] resist the influence of advertisements.[D] shop for their garments more frequently.23. The word ―indictment‖ (Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning to[A] accusation.[B] enthusiasm.[C] indifference.[D] tolerance.24. Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?[A] Vanity has more often been found in idealists.[B] The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.[C] People are more interested in unaffordable garments.[D] Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.25. What is the subject of the text?[A] Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.[B] Challenge to a high-fashion myth.[C] Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.[D] Exposure of a mass-market secret.Text 2An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted-the trouble is, no one knows which half. In the internet age, at least in theory, this fraction can be much reduced. By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim―behavioural‖ ads at those most likely to buy.In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of suchfine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads? Or should they have explicit permission?In December 2010 America's Federal Trade Commission (FTC) proposed adding a "do not track "(DNT) option to internet browsers ,so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed .Microsoft's Internet Explorer and Apple's Safari both offer DNT ;Google's Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and Digital Advertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on responding to DNT requests.On May 31st Microsoft Set off the row: It said that Internet Explorer 10, the version due to appear windows 8, would have DNT as a default.It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Getting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tellwhether someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft‘s default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. After all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on default will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for windows 8-though the firm has compared some of its other products favourably with Google's on that count before. Brendon Lynch, Microsoft's chief privacy officer, blogger: "we believe consumers should have more control." Could it really be that simple?26. It is suggested in paragraph 1 that ―behavioural‖ ads help advertisers to:[A] ease competition among themselves[B] lower their operational costs[C] avoid complaints from consumers[D] provide better online services27. ―The industry‖ (Line 6,Para.3) refers to:[A] online advertisers[B] e-commerce conductors[C] digital information analysis[D] internet browser developers28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default[A] many cut the number of junk ads[B] fails to affect the ad industry[C] will not benefit consumers[D] goes against human nature29. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph.6?[A] DNT may not serve its intended purpose[B] Advertisers are willing to implement DNT[C] DNT is losing its popularity among consumers[D] Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioural ads30. The author's attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of:[A] indulgence[B] understanding[C] appreciation[D] skepticismText 3Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largely - though by no means uniformly - glowingly positive. Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climate change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.But such gloominess is misplaced. The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years - so why shouldn't we? Take a broader look at our species' place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years. Look up Homo sapiens in the "Red List" of threatened species of the International Union for the Conversation of Nature (IUCN) ,and you will read: "Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline."So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organizations are now thinking seriously about that question. For example, the Long Now Foundation has its flagship project a medical clock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence.Perhaps willfully, it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of today's technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it's perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. That's one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future.But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance. As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad. To be sure, the future is not all rosy. But we are now knowledgeable enough to reduce many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come.31. Our vision of the future used to be inspired by[A] our desire for lives of fulfillment[B] our faith in science and technology[C] our awareness of potential risks[D] our belief in equal opportunity32. The IUCN‘s ―Red List‖ suggest that human bei ng are[A] a sustained species[B] a threaten to the environment[C] the world‘s dominant power[D] a misplaced race33. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5?[A] Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies.[B] Technology offers solutions to social problem.[C] The interest in science fiction is on the rise.[D] Our Immediate future is hard to conceive.34. To ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial to[A] explore our planet‘s abundant resources[B] adopt an optimistic view of the world[C] draw on our experience from the past[D] curb our ambition to reshape history35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Uncertainty about Our Future[B] Evolution of the Human Species[C] The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind[D] Science, Technology and HumanityText 4On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona‘s immigration law Monday-a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration. But on the more important matter of the Constitution, the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administration‘s effort to upset the balance of power between the federal government and the states.In Arizona v. United States, the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona‘s contr oversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigration law. The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to ―establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization ‖and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial . Arizona had attempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones.Justice Anthony Kennedy, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court‘s liberals, ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun. On the overturned provisions the majority held the congress had deliberately ―occupied the field‖ and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal‘s privileged powers.However, the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who com e in contact with law enforcement. That‘s because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.Two of the three objecting Justice-Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas-agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute. The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia, who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the alien and Sedition Acts.The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as ―a shocking assertion of federal executive power‖. The White House argued that Arizona‘s laws c onflicted with its enforcement priorities, even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter. In effect, the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with.Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship and the borders is among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status, it could. It never did so. The administration was in essence asse rting that because it didn‘t want to carry out Congress‘s immigration wishes, no state should be allowed to do so either. Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.36. Three provisions of Arizona‘s plan were overturned because they[A] deprived the federal police of Constitutional powers.[B] disturbed the power balance between different states.[C] overstepped the authority of federal immigration law.[D] contradicted both the federal and state policies.37. On which of the following did the Justices agree, according to Paragraph4?[A] Federal officers‘ duty to withhold immigrants ‗information.[B] States‘ independence from federal immigration law.[C] States‘ legitimate role in immigration enforcement.[D] Congress‘s intervention in im migration enforcement.38. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that the Alien and Sedition Acts[A] violated the Constitution.[B] undermined the states‘ interests.[C] supported the federal statute.[D] stood in favor of the states.39. The White House claims that its power of enforcement[A] outweighs that held by the states.[B] is dependent on the states‘ support.[C] is established by federal statutes.[D] rarely goes against state laws.40. What can be learned from the last paragraph?[A] Immigration issues are usually decided by Congress.[B] Justices intended to check the power of the Administration.[C] Justices wanted to strengthen its coordination with Congress.[D] The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.Part BDirections:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answerson ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The social sciences are flourishing. As of 2005, there were almost half a million professional social scientists from all fields in the world, working both inside and outside academia. According to the World Social Science Report 2010, the number ofsocial-science students worldwide has swollen by about 11% every year since 2000.Yet this enormous resource in not contributing enough to today‘s global challenges including climate change, security, sustainable development andhealth.(41)______Humanity has the necessary agro-technological tools to eradicate hunger, from genetically engineered crops to artificial fertilizers . Here, too, the problems are social: the organization and distribution of food, wealth and prosperity.(42)____This is a shame—the community should be grasping the opportunity to raise its influence in the real world. To paraphrase the great social scientist Joseph Schumpeter: there is no radical innovation without creative destruction.Today, the social sciences are largely focused on disciplinary problems and internal scholarly debates, rather than on topics with external impact.Analyses reveal that the number of papers including the keywords ―environmental changed‖ or ―climate change‖ have increased rap idly since 2004,(43)____When social scientists do tackle practical issues ,their scope is often local: Belgium is interested mainly in the effects of poverty on Belgium for example .And whether the community‘s work contributes much to an overall accumulat ion of knowledge is doubtful.The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding (44)____this is an adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the right direction. Social scientists who complain about a lack of funding should not expect more in today‘s economic climate.The trick is to direct these funds better. The European Union Framework funding programs have long had a category specifically targeted at social scientists. This year, it was proposed that system be changed: Horizon 2020,a new program to be enacted in 2014,would not have such a category ,This has resulted in protests from social scientists. But the intention is not to neglect social science; rather, the complete opposite.(45)____That should create more collaborative endeavors and help to develop projects aimed directly at solving global problems.[A] It could be that we are evolving two communities of social scientists: one that is discipline-oriented and publishing in highly specialized journals, and one that isproblem-oriented and publishing elsewhere, such as policy briefs.[B] However, the numbers are still small: in 2010, about 1,600 of the 100,000social-sciences papers published globally included one of these Keywords.[C] the idea is to force social to integrate their work with other categories, including health and demographic change food security, marine research and the bio-economy, clear, efficient energy; and inclusive, innovative and secure societies.[D] the solution is to change the mindset of the academic community, and what it considers to be its main goal. Global challenges and social innovation ought to receive much more attention from scientists, especially the young ones.[E] These issues all have root causes in human behavior. All require behavioral change and social innovations, as well as technological development. Stemming climate change, for example, is as much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is about developing clean energy.[F] Despite these factors, many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems. And in Europe, some are up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social-science research and to integrate it within cross-cutting topics of sustainable development.[G]During the late 1990s , national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds-including government, higher education, non-profit and corporate -varied from around 4% to 25%; in most European nations , it is about 15%.Section III Translation46. Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)It is speculated that gardens arise from a basic need in the individuals who made them: the need for creative expression. There is no doubt that gardens evidence an impossible urge to create, express, fashion, and beautify and that self-expression is a basic human urge; (46) Yet when one looks at the photographs of the garden created by the homeless, it strikes one that , for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression.One of these urges had to do with creating a state of peace in the midst of turbulence, a ―still point of the turning world,‖ to borrow a phrase from T. S. Eliot. (47)A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which is a distinctly animal need. This distinction is so much so that where the latter is lacking, as it is for these unlikely gardens, the former becomes all the more urgent. Composure isa state of mind made possible by the structuring of one‘s relation to one‘s environment.(48) The gardens of the homeless which are in effect homeless gardens introduce frominto an urban environment where it either didn‘t exist or was not discernible as such. In so doing they give composure to a segment of the inarticulate environment in which they take their stand.Another urge or need that these gardens appear to respond to, or to arise from is so intrinsic that we are barely ever conscious of its abiding claims on us. When we are deprived of green, of plants, of trees, (49) most of us give into a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions, until one day we find ourselves in garden and feel the expression vanish as if by magic. In most of the homeless gardens of New York City the actual cultivation of plants is unfeasible, yet even so the compositions often seem to represent attempts to call arrangement of materials, an institution of colors, small pool of water, and a frequent presence of petals or leaves as well as of stuffed animals. On display here are various fantasy elements whose reference, at some basic level, seems to be the natural world. (50)It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of word garden though in a ―liberated‖ sense, to describe these synthetic constructions. In them we can see biophilia- a yearning for contact with nonhuman life－assuming uncanny representational forms.Section IV WritingPart A51. Directions:Write an e-mail of about 100 words to a foreign teacher in your college, invitinghim/her to be a judge for the upcoming English speech contest.You should include the details you think necessary.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the e-mail, Use "Li Ming" instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should1) describe the drawing briefly2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)2013年考研英语一真题答案解析1.【答案】A【解析】第一句提到“总体而言，当人们自己做决定时，并不擅长考虑背景信息。

考研英语阅读unit13

考研英语阅读unit13Unit 13Wisdom in the mind is better than money in the hand.学习内容题材词数建议时间得分统计做题备忘Part A Text 1 文化教育410 /10Text 2 商业经济385 /10Text 3 科普知识494 /10Text 4 社会生活428 /10Part B 文化教育519 /10Part C 科普知识377 /10P art ADirections：Read the following texts. Answer the questions blow each text by choosing [A],[B],[C] or [D].Text 1What is sports violence? The distinction between unacceptable viciousness and a game’s normal rough-and-tumble is impossible to make, so the argument runs. This position may appeal to our inclination for legalism, but the truth is most of us know quite well when an act of needless savagery has been committed, and sports are little different from countless other activities of life. The distinction is as apparent as that between a deliberately aimed blow and the arm failing of the losing his balance. When a player balls his hand into a fist, when he drives his helmet into an unsuspecting opponent in short, when he crosses the boundary between playing hard and playing to hurt—he can only intend an act of violence.Admittedly, rough acts in sports are difficult to police. But here, too, we find reflected the conditions of everyday life. Ambiguities in the law, confusion at the scene, and the reluctanceof witnesses cloud almost any routine assault case. Such uncertainties, however, have not prevented society from arresting people who strike their fellow citizens on the street.Perhaps our troubles stem not from the games we play but rather from how we play them. The 1979 meeting between hockey stars from the Soviet Union and the National Hockey League provided a direct test of two approaches to sport—the emphasis on skill, grace, and technique by the Russians and the stress on brutality and violence by the NHL. In a startling upset, the Russians embarrassed their rough-playing opponents and exploded a long-standing myth: that success in certain sports requires excessive violence.Violence apologists cite two additional arguments. First, they say, sports always have been rough; today things are no different. But arguments in American’s Old West were settled on Main Street with six guns, and early cave dwellers chose their women with a club. Civilizing influences ended those practices; yet we are told sports violence should be tolerated. The second contention is that athletes accept risk as part of the game, and, in the case of professionals, are paid handsomely to do so. But can anyone seriously argue that being an athlete should require the acceptance of unnecessary physical abuse? And, exaggerated as it may seem, the pay of professional athletes presumably reflects their abilities, not a payment againstcombat injuries.“Clearly we are in deep trouble,”says perplexed for mer football player AL DeRogatis. “But how and w hy has it gotten so bad?”1. According to the author,deliberate violence in sports is[A] impossible to tell from paying hard.[B] ambiguous in any circumstances.[C] too apparent to escape observation.[D] evident if enough attention is paid to.2. A violence apologist probably thinks that[A] violence in sports is a rare occurrence.[B] violence in sports is not necessary.[C] athletes are paid enough for their injuries.[D] professional athletes enjoy violence.3. In the last paragraph the author indicates that[A] nothing can be done about violence in sports.[B] football players are concerned about violence in sports.[C] violence in sports is worse now than it ever was.[D] athletes are confused about what should be allowed in sports.4. According to the author,which of the following is true？[A] athletes’ personalities have effects on the inclination for violent.[B] athletes who emphasis on skill,grace and technique will win.[C] athletes should not have to accept unnecessary physical abuse[D] athletes need higher salaries to compensate for their injuries.5. We can infer from the text that[A] violence in sports is illegal.[B] skill is more important than aggression.[C] athletes should not be injured in sports.[D] violence in sports is not necessary.Text 2Bruno Lundby, 39, was one of the ranks of typically low-paid, low-status workers who fill supermarket shelves, serve fast food,change hotel beds or empty office waste bins, often at unsocial hours and with little expectation of anything better. Lacking formal qualifications, he drifted from the army into odd cleaning jobs. Then, unexpectedly, he found the opportunity for advancement in a management training program offered by ISS, the Danish support services group. T oday he sits in a spotless, air-conditioned office supervising all ISS damage control operations in the greater Copenhagen area.“I couldn’t have imagined getting to where I am today when I started,”he says.“I was surprised to be offered a future at ISS in 1993 when I became a supervi sor.” In the past three years, he has been promoted three times.ISS, which employs 272,000 people in 36 countries in Europe, Asia and Latin America in cleaning and other contract work, still appears to be an exception in the services sector in offering career progression to workers.The pursuit of customer satisfaction is a strong feature of companies that treat blue-collar staff as more than a commodity. Tesco, the supermarket group that is the UK’s larges t private sector employer with 210,000 employees, recently formalized a practice of nurturing management potential among shelf-stackers and check-out staff.“The ones who respect customers are the oneswho get on,”says Clare Chapman, human resources directo r. In the past five months, 245 employees have been promoted from general store assistant to section manager, 149 from section manager to senior store team and 33 from senior team to store manager. These staff are coached, assessed and then trained for their new responsibilities. The talent-spotting program applies to all staff, including 45,700 in Tesco’s overseas stores.ISS acknowledges that by offering career progression it has changed the nature of its contract with blue-collar employees, raising expectations on both sides that may not always be met.④For Mr. Lundby, career progress has induced loyalty to his employer and greater self-esteem.“Personal skills are often more important than high educational qualifications if you have to deal with people eve ry day,”he says. “I’m a practical, not an academic person. I know the business from the bottom. I know the loopholes and the hardships.”6. It can be infered from paragraph 1 that Mr. Lundby[A] has anticipated his condition would be improved.[B] works hard but still has no chance to get improved.[C] has been promoted for he has formal qualifications.[D] had some of the toughest, dirtiest jobs before.7. Which of the following is true about the service sector?[A] Blue-collar workers in it have little chance to be promoted.[B] Companies in it always pursue customer satisfaction.[C] Companies in it always treat blue-collar staff as a commodity.[D] Workers in it have more chance to be promoted than in others8. In Tesco, employees will have chance to be promoted if[A] they are loyal to their employer.[B] they join management training program.[C] they make their customers satisfied.[D] they work as hard as they’re expected.9. By offering career progression to blue-collars,companies[A] will have more managers.[B] will be more competitive.[C] will have high expectations.[D] will have less responsibility.10. Which of the following is the best title of this passage?[A] The Story of Bruno Lundby.[B] Management Training Program.[C] Career Progression Inducing Self-esteem.[D] From Dead-end Job to Bright Career.Text 3The Internet, e-commerce and globalization are making a new economic era possible. By the middle of the 21st century, capitalist markets will largely be replaced by a new kind of economic system based on networked relationships, contractual arrangements and access rights.Has the quality of our lives at work, at home and in our communities increased in direct proportion to all the new Internet and business-to-business Intranet services being introduced intoour lives? I have asked this question of hundreds of CEOs and corporate executives in Europe and the United States. Surprisingly, virtually everyone has said, “No, quite the contrary.” The very people responsible for ushering in what some have called a “technological renaissance” say they are working longer hours, feel more stressed, are more impatient, and are even less civil in their dealings with colleagues and friends — not to mention strangers. And what’s more revealing, they place much of the blame on the very same technologies they are so aggressively championing.The techno gurus promised us that access would make life more convenient and give us more time. Instead, the very technological wonders that were supposed to liberate us have begun to enslave us in a web of connections from which thereseems to be no easy escape.If an earlier generation was preoccupied with the quest to enclose a vast geographic frontier, the dotcom generation, it seems, is more caught up in the colonization of time. Every spare moment of our time is being filled with some form of commercial connection, making time itself the most scarce of all resources. Our e-mail, voice mail and cell phones, our 24-hour electronic trading markets, online banking services, all-night e-commerce, and 24-hour Internet news and entertainment all holler for our attention.And while we have created every kind of labor-and-time-saving device to service our needs, we are beginning to feel like we have less time available to us than any other humans in history. That is because the great proliferation of labor-and-time-saving services only increases the diversity, pace and flow of commodified activity around us. For example, e-mail is a great convenience. However, we now find ourselves spending much of our day frantically responding to each other’s electronic messages. The cell phone is a great time-saver. Except now we are always potentially in reach of someone else who wants our attention.Social conservatives talk about the decline in civility and blame it on the loss of a moral compass and religious values. Has anyone bothered to ask whether the hyper-speed culture is making all of us less patient and less willing to listen and defer, consider and reflect?Maybe we need to ask what kinds of connections really count and what types of access really matter in the e-economy era. If this new technology revolution is only about hyper efficiency, then we risk losing something even more precious than time —our sense of what it means to be a caring human being.11.The author suggests that the most valuable resource in today’s society is[A] technology. [B] economic assets. [C] access to information. [D] time.12.According to the text, many corporate executives feel that[A] technological adv ances are essential to today’s economic system.[B] technology has actually led to a decline in their quality of life.[C] longer hours are making their workers more impatient and uncivil.[D] technology can be blamed for many of today’s social problems.13.The phrase “the colonization of time” (Line 2, refers to[A] the filling of every moment of our time.[B] the quest for efficiency in the workplace.[C] the growing use of time-saving services.[D] the impact of technology on our sense of time.14.In the sixth paragraph, the author suggests that[A] new technologies may make people more impatient.[B] social conservatives do not understand the importance of technology.[C] the speed of modern culture may impact our moral and religious values.[D] people in the technology sector are less civil than those in other fields.15.The best title for this text could be[A] The Failure of the Technological Renaissance.[B] Even Corporate Executives Get the Blues.[C] The New Internet Economy.[D] The Disadvantages of Too Much Access.Text 4The Net success of “Lazy Sunday” represents a defining moment for the film and television business. Advances in digital video and broadband have vastly lowered the cost of production and distribution. Filmmakers are now following the path blazed by bloggers and musicians, cheaply creating and uploading their work to the Web. If it appeals to any of the Net’s niches, millions of users will pass along their films through e-mail, downloads or links. It’s the dawn of the democratizati on of the TV and film business—even unknown personalities are being propelled by the enthusiasm of their fans into pop-culture prominence, sometimes without even traditional intermediaries like talent agents or film festivals.“This is like bypass surgery,” says Dan Har mon, a filmmaker whose monthly .–based film club and Web site, Channel 101, lets members submit short videos, such as the recent 70s’ music mockumentary “Yacht Rock,” and vote on which they like best. “Finally we have a new golden age where the artist has a direct connection to the audience.”The directors behind “Lazy Sunday” embody the phenomenon.When the shaggy-haired Samberg, 27, graduated from NYU Film School in 2001, he faced the conventional challenge of crashing the gates of Hollywood. With his two childhood friends Akiva Schaffer and Jorma Taccone, he came up with an unconventional solution: they started recording music parodies and comic videos, and posting them to their Web site, .The material got the attention of producers at the old ABC sitco m “Spin City”, where Samberg and Taccone worked aslow-level assistants; the producers sent a compilation to a talent agency. The friends got an agent, made a couple of pilot TV sketch shows for Comedy Central and Fox, featuring themselves hamming it up in nearly all the roles, and wrote jokes for the MTV Movie Awards. Even when the networks passed on their pilots, Samberg and his friends simply posted the episodes online and their fan base—at 40,000 unique visitors a month earlier this year —grew larger. Last August, Samberg joined the ”S NL” cast, and Schaffer and Taccone became writers. Now they share an office in Rockefeller Center and “are a little too cute for everyone,” Samberg says, “We are friends living our dream.”Short, funny videos like “Lazy Sunday” happen to translate online, but not everything works as well. Bite-size films are more practical than longer ones; comedy plays better than drama. But almost everything is worth trying, since the tools to create and post video are now so cheap, and ad hoc audiences can form around any sensibility, however eccentric.16. The sentence “It’s dawn of the democratization of…”(Line 5-6, shows that[A] film and television business is enjoying an unprecedented success[B] the general public are playing an active role in pop-culture[C] filmmakers are showing great enthusiasm for success on the Web[D] e-mail, downloads or links are now the main means of film distribution17. Which of the following is true according to the text?[A] “Lazy Sunday” is the representative of realizing dream by the Net.[B] Artists should develop a direct relationship with the public.[C] Short videos on the Web would prove to be the most popular productions[D] The film and television business can be compared to a bypass surgery18. Samberg’s solution was unconventional because[A] newcomers were usually denied access to Hollywood[B] he and his two childhood friends got accepted into Hollywood[C] he recorded music parodies and comic videos all by himself[D] he and his friends created and uploaded their productions to their Web site19. Which of the following plays a key role in the Net success of “Lazy Sunday”?[A] Producers at the old ABC sitcom “Spin City”.[B] Conventions of Hollywood.[C] Comic nature of the video.[D] Eccentricity of audiences online.20. The text intends to tell us[A] the unexpected success of Samberg.[B] a new direction for TV and film business.[C] the reasons behind Sambeig’s su ccess.[D] a new phenomenon in pop-culture.Part BDirections: In the article, following sentences have been removed. For Questions 21-25, choose the most suitable one from the list [A]—[G] to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps.Many of the philosophers we have been reading in class seem to me to be hopelessly dated．Of course, it’s easy to become trapped in writing only for the period a person lives in, and a philosophy is necessarily dependent on the historical situation and the extent of man’s kn owledge. 21.However, Victor Hugo said that if he were writing for his own time only, he would have to break his pen and throw it away. 22. And it seems to me that the most frequent objections to modern and pre modern philosophers come from the incompatibility of their philosophies with what is considered to be established scientific fact. For instance, Plato’s theory of forms does not, to me, seem to jibe with modern physics and cosmology. And although I can only vaguely glimpse, the psychology which underlies Kant, it seems to be highly questionable.23.After all, physics can give us insights into metaphysics, since both seek different ways to do the same thing；psychology, sociology, anthropology, and archeology can give us insights into epistemology；vari ous “soft”sciences dealing with comparative cultures can provide food for thought in ethics, and so on.24. Sartre, although he developed some of his ideas from Nietzsche andKierkegaard, probably could not have expounded those same ideas of existentialism in their times; Nietzsche, who popularized the idea that “God is dead”, could not have written in the time of Descartes; and Descartes could not have expressed his radically individualist ideas during the time of Plato.I suppose that my point, which I am being exceedingly long-winded about, is that philosophy does not (and should not, andmust not) stand apart from the rest of the sciences.25. Although the other sciences can provide us with data, observations, and theories, only philosophy can integrate those into a coherent whole, tell us what to do with them, or provide a meaningful context for using these facts in our daily lives.[A] In my view, application of Kant s epistemology and metaphysics could never produce an artificial intelligence capable of passing a Turing test.[B] Rather, Philosophy should be integrated with the rest of the sciences through a method of rational judgment. Rather than sailing behind, or next to but away from, the rest of the sciences, philosophy should be the flagship of the group.[C] And many of the philosophers who have existed over the course of the centuries have necessarily had to worry about governmental, church, or societal disapproval, censorship, or punishment.[D] History is, of course, necessary to any understanding of a philosophy: how it came about, what people did with it, etc.[E] Although some philosophical people are not necessarily considered as philosophers today —but whose work was influential and instrumental in developing one of the social sciences (psychology, sociology, political science, education) or in advancing theoretical science (what is now called philosophy of science).[F] And so, it seems to me, the best way that a philosopher can keep from being dated is to be aware of scientific knowledge, and integrate it into philosophy. Of course, this necessitates an independent evaluation of the merits and drawbacks of a given scientific idea, which necessitates, in turn, a thorough knowledge of that theory.[G] And so, it seems to me that, in order for a philosopher to be relevant for the future as well as the present，he must take into account all of the objections to his philosophy which can be anticipated at the present time．Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.What are feelings for? Most nonscientists will find this a strange question. Feelings just are. They justify themselves. Emotions give meaning and depth to life. They need serve no other purpose in order to exist. 26)On the other hand, many evolutionary biologists, in contrast to animal behaviorists, acknowledge some emotions primarily for their survival function. For both animals and humans, fear motivates the avoidance of danger, love is necessary to care for young, and anger prepares one to hold ground. 27)But the fact that a behavior functions to serve survival need not mean that that is why it is done. Other scientists have attributed the same behavior to conditioning, to learned responses. Certainly reflexes and fixed action patterns can occur without feeling or conscious thought. A gull chick pecks at a red spot above it. The parent has a red spot on its bill; the chick pecks the parent’s bill. The gull parent feeds its chick when pecked on the bill. The baby gets fed. The interaction need have no emotional content.At the same time, there is no reason why such actions cannot have emotional content. In mammals, including humans, that have given birth, milk is often released automatically when a new baby cries. This is not under voluntary control; it is reflex. Yet this does not mean that feeding a new baby is exclusively reflex and expresses no feeling like love. Humans have feeling about theirbehavior even if it is conditioned or reflexive. 28)Yet since reflexes exist, and conditioned behavior is widespread, measurable, and observable, most scientists try to explain animal behavior using only these concepts. It is simpler.29)Preferring to explain behavior in ways that fit science’s methods most easily, scientists have refused to consider any causes for animal behavior other than reflexive and conditioned ones. Scientific orthodoxy holds that what cannot be readily measured or tested cannot exist, or is unworthy of serious attention. But emotional explanations for animal behavior need not be impossibly complex or unstable. 30)They are just more difficult for the scientific method to verify in the usual ways, cleverer and more sophisticated approaches are called for. Most branches of science are more willing to make successive approximations to what may prove ultimately unknowable, rather than ignoring it altogether.做题点拨与全文翻译Part AText 1语境词汇n.恶意, 邪恶n.混乱；跌倒v.被绊倒3. inclination n. 倾斜，倾向；爱好n.墨守成规；法律术语，条文v.把…捏成球n.球；舞会adv.故意地；慎重地v.监督；守卫n.警察部门；警察n.含糊不清；模棱两可的话vt.使模糊；笼罩n.云；一群；阴影n. 攻击，突袭vt.殴打，袭击；强暴难句突破1. [In a startling upset], the Russians embarrassed their rough-playing opponents and exploded a long-standing myth: {that success in certain sports requires excessive violence}.【分析】复合句。

考研英语真题阅读理解试题及答案分析

考研英语真题阅读理解试题及答案分析考研英语真题阅读理解试题及答案分析Being a man hasalways been dangerous. There are about 105 males born for every 100 females,but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity, and among70-year-olds there are twice as many women as men. But the great universal ofmale mortality is being changed. Now, boy babies survive almost as well as girlsdo. This means that, for the first time, there will be an excess of boys inthose crucial years when they are searching for a mate. More important, anotherchance for natural selection has been removed. Fifty years ago, the chance of ababy surviving depended on its weight. A kilogram toolight or too heavy meant almost certain death. Today it makes almost nodifference. Since much of the variation is due to genes, one more agent ofevolution has gone。

There is another way to commit evolutionary : stay alive,but have fewer children. Few people are as fertile as in the past. Except insome religious communities, very few women have 15 children. Nowadays thenumber of births, like the age of death, has become average. Most of us haveroughly the same number of offspring. Again, differences between people and theopportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished.India shows what is happening. The country offers wealth for a few in the greatcities and poverty for the remaining tribal peoples. The grand mediocrity oftoday―everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring meansthat natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class Indiacompared to the tribes。

考研英语试题精解及答案

考研英语试题精解及答案一、阅读理解（共40分）1. 根据文章内容，以下哪个选项是正确的？A. 作者支持全球化。

B. 作者认为全球化对环境有害。

C. 作者认为全球化对经济有益。

D. 作者反对全球化。

答案：C2. 文章中提到的“可持续发展”是指什么？A. 经济增长不牺牲环境。

B. 经济增长以牺牲环境为代价。

C. 只关注经济增长，不考虑其他因素。

D. 只关注环境保护，不考虑经济增长。

答案：A3. 根据文章，以下哪个选项是错误的？A. 发展中国家需要全球化来促进经济增长。

B. 发达国家在全球化中扮演着重要角色。

C. 作者认为全球化是不可逆的趋势。

D. 作者认为全球化是有害的。

答案：D4. 文章中提到的“绿色经济”是什么意思？A. 一种以牺牲环境为代价的经济模式。

B. 一种注重环境保护的经济模式。

C. 一种只关注经济发展的经济模式。

D. 一种不关心经济和环境的经济模式。

答案：B5. 文章中提到的“碳足迹”是指什么？A. 个人或组织对环境的污染程度。

B. 个人或组织对经济的贡献。

C. 个人或组织的社会影响力。

D. 个人或组织的政治影响力。

答案：A二、完形填空（共20分）阅读下面短文，从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

In recent years, the concept of a "smart city" has become increasingly popular. A smart city is one that uses technology to improve the quality of life for its residents. For example, a smart city might use sensors to monitortraffic flow and __6__ congestion.6. A. reduceB. increaseC. avoidD. ignore答案：A7. These sensors can also be used to monitor air quality and__7__ any potential health hazards.7. A. identifyB. createC. ignoreD. exaggerate答案：A8. In addition to improving transportation and environmental conditions, smart cities can also __8__ energy use.8. A. increaseB. decreaseC. stabilizeD. fluctuate答案：B9. By using smart grids and energy-efficient buildings, a smart city can __9__ a significant amount of energy.9. A. consumeB. conserveC. wasteD. transfer答案：B10. The ultimate goal of a smart city is to create a more__10__ and sustainable living environment for its citizens.10. A. comfortableB. expensiveC. inconvenientD. unsustainable答案：A三、翻译（共20分）将下列句子从英文翻译成中文。

考研英语真题阅读理解试题及名师解析(十三)

Could the bad old days of economic decline be about to return? SinceOPEC agreed to supply-cuts in March, the price of crude oil hasjumped to almost $26 a barrel, up from less than $10 last D ...Could the bad old days of economic decline be about to return? SinceOPEC agreed to supply-cuts in March, the price of crude oil hasjumped to almost $26 a barrel, up from less than $10 last December.This near-tripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the 1973oil shock, when prices quadrupled, and 1979-1980, when they alsoalmost tripled. Both previous shocks resulted in double-digitinflation and global economic decline. So where are the headlineswarning of gloom and doom this time?The oil price was given another push up this week when Iraqsuspended oil exports. Strengthening economic growth, at the sametime as winter grips the northern hemisphere, could push the pricehigher still in the short term。

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Yet there are good reasons to expect the economic consequences nowto be less severe than in the 1970s. In most countries the cost ofcrude oil now accounts for a smaller share of the price of petrolthan it did in the 1970s. In Europe, taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price, so even quite big changes in the price ofcrude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past。

Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were, andso less sensitive to swings in the oil price. Energy conservation, ashift to other fuels and a decline in the importance of heavy,energy-intensive industries have reduced oil consumption. Software,consultancy and mobile telephones use far less oil than steel or carproduction. For each dollar of GDP (inconstant prices) rich economiesnow use nearly 50% less oil than in 1973. The OECD estimates in itslatest Economic Outlook that, if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel fora full year, compared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oilimport bill in rich economies by only 0.25-0.5% of GDP. That is lessthan one-quarter of the income loss in 1974 or 1980. On the otherhand, oil-importing emerging economies—to which heavy industry hasshifted—have become more energy-intensive, and so could be moreseriously squeezed。

One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices isthat, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against thebackground of general commodity-price inflation and global excessdemand. A sizable portion of the world is only just emerging fromeconomic decline. The Economist's commodity price index is broadly unchanging from a year ago. In 1973 commodity prices jumped by 70%and in 1979 by almost 30%。

31. The main reason for the latest rise of oil price is[A]global inflation. [B]reduction in supply。

[C]fast growth in economy. [D]Iraq's suspension of exports。

32. It can be inferred from the text that the retail price ofpetrol will go up dramatically if[A]price of crude rises. [B]commodity prices rise。

[C]consumption rises. [D]oil taxes rise。

33. The estimates in Economic Outlook show that in rich countries[A]heavy industry becomes more energy-intensive。

[B]income loss mainly results from fluctuating crude oil prices。

[C]manufacturing industry has been seriously squeezed。

[D]oil price changes have no significant impact on GDP。

34. We can draw a conclusion from the text that[A]oil-price shocks are less shocking now。

[B]inflation seems irrelevant to oil-price shocks。

[C]energy conservation can keep down the oil prices。

[D]the price rise of crude leads to the shrinking of heavy industry。

35. From the text we can see that the writer seems[A]optimistic. [B]sensitive. [C]gloomy. [D]scared。

名师解析31. The main reason for the latest rise of oil price is 最近的油价上涨的主要原因是 [A]global inflation. 全球通货膨胀。

[B]reduction in supply。

供应量减少。

[C]fast growth in economy. 快速的经济增长。

[D]Iraq's suspension of exports. 伊拉克暂时停止石油出口。

【答案】 B【考点】事实细节题。

【分析】根据题干可以定位到第一段的第二句话“Since OPEC agreed to supply-cuts in March, the price of crude oil has jumped to almost $26 a barrel, up from less than $10 last December。

”说明由于石油输出国决定降低供给量使得油价上升。

所以本题的答案是[B]。

[D]不是该现象的主要原因因为“OPEC”的相关决定才是能够影响石油价格的走势的主要原因。

32. It can be inferred from the text that the retail price ofpetrol will go up dramatically if从文中可以推断出如果________汽油的零售价格将会剧烈上升。

[A]price of crude rises. 原油价格上升。

[B]commodity prices rise. 日用品价格上升。

[C]consumption rises. 消费上升。

[D]oil taxes rise. 油税上升。

【答案】 D【考点】推断题。

【分析】根据题干可以定位到第三段的第三句话“In Europe, taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past。