专业英语阅读与翻译基础知识共53页文档
专业英语阅读与翻译基础知识
B. The amount of energy is the amount of positive
work the body can do in changing from the condition it is in to some other condition. The amount of energy is the amount of positive work the body can do in changing from the condition it is in to some other condition. 上句中the body和it前分别省略了关联词which。 这两个which分别作do和in的宾语。 可译为：该能量系物体从所处的条件转变到另 外某一条件时所做的正功。
（3）注意词的搭配以及前后相呼应的连词或关联词
A. Then we may speak of anything whose voltage is higher than that of the earth as being positive, and of anything whose voltage is less than that of the earth as being negative.
2.翻译过程
（1）理解阶段引爆电线突然耷拉下来。
库尔斯说，“我回去看看。 A.理解语言现象 一定是哪个地方断了。等 译者必须上下有联系地理解原文的词汇含义、 一等，我五分钟就回来。”
句法结构和惯用法等等。 例如： Suddenly the line went limp. “I’m going back,” said Kurth. “We must have a break somewhere. Wait for me. I’ll be back in five minutes.”
专业英语翻译基础知识
就专业英语的特点和用途而言，其翻译 标准应该是：准确规范、通顺易懂、简 洁明晰。 1、准确规范 所谓准确，就是忠实地、不折不扣地传 达原文的全部信息内容。要做到这一点， 译者必须充分的理解原文所表述的内容， 其中包括对原文词汇、语法、逻辑关系 和专业内容的理解。专业翻译的任何错 误，甚至是不准确都会给科学研究、学 术交流等带来不良影响或巨大损失，甚 至是灾难。
2、恰当造句 翻译基本上是以句子为单位的，翻译时，首先 必须要有一个忠实原文、通顺明确的句子。 例：The truck was engaged to low gear and driven in a zigzag course at a terrifying speed. 汽车挂上低速档以惊人的速度高速行驶在弯路 上。 这个句子翻译得没有什么问题，而且比较通畅。 但译者对at a terrifying speed 的理解上出现了 错误。汽车离合器在低速档上离合怎能高速行 驶呢？译文应修改成“汽车挂上低速档，以令 人恐惧的速度在弯路上行驶”。
3、力求简练 简练就是要使译文尽可能简短、精炼、不 重复、罗嗦。在翻译科技英语中，在保证 准确的前提下，应注意文字的修辞，力求 简洁明快是十分必要的。 例：Each product must be produced to rigid quality standard. 可译成：每件产品均需达到严格的质量标 准。如果译成：每件产品都要生产得满足 严格的质量标准，就显得有些罗嗦生硬 。
例1：The nylon nut must not protrude above the metal surface. 尼龙螺母不应高出金属表面。 例2：Space programs demand tremendous quantities of liquid gydrogen and oxygen as rocket fuel. 航天计划需要大量的液氢和液氧作为火箭燃料。 倒译：有时完全按照原文的词序来翻译是很困难 的，为了使译文更加通顺，更符合汉语的表达习 惯，须采用完全不同于原文词语顺序的方法来翻 译，我们称之为倒译。 例1：The converse effect is the cooling of a gas when it expands. 气体在膨胀时对其冷却的一种逆效应。 例2：Too large a current must not be used. 不得使用过大的电流。
专业英语阅读 翻译文章
C o m m e n c e m e n t o f t h e Commercial Operation of 600M W U n i t , "H i ro n o N o. 5Thermal Power Station of The Tokyo Electric Power Co., Inc."Commercial operation of The Tokyo Electric Power Co., Inc. Hirono No. 5 Thermal Power Station commenced in July 2004. This plant is a 600 MW coal-fired supercritical power plant. The main line-up of the plant, which features a steam turbine and a boiler, are supplied by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. (MHI). MHI set up this plant with a range of such key equipment along with ancillary facilities such as control systems, a flue gas treatment system, a wastewater treatment system, and stacks. This report gives a brief overview of the advanced technologies applied to the steam turbine and boiler of this plant supplied by MHI.1. IntroductionThe Hirono No. 5 Thermal Power Station began com-mercial operation in July 2004. It is a 600 MW coal-fired,supercritical power plant that operates under the high-est global standards for steam conditions (24.5MPa x 600/600o C).The steam turbine has various advanced MHI tech-nologies, including the first 600 MW class two-casing turbine, high- and intermediate-pressure combined cas-ing developed by utilizing high temperature materials and cooling structures to cope with the ultra supercritical steam condition, 48 inch steel integral shroud blade (ISB), a new type of condenser, and a single shell deaerator cum storage tank.The boiler adopted in this plant has MHI's advanced technologies. They are reduced emission of NOx and unburned carbon with the A-PM burner and MRS pul-verizer. In addition, the vertical waterwall furnace that uses high temperature compatible materials and rifled tubes are adopted.Further, the plant is very much streamlined through the use of such simple systems and equipment as de-scribed below:(1) unification of air duct and flue gas duct into a single line through the adoption of a maximum capacity class fan,(2) unification of all feed water heaters into a single line,(3) unification of circulating water pumps into a single line, and(4) adoption of a plant starting system that does not rely on the boiler circulating pump.Since the plant is located in a narrow site adjacent to existing units operated using oil and gas, the overall arrangement of the plant has been improved by consult-ing with the Owner and is arranged in a more compact manner.Advanced MHI technologies have also been adopted in ancillary facilities. This includes the use of a dry se-lective catalytic NOx removal system, a high performance flue gas treatment system based on the harmonious de-sign of a double contact flow scrubber type flue gas desulfurization system with a low-low temperature dry electrostatic precipitator, an overall waste water treat-ment system, and self-supporting group stacks. In this way, MHI has drawn upon all of its competencies in es-tablishing this plant.2. Steam turbineFigure 1Figure 1 shows an external view of the Hirono No. 5steam turbine.Fig. 1 View of the 600 MW Hirono No.5 steam turbineHIROMASA MOMMA*1TAKAYUKI SUTO*1RYUJI IWAMOTO*3JUNICHI ISHIGURO*1TOSHIHIRO MIYAWAKI*2TSUYOSHI NAKAHARA*4T able 1able 1 shows the major specifications of the turbine.The turbine is of a two-casing type consisting of a com-bined casing made up of a high-pressure turbine and an intermediate pressure turbine and a single low-pressure turbine casing. It has the world's largest capacity as two-casing structure.Usually, in the 600 MW class turbines, two low-pres-sure turbine casings (quadruple exhaust flows) were required in order to secure last stage exhaust area meet-ing the requirements for steam flow. Since 48 inches,the longest last stage steel blades in the world for the 3000 rpm machine were adopted in this turbine, it be-came possible to unify the low-pressure turbine into a single casing (double exhaust flows), thereby realizing a compact design.In addition, the high- and intermediate-pressure tur-bines are combined into one casing, and both main steam and reheat steam with a temperature of 600o C are led into it. MHI has developed a high performance and highly reliable frame drawing on the company's high tempera-ture technologies cultivated by the development of the 1000 MW -600o C class turbines (1) and the track record of the 700 MW class large capacity high- and intermedi-ate-pressure combined turbines (2).2.1 Design featuresHigh temperature materials and cooling structures with good track records for 600o C steam conditions have been adopted in the high- and intermediate-pressure turbines.Since ultra supercritical steam condition requires additional number of blade rows and the space for them due to the increase of heat drop in the turbine, perfor-mance of the blade rows and overall size of the frame were optimized in the design of the high- and intermedi-ate-pressure combined frame in order to secure the performance and reliability of shaft dynamics.As for the low-pressure turbine, various high perfor-mance and highly reliable technologies such as 48 inch last stage steel blades, a high performance exhaust hood,and a bearing base structure directly supported by foun-dation have been adopted.2.1.1 High temperature materialsThe new 12Cr forged steel is used for the high- and intermediate-pressure turbine rotor, while 12Cr cast steel is used for the inner casing, and 9Cr steel is used for the turbine inlet valves and the interconnecting pip-ing between the valves and the casing.2.1.2 Structure for high temperatureThe longitudinal center section of the rotor as well as blade grooves at intermediate-pressure inlet section are cooled by the leaking steam from the control stage outlet to the intermediate-pressure turbine side along the rotor.In addition, a thermal shield is installed so that the inner surface of the outer casing at the intermediate-pressure inlet section is not directly exposed to the reheat steam of 600o C, and cooling steam from the high-pres-sure turbine exhaust is led into a space between the thermal shield and the outer casing.2.1.3 48 inch ISB low-pressure last stage steel blades Until the late 1990s, the length of the steel blades for 3000 rpm machines was limited to the 40 inch class. In 1998, ahead of the industry, MHI completed the devel-opment of a 3000 rpm 48 inch blade, which was the largest steel blade of its type in the world, along with a 3600 rpm 40 inch blade, which was the scaled design blade of the 3000 rpm 48 inch blade (3).A highly reliable ISB structure has been adopted for the blades, which were developed by latest vibration analysis technology. Three-dimensional multi-stage vis-cous flow analysis based on advanced computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technology was used in the aerodynamic design. Moreover, the rotating vibratory test using a full-size blade, and the verification tests for performance and vibratory strength using the model turbine on-load test facility in MHI are performed before the blades are ap-plied to an actual machine.Though the 48 inch blade is first applied in this unit,the 3600 rpm 40 inch blades, which are scaled design blade,has already been used in many number of units and are in operation since 2000. Use of these blades has made it pos-sible to obtain excellent operating results in terms ofperformance and reliability. Figure 2Figure 2 shows the appear-ances of the 48 inch ISB and the low-pressure turbine rotor.600000kW24.5MPa 600oC 600o C 3000 rpm -962.6 hPa 48 inches8Table 1 Major specifications of steam turbineItemSpecificationsTypeOutput (rated)Steam conditions Main steam pressure Main steam temperature Reheat steam temperature Rotational speed VacuumLast stage blade length Number of feed water heatersTandem compound, double exhaust,reheat condensing typeFig. 2 48 inch steel ISB and Hirono No.5 low-pressure rotor2.2 Operating experience and verification resultsVarious operational parameters were monitored, in-cluding shaft vibration, which showed sufficiently lower values than the allowable values. Namely, stable opera-tion was achieved and the reliability of the turbine was confirmed.2.2.1 High- and intermediate-pressure combinedcasingIn order to verify the reliability of the 600o C class high-and intermediate-pressure combined casing, approxi-mately fifty thermocouples were fitted onto the outer surface of the outer casing, and the distribution of metal temperatures was measured. As a result, the tempera-ture distribution was found to be as predicted, and the temperature gradient in the axial direction was suffi-ciently small. In this way, the effect of the casing cooling structure was confirmed.2.2.2 48 inch ISBAs the 48 inch last stage blades are first applied in this unit, a final confirmation test was performed for this unit. Strain gauges were attached to the last stage rotating blades, and signals from the rotating part were transmitted to the stationary side via a telemeter sys-tem to measure the vibration stress on the blades.As a result, the generated stress was very small in all operating ranges starting from the no-load to the rated load, and it was equivalent to stress levels measured during model turbine tests. Hence, it could be confirmed that the 48 inch blades have a sufficient reliability.2.2.3 PerformanceThe high efficiency technologies applied in this unit include a fully three-dimensional design reaction blade, high efficiency 48 inch last stage blades, and an opti-mized geometry for low-pressure exhaust hood.As a result of these improvements, it was verified through performance tests that the turbine efficiency surpasses the design values in all loads, as shown in FigFig..3, thereby providing a highly efficient unit.3. Boiler3.1 Major featuresThe major specifications of the boiler are shown in T able 2able 2, and a side view of the boiler is shown in FigFigFig..4.1770000kg/h25.40MPa604o C602o CTable 2 Major specifications of boilerBoiler typeRadiant reheat type sliding pressure operationonce-through vertical waterwall furnace boiler (Indoor type)At maximumcontinuousload(BMCR)Main steam flow rateSteam pressure atsuperheater outletSteam temperatureat superheater outletSteam temperatureat reheater outletFuel Coal, light oil (30% ECR capacity)Combustion system Circular firing withA-PM burner and A-MACT method Pulverizing system Unit direct pressurizing system Type of drafting system Balanced draftSteamtemperaturecontrol methodMain steam Fuel/Feed water ratio, sprayReheat steamGas biasing damper for back passSpray (transient) Fig. 3 Turbine performance test resultsFig. 4 Side view of boilerA vertical waterwall furnace system using rifled tubes has more advantages than spiral waterwall furnace sys-tems. The major advantages of this system are described below.(1) Since the mass velocity is low in the vertical waterwall tubes, pressure loss in the furnace system is less thereby making it possible to save auxiliary power consumption.(2) Since the boiler is formed with a simple structure in which the furnace wall tubes are placed in the vertical direction, the furnace can be supported eas-ily and the number of attached fittings for supporting is less. Hence, the reliability, ease of installation,and maintainability of the system are increased (Fig Fig Fig..5).(3) In the coal-fired unit, the adhesion of ash to the waterwall tubes cannot be avoided over time, how-ever, the natural fall of slag is facilitated and the amount of ash that adheres to the furnace waterwall is reduced.(4) The amount of friction loss of the heated waterwall tubes is small compared with total pressure loss, and variations in flow when the amount of heat absorp-tion of the waterwall is varied, are also small.MHI is a world's sole manufacturer of sliding pres-sure operation once-through boilers that adopt the vertical waterwall furnace system, which has such a large number of advantages as mentioned above. MHI has an extensive track record of delivery of these types of boilers.This boiler is rationally designed in which a forced draft fan, primary air fan, air preheater, and induced draft fan are integrated into a single line system with-out installation of a gas re-circulation fan and a boiler circulating pump for heat recovery during start-up.MHI's equipment with its exclusive technologies has also been adopted for the major boiler auxiliary equipment,such as regenerative air preheater, forced draft fan, in-duced draft fan, and primary air fan.During commissioning, excellent steam temperature characteristics, load variation characteristics, and start-up time that completely met design requirements were confirmed.3.2 Efforts to reduce NOxIn order for this boiler to satisfy strict environmen-tal requirements, it employs a low NOx combustion system formed by combining an A-PM (Advanced-Pollution Minimum) burner, an in-furnace DeNOx system (A-MACT), a high fineness MRS (Mitsubishi Rotary Separator) pulverizer, and Selective Catalytic NOx Removal System (SCR) with MHI circular fir-ing system.(1) A-PM burnerFurther reductions in NOx emissions have been achieved through the adoption of conc. and weak com-bustion, which is a basic MHI technology first applied in the original PM burners. In addition, an advanced A-PM burner realizes superior maintainability, reli-ability, and durability is adopted by reducing the number of wind box dampers and improving accessi-bility to the burner section (Fig Fig Fig..6).Fig. 5 Comparison of furnace structuresItem Vertical waterwall furnace systemSpiral waterwall furnace systemSupport plateSimpleBaseFurnace structureSupport lugFig. 6 A-PM burner(2) In-furnace DeNOx system (A-MACT)The in-furnace DeNOx system (A-MACT) has been adopted, and additional air (AA) is injected in order to complete the combustion of any unburned fuel re-maining after NOx reduction, while sufficiently ensuring a NOx reduction region for in-furnace DeNOx of the upper surface of the main burner.(3) MRS pulverizerThis unit adopts an MRS pulverizer capable of sta-bly realizing excellent fine particle characteristics and high fine particle operation that has a signifi-cant effect on low NOx and low unburned carbon combustion.(4) Selective Catalytic NOx Removal System (SCR)A Selective Catalytic NOx removal system with an extensive track record has been adopted to further reduce the NOx to acceptable level in the combustion gas emitted from the furnace. As a result, excellent performance was confirmed across all loads.3.3 Boiler performanceThe efficiency of the boiler was verified by the perfor-mance tests, and the results are shown in Fig. 7Fig. 7Fig. 7. As aresult of the adoption of a high performance A-PM burner plus A-MACT and MRS pulverizer, the actual efficiency of the boiler surpassed the design values, and it was con-firmed that these devices contribute greatly to the highly efficient operation of the plant.3.4 Reduction in construction time at siteIn order to reduce the length of construction time at the site, the installation of flat-blocked steel frames and large-sized parts (main pipes, ducts) were performed in parallel. The method used to construct pressure parts consists of lifting the pressure parts together with the ceiling girder (SBS construction method: Steel Structure Boiler Simultaneous Construction).4. ConclusionMHI is confident that, technologies that allow im-proved efficiency, and high reliability through the adoption of advanced technologies, especially suited to high steam conditions, are co-exist with each other could be established with the completion of the Hirono No. 5Thermal Power Station. Such technologies are expected to contribute greatly in the development of forthcoming plants in the future.MHI will make every effort possible to further achieve the successful development and commercialization of the technologies demanded by society to advance the dreams of an ever better future.Lastly, MHI wishes to express its sincere apprecia-tion to everyone of the Tokyo Electric Power Co., Inc.who guided us on the operation and design of this plant and to all others concerned for their support and encour-agement.References(1) Murayama et al., Design and Operating Experience of theTachibana-wan No.2 1050 MW Steam Turbine of the Elec-tric Power Development Co., Ltd., The Thermal And Nuclear Power Vol.54 No.566 (2003) p.40(2) Nakamura et al., Design for Kobe Power Station No.1,Mitsubishi Juko Giho Vol.40 No.4 (2003) p.208(3) Yamamoto et al., Development of 3000 rpm 48 Inch Low Pres-sure End Blade, Mitsubishi Juko Giho Vol.35 No.1 (1998) p.6Fig. 7 Results of boiler performance testsToshihiro Miyawaki Ryuji Iwamoto Tsuyoshi NakaharaHiromasa Momma Junichi Ishiguro T akayuki Suto。
专业英语翻译基础
第一节 注册会计师与治理层的沟通
通常, 注册会计师没有必要(实际上也不可能) 就全部沟通事 项与治理层整体进行沟通。 适当的沟通对象往往是治理层的 下设组织和人员, 如董事会下设的审计委员会、独立董事、 监事会或者被审计单位特别指定的组织和人员等。
四、沟通的事项
(一) 注册会计师与财务报表审计相关的责任 １.注册会计师应当与治理层沟通注册会计师与财务报表审计
用: (１) 帮助治理层更好地了解注册会计师工作的结果, 与注册
会计师讨论风险问题和重要性的概念, 以及识别可能需要注 册会计师追加审计程序的领域;
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第一节 注册会计师与治理层的沟通
(２) 帮助注册会计师更好地了解被审计单位及其环境。 在与治理层就计划的审计范围和时间安排进行沟通时, 尤其
相关的责任 (１) 注册会计师负责对在治理层监督下管理层编制的财务报
表形成和发表意见;
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第一节 注册会计师与治理层的沟通
(２) 财务报表审计并不减轻管理层或治理层的责任。 ２.具体的事项 注册会计师与财务报表审计相关的责任通常包含在审计业务
约定书或记录审计业务约定条款的其他适当形式的书面协议 中。 向治理层提供审计业务约定书或其他适当形式的书面协 议的副本, 针对下列相关事项进行适当沟通: (１) 注册会计师按照审计准则执行审计工作的责任, 主要集 中在对财务报表发表意见上。 审计准则要求沟通的事项包括 财务报表审计中发现的、与治理层对财务报告过程的监督有 关的重大事项。
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1. 2专业英语的语法特点
2.分译法 对于定语从句过长，语法关系比较复杂的句型，翻译时通
常采用“分译法”，即把定语从句译成主句的并列句，放在 主句之后。 [例9] The first big bridge in Australia was the Hawkesbury River railway bridge，whichwas built by an American company to link Sydney with Newcastle in 1889. [译文]澳大利亚第一座大桥是连接悉尼和纽卜斯尔的霍克斯 伯里河铁路桥，它于1889年由一家美国公司承建。
《专业英语阅读》课件
阅读文献，与好友互动学习，随时反思， 对语言进行更加科学的应用。
应用与实践
工作中
如何在每日工作中应用所学的阅 读技巧和词汇量。
笔头亲身体验
记笔记、写课堂笔记、随时总结
培养阅读习惯
不断培养阅读的习惯，使之成为 自己的好习惯。
总结和反馈
学习成果
总结所学到的阅读技巧和词汇量的扩展，对学习过程进行回顾。
1 速读
快速浏览文章的结构和关键信息，以便快速 获取信息。
2 扫读
核对所需信息的位置，以便快速获取信息。
3 略读
迅速浏览文章，理解大致含义。
4 详读
深入理解文章，掌握细节和具体含义。
阅读理解
分段理解
理解文章的段落结构，掌握每个段落的主题和 核心信息。
M ain Idea
理解文章的主旨和大意，提取关键信息，概括 和总结文章内容。
学习反思
回顾自己学习阅读英语时的不足，反思自己应该如何提高。
反馈和建议
根据课程的收获，反馈学习过程和改善建议，以便优化课程和提高学习效果。
语言标记
在文章中划出关键词、概念、重要句子和段落， 以帮助加深理解。
表达文章意思
通过写作、讲述等方式，表达所理解的文章内 容和主旨。
词汇拓展
1
信息标记技巧
根据自己的理解在电子文档/纸质文献上
记忆词汇的方法
2
做标记（笔记、书签、互动）而后放入 信息库
通过重复，脑图等方法记忆常见的专业
词汇
3
广泛阅读、频繁联系
课程内容
阅读技巧
介绍阅读技巧的种类，如速读， 扫读，略读，详读，以及如何 在工作中应用。
阅读理解
学习阅读理解的方法：分段理 解，语言标记，main idea，以 及如何总结并表达文章意思。
英语阅读理解英译汉翻译技巧.txt.doc
英语阅读理解英译汉翻译技巧翻译过程包括两个阶段：正确理解和充分表达。
理解是表达的前提，而表达是理解的目的和结果，二者缺一不可，因此，考生在做英译汉部分试题时：(1)切记不可急躁，一定要先通读全文，把握全文的主旨、内容，把握画线部分的语境。
(2)在着重理解画线部分时，首先要在语义上弄清全句的整体意思和每个单词的意思；其次要分析清楚句子结构，理出句群，找出各分句之间的关系。
(3)可考虑先打一份翻译草稿，再根据文章意义和汉语结构进行调整。
(一)词的译法1.词义的选择由于英语中一词多义的现象十分普遍，且英汉词典中给出的汉语解释未必全面，未必与英文的意思完全对等，这就给我们带来两方面的问题：其一，我们需要根据该多义词在其语言环境中的词类、搭配关系甚至是单复数形式来确定其基本意思(即“忠实”)；其二，在“忠实”的原则下，如果词典上的释义显得不“通顺”，那么为了“忠实”与“通顺”的统一，我们必须立足于原意，对其加以适当的引申。
选择词义的时候，要根据词在句中的词类及上下文的搭配关系来确定。
如：The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill?informed or incompetent users. (1995年真题) ［译文］把标准化测试作为抨击的目标是错误的。
因为在抨击这类测试时，批评者没有意识到弊病来自人们对这种测试的不甚了解或使用不当。
［分析］attack的基本意思是“进攻，攻击”，但在这里的搭配是attacking the tests,显然这是指“口诛”、“笔伐”，译为“抨击”或“批评”才算准确。
divert attentionfrom 的意思是“将注意力从……移开”，但文中的批评者坚持认为错在考试形式，并不是已经注意到什么而又有意转移视线。
第二章 汉英翻译基础知识
第二章汉英翻译基础知识-汉英翻译与文化根据《现汉》，“文化”有三个定义：1.人类在社会历史发展过程中所创造的物质财富和精神财富的总和，特指精神财富，如文学、艺术、教育、科学等；2.考古学用语，指同一历史时期的不依分布地点为转移的遗迹、遗物的综合体。
同样的工具、用具，同样的制造技术等，是同一种文化的特征，如仰韶文化、龙山文化；3.指运用文字的能力及一般知识，学习～／～水平。
而在 OALED 中， culture 的定义是①：1 [U] (a) refined understanding and appreciation of art, literature，etc. (对于文艺等的深刻的了解和鉴赏) (b) (often derog. 常作贬义) art, literature, etc. collectively 文化(文学、艺术等的总称)2 [U] state of intellectual development of a society 文化(一个社会智力发展的状况)3 [U, C] particular form of intellectual expression, e. g. in art and literature 文化(智力表现的形式，如体现于文艺方面)4 [U， C] customs, arts, social institutions, etc. of a particular group or people 文化(某群体或民族的风俗、人文现象、社会惯例等)5 [U] development through training, exercise, treatment, etc. 锻炼、训练、修养6 [U] growing of plants or rearing of certain types of animals (e. g. bees, silkworms, etc.) to obtain a crop or improve the species (植物的)栽培；(动物，如蜂、蚕等，良种的)培育7 [C] (biology 生) group of bacteria grown for medical or scientific study 培养的细菌。
英语入门翻译知识点总结
英语入门翻译知识点总结Translation is the process of conveying the meaning of text from one language to another. It is a complex and challenging task that requires not only a good understanding of both the source and target languages, but also a deep knowledge of the culture and context of the texts being translated. In this article, we will provide an introduction to some basic knowledge points about translation, including the principles of translation, translation techniques, and the importance of cultural competence in translation.Principles of Translation1. EquivalenceEquivalence is a fundamental principle in translation, referring to the idea that the translation should convey the same meaning as the original text. This means that the translator needs to find the most appropriate words and expressions in the target language to accurately represent the meaning of the source text.2. Communicative FunctionAnother important principle of translation is to maintain the communicative function of the original text. This involves not only conveying the literal meaning of the words, but also considering the intended purpose and effect of the text in the target language.3. Textual CohesionTextual cohesion is the principle that a translated text should maintain the coherence and flow of the original text. This includes the use of consistent terminology, maintaining the logical structure of the text, and ensuring that the translation reads smoothly and naturally.4. Cultural ContextCultural context is a crucial consideration in translation, as it influences the meaning and interpretation of the text. Translators need to be aware of cultural nuances, idiomatic expressions, and social conventions in both the source and target languages to ensure an accurate and culturally appropriate translation.Translation Techniques1. Literal TranslationLiteral translation involves translating the words and phrases of the source text directly into the target language, without taking into account the nuances, idiomatic expressions, or cultural differences. While this approach can sometimes result in a word-for-word translation, it often fails to capture the true meaning of the original text.2. Dynamic EquivalenceDynamic equivalence, also known as functional equivalence, is a translation technique that focuses on conveying the meaning and communicative function of the original text, rather than a literal rendering of the words. This approach allows for greater flexibility in the translation process, as it prioritizes the overall meaning and impact of the text in the target language.3. TranscreationTranscreation is a technique used for creative and highly expressive texts, such as marketing materials, slogans, and literary works. It involves adapting the original text in such a way that the same impact, emotion, and intent are conveyed in the target language, rather than a direct translation of the words.4. LocalizationLocalization is a technique that involves adapting a translation to suit the cultural and linguistic conventions of a specific region or target audience. This may include adapting dates, currencies, measurements, and cultural references to make the translation more relevant and accessible to the target audience.Importance of Cultural Competence in TranslationCultural competence is a critical skill for translators, as it enables them to accurately convey the nuances and cultural references of the source text in the target language. It involves not only an understanding of the language itself, but also the customs, traditions, and social norms of the cultures involved. Without cultural competence, translations may miss important nuances, appear unnatural, or even cause offense to the target audience.In conclusion, translation is a complex and multifaceted process that requires a deep understanding of both the source and target languages, as well as the cultural and contextual factors involved. By applying the principles of equivalence, maintaining communicative function, ensuring textual cohesion, and considering cultural context, translators can create accurate, meaningful, and culturally appropriate translations. Developing cultural competence and mastering various translation techniques are essential for producing high-quality translations that effectively convey the meaning and impact of the original text in the target language.。