英语论文写作
英语作文议论文写作模板
1.Nowadays more and more modern buildings are replacing traditional ones. Some people think that this phenomenon will result in loss of identity, so they believe that new buildings should be built in traditional style. What is your opinion?Recently the phenomenon has become a heated topic that whether the modern buildings should be replaced by traditional buildings.The protection of traditional architectureThese days, different ways are being taken to protect cultural identity. Obviously, not only is much contribution made to maintain old houses but also rules of laws associated with cultural protection are changed for the better. Some people even say that new buildings are right to be set up in the conventional way. I seem to be one of opponents who believe that the action can be unsuitable in our world.One of the main reasons is that most of traditional buildings, in my nation, that offer provide few rooms can hardly hard to meet the demands for housing as increasing numbers of people pour into the city. Compared to before, today’s population has doubled and even trebled, which puts serious pressure on housing supply. As a result, new buildings must be substituted for old ones that have more efficient utility, even for some old buildings that have been damaged seriously. No doubts that building or maintaining traditional buildings is very essential to raise art sense and increase choices of people’s hous ing. Plus, these old houses are believed as very important resources to attract international visitors. However, the proportion of traditional houses has to be under control, and otherwise the housing of citizens is badly affected.Overall, my view is that cultural identity is so precious that more efforts and measures should be taken but carefully. The excellent tradition helps with deep understanding of history, and educates youths. Nevertheless a simple and reckless behavior that new buildings are built in a typical way does more harm than good in the improvement of people’s being.All the new buildings in cities and towns should be built in the traditional style. To what extent do you agree or disagree?It is an absurd idea that new buildings are supposed to be built in an id entical style. Although traditional building styles may be of antique aesth etics, there are various reasons that buildings, as a variation of art form s, should be versatile in styles.It is hard to expect to see buildings in cities and towns to be constructe d all in traditional styles, which will present an entertaining view to our e yes. However, modern construction styles are also able to achieve the s ame goal. Furthermore, differentiation in styles is more capable of creatin g aesthetic complex although being identical may be considered as beau tiful. As is seen in our everyday life, buildings with similar outlook can le ad to a fatigue in appreciation after a short period of admiration. And it i s complexity that will spawn an enduring beauty in architecture, which is analogous to simplicity in mathematics.And modern buildings are more easily to be designed to meet our dema nds for our modern living styles. Old-style buildings are old in that they may not well fulfill our needs to live comfortably and conveniently. And a great money is needed for their construction. Nowadays, only some hot els, restaurants, or private residential buildings would be built in a traditi onal style because not everyone is able to afford such luxury. Majority p eople will find it cheaper and more convenient to live in modern building s as architect industries have made it possible to design efficiently and c onstruct in a massive way.Writing (1)1.利弊议论文Model 1It is a new thing that_____. Many people welcome this new development while others have expressed their concern about this.Those who take sides against this new trend believe that _____ because_____.One common argument, however, for ____ is that_____.Of the two views discussed above, I am in favor of the _____. My reason is that____.Model 2As is known to all, there has been a wave of ____. There are many advantages / disadvantages of this modern way. First of all, _____. In the second place, _____. Lastly, _____.In a word, ____.Model 3When asked about ____, different people will offer different opinions. Some people take it for granted that _____. In their mind, ____. Besides, ______.However, others hold that ____. They maintain that ____.Weighting up these two arguments, I am for the first one. For one thing, ____. For another, _____. Therefore, as stated above, ____.Model 4____ is becoming more popular in ____, especially among ____. Today, it’s certainly difficult to think of ____.There are several reasons for its popularity. First, ____. Second,____.However, in terms of _____.2.个人观点议论文Model (1)Nowadays more and more people pay more attention to _____. Some people argue that ____ while others firmly hold that _____.In my opinion, I think this question should be probed in depth. On one hand, the first group is not totally correct because ____. On the other hand, the second group seems ____ because ____.In a word, we can see clearly that the key lies in ____. Otherwise _____.Model (2)It becomes a common tendency these days for people to ____. Many people are opposed to ____ because they think_____. They also argue that ____.In my mind, however, I can’t agree with ____. At the same time, _____. In addition, ______.In conclusion, ______.Model (3)____ has been one medium of communication that has connected all the people around world. More and more people tend to concern the ____, because it is so _____ that _____.The advantages of ____ are obvious to some people. For one thing, in terms of ____, _____. As a result, _____. Consequently, _____. For another thing, _____.Personally, I side with the former opinion. Because _____. However, _____.Model (4)Presently, one phenomenon cal ls for people’ s attention that ____.In general, ______. For one thing, _____. (For example, _____.) For another, _____.As far as I am concerned, _____. To sum up, _____.3.解决方法类议论文Model (1)If you ____, what will you feel? Of course, you will feel ___ because _____. Besides this, ____. For one thing, ____, For another, _____.No easy solution can be taken to cope with the problem of ____, but ____. Therefore, my viewpoint is that _____. There is no doubt that ____.Model (2)Most of us today recognize that ____ has been a greatly serious problem. Therefore, _____.From above, we can find that the reasons why ____, are as follows, the primary reason, I think, _____. For example, _____. However, ____. Second, _____. The third reason actually is the result of ____.Therefore, _____. Moreover, _____. Let’s make our good efforts, and _____.Anyway, traditional buildings are valuable relics of the past time an d their building styles the precious memories of what our ancestors h ave left us, which will enlighten our creativity in better modern bui ldings.。
英语议论文万能模板范文 英语作文范文欣赏
英语议论文万能模板范文英语作文范文欣赏英语作文是可以提前积累一些模板的，在考试的时候套用这些句型，可以提高写作速度，也可以确保句式的准确性。
下面是英语议论文的万能模板及范文，速看！英语议论文万能模板英语议论文写作模板一recently the issue of whether or not______(讨论话题) has been in the limelight and has aroused wide concern in the public. there are two major arguments that can be made for_________. for one thing，__________can bring ____ to_____________(优点一)。
for another，it is widely hold that people usually ____when________________________________(优点二)。
but we must not lose sight of the fact that there are also drawbacks to__________，among which are ____________(列举缺点)。
for instance，it can be__________to _____________(举例说明)。
in addition，many people find it ________(形容词)to _______________(第二个缺点)when asked to __________，i tend to ____________. this is because i_______________(原因一)。
furthermore，_______________________(原因二)。
高考英语作文议论文范文(合集20篇)_4
高考英语作文议论文范文(合集20篇)Many people are inclined to do one job in their lives. In their opinions, people who change their jobs frequently are superficial and tactless. They believe that the only way to success is to stick to one job, for constant practice in a professional field helps make an txpert.But there are still many people who don’t agree. They argue that change means progress. If you are not satisfied with your present job, of course you have the right to replace it with a more challenging and better paid one. Every change is a step to further success. This idea may be. the reason why they change their jobs so often.For my part, I think it reasonable to change your job if you have a better opportuniry. But once you have found a position where you can fully display your ability, it is advisable to settle down to it and put all your efforts into it. Only in this way, can you get the true joy of achieving your goal.我对更换职业的看法许多人喜好终身从事一种工作。
英语议论文模板_作文1400字_议论文范文_
英语议论文模板教师要引导学生认识议论文的篇章结构,了解语篇的衔接与连贯以及议论文的写作技巧,旨在帮助学生写好英语议论文。
以下是小编为大家整理的关于英语议论文模板，给大家作为参考，欢迎阅读!英语议论文模板篇1Some people believe (argue, recognize, think) that 观点1. But other people take an opposite side. They firmly believe that 观点2. As for me, I agree to the former/latter idea.There are a dozen of reasons behind my belief. First of all, 论据1. More importantly, 论据2.Most important of all, 论据3.In summary, 总结观点. As a college student, I am supposed to 表决心. 或 From above, we can predict that 预测.有些人相信(认为,承认,认为),观点1。
但是其他的人持有相反一侧。
他们坚信观点2。
就我而言,我同意前者/后者的想法。
有一个打我的信念的原因。
首先,论据1。
更重要的是,论据2。
最重要的是,论据3。
总之,总结观点。
作为一个大学生,我应该表决心。
或从上面,我们可以预测,预测。
英语议论文模板篇2People hold different views about X. Some people are of the opinion that 观点1, while others point out that 观点2. As far as I am concerned, the former/latter opinion holds more weight.For one thing, 论据1.For another, 论据2.Last but not the least, 论据3.To conclude, 总结观点. As a college student, I am supposed to 表决心. 或 From above, we can predict that 预测.人们持有不同的观点关于x。
大学英语议论文范文(优选4篇)
大学英语议论文范文第1篇英语议论文的格式一、英语议论文写作要点者同意自己的看法,提出若干理由,企图说服他人.高中英语议论文的写作要注意以下要点:1.论点要鲜明、确切．一篇议论文只能有一个中心论点．论点一般在开头提出，然后加以论证．2.论据要充分、可靠．一般是以事实为论据，也可以利用成语，格言，名人名言作为论据．i borrowed a book from the library last week .it was very boring and difficult .i read only ten pages. therefore, i think that all library books are useless.评注: it does not have a logical argument .the writer dislike one library book, but not all library books are the same. the writer should not make a general statement (all library books are useless) based on his reactions to one single book.二、议论文的写作步骤:大学英语议论文范文第2篇英语议论文作文：关于我Hello, my name is Jian ’m a ’m 12 years ’m in Class 5,Grade ’m tall and thin.In the school,I’m a good student. At my home,I’m s good son.I like playing badminton, playing the violin and so on. Sometimes, I play badminton with my good friends, sometimes; I watch badminton games on like blue and green, because they’re very beautiful. I like eating watermelons and mangoes very much.This is me. Do you like me?大学英语议论文范文第3篇英语作文的格式作文与阅读一样极为重要。
考研英语写作议论文范文
考研英语写作议论文范文范文一：电子书是否会取代传统书籍Electronic Books: Will They Replace Traditional Books?In recent years, electronic books have become increasingly popular as an alternative to traditional printed books. Some argue that e-books will eventually replace physical books, while others believe that traditional books will always be with us. In this essay, I argue that while e-books offer some advantages, they will not completely replace printed books.One advantage of e-books is convenience. With an e-reader or tablet, readers can carry a library of books with them wherever they go, without the added weight and bulk of physical books. Additionally, e-books are often cheaper than their physical counterparts, and can be easily purchased and downloaded online.However, despite these advantages, many readers still prefer physical books. One reason for this is that the reading experience is different. Reading a physical book allows you to physically turn the pages, feel the texture of the paper, and see your progress through the book. In contrast, e-books can feel impersonal and lack the same tactile experience.Furthermore, physical books have a cultural significance that e-books cannot replicate. Books have been around for centuries, and many people take pleasure in the act of collecting and displaying them. Additionally, books can be passed down from generation to generation, creating a sense of continuity and meaningful connections between family members.In conclusion, while e-books offer many advantages, they will not replace traditional books entirely. Physical books provide a unique reading experience and cultural significance that e-books cannot replicate.范文二：大学生是否应该选择专业而非兴趣Should College Students Choose Majors Based on Interest or Career Prospects?When it comes to choosing a major in college, many students struggle with the decision between following their interests or pursuing a major that offers good career prospects. In this essay, I argue that while it is important to consider job opportunities, students should ultimately choose a major based on their interests.Firstly, students who are passionate about their major are more likely to succeed academically. When students are interested in the material they are studying, they are more engaged and motivated to learn. This can lead to better grades, a deeper understanding of thesubject matter, and the development of valuable skills and knowledge.Secondly, choosing a major based purely on career prospects can be risky. The job market is constantly changing, and what may be a high-demand field today may not be in the future. Additionally, students who pursue careers solely for financial reasons may find themselves unhappy and unfulfilled in their work.Finally, choosing a major based on interest can lead to greater satisfaction and happiness in life. When students pursue their passions, they are more likely to enjoy their work and feel fulfilled in their careers. This can lead to greater overall happiness, as studies have shown that job satisfaction is strongly linked to overall life satisfaction.In conclusion, while it is important to consider career prospects when choosing a major in college, students should ultimately choose a major based on their interests. Pursuing a career that aligns with one's passions and interests can lead to academic success, career fulfillment, and overall happiness in life.范文三：政府是否应该在城市中心限制车辆行驶Should Governments Restrict Vehicle Traffic in City Centers?The issue of traffic congestion in city centers is a major challenge facing many urban areas worldwide. In response, somegovernments have implemented policies to restrict vehicle traffic in downtown areas. In this essay, I argue that such policies are necessary to reduce traffic congestion, air pollution, and carbon emissions.Firstly, restricting vehicle traffic in city centers can help reduce traffic congestion, which is a major issue in many urban areas. Congestion results in longer travel times, increased fuel consumption, and greater stress for drivers. By keeping cars off the roads during peak hours, cities can reduce traffic congestion and make it easier for people to get around.Secondly, vehicle traffic is a major contributor to air pollution and carbon emissions, leading to environmental problems such as smog, acid rain, and climate change. By restricting vehicle traffic, governments can improve air quality and reduce carbon emissions, helping to address the global challenge of climate change.Finally, restricting vehicle traffic can also promote greater use of public transportation, walking, and cycling, leading to more sustainable and healthier ways of getting around. This can have positive impacts on public health, reducing rates of obesity and related health problems.In conclusion, while restricting vehicle traffic in city centers may be inconvenient for some drivers, it is necessary to address the challenges of traffic congestion, air pollution, and climate change.Governments should continue to explore policies and initiatives to encourage more sustainable modes of transportation and reduce reliance on private vehicles.范文四：网络购物是否会影响传统实体店Will Online Shopping Negatively Impact Traditional Brick and Mortar Stores?With the rise of online shopping, many have speculated that traditional brick and mortar stores will become obsolete. In this essay, I argue that while online shopping has some advantages, traditional stores will remain important for many consumers.Firstly, traditional stores offer a different shopping experience that cannot be replicated online. In physical stores, customers can see and touch products before making a purchase, which may be important for certain items such as clothing or furniture. Additionally, the social aspect of shopping in physical stores, such as browsing with friends or receiving personalized recommendations from sales associates, can be an enjoyable and satisfying experience for many consumers.Secondly, while online shopping offers convenience and access to a wider range of products, it also has some disadvantages. One key disadvantage is the inability to try on or test products before purchasing, which can be a significant barrier for certain types ofproducts. Additionally, online shopping may not always offer the same level of customer service and support as physical stores, leading to frustration or dissatisfaction for some customers.Finally, traditional stores have a cultural significance and value that cannot be ignored. Shopping in physical stores has been a part of human life for centuries, and many people enjoy the ritual and experience of visiting physical stores. Furthermore, traditional stores contribute to the local economy and provide jobs for many individuals, and their decline could have negative impacts on communities.In conclusion, while online shopping offers many advantages, traditional brick and mortar stores will remain an important part of the shopping experience for many consumers. Physical stores provide a unique and important shopping experience, and their decline would have negative impacts on communities and local economies.。
英文论文的详细格式(英文论文写作格式)
英文论文的详细格式（英文论文写作格式）英文论文的写作主要用于参加国际学术研讨会，以促进中外学术和文化交流；在国际学术期刊上发表论文，在国际上分享科研成果，并在英语论文中进行学术交流；此外，英文论文还包括英语相关专业人士必须用英语撰写学术报告或毕业论文等。
标题大纲摘要1、英文摘要是一篇文章，旨在以符合英语语法的语言提供论文内容的摘要。
（内容与中文摘要基本相同，但不需要完全判断。
）2、英文标题、摘要、关键字进入一个页面（可以是1页），放在中文摘要页面之后。
3、英文字体和行间距：在“Western字体”中使用“Times New Roman”，1.5行间距。
4、英文名称：使用第三个单词bold。
5、英文摘要：“Absract”顶部网格，使用第四个字母和粗体。
英文摘要使用第四个字母。
6、英文关键词：“关键词”顶部网格，使用第四个单词和粗体。
对每个关键字使用第四个单词文本在文中引用如果引用少于三行，则引文可以有机地整合到纸张中。
如果要引用的单词具有与需要删除的纸张无关的单词，则需要省略号。
如果省略号出现在引文中，请使用三个点。
如果它出现在引文的末尾，请使用四个点。
最后一个点表示句点并放在第二个括号之后（通常，避免在引用开始时使用省略号）；点和字母之间或点和点之间的空格。
参考书目每个项目的第一行需要打印在顶部网格中，并且所有行都需要缩进五次以区分该项目与其他项目。
英文摘要英文论文摘要，也称为摘要，是论文的重要组成部分。
它旨在提供文献内容的摘要，没有评论和补充说明。
一篇简短的文章，准确描述了文献的重要内容。
摘要应该是独立和不言而喻的，并且与文献具有相同数量的信息，即，可以在不阅读全文的情况下获得重要信息。
摘要通常放在标题之后，即文章的第一篇。
在论文发表后，论文的摘要经常被文献检索系统收集。
英文摘要一般为200-300个单词，并且有一个与英文抽象表达相对应的中文摘要。
,。
英语议论文模板 英语议论文模板范文 英语议论文万能模板简单优秀5篇
英语议论文模板英语议论文模板范文英语议论文万能模板简单优秀5篇英语议论文一直以来被认为是书面语篇中一种基本的文本模式。
而英语议论文对外语学习者来说也是较难的一种语篇类型。
参考一些英语议论文模板，问题或许就迎刃而解了。
下面这5篇英语议论文模板范文英语议论文万能模板简单是作者为您整理的英语议论文模板范文模板，欢迎查阅参考。
大学英语议论文篇一要求从一句话或一个主题出发，按照提纲的要求进行论述。
1. 阐述名言或主题所蕴涵的意义。
分析并举例使其更充实。
the good old prover________(名言或谚语)reminduthat ________(释义). indeed, we can learn manthingform it.first of all,________(理由一). for example, ____________(举例说明). secondly,________(理由二). another case ithat ________(举例说明). furthermore , ____________(理由三).英语四级英译汉的目的。
,要求和评分in mopinion, ________(我的观点). in short, whatever you do, please remember the say____a. if you understand it and applit to your studor work, you”ll necessarilbenefit a lot from it.2.大学英语议论文通用模板the topic of ①________(主题)ibecoming more and more popular recently. there are two sideof opinionof it. some people saa itheir favorite. thehold their view for the reason of②________(支持a的理由一)what imore, ③________(理由二). moreover, ④________(理由三).while otherthink that ia better choice in the following three reasons. firstly,________(支持b 的理由一). secondl(besides),⑥____________(理由二). thirdl(finally),⑦____________(理由三).from mpoint of view, i think ⑧________(我的观点). the reason ithat ⑨____________(原因). aa matter of fact, there are some other reasonto explain mchoice. for me, the former isurela wise choice .(2) 给出一个观点，要求考生反对这一观点some people believe that ①________(观点一). for example, thethink ②________(举例说明).and it will bring them ③________(为他们带来的好处).in mopinion, i never think thireason can be the point. for one thing,④____(我不同意该看法的理由一). for another thing, ⑤____(反对的理由之二). form all what i have said,i agree to the thought that ⑥____(我对文章所讨论主题的看法).英语六级考试写作技巧大学英语议论文篇二1. 问题现状英语四级英译汉的目的，要求和评分怎样解决(解决方案的优缺点)in recent days, we have to face i problem——a, which ibecoming more and more serious. first, ________(说明a的现状).second, ________(举例进一步说明现状) confronted with a, we should take a serieof effective measureto cope with the situation. for one thing, ________(解决方法一). for another ________(解决方法二). finally, ________(解决方法三).personally, i believe that ________(我的解决方法). consequently, i’m confident that a bright future iawaiting ubecause ________(带来的好处).说明利弊题型这种题型往往要求先说明一下现状，再对比事物本身的利弊，有时也会单从一个角度(利或弊)出发，较后往往要求考生表明自己的态度(或对事物前景提出预测)1. 说明事物现状事物本身的优缺点(或一方面) 你对现状(或前景)的看法nowadaymanpeople prefer a because it haa significant role in our daillife. generally, itadvantagecan be seen afollows. first ________(a的优点之一). beside____________(a的优点之二).but evercoin hatwo sides. the negative aspectare also apparent. one of the important disadvantageithat ________(a的一个缺点).to make matterworse,____________(a的第二个缺点).through the above analysis, i believe that the positive aspectoverweigh the negative ones. therefore, i would like to ________(我的看法).(from the comparison between these positive and negative effectof a, we should take it reasonabland do it according to the circumstancewe are in. onlbthiway, ________(对前景的预测).推荐英语议论文模板范文(精篇三姓名：性别：女民族：汉族政治面貌：团员出生日期：婚姻状况：未婚学历：大专毕业院校：师范学院毕业时间：所学专业：英语教育外语水平：英语（pets—3）电脑水平：熟练工作年限：3年联系方式：工作类型：全职期望行业：培训机构、教育、科研院所期望职位：幼儿教育、教师、培训工作地点：不限期望月薪：1000—20xx20xx年9月—20xx年6月就读于xx幼儿师范学校，多次获得奖学金20xx年9月—20xx年6月就读于师范学院，多次获得奖学金。
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外国语学院教案班级：20080311-6教师：王进军课程：英语科研方法与论文写作2010-2011学年第2学期School of Foreign Languages 外国语学院Teaching Plan教案Chapter 8Chapter 8 Front matter and back matter (continued)● Teaching objectivesFocus onHow to design the cover of your paper?How to produce the prospectus of your paper?How to document the outline page and the abstract page?How to give your paper a title?How to express your acknowledgement to those who help you with your research?How to make notes?How to add an appendix to your paper?How to document all the materials of the final draft of your paper?How to prepare yourself for the oral defense of your paper?● Teaching aidsPPT, Video, testing sheets● Teaching proceduresAfter finishing the final draft of your paper, you are supposed to do or provide with several additional things, including acknowledgement, notation, appendixes, the final bibliography or references, the final typescript, and the verbal defense for your paper.Step One: acknowledgementIf you get some support from somebody or some organization in your carrying out your project or if you accept some help from somebody in your research and writhing your paper, you should express your thanks to the organizat6ion or the person.The thanks are usually given to:(1)the sponsor who gives a certain amount of financial assistance to your project(2)the instructor who gives you in your project or research and writing the paper(3)the teacher(s) and your classmates who once gave you suggestions or advice on yourproject or research(4)the person(s) who aided you to collect data or proof-read your drafts(5)family members or friends who gave you either physical or/and mental support(6)those who kindly allowed you to use their computers or other research apparatuses andmaterials.e.g.I would like to thank XXX and XXX for their guidance and help.I gratefully acknowledge the financial support of/from the XXX Foundation.I am most grateful to XXX, without whose sound advice and patient revision, this thesis would never have taken the present shape.My special thanks should go to XXX, whose enlightening lectures about XXX initiated me into the study of XXX.Moreover, I would like to thank all my teachers in the Department of Foreign Languages of XXX, for I have benefited a lot from their excellent scholarships and exemplary characters in the past four years.Finally, thanks should also go to some of my classmates for their XXXX, and all the students in XXX who have served as subjects in my research for their collaboration, patience, and earnestness in the participation of this experiment.Step Two: notationThere are five styles to document your notes: MLA parenthetical style, MLA endnote style, MLA footnote style, MLA numbered bibliography style, and APA style.1.parenthetical notes: also called interlinear note, follow a smple format. Place the notesimmediately after the quoted material or at the end of the paraphrased material, and enclose the notes in parentheses. If the material you cite comes from only one work by an author, you will enclose in a parenthetical note only the author‟s or editor‟s name(s) and the page of the reference, with or without colon between:…the novel “has the quality of a social document”. (Chen Jia: 437)Some instructors perhaps require that you enclose the date or year in which the work was published besides the above information. Then, you should follow this example, especially when you cite more than two works written by the same author or when the same work has several editions.Instead, “she is surrounded by …a cloud of moral hobgoblins‟ which she no longer fears, and shuns the daylight of social convention” (Hardy, 1996: 32).If a note refers to material for which no author is credited, you can use its title, or a shorteded version of the title, in quotation amrks for articles and pamphlets or in italics for books, and the page number(s):Adam and Eve once lived in Eden, a beautiful place in heavens. They both are the fruit of the tree of knowledge, which turned against God[…s will. Eventually they both were forced to leave Eden as a punishment for their “degeneration”. Since then, Eden became declined and weary because nobody took care of it (The Holy Bible: 3).When the author‟s name has been mentioned in the text, you only need to give the page number(s) in the parentheses:Chang Yaoxin (198) points out:”Readers tent to find wit and wisdom, peace and harmony, serenity and joy from his poetry”.If the primary source is not available, you can make use of the secondary source. In that case, you should mark it by placing ctd. in (cited in) before the secondary source:In 1965, Golding said, “Though there are many disadvantages in expressing the truth through allegory, I still employ this pattern”. (ctd. in Wang Guorong: 1303)2.footnoteswhen they are placed at the bottom of the page. They are separated from the text by a double-space and a solid short line from the left-hand margin. Usually numbered in sequence on each page, corresponding to the Arabic nuerals which are superscript in the text.3. endnotesThey are placed after the text of the paper. They occupy a separate page or a few pages numbered in sequence following the preceding page of the text. First center the title Notes once inch from the top, then double space and indent one half inch or five bytes from the left margin to add the note numbers consecutively. You must indicate the note numbers in the text by raised Arabic numerals.Step Three: appendix(es)It is the additional information added at the end of a book or a research paper. It contains any material that you think important but cannot be put in the text of your paper. Typical appendixes probably include: the form of questionnaire; the form of evaluation; the test paper; variety of tables; the interview schedule;‟ a detailed report on some investigation; the results of data-analysis, etc.Step Four: bibliographyIt means a systematic and comprehensive listing of works. The final bibliography is part of last section of your paper which follows the text. If there are appendices as well, the bibliography may precede or follow them. You can as well use References or Works Cited to indicate this listing instead of a bibliography. You should change your working bibliography into your final bibliography or your references or works cited. 1. guidelines for a bibliography(1) put the list of sources on a separate page after the text of your paper.(2) type the heading bibliography or References, or Works Cited either in the middle of the page from the margins, or form the left margin.(3) all the bibliographical entries are single-spaced with single or double spaces between them. The author‟s surname begins at the left margin, but if the entry contains more than one line, successive lines are indented four or five bytes / spaces. If no author is listed, the work is listed by the first word of the title except for any article (a, an, the), and the article is listed following the title. E.g. Causes of the Second World War, The.(4) the bibliographical entires are arranged either in alphabetical order or in numerical order. If the authors include both the Chinese and foreign, first arrange the foreign alphabetically and then the Chinese, or vice versa, or arrange them alphabetically with a mixture by translating Chinese names into English.Step Five: contents of a bibliographical entryA bibliographical entry consists of the following facts which are arranged in order.(1) the author‟s surname, followed by a comma; the initials of the first and middle name, followed by aperiod. E.g. Brown, H. D.(2) the title of the work, followed by a period. Titles of full-length works are in italics or underlined. E.g. Principles of Language Learning and Teaching(3) each kind of works is given an identification code enclosed in brackets following the work: [M] for monograph, [C] for paper, [N] for newspaper, [J] for article in journal, [D] for dissertation, [S] for standard, [P] for patent, [A] for articles from a collection of papers, [Z] for others. E.g. Semantics [M](4) the edition number, followed by a period, e.g., Third ed. Or enclosed in parentheses, e.g., (Third Ed.)(5) the name of the translator, compiler, or editor followed by a period, e.g., Kingsland, L. W., Trans.(6) the place of publication, followed by a colon. E.g. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. If the city is not well known, the state or province also appears, e.g. Garden city, New York. When more than one place of publication is given in the book, generally the first one is used.(7) the name of the publisher, followed by a comma, e.g., Prentice hall, 1994. if the year of publication comes after the author‟s name, the name of the publisher is follwed by a period,e.g., Prentice Hall.(8) the year of publication, followed by a period either it comes after the author‟s name or is placed at the end of the entry.(9) the number of pages in the work or the page numbers that contain relevant information, followed by a period. E.g. ELT Journal, 46/1: 39-50.3. examples of bibliographical entries(1) Book – one authorCook, V. 2000. Second Language Learning and Language Teaching[M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.(2) Book- one author; numbered or revised editionFeng, Zhiwei. 1999. School of Modern Linguistics, (Revised ed.) [M]. Xi‟an: Shaanxi People‟s publishing House.(3) book – one author; more than one volumeFought, J. 1999a. Leonard Bloomfield: Critical Assessments of Leading Linguists[A]. (3 V ols). London: Routledge.If you use more than one sources from the same author and the works are published in the same year, you are supposed to write the year of the publication followed by a, b, c, etc. (4) book – one author; only one volume usedLangacker, R. 1987. Foundations of Cognitive Grammar[M]. V ol. 1. Standord: Stanford University Press.(5) book – two authorsHopper, P. J. & E. C. Traughott. 2003. Grammaticalization (Second Edition) [M]. Cambridge: CUP.Note: when more than one author is listed, only the name of the first author is inverted; all other names are given in the first name-last name order.(7)book – more than three authorsQuirk, R. , et al. 1985. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language [M]. London: Longman Group Ltd.(8)book – no author givenConcise Oxford English Dictionary, The [Z]. Oxford University Press, 1976.Note: the article is listed following thetitle for ease of alphabetization.(9)book – editor of a collection(10)L appin, S. (ed.). The Handbook of Contemporary Semantic Theory [C]. Oxford:Blackwell Publishers, 1997.Greenbaum, S. , et al. (eds.). 1980. Studies in English Linguistics for Randloph Quirk [C].London: Longman.(11)b ook – author and editorShakespeare, William. Hamlet. [Z] Ed. Borbara A. Mowat and Paul Werstine [C]. New York: Washington Square-Pocket, 1992.(12)b ook – translated into English(13)A ndersen, H. C. Hans Andersen’s Fairy Tales: A Selection [M]. Trans. L. W. Kingsland.Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 1995.(14)Book – no author or editor; translatedAnglo-Saxon Chronicle, The. Trans. G. N. Garmonsway. London: J. M. Dent and sons, Ltd. , 1953.(15)Book – onlineEmerson, R. W. 1841. Essays: First Series [C]. Feb. 12, 1997. <ftp://ftp. Books. Com/ ebooks/Nonfiction/philosophy/Emerson/history. txt>.(16)a rticle or essay – in a collectionGreen, G. 1982. “Colloquial and Literary Uses of Inversions”[A]. In D. Tannen (ed.).Spoken and Written Language: Exporing Orality and Literacy[C]. Norwood, N. Y. : Ablex. Pp. 119 – 153.Note: quotation marks around the title of the article can also be omitted.(17)a rticle or essay in journals – author givenBirner, B. 1994. Information Status and Word Order: Analysis of English Inversion [J]. Lanugage 70/2: 233-529.(18) article or essay in newspapers – no author given“South Viet Nam: Campaign of Brutality” [N]. Time, 100: 17-18. August 21, 1972. (19) articles – encyclopedias, dictionaries, etc.“Logic” [A]. The New Encyclopedia Britannica, 1993. Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc. Vlo. 7, 447-448.(20) newspaper – title and author givenLohr, Steve. “New Paying: Babes in Cyberspace.”New York Times 3 Apr. 1998.(21) article – onlinePajares, F. 2002. Overview of social cognitive theory and of self-efficiency. /EDUCATION/mfp/eff.html.(22) publication – on CD-ROMBraunmuller, A. R. , ed. Macbeth[Z]. By William Shakespeare. CD-ROM. New York: V oyager, 1994.(23) unpublished materialsSmith, Sonia. “Shakespeare‟s Dark Lady Revisited” [Z]. Unpublished Essat, 1993.(24) Lecture or speechAtwood, Margaret. “Silencing the Scream” [Z]. Boundaries of the Imagination Forum. MLAConvention. Royal York Hotel, Toronto. 29 Dec, 1993.Step Six: the final typescriptYou must try your best to make your paper look arttractive, neat, and easy to read for your instructor as well as your classmates.1. the format of the front matterCoverApproval sheetThe prospectusThe title pageThe outline pageThe abstract page3.the format of the text4.the format of the back matterStep Seven: the oral defense for your paperTo defend the thesis in your paper. It is a follow-up form to examine your paper. It serves the purpose of discovering if the paper is written by yourself or plagiarized, of knowing whether you have a deep and wide knowledge of the subject that you have chosen, and of checking to see if your paper meets the requirements of the format and style that a research paper needs to have.During the oral defense, you will first have ifve to ten minutes to present the main ideas of your paper. Then the judges or instructors will ask you a few questions about your paper. The score you will ge depends on whether you think logically, whether you express yourself clearly and fluently, whether you organize your ideas in coherence, and whether your pronunciation and intonation are correct, etc.Therefore you should make careful preparations for your oral defense.1.get familiar with all the materials, including the text of your paper, the sources you haveused, and the current situation concerned with the subject.2.imagine what questions the judges will ask you, have repeated rehearsal in front of yourclassmates, and ask some advice from them.3.prepare some note cards on which you can write some important points in your paper, orsome facts, data, statistics, which are easy to forget. You can refer to therm when you answer the questions.Step Eight: requirements of your universityThere are slight differences for each university to require the format of graduation paper. We must know all the requirements for our graduation paper.。