英国中古时期 (1)
中古时期英国文学

一、中古时期英国文学背景:文学成就:文学术语:头韵,民谣,假韵,两行诗,史诗,意象,隐喻表达法,传奇,八行体,罗曼史\骑士文学,明喻,含蓄重要作家与作品:二、文艺复兴时期英国文学背景:文学成就: 文学术语:寓言,格言,无韵体诗,散文,预兆,人文主义,幕间休息,道德剧,格律,奇迹剧,叙述诗,牧歌,诗歌,四行诗,文艺复兴,独白,十四行诗,斯宾塞诗节,诗节,三行体,悲剧,扬抑格,大学才子重要作家与作品:三、17世纪资产阶级革命和王朝复辟时期背景:文学成就:文学术语:押韵,及时行乐,教诲文学,挽歌,体裁,暗喻,玄学派诗歌,奇想重要作家与作品:四、18世纪英国启蒙运动背景:文学成就:文学术语:旁白,古典主义运动,启蒙运动,结局,书言体小说,闹剧,小说,哥特小说,墓地派诗歌,讽刺史诗,新古典主义,小说(novel),前浪漫主义,叠句,讽刺,意象主义,主题重要作家与作品:五、浪漫主义时期的英国文学背景:文学成就:文学术语:拜伦式英雄,篇、章,寓言,湖湖畔派诗人,抒情诗,颂歌,浪漫主义重要作家与作品:六、维多利亚时期英国批判现实主义文学背景:文学成就:文学术语:暗喻|典故,反面人物,角色,批判现实主义,戏剧独白,倒叙,旁白,陈述者,心理小说,叙述角度,情节,正面人物重要作家与作品:七、20世纪英国文学背景:文学成就:文学术语:唯美主义,黑色幽默,达达主义,顿悟,自由间接引语,现代主义,俄狄甫斯情节,戏谑模仿作品,意识流,超现实主义,荒诞派戏剧,口吻,愤怒的青年重要作家与作品:八、当代英国文学背景:文学成就:文学术语:实验小说,半开放结局,元小说,运动派,极端现实主义戏剧重要作家与作品:一、殖民地时期及独立革命时期的美国文学背景:文学成就:文学术语:美国清教主义,自传重要作家与作品:二、浪漫主义时期的美国文学背景:文学成就:文学术语:美国浪漫主义,美国超验主义,加尔文主义,自由体诗歌,新英格兰诗人,象征,象征主义重要作家与作品:三、现实主义时期的美国文学背景:文学成就:文学术语:美国自然主义,美国现实主义,达尔文主义,地方主义重要作家与作品:四、20世纪美国文学背景:文学成就:文学术语:垮掉的一代,宿命论,表现主义,弗洛伊德学派,哈莱姆文艺复兴,海明威式英雄,印象派,印象主义,爵士乐时代,迷失的一代,新批评派,南方文艺复兴,荒原派作家,约克纳帕塔式重要作家与作品:五、当代美国文学背景:文学成就:文学术语:后现代主义,自白诗,黑山派诗人,重要作家与作品:。
Part1 中古时期的英国文学

Roman(罗马)Conquest
Anglo-Saxon(盎格鲁-撒克逊) Conquest
Norman(诺曼)ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱonquest
The Norman Conquest in 1066 marked the beginning of the Medieval English literature, which ended around the end of the 15th century.
Middle English Period
Ⅲ <Piers the Plowman>(耕者皮尔斯)
--William Langland 威廉 兰格伦 Key words: alliterative epic. an allegory(寓言) uses symbolism To relate truth.
Anglo-Saxon Period
Beowulf 贝尔武甫(the national epic of the
English people) feature: alliteration, metaphors and understatements.
诗中的英雄贝奥武甫杀巨魔、 斗毒龙,并在征服这些自然 界恶势力的过程中为民捐躯。 它的背景和情节是北欧的, 但掺有基督教成分,显示出 史诗曾几经修改,已非原貌。 按照保存在一部10世纪的 手抄本里的版本来看,诗的 结构完整,写法生动,所用 的头韵、重读字和代称体现 了古英语诗歌的特色。
坎特伯雷故事集 英国文学史上现实主义第一部杰作
the father of English poetry (wisdom, humor, humanity) 乔叟
(知识点)模块1第2单元第6讲 英国的制度创新含解析

第6讲英国的制度创新一、确立——《权利法案》的颁布1.背景(1)历史渊源:13世纪初,《大宪章》签署,以后逐渐形成了限制王权的议会制度。
(2)经济基础:英国资本主义经济迅速发展。
(3)阶级基础:英国资产阶级和新贵族日益强大。
(4)政治前提:从1640年开始,英国资产阶级和新贵族与国王展开激烈斗争,最终通过1688年的“光荣革命”,推翻了斯图亚特王朝的统治。
2.标志1689年颁布的《权利法案》确立了议会主权,国王的权力受到限制。
3.影响(1)英国统治方式从人治转向法治。
(2)英国社会从此进入了长期稳定发展的时期。
二、责任内阁制的形成与发展1.形成(1)“光荣革命”后,国王逐渐成为“统而不治”的国家元首,内阁承担实际行政职责。
(2)1721年,罗伯特·沃波尔成为英国历史上第一任内阁首相。
2.原则(1)内阁全体成员对政府事务集体负责,并与首相在政治上共进退。
(2)如果议会通过了对政府的不信任案,内阁就要下台,或者宣布解散议会,重新进行选举。
3.发展19世纪中期,议会选举变成两大政党之间的权力角逐,大选中获胜的多数党上台组阁。
英国内阁的权力不断扩大,被称为议会中的“第三院”,那么英国是否还是以议会为中心的代议制国家呢?提示:内阁权力虽然不断扩大,但内阁首相还是由议会产生,对议会负责,受议会监督。
内阁权力扩大适应了经济高速发展、政府职能不断扩大的趋势,但英国以议会为中心的原则没有改变。
三、君主立宪制的特点与完善1.特点(1)英国的君主立宪制以代议制为基础,以责任内阁制为核心。
(2)英国国王是礼仪性的国家元首,首相实际上是国家最高行政首长。
(3)内阁名义上对国王负责,实际上是对议会负责。
(4)首相掌握行政权和立法创议权,是国家政治生活的最高决策者和领导者。
2.完善:1832年议会改革(1)背景:随着工业革命深入发展,新兴工业资产阶级力量迅速壮大。
(2)内容:通过1832年议会改革法案,工业资产阶级取得更多席位。
英国历史年代简要整理

英国历史简要整理1.罗马时期在不列颠群岛上很早就有人类活动。
约公元前30世纪,伊比利亚人从欧洲大陆来到大不列颠岛东南部定居。
(Ibérian Peninsula伊比利亚半岛)约公元前700年以后,居住在欧洲西部的凯尔特人不断移入不列颠群岛公元43年,罗马入侵不列颠。
征服不列颠后变其为罗马帝国的行省。
罗马人以位于泰晤士河口的伦敦为中心,向四面八方修起大道,连接各地的城市,使伦敦成为罗马不列颠统治和对外联系的中心。
3~4世纪,随着奴隶反抗斗争的加剧,罗马帝国逐渐衰落。
到407年,罗马驻军被迫全部撤离不列颠,罗马对不列颠的统治即告结束。
2.中古时期盎格鲁撒克逊罗马人撤离后,居住在德国易北河口附近和丹麦南部的盎格鲁撒克逊人以及来自莱茵河下游的朱特人等日耳曼部落,从5世纪中叶起陆续侵入不列颠。
到7世纪初,入侵者先后建立起7个强国。
这个时期史称“七国时代”,也成为了后来的英吉利王国的雏形。
英吉利这个名字源自“盎格鲁人”(Angles),其原名“Engla-lond”意为“盎格鲁人之地”,后音译变成了England6世纪末,基督教传入英国。
597年,罗马教皇派修士奥古斯丁到英吉利传教。
到7世纪下半叶,英吉利全境基本上都皈依了罗马基督教。
丹麦入侵从8世纪末开始,以丹麦人为主体的斯堪的纳维亚人屡屡入侵英国。
为抗击丹麦人,威塞克斯王国国王埃格伯特(约802~839在位)于827年统一七国,建立统一的英吉利王国。
诺曼征服法国诺曼底公爵威廉(丹麦维京人后裔)于1066年率军入侵,同年10月进入伦敦,加冕为英王威廉一世(1066~1087在位),史称“征服者威廉”,诺曼王朝(1066~1154)由此建立。
威廉征服英国后,宣称自己是全国土地的最高所有者。
他大量没收盎格鲁-撒克逊贵族和自由农民的土地,把全国可耕地面积约1/6和山林面积约1/3据为己有,其余的分给他的诺曼亲信和随从,并根据分封土地的多少,授以贵族爵位。
2021_2022学年新教材高中历史第二单元官员的选拔与管理6西方的文官制度课后素养落实含解析新人教

课后素养落实(六) 西方的文官制度1.在中古时期的英国,宫廷和政府之间没有明确界限,官员主要由国王任免,并被视为国王的仆人。
这表明( )A.英国实行君主专制B.英国国王权力至上C.英国官员服务国王D.借鉴中国选官制度C[材料强调了官员与国王的关系。
根据官员“被视为国王的仆人”可知,当时英国官员服务国王,故C项正确;A、B、D三项在材料中没有体现,故均排除。
] 2.英国是世界上最早实行文官制度的国家之一。
19世纪30年代,英国政府对文官制度进行了重大改革,于1853年制订了一套行使至今的制度。
近代英国文官制度建立的主要原因是( )A.传统选官制度的弊端B.英国政府的推动C.工业革命的影响D.中国科举制的影响C[由题干“19世纪30年代,英国政府对文官制度进行了重大改革,于1853年制订了一套行使至今的制度”并结合英国当时的国情可知,只有工业革命的影响最符合题意,故选C项。
]3.1854年,英国财政部高级官员对英国文官进行了全面调查,提出了著名的《关于建立常任文官制度的报告》。
报告建议设立常任文官制度,包括考试、录用文官、重视文官的专业水平、提拔优秀文官等。
这一报告出台的主要原因是( )A.内阁地位发生根本变化B.工人阶级要求提高政治地位C.社会经济结构持续变动D.民众科学素养普遍得以提高C[内阁制度发生变化不是此时期文官制度改革的主要原因,且“根本变化”表述不符合史实,故排除A项;工人阶级要求提高政治地位和民众科学素养的提高,都是生产力发展的结果,故排除B、D两项;英国在1854年进行文官制度改革,重视官员专业水平,这是由于工业革命使生产力水平大幅度提高,导致政府管理职能的膨胀,社会经济结构持续变动,但当时的文官制度存在着许多的腐败和弊端,所以人们要求建立廉洁、高效的政府,故C项正确。
]4.下表是英国高级官员罗素和阿伯斯诺特对1854年关于重建文官制度的《诺斯科特—屈威廉报告》的看法。
据表可知,两人都( )B.强调文官改革将会破坏英国宪政基础C.否定文官制度改革的必要性D.认为文官改革政策加剧英国社会动荡C[罗素认为文官制度损害了女王的权力,而且打乱了现有的官员任命方式,因此反对改革,而阿伯斯诺特认为文官选任制度“有失公允的责难”,给“地位尊崇者的心灵带来了惨痛的危害”,因此也反对改革。
英国文学中古时期到17世纪2 (含答案)

English literature in the Old and Middle Agesand in the Renaissance PeriodI. 选择题:1.The Canterbury Tales is written for the greater part in________couplets.A.epicB. heroicC. narrativeD. lyric2.Geoffrey Chaucer is the founder of the English________.A.Romantic poetryB. realistic literatureC. classical novelsD. heroic epic3.The English Renaissance Period was an age of ________.A.ballads and songsB. poetry and dramaC. essays and journalsD. prose and novel4.Geoffrey Chaucer is the founder of the English________.A.Romantic poetryB. realistic literatureC. classical novelsD. heroic epic5.The first poet to introduce the sonnet into English literature is________A.William ShakespeareB. Thomas WyattC. Francis BaconD. Thomas More6.It is _________ who first made blank verse the principal instrument of English drama.A.Thomas MoreB. Christopher MarloweC. Francis BaconD. William Shakespeare7.Choose the one author who does not belong to the group of “University Wits” from the following playwrights?A.John LylyB. Robert GreeneC. William ShakespeareD. Christopher Marlowe8.Who does the poet praise in the Sonnet 18 and Sonnet 29?A.a young beautiful ladyB. a dark ladyC. a handsome young manD. the poet’s girl friend9.In his literary development, Chaucer was influenced by three literatures, which one is not true?A.French literatureB. Italian literatureC. English literatureD. German literature10.“ Studies serve for delight, for ornament and for ability.” This is written by________.A.Francis BaconB. Robert GreeneC. Thomas MoreD. Thomas WyattII. 判断题1.Epic is one of the ancient types of poetry and plays a very important role in early development of literature and civilization.2.The Canterbury Tales is a vivid and brilliant reflection of 15th century in England.3.Poems or, songs by the Anglo-Saxon minstrels who sang of the heroic deeds of old time to the chiefs and warriors in the feasting-hall. The Typical work of Anglo-Saxon is Beowulf.4.William is a more realistic writer who dealt with the religious and social issues of his day in Piers Plowman5.The Renaissance was a culture movement that spanned roughly the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Italy in the Late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe.6.Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Romeo and Juliet are generally regarded as Shakespeare’s four great tragedies.7.The word “Renaissance” means revival. The term originally indicates a revival of classical (Greek and Roman) arts and sciences after the dark ages of medieval obscurantism.8.The core of Renaissance thought is the greatness of man/giants. This is best summarized in the lines of Shakespeare’s Hamlet9.Edmund Spenser is often referred to as “the poets’ poet” because his influence on later poets was considerable.10.Chaucer’s poetry traces out a path to the literature of English Renaissance.III. 连线题:1.Geoffrey Chaucer2.The oldest English epic3.William Shakespeare4.Thomas More5.Edmund Spenser6.Francis Bacon7.Christopher Marlowe8.John Milton9.John Bunyan10.Arthurian romancesIV. 赏析题:1.Sonnet 18Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?Thou art more lovely and more temperate:Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,And summer's lease hath all too short a date:Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,And often is his gold complexion dimmed,And every fair from fair sometime declines,By chance, or nature's changing course untrimmed:But thy eternal summer shall not fade,Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow'st,Nor shall death brag thou wander'st in his shade,When in eternal lines to time thou grow'st,So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.Q1. What is the rhyme scheme and metrical pattern of this poem?Q2. What are the differences between the natural summer and “thy” summer?Q3. What figures of speech can you find in this sonnet?Q4. What is the theme this sonnet?2.To be, or not to be: that is the question:Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to sufferThe slings & arrows of outrageous fortune,Or to take arms against a sea of troubles,And by opposing end them?To die, to sleep-No more; and by a sleep to say we endThe heartache, and the thousand natural shocksThat flesh is heir to. 'Tis a consummationDevoutly to be wish'd.Q1. Please give the title of the literary work from which it is taken, then give a brief analysis of it. Q2. What does “To be, or not to be: that is the question...” here mean?Q3. How do you comment on the hero of this literary work?V. 论述题What are the main contributions of Chaucer to British literature?English literature in the Old and Middle Agesand in the Renaissance PeriodI. 选择题:1-5: B D B D A 6-10: B C C D AII. 判断题1-5:T F T T T 6-10: F T T T TIII.连线题:1-5: I H F G D 6-10:E C A B JIV.赏析题:Q1. What is the rhyme scheme and metrical pattern of this poem?Answer:Rhyme Scheme : abab cdcd efef ggMetrical Pattern : Iambic pentameterQ2. What are the differences between the natural summer and“thy”summer?Answer:Natural summer is short and “thy” summer is eternal.Q3. What figures of speech can you find in this sonnet?Answer:Rhetorical question;Metaphor; PersonificationHyperbole; Repetition; ContrastQ4. What is the theme this sonnet?Answer:A profound meditation on the destructive power of time and the eternal beauty brought forth by poetry to the one he loves.In this world no beauty (in Nature) can stay except poetry or art; and your beauty can only last if I write it down in my poetry.——The artistic beauty is eternal and express his strong love for poetry Human beings possess eternal beauties. It reflects Shakespeare’s humanistic ideas. ( contrast with the temporary beauty of summer)3.Q1. Please give the title of the literary work from which it is taken, then give a brief analysis of it. Answer:Hamlet; Analysis:open question. Answers are reasonable is ok.Q2. What does “To be, or not to be: that is the question...” here mean?Answer:That is a question whether to live on in this world or to die, that is, to take action or to do nothing. Q3. How do you comment on the hero of this literary work?Answer:1. the happy prince: optimistic2. A melancholy prince:3. A thoughtful prince: thinking4. A indecisive prince: hesitation5. A prince in action:V. 论述题What are the main contributions of Chaucer to British literature?Answer:1)The realism and humanistic concerns demonstrated in his works looked forward to the coming English Renaissance.2)Introducing from France and Italy the rhymed stanzas of various forms to English poetry.3)He made London dialect the foundation of modern English.。
英国文学各时期作家整理

英国文学(一)The Old&Middle Ages 中古时期449-1066 1066-13501、Geoffrey Chaucer 杰弗里·乔叟(二)The Renaissance 文艺复兴时期14th-mid 17th✧散文Essay1、Thomas More 托马斯·莫尔2、Francis Bacon 弗朗西斯·培根✧诗歌Poetry1、Thomas Wyatt 托马斯·怀特2、Edmund Spenser 埃蒙德·斯宾塞3、John Lyly 约翰·李利/黎里✧戏剧drama1、Christoper Marlowe 克里斯托弗·马洛2、William Shakespeare 威廉·莎士比亚(三)The Period of Revolution and Restoration资产阶级革命与王朝复辟时期17C1、John Donne 约翰·多恩2、John Milton 约翰·弥尔顿3、John Bunyan 约翰·班杨4、John Dryden 约翰·德莱顿(四)The Age of Enlightenment/Reason 启蒙运动时期18C 1688-17981、Daniel Defoe 丹尼尔·笛福2、Jonathan Swift 乔纳森·斯威夫特3、Henry Fielding 亨利·菲尔丁4、Richard Brinsley Sheridan 理查德·谢里丹5、Joseph Addison 约瑟夫·爱迪生6、Richard Steele 理查德·斯蒂尔(五)The Romantic Period 浪漫主义时期1798-1832✧诗歌Poetry1、William Blake 威廉·布莱克2、Robert Burns 罗伯特·彭斯3、William Wordsworth 威廉·华兹华斯✧小说Novel1、Jane Austin 简·奥斯汀2、Walter Scott 沃尔特·司各特(六)The Victorian Age 维多利亚时期1832-19021、Charles Dickens 查尔斯·狄更斯2、William Makepeace Thackeray 威廉·梅克比斯·萨克雷3、George Eliot 乔治·艾略特4、The Bronte Sisters 勃朗特三姐妹5、Alfred Tennyson 阿尔弗雷德·丁尼生6、Robert Browning 罗伯特·勃朗宁7、Elizabeth Barrett Browning 伊丽莎白·巴雷特·勃朗宁8、Mathew Arnold 马修·阿诺德(七)The 20th Century 二十世纪1、Thomas Hardy 托马斯·哈代2、John Galsworthy 约翰・高尔斯华绥3、Oscar Wilde 奥斯卡·王尔德4、wrence 大卫·赫伯特·劳伦斯5、Virginia Wolf 弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫6、Joseph Conrad 约瑟夫·康拉德7、James Joyce 詹姆斯·乔伊斯8、George Bernard Shaw 乔治·萧伯纳9、E.M.Forster 爱德华·摩根·福斯特10、William Golding 威廉·戈尔丁。
英国文学总结一览表

英国的文学复习资料1 Old and medieval period中古时期的文学1 The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066)The Story of Beowulf 《贝奥武甫》:the poetry represents the highest achievement of the old english.2 The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350) Canto 诗章romance 传奇文学代表作:《Sir Gawain and the Green Knight》高文爵士和绿衣骑士是一首押头韵的长诗3 Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 杰弗里.乔叟12、heroic couplet 英雄双韵体a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵) lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格)3、代表作:《the Canterbury Tales 》坎特伯雷的故事(英国文学史的开端)大致内容:the pilgrims are people from various parts of England, representatives of various walks of life and social groups. 朝圣者都是来自英国的各地的人,代表着社会的各个不同阶层和社会团体小说特点:each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner, thus revealing his own views and character.这些叙述者以自己特色的方式讲述自己的故事,无形中表明了各自的观点,展示了各自的性格。
小说观点:he believes in the right of man to earthly happiness. He is anxious to see man freed from superstitions(迷信) and a blind belief in fate(盲目地相信命运). 他希望人们能从迷信和对命运的盲从中解脱出来。
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King Alfred the Great
The Middle English(Anglo-Norman) period
❖ The Norman Conquest (1066): P7-13
The Norman Conquest (1066)
❖ Politically, a feudalist system was established in England; ❖ Religiously, the Rome-backed Catholic Church had a much
British Literature
The Old and Medieval Periods
Instructor Kong Xiaojing
Key points:
❖ 1. The Old English(Anglo-Saxon) period ❖ 2. The Middle English(Anglo-Norman)
and Jutes
The Old English(Anglo-Saxon) period
❖ Anglo-Saxon Conquest:
❖ By the 7th century these small kingdoms were combined into a united kingdom called England.
period
❖ 3.cer and The Canterbury
Tales
The Old English(Anglo-Saxon) period
❖ Explain the following terms: P1-4 ❖ Britons, Anglo-Saxons
Anglo-Saxon Conquest
❖ The Angles and Saxons were heathen people. They believed in the old mythology of Northern Europe.
❖ The Anglo-Saxons were Christianized in the 7th century.
❖ Left behind: laws, architecture, social system, Latin, Christianity, churches.
The Old English(Anglo-Saxon) period
❖ Anglo-Saxon(盎格鲁-撒克逊) Conquest: ❖ Three tribe from Northern Europe: Angles, Saxon
stronger control over the country; ❖ On language, three languages co-existed in England.
French became the official language used by the king and the Norman lords; Latin became the principal tongue of church affairs and was used by the clergymen and scholars in universities; Anglo-Saxon (old English) was spoken only by the common English people.
2.1 Old English Period ❖ Beowulf 《贝奥武夫》 ❖ Beowulf is the first great
The Old English(Anglo-Saxon) period
❖ The early inhabitants---Britons, a tribe of Celts. ❖ 700BC,Celtic(凯尔特人) people from north-
western Europe, bringing iron-working, Gaelic(盖 尔语) language.
❖ The dialects spoken by the them naturally grew into a single language called Anglo-Saxon, which is now called Old English.
The Old English(Anglo-Saxon) period
The union of French and Anglo-Saxon (English) ❖ the need of communication ❖ the absorption of the French
II English Literature in old and medieval periods
❖ In defeat, the Britons produced a body of stories revolving a legendary ruler called Arthur who had fought heroically against the Anglo-Saxon invaders.
❖ “Britain”, the land of Britons
The Old English(Anglo-Saxon) period
❖ The Roman Occupation (55BC-410):
❖ In 55 B.C., Britain was invaded by Julius Caesar, the conqueror.
❖ Anglo-Saxon Conquest:
❖ The native Britons (Celts) were finally confined to the mountainous region of Wales where the modern form of their language is spoken alongside English to this day.