翻译技巧与实践(第三讲)
第三讲名词与介词的翻译

6.英语名词转换成汉语形容词
• • • • • The blockade was a great success. 封锁是非常成功的。 When I came back to England, I felt like a stranger. 我回到英格兰时候,感到这里的一切都变得陌生。 Another way to start a collection is to select the best examples of coins now in use. • 另一种收藏方法是从收集目前流通的最典型的硬 币开始。
3.英语中动词+表目的、方向的介词短语可译 成汉语连动式
• • • • • He invited me to his home for lunch. 他邀请我去家中吃午饭。 We warmly welcome you to the seminar. 我们热烈欢迎你们参加这次研讨会。 In the morning I would like to walk to the cafeteria for coffee instead of using the machine near my desk. • 每天早晨我宁愿步行去咖啡馆喝咖啡,也不用办 公桌旁边的饮水机。
• Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe. • 火箭已用来探索宇宙。 • Exhaust gases from boilers, vehicles, etc. cause air pollution in cities. • 锅炉和车辆等排出的废气,污染了城市空气。
• • • • • • • • • • We were at the same school when we were kids. 我们小时候在同一所学校上学。 I found him at his books in the library. 我发现他在图书馆里看书。 I know him quite well, for we are in the same office. 我非常了解他,因为我们在同一个办公室工作。 He is still in the bath. 他还在洗澡。 He has been on his dissertation these days. 他最近在忙着写毕业论文。
9-11讲:英汉互译实践与技巧

1. 英译汉的正反交替 2. 否定的陷阱
二、教学内容:
1. 英汉翻译中的正反交替 2. 汉英翻译中的正反交替
Ⅰ. Negation in English-Chinese Translation
英汉翻译中的正反交替
1) " Full negatives" :
no, not, none, never, nothing, nobody, nowhere, neither, nor;
汉英翻译中的正反交替
1、Negation According to Usage 在他还没来得及阻拦我之前, 我己经跑出教室。
Before he could stop me, I had rushed out of the classroom. 俗话说,"男儿有泪不轻弹,皆因未到伤心处”. As the saying goes,"Men only weep when deeply hurt.
Ⅱ. Negation in Chinese-English Translation
汉英翻译中的正反交替
2、Negation for Emphasis or Rhetorical Effect 我们讨论问题时,不能忘记这些基本点。
These basic concepts must be kept in mind in our discussion. 党的十六大充分表明我们党兴旺发达,后继有人。
Ⅰ. Negation in English-Chinese Translation
英汉翻译中的正反交替
3) all/every ... not All that glitters is not gold.
发光的不一定都是金子。 No, everything is not straightened out.
12-13讲:英汉互译实践与技巧

4、Adverbial Clause of Condition 1) Translating into Chinese Adverbial Clause of
the workpieces is not high. 如果零件价值不高,使用这些材料是最好不过的了。
Ⅰ. Adverbial Clauses in English-Chinese
Translation 英语状语从句的翻译
3、Adverbial Clause of Cause 1) Translating into Corresponding Chinese Clause of
My conscience told me that I deserved no extraordinary politeness. 小梅心地善良,性情温和,对她朋友这种没有心肝 的行为实在看不顺眼。
Xiaomei's kindly and gentle nature could not but revolt at her friend’s callous behavior.
Condition, or Clauses of Supposition
If something has the ability to adjust itself to the environment, we say it has intelligence. 如果某物具有适应环境的能力,我们就说它具有智力。
Should there be an urgent situation, press the red button to switch off the electricity. 万一有紧急情况,请按红色按钮以切断电源。
翻译第三讲 词汇的翻译技巧(2nd)

赤发鬼刘唐
智多星吴用
3.2 Common Nouns Translated in Transliteration Among Geographic Terms (表示地理类别的普 通名词的地名,其中普通名词译意。)
The Gulf of Mexico the Suez Canal Mount Tai 普陀山 ? 墨西哥湾 苏伊士运河 泰山
3.5 Conventionality (约定俗成)
New Zealand Cambridge Shelley Sun Yat-sen Chiang Kai-shek Ma Ying-jeou 新西兰 剑桥cf.坎不雷奇 雪莱cf. 谢利 孙中山 蒋介石 马英九
Tsinghua or Qinghua?
III. Conversion
The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing. 看到我们的喷气式飞机,听见隆隆的机声,我 感到心驰神往。(名——动)
As the war progressed, he would symbolize their frustrations, the embodiment of all evils. 随着战争的进行,他将成为他们受挫的象征, 是一切不幸的化身。。(动——名)
Doctors have said that they are not sure they can save his life. 医生说他们不敢肯定能否救得了他的命。 (形——动) As he ran out, he forgot to put his shoes on. 他跑出去时,忘记了穿鞋。 (副——动)
3.3 Half Transliteration, Half Liberal Translation (半译音,半译意) Goldlion Nike Colgate Giant 金利来 耐克 高露洁 捷安特
翻译讲座3:英译汉的技巧

• 6. “What America has lost,” says one veteran observer, “is
第二节 增译法
7. Inflation has now reached unprecedented level. 目前通货膨胀已经发展到空前严重的地步。 (形容词)
8. A fool and his words are soon parted; a man of genius and his money. (并列句中省略的部分)
第三节 减译法
1.Whether the laws are good or bad, they cannot complain, they cannot question, they cannot suggest changes.(作主语的人称代词) 无论法律公正与否,他们无法抱怨、无法质疑、无法建议 修改。 2. He who never reached the Great Wall is not a true man. (表示泛指的人称代词) (物主代词、做宾语的人称代词也可省略)
愚人会很快忘记说过的话,智者会很快放弃手里的钱。 蠢材轻其言,天才轻其财。
第二节 增译法
9. The high-altitude plane was and still is a remarkable bird. (表示时态的词) 该高空飞机过去是,现在仍然是... … 10. A red sun rose slowly from the calm sea. (量词)
第三节 减译法
3. Insufficient power made it difficult to start the motor. (先行代词it) 电力不足,难以使马达启动。 4. Reading furnishes the mind only with materials of knowledge; it is thinking that makes what we read ours. (强调句型中的it) 读书只能给大脑提供知识的材料, 思考才能把我们所读的东西变成自己 的。
翻译技巧与实践1

wonderful time during my summer vacation.
• 4) Her story is one of the saddest.
• 纯属谎言,我连一个字都不会相信。
• 嘿,伙计!别给我来这一套。我才不相信 你的鬼话呢!
• 长话短说,暑假期间我们玩得很愉快。
• 她的遭遇算是最悲惨的了
Practice these after class
• He killed time everyday at the park.
• moon
• He moons about in the street.
• Such a chance comes once in a blue moon.
• broken
• 跑得了和尚跑不了庙。 • The monk ran away, but the temple won’t run with him. • 你死了,我去当和尚。
• a broken man
• a broken soldier
• broken Correspondence at the world level
• 1) word- for –word correspondence • 2)one word with multiple equivalents • 3) One word with multiple equivalents of
the world • 阳:The strong active male principle or force in
the world
Difference in the Aspect of Sentence
• 1. subject • 2. predicate • 3. attributive • 4. sentence order
1-5:英汉互译实践与技巧

(She is very popular now.) 2、你给我站住!*You Give Me Stop!!
(Stand!) 3、蠢蠢欲動。 *Stupid stupid want to move .
(Be ready to do sth.(bad)) 4、寒暄 *coldly talk for a while
Ⅱ. Nature and Scope of Translation 翻译的性质和范围
英 国 翻 译 教 育 家 Peter Newmark : “ It is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text. 翻译是按作者的创造意图把一篇文章的意思 用另一种语言描述出来的过程。”
Ⅲ. Principles or Criteria of Translation 翻译的原则和标准
Principle原则:
严复Yan Fu :the first Chinese who made a penetrating(敏锐的) and relatively systematic study of translation standard in modern times.
original. To reproduce the ideological content and the
style of the original works and retain as much as possible the figures of speech.
Ⅳ. Literal Translation and Free Translation 直译与意译
翻译技巧与实践

翻译技巧与实践翻译是一项复杂而重要的工作,它不仅要求翻译者具备扎实的语言基础,还需要掌握一定的翻译技巧与实践经验。
本文将探讨一些翻译技巧与实践方法,帮助读者提高翻译质量与效率。
一、准确理解原文在进行翻译之前,准确理解原文是至关重要的。
翻译者应该通过仔细阅读、分析原文,确保能够准确把握原文的意思和表达方式。
这包括对语言的理解、词汇的解释以及句子结构的把握等。
只有全面准确地理解原文,才能进行准确的翻译。
二、注重语言表达翻译不仅仅是简单的语言转换,更需要注重语言的表达。
在翻译过程中,翻译者应该注意选择合适的词汇、短语和句型,使得翻译后的文本在语言表达上更加准确、流畅。
此外,翻译者还应该注意句子的清晰度和连贯性,避免使用过长的句子或者过于复杂的句法结构。
三、熟悉专业知识不同领域的翻译,需要翻译者具备一定的专业知识。
翻译者应该不断学习和积累相关领域的知识,了解行业术语、常见表达方式以及领域内的特殊要求。
只有通过对专业知识的掌握,翻译者才能更好地完成翻译任务,并保证翻译的准确性和专业性。
四、善用翻译工具现代技术的发展给翻译带来了很多便利,翻译者可以善用各种翻译工具来提高工作效率。
例如,利用在线词典、翻译软件以及术语库等工具可以快速查找词汇释义、翻译句子或者存储常用表达。
但需要明确的是,机器翻译工具并不能完全替代人工翻译,翻译者仍然需要借助人工进行语言的修正和润色。
五、注重风格与文化适应在进行翻译的过程中,翻译者应该注重保持原文的风格和文化特色,尽量做到译文与原文的风格统一。
同时,还需要根据目标语言的文化背景和读者的接受范围,进行适当的调整和转换,确保翻译的准确性和自然流畅。
六、反复校对与修改翻译工作并非一蹴而就,翻译者在完成翻译后,应该进行反复的校对与修改,确保翻译的准确性。
这包括对词语、句子、段落以及整体的考核和修正,排除疏忽、错误和不准确的地方。
经过反复校对与修改,才能最终达到高质量的翻译效果。
总结翻译技巧与实践是翻译工作中必不可少的要素。
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话题结构与主谓结构
• 主语本质上是语法化了的话题 • 相比之下,在语法方面,英语选择了主语,汉语选了话题, 以及“把”字结构和“被”字结构。 • “典型的主语既是主题也是施事。”(Comrie 1981) • 英语是主谓结构(subject-predicate structure)的语言。中国语 言学家赵元任(Chao,1968:69)指出:“汉语句子中主语和谓语的 语法意义是主题(topic)和述题(comment),而不是动作者(actor) 和动作(action)。”Li和Thompson (1975)在其Subject and Topic一书中提出:“语言有四种基本类型:1)注重主语(Subjectprominent)的语言;2)注重主题(Topic-prominent)的语言;3)主 语和主题都注重的语言;4)主语与主题都不注重的语言。”他 提出英语属于注重主语(简称SP)的语言,而汉语则属于注重主 题(简称TP)的语言。话题(topic),又称主题。
拟人法(英语中,视为修辞上的一种毛病)
• • • • • • • • • 我们的事业从胜利走向胜利。 Our cause has won victory one after another. .(X) We have won one victory after another for our cause 汉字在历史上有过不可磨灭的功绩。 Chinese characters have made indelible contributions in history. .(X) The system of Chinese characters has played an invaluable role in our history 宗教不得干预政治。 Religion must not interfere with politics. .(X) It is impermissible to interfere with politics in the name of religion.
• 4,译成复合结构的英语句子 • 冬天,在四周围都是山地的这里,看见太阳 的日子真是太少了。今天,难得雾这么稀薄, 空中融融地混合着金黄的阳光,把地上的一 切,好像也照上一层欢笑的颜色。 • In winter, sunny days were scarce here, as it was surrounded by hills all around. Today, however, the fog was wonderfully thin and the air was filtered through with golden sunlight that tinted everything on the ground with a joyful hue.
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
• 例3. (1)The Prime Minister stepped off the plane. (2)Journalists immediately surrounded her. (3)She was immediately surrounded by journalists. • 讲英语国家的人会选择(1)与(3)连接,因为(3) 中的She与上句的The PrimeMinister是同一 主位,在(3)中是已知的信息。如果与(2)连接, 两个句子的出发点转换就不自然,当读者头脑 里建立起Prime Minister是谈话的中心时候, 突然第二个分句的话题变成了journalists.
• 例1.经过大修的十公里长的离宫墙,依山就势,蜿蜒曲 • 折,犹如万里长城的缩影,游客看后赞叹不已。 • The mountain resort is enclosed by a recently renovated wall about 10 kilometers long, which rises and falls, twists and turns with mountain ridges like the miniature of the Great Wall. It is widely acclaimed by the tourists.(齐乃政,2003:276) • 原文中的话题是整个语段“旅游避暑胜地——承德” 中的“离宫墙”,而句段最后分句的主位是“游客”, 但是这并不妨碍我们理解整个语段的话题,但是,如果 按照其次序译出来的话就不行。而译文的主位It与前 面句子主位一致。这一手段是英语写作中通常遵循 的一项篇章结构组织原则。(MicCrimmon,1976:378-380)
• ①我常见许多青年的朋友,②聪明用功,③成绩优 异,④而语文程度不足以表达,⑤甚至写一封信亦 难得通顺,⑥问其故则曰其兴趣不在语文方面。 (梁实秋《学问与趣味》) • ① I have come across a great many young friends,②bright and diligent, ③do exceedingly well in studies, ④but they are rather weak in Chinese, ⑤even can’t write a smooth Chinese letter. ⑥When asked why, they’ll say they are not interested in Chinese. • I have come across a great many bright and diligent young friends who have done exceedingly well in heir studies, but are rather weak in Chinese. They cannot even write a letter in corret Chinese. When I asked them why, they said they were not interested in the Chinese language.
有灵,无灵动词
• 按照动作的执行者是有生命的还是无生命的这一标准,英语 和汉语的动词均可分为有灵动词和无灵动词。前者用在表示 有生命的名词后,后者用在表示无生命的名词后。含有灵动 词的句子称作有生命主语句,含无灵动词的句子称作无生命 主语句。英语和汉语差别是:有灵动词与无灵动词在英语中 无有明确的区别,即一个动词常常是既可用作有灵动词、又 可用作无灵动词;而在汉语中这两类动词之间却有明确的区 别,即一个用作有灵动词的动词不能同时用作无灵动词。例 如: (1) One reliable source said that major tax changes were being considered by the Treasury. 据可靠消 息,财政部正在考虑对税收办法作重大改革。 • (2) John said that he would come this evening.约翰 说他今晚来。 • 上述两例中的said 分别与表示无生命的事物的 one reliable source 和表示有生命的John搭配。前句是无生命主 语句,后者是有生命主语句。动词 say在前一例中用作无灵动 词,在后一例中用作有灵动词。而汉语中与say相对应的动词 是"说",它只能作有灵动词。如改作无灵动词,则很不符合汉 语的表达习惯。英译汉时一是要弄清英语无生命主语句特点, 二是对原句的结构和搭配必须作出相应的调整。
翻译技巧与实践
第三讲:句法与翻译(上)
英汉句法对比
• 意合与形合 • 形合hypotaxis,指语言中的词与词,句与句的 结合主要凭借词形变化,关系词、连接词等显 性手段。 • 意合 parataxis,指语言中的词与词,句与句 parataxis 的结合主要依靠语义上的关系和联想达成,这 种结合在外部形态上没有明显的标志,交际双 方根据语境和语感对语句作出正确的解码。
• 人类历史上只有两种战争;正义战争和非正义战争。 • 译1:There are two kinds of ward in human history– just and unjust. • 译2: Human History knows only two types of wars— wars of justice and wars of injustie. • 霸权主义日趋衰落。 • 译1: Hegemony is becoming weaker every day. • 译2: Every day sees hegemony getting weaker. • 中国改革开放的先行者广东省,今年经济增长率预计 将比去年要高。 • 译1: There will have a higher economic growth rate this year than it had last year in China’s forerunner’s province Guangdong in reform and opening-up. • 译2:Guangdong Province, China’s forerunner of reform and opening-up, expects to have a higher eonomi growth rate this year than it had last year.
• • • • • • • • • •
意合与形合在汉英翻译中的操作 1译成带从句的英语句子 她们妯娌吵嘴,不巧被我撞见了。 I chanced to be present when the sisters-in-law were having a quarrel. 2,译成带介词短语的英语句子 好不容易才说服她,照我的想法办. With some difficulty I brought her round to my way of thinking. 3,译成带分词或不定式的英语句子 只见那个理发师俯下身,听那小姑娘说,她要什么发式。 Leaning down to hear the little girl, the barber listened to her about the style she wanted.