科技英语翻译-第9-章
研究生科技英语阅读课文翻译9
Unit 91 In popular culture, the term UFO–or unidentified flying object–refers to a suspected alien spacecraft, although its definition encompasses any unexplained aerial phenomena. UFO sightings have been reported throughout recorded history and in various parts of the world, raising questions about life on other planets and whether extraterrestrials have visited Earth. They became a major subject of interest–and the inspiration behind numerous films and books–following the development of rocketry after World War II.通俗地说，所谓 UFO--或者不明飞行物--指疑似外星人的飞船，不过它的定义也包括无法解释的空中现象。
在全世界各地不同时期都有 UFO 目击的报告，引起人们关于外星生命以及地外生命是否访问过地球的争论。
在二战后火箭技术的发展下，它们成了人们感兴趣的一大主题--也是数不清的电影和书籍背后的灵感来源。
Flying Saucers2 The first well-known UFO sighting occurred in 1947, when businessman Kenneth Arnold claimed to see a group of nine high-speed objects near Mount Rainier in Washington while flying his small plane. Arnold estimated the speed of the crescent-shaped objects as several thousand miles per hour and said they moved “like saucers skipping on water.” In the newspaper report that followed, it was mistakenly stated that the objects were saucer-shaped, hence the term flying saucer.飞碟首个著名的飞碟目击事件发生在 1947 年，一个叫 Kenneth Arnold 的商人声称他在华盛顿的雷尼尔山附近玩小型飞机模型时看到了一组9个高速移动的物体。
Unit 9 Science and Technology新编大学英语第二版第四册课文翻译
Unit 9 Science and TechnologyToo Fast?People who were born just before World War I remember waving at automobiles as they passed. Seeing a car was like watching a parade—exciting and out of the ordinary. The airplane—it was spelled "aeroplane" then—was another new invention. Refrigerators were "iceboxes," and a man delivered the ice for the box in the summer and the coal for the stove in the winter. Now, the iceman, like the blacksmith, survives only in literature.Today, change comes so fast that working people can become obsolete because their occupations vanish in the middle of their lives. Knowledge, and thus the rate of change, increases geometrically. Every idea gives birth to a dozen new ones, and each of them has a dozen children. The people of the pre-World War I generation had hardly assimilated the inventions of that era before they were attacked by a new batch of even more sophisticated inventions. The Atomic Age dawned in 1945, August 6 to be exact, and then, before we could catch our breath, the Space Age arrived.Change was not always this rapid. Certain important inventions, like the telephone, the airplane, the automobile, and the radio, had been invented by 1914, but the effects of these inventions upon the lives of ordinary citizens were not felt until many years later. We now have the technology to develop machines before people are ready to use them. For example, we have the technology to enable people to pay their bills by phone—but even people with phones resist. The change is too much too fast. People don't want to talk to machines, especially if the machines talk back to them.It is certain that technology, especially computer technology, will rule our lives to a greater and greater degree. This situation will not necessarily prove positive or negative in effect. Many people would be more comfortable if change came more slowly, but on the other hand, there are many for whom every innovation is like a new toy. They can't wait for the next invention to be available. When scientists talk about the remarkably adaptable nature of people, they probably have these people in mind.But there is a limit to everyone's ability to adapt. What will happen to us when change comes so rapidly that we can no longer adjust to it? These same scientists who talk about our adaptable nature also tell us that change is to some degree emotionally painful to everyone. What then, will happen to us when change comes so rapidly that we can no longer stand the pain, and we refuse to change?We have read a lot about scientific and technological change, but that is only part of the picture of modern life. There is often a great lag between scientific discovery andcultural acceptance. For example, Charles Darwin's theory of evolution, proposed over one hundred years ago and accepted by all serious scholars for generations, is still rejected by large segments of society. These segments see science as contradicting a higher religious authority. They see science as questioning and destroying their beliefs and culture.The problem is not easily solved because it is in the nature of science to question, and it is in the nature of human beings not to want to question the things they believe in. Science is not merely a field of study like chemistry or physics or biology. Science is a method of looking at the world, a method that requires an open mind, objectivity, and proof based upon observation or experimentation. It is a method that ignores religion, race, nationality, economics, morality, and ethics. It pays attention only to the results of research. The scientific method has shown us endless marvels and wonders, but methods can't provide all the answers. Science cannot tell us whether or not to drop a bomb: That is a moral or political question. Science only tells us how to make one.As we have already said, technological innovations are being made at faster and faster rates. The future will be even more revolutionary than the past. Will we, as a species, survive the revolutions that we have begun? There is plenty of evidence to think that we will. Our species has enormous potential that we have just begun to use. For example, we have only begun to control the environment. One day technology will make every desert bloom. It's simple, really. To do so, all we need to do is lower the cost of converting sea water into fresh water. Then, when the deserts bloom, will they provide enough food for our growing numbers? Most likely, they will. We have only just begun to discover the possibilities of highly intensive desert agriculture. We already have the technology to increase production ten times and to use one-twentieth of the water we needed before.We know how to make agricultural miracles. What we need are the time and money to make the technology available to everyone.In the nineteenth century, people believed in progress. They believed that science would lead them to a new era of endless prosperity and happiness. Well, it didn't work out that way. Two disastrous world wars convinced people of that. Yet, in our disappointment and in our fears that science was a monster that would one day destroy us, we forgot that science was not the monster; we were the monster. Science was merely a servant, and like fire, a good servant when treated properly.Despite all the problems of the modern world, however, most people would not choose to live in any of the less scientific ages that have preceded ours. If—and this is abig if—we don't destroy ourselves in war, the future can only be better. Each year will bring a more bewildering array of scientific advances: diseases cured, space conquered, transportation and communication revolutionized, agriculture and industry completely transformed, etc. To some, the future sounds exciting; to others, frightening. But one thing is sure—it won't be boring.太快了？1 在第一次世界大战前夕出生的人仍然记得看到身边经过的汽车就挥手的情景。
科技英语阅读翻译
1all elements are composed of scattered units called atoms,which are the smallest particles than show the characteristics of the element. atoms are tiny units of matter composed of positively charged protons, negatively charged elements ,and electrically neutral neutrons. protons and neutrons, which have almost the same mass,are clustered in the nucleus in the middle of the atom. electrons,which are tiny in comparison to the other units, move around the nucleus at high speed. atoms that have the same number of electrons and protons are electrically neutral. those that have got or lost electrons,and therefor are positively or negatively charged, are called ions.所有的元素都称为原子的散射单元，这是比显示的元件的特性的最小的颗粒组成。
原子是微小单位的物质组成的带正电的质子，带负电荷的元件和电中性的中子。
质子和中子，它们具有几乎相同的质量，聚集在细胞核内的原子在中间。
的电子，这在其他单位相比是微小的，围绕原子核高速移动。
具有相同的电子和质子数的原子是电中性的。
科技英语中英文对照翻译
mobile and cellular radio移动和细胞广播in comparison to the relative stability and modest technical developments which are occurring in long haul wideband microwave communication systems there is rapid development and expanding deployment of new mobile personal communication system. These rang from wide coverage area pagers,for simple data message transmission,which employ common standards and hence achieve contiguous coverage over large geographical areas,such as all the major urban centres and transport routes in Europe,Asia or the continental USA.This chapter discusses the special channel characteristics of mobile systems and examines the typical cellular clusters adopted to achieve continuous communication with the mobile user.It then highlights the important properties of current,and emerging,TDMA and code division multiple access(CDMA), mobile digital cellular communication systems.Private mobile radioTerrestrial mobile radio works best at around 250 MHz as lower frequencies than this suffer from noise and interference while higher frequencies experience multipath propagation from buildings,etc,section 15.2.In practice modest frequency bands are allocated between 60MHz and 2GHz. Private mobile radio(PMR) is the system which is used by taxi companies,county councils,health authorities,ambulance services,fire services,the utility industries,etc,for mobile communications.PMR has three spectral at VHF,one just below the 88 to 108 MHz FM broadcast band and one just above this band with another allocation at approximately 170MHz.There are also two allocations at UHF around 450MHz. all these spectral allocations provide a total of just over 1000 radio channels with the channels placed at 12KHz channel spacings or centre frequency offsets. Within the 12khz wide channal the analogue modulation in PMR typically allows 7khz of bandwidth for the signal transmission.when further allowance is made for the frequency drift in the oscillators of these systems a peak deviation of only 2 to 3 khz is available for the speech traffic. Traffic is normally impressed on these systems by amplitude modulation or frequency modulation and again the receiver is of the ubiquitous superheterodyne design,Figure 1.4. A double conversion receiver with two separate local oscillator stages is usually required to achieve the required gain and rejection of adjacent channel signals.One of the problems with PMR receiver is that they are requiredto detect very small signals,typically—120dBm at the antenna output,corresponding to 0.2 uV,and,after demodulating this signal,produce ann output with perhaps 1W of audio equipment, the first IF is normally at10.7MHz and the second IF is very orten at 455KHz . unfortunately,with just over 1000 available channels for the whole of the UK and between 20000and30000issued licences for these systems,it is inevitable that the average busuness user will have to share the allocated channel with other companies in their same geographical area.There are various modes of operation for mobile radio communications networks, the simplest of which is singal frequency simplex. In simplex communication, traffic is broadcast, or one way. PMR uses half duplex(see later Table 15.3) where, at the end of each transmission period, there is a handover of the single channel to the user previously receiving, in order to permit them to reply over the same channel. This is efficient in that it requires only one frequency allocation for the communication link but it has the disadvantage that all units canhear all transmissions provided they are within rage of the mobile and frequencies are allocated for the transmissions. One frequency is used for the forward or downlink, namely base-to-mobile communications. This permits simultaneous two-way communication and greatly reduces the level of interference, but it halves other’s transmissions, which can lead to contention with two mobiles attempting to initiate a call, at the same time, on the uplink in a busy syetem.Although PMR employs relatively simple techniques with analogue speech transmission there have been many enhancements to these systems over the years . Data transmission is now in widespread use in PMR systems using FSK modulation. Data transmission also allows the possibility of hard copy graphics output and it gives direct access to computer services such as databases, etc. Data prembles can also be used, in a selective calling mode, when initiating a transmission to address a special receiver and thus obtain more privacy within the system.15.4.5 Trunked radio for paramilitary use集群无线电的军事使用Another related TDMA mobile radio standard is the European trunked radio(TETRA)network which has been developed as part of the public safety radio communications service(PSRCS) for use by police, utilities, customs office, etc. TETRA in fact is part of wider international collaborations for paramilitary radio use.In these portable radios there is a need for frequency hopping (FH) to give an antieavesdropping capability and encryption for security of transmission to extend military mobile radio capabilities to paramilitary use, i.e. for police, customs and excise offices, etc. these capabilities are included in the multiband interteam radio for the associated public safety communications office in the USA while Europe has adopted the TETRA standard.TETRA is essentially the digital TDMA replacement of the analogue PMR systems. The TETRA standard has spectrum allocations of 380 to 400 and 410 to 430MHz, with the lower band used for mobile transmissions and the upper band for base station use. TETRA mobile have 1 W output power and the base stations 25 W using error with the data throughput rate varying, to meet the required quality of service. TETRA can accommodate up to four users each with a basic speech or data rate of 7.2kbit/s. with coding and signaling overheads, the final transmission rate for the four-user slot is 36 kbit/s. this equipment is large and more sophisticated than a commercial cell phone, and it sells for a very much higher price becase the production runs are much small. However, its advanced capabilities are essential for achieving paramilitary communications which are secure from eavesdropping.15.5 Code division multiple accessAnalogue communication systems predominantly adopt frequency division multiple access (FDMA), where each subscriber is allocated a narrow frequency slot within the available channel. The alternative TDMA(GSM) technique allocates the entire channel bandwidth to a subscriber but constrains the subscriber but constrains the subscriber to transmit only regular short bursts of wideband signal. Both these accessing techniques are well established for long haulterrestrial, satellite and mobile communications as they offer very good utilization of the available bandwidth.15.5.1The inflexibility of these coordinated accessing techniques has resulted in the development of new systems based on the uncoordinated spread spectrum concept. In these systems the bits of slow speed data traffic from each subscriber are deliberately multiplied by a high chip rate spreading code, forcing the low rate (narrowband data signal) to fill a wide channel bandwidth.15.7.2 3G systemsThe evolution of the third generation (3G)system began when the ITU produce the initial recommendations for a new universal mobile telecommunications system(UMTS)[www.] The 3G mobile radio service provides higher data rate services ,with a maximum data rate in excess of 2Mbit/s, but the achievable bit rate is linked to mobility. Multimedia applications encompass services such as voice, audio/video, graphics, data, Internet access and e-mail. These packet and circuit switched services have to be supported by the radio interface and the network subsystem.Several radio transmission technologies(RTT) were evaluated by the ITU and adopted into the new standard, IMT-2000. the European standardization body for 3G, the ETSI Special Mobile Group, agreed on a radio access scheme for 3G UMTS universal terrestrial radio access(UTRA) as an evolution of GSM. UTRA consists of two modes : frequency division duplex(FDD) where the uplink and downlink are transmitted on different frequencies; and time division duplex(TDD) where the uplink and downlink are time multiplexed onto the same carrier frequency. The agreement assigned the unpaired bands (i.e. for UTRA TDD ). TD-CDMA is a pure CDMA based system. Both modes of UTRA have been harmonised with respect to basic system parameters such as carrier spacing, chip rate and frame length to ensure the interworking of UTRA with GSM.The 3G proposal were predominantly based wideband CDMA(WCDMA) and a mix of FDD and TDD access techniques. WCDMA is favoured for 3G in poor propagation environments with a mix of high modest speed data traffic. It is generally accepted that CDMA is the preferred accesstechnique and, with the increase in the data rate, then the spreading modulation needs to increase to wideband transmission.WCDMA is based on 3.84Mchip/s spreading codes with spreading ratio, i.e. , K values, of 4-256 giving corresponging data ratas of 960-15 kbit/s. the upper FDD uplink band I from 1920-1980 MHz is paired with a 2110-2170 MHz downlink. In addition uplink bands II & III at 1850-1910 MHz and 1710-1785 MHz are also paired, respectively, with 1930-1990 MHz and 1805-1880 MHz allocations. the system is configured on a 10 ms frame with 15 individual slots to facilitate TDD as well as FDD transmissions. TDD is more flexible as time-slots can be dynamically reassigned to uplink and downlink functions, as required for asymmetric transfer of large files or video on demand traffic. 3G WCDMA systems use an adaptive multirate speech coder with encoded rates of 4.75-12.2 kbit/s. receivers commonly use the easily integrated direct conversion design, in place of the superheterodyne design . receiver sensitivities are typically -155dBm.The 3GPP2 standard aims to achieve a wide area mobile wireless packet switched capability with CDMA2000 1×EV DO revision A (sometimes called IS-856A). Here 1×refers to the single carrier 1.25 Mchip/s system. It achieves a 3.1 Mbit/s downlink and a delay sensitive services. The 3GPP standard has gone through many release with R4 in 2001 which introduced packet data services and R6 in 2005 to further increase the available data transmission rate . R6 pioneers the use of high-speed downlink packet access and multimedia broadcast multicast services which offer reduced delays and increased uplink data rates approaching 6 Mbit/s.In parallel with the European activities extensive work on 3G mobile radio was also performed in Japan. The Japanese standardisation body also chose WCDMA, so that the Japanese and European proposals for the FDD mode were already aligned closely. Very similar concepts have also been adopted by the North American standardization body.In order to work towards a global 3G mobile radio standard, the third generation partnership project(3GPP), consisting of members of the standardization bodies in Europe, the USA, Japan, Korea and China, was formed. It has merged the already well harmonized proposals of the regional standardization bodies to work on a common 3G international mobile radio standard, still called UTRA. The 3GPP Project 2(3GPP2), on the other hand, works towards a 3G mobile radio standard based on cdmaOne/IS-95 evolution, originally called CDMA2000.比起相对稳定、适度的技术发展是发生在宽带微波通信系统,有长期快速发展和扩大部署的新的移动个人通讯系统。
科技英语课文句子翻译Unit1-10
Sentence TranslationUnit 1Text A1.However, the volume of business done on the Internet is growing rapidly, as people orderbooks and other products to make money transactions.但是，因特网上的交易数量急速增长，人们从网上购书和其他的产品，进行资金交易。
2.They use them to prowl the Internet, looking for ways to break into computers systems runby banks, telephone companies and even government departments.他们用电脑上网，寻找能够进入银行电脑系统、电话公司的电脑系统、甚至是政府的电脑系统的方式。
3.The first indication of a security breach may be when a customer discovers a fraudulentmoney transaction on a credit card account.当顾客发现信用卡的帐号上出现了来历不明的消费时，这可能就是安全受到了破坏的第一个标志。
4.The use of credit cards to buy things on the Internet converts the issue of Internet securityinto one of general security.用信用卡在网上购物使网络安全变成了大众所普遍关注的安全的一种5.Few people think twice about giving a credit card number over the phone and many areequally careless about what happens to the carbon copy when completing a transaction over the counter.很多人会在电话里随意报出自己的信用卡号码，同样地，也有很多人不留意交易完成后放在银行柜台上的副本。
科技英语的翻译(汉译英)
科技英语的翻译
问题： those on chromosomes表示染色体的减少效应， 而不是染色体上的基因的减少效应。我们要的是 后者的意思。所以要写成those of genes。 Reduction effects是指粒重的减少效应，而不是 genes on chromosomes的减少效应，所以要加 上on grain weight。 改译为: The reduction effects of genes on chromosomes 1B and 2B on grain weight were obviously higher than those of genes on chromosomes 5A, 6B, 2D and 7D.
科技英语的翻译
例
2 The division frequency of protoplasts was lower in the liquid medium than that embedded in the medium containing agarose. 原生质体在液体培养基中的分裂频率低 于包埋在含有琼脂糖的培养基中的分裂 频率。
科技英语的翻译
例
2 Owing to these changes of basic equilibrium state, with the result that the basic characters of dynamics will be changed.
由于这些基本的平衡的变化，将导致动力学基
科技英语的翻译
问题： 两句是主从关系句。 改译为: The total area under natural protection reaches 19,330, which accounts for 2.1% of the total area of China.
科技英语课文翻译及答案课后答案和译文
科技英语考试题型与分值Part I Match the words with their definition. Fill the number of the word in the bracket. (5%) 10个小题，每题0.5分。
Part II Translate English phrases to Chinese or Chinese ones to English.(30%)30个小题，每题1分。
1-20英译汉，21-30汉译英。
Part III. Translate the following sentences. (40%)10个句子，每个句子4分。
1-5英译汉，6-10汉译英。
Part IV. Reading comprehension (25%)A. Answer the following questions according to the articles in the textbook.(15%)5个问题，每题3分。
B．Choose the best answer from the four choices given. (10%)5个选择题，每题2分。
Unit 1 练习答案及课文译文Part 2 Reading AI1 F2 T3F 4T5T 6.F 7.T 8.T 9.F 10.TII1. Reducing the time and cost of product development and production.2. The product cycle is composed of two main processes：the design process and the manufacturing process．3. The activities involved in the design process can be classified largely as two types：synthesis and analysis．4. Rapid prototyping is becoming popular because this technology enables the construction of a prototype by deposition layers from the bottom to the top．5. This includes the preparation of drawings，reports，and bills of materials.III1.d2.e3.b4.j5.i6.c7.f8.h9.g 10.aIV1.处理速度2.用户友好的交互图形3. 产品周期4. 设计规格5. 设计评价6.CAD7.CAM8.CAE9.design process 10.production processV1. 除非能以较低的价格提供更好的质量及更短的交货时间提供新产品，否则任何企业都无法在当今的国际竞争中立足。
科技英语翻译第9章详解
Chapter Nine Translation from Sentence to Discourse
第1节 句子成分的译法 4. 宾语的译法 Instructions and microinstructions do not
have the same format. 指令和微指令的格式不同。〔译为主语〕 Each organism owes its existence to genes it
an energy source. 应当强调指出，激光器并不是一个能源。〔译为无主句〕
Chapter Nine Translation from Sentence to Discourse
第1节 句子成分的译法 2. 谓语的译法 Using a person’s voice as an identifier is based on
Chapter Nine Translation from Sentence to Discourse
第2节 否认句的译法 5.几乎否认句的译法 在英语中，几乎否认虽然没有完全否认，但肯定的含义很
少，通常这些句子中都含有barely，hardly, rarely, scarcely, few, little, seldom, almost no等表示几乎否认 的词。汉译时，可以为“极少〞、“几乎没〔不〕〞、 “很少〞等。 Little information is given as to the origin of life. 关于生命起源方面的资料极少。 Curiously, Uranus has almost no such excess heat. 奇怪的是天王星几乎没有这种多余的热量 。
Chapter Nine Translation from Sentence to Discourse
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Chapter Nine Translation from Sentence to Discourse
第2节 否定句的译法 1. 全部否定句的译法 全部否定句否定整个句子的意思。英语全部否定通常是通 过否词汇not, no, none, never, neither, nothing, nobody等词来实现的。这些否定词不论在句子中作什么 成分，其所在的句子大都要译为全部否定。 Nobody knows what proportion of aircraft accidents occur during the pilot’s natural night time. 还没有人知道有多大比例的飞机失事发生在飞行员的自然 夜间。
Chapter Nine Translation from Sentence to Discourse
第1节 句子成分的译法 1. 主语的译法 Care must be exercised to prevent thermal strains from introducing spurious output. 必须注意防止热应变引起乱真输出。（译为谓语） Work must be done in setting a body in motion. 使一个物体运动时，必须做功。（译为宾语） It should be emphasized that the laser is in no sense an energy source. 应当强调指出，激光器并不是一个能源。（译为无主句）
Chapter Nine Translation from Sentence to Discourse
第1节 句子成分的译法 2. 谓语的译法 Using a person’s voice as an identifier is based on the fact that the geometry of the vocal tract differ greatly from person to person. 利用人的语音来验明身份的依据是每个人声道的几何形状 大不相同。（译为主语） More metal is removed when the feed is increased. 进给量增加时，切除的金属更多。（转译为定语） The magnitude of the force is found to be inversely proportional to the distance between the conductors. 力的大小和导体间距离成反比。(省译)
Chapter Nine Translation from Sentence to Discourse
第1节 句子成分的译法 4. 宾语的译法 Instructions and microinstructions do not have the same format. 指令和微指令的格式不同。（译为主语） Each organism owes its existence to genes it contains. 每个生物有机体因其含有基因而存在。（译为谓 语）
Chapter Nine Translation from Sentence to Discourse
第2节 否定句的译法
4.双重否定句的译法 所谓双重否定就是否定之否定，实际上等于肯定，其语气较肯定句 更为强烈。通常是由not, no, never, neither, nobody, nothing等否定 词和其它含有否定意义的词获此组搭配使用而成的。 (1). 直译为双重否定句 Without the laws of motion as a basis, thousands of discoveries and inventions would have been out of the question. 没有运动定律作为基础，就不可能有成千上万的发现和发明。 (2). 译为肯定句 The importance of proper lubrication cannot be overemphasized. 应当特别强调适当进行润滑的重要性。
Chapter Nine Translation from Sentence to Discourse
第2节 否定句的译法 6.否定的转移 英汉两种语言在表达否定方面有一定的差异，有些句子在英语中否定的是主 语，而汉译时则否定谓语；还有一些句子在英语中否定的是谓语，而译成汉 语时却否定了状语。 The motor did not stop because the electricity was off. 电机停止运转，并非因为电源切断了。（主句的否定转为从句的否定） 在英语以动词think, suppose, believe, seem. Expect, feel, anticipate等 作谓语且后接不定式短语的否定句中，汉译时，经常会出席否定转移的现 象，即在原文中否定谓语动词，而译文中则改为否定不定式短语。如： Liquids, except for liquid metal such as mercury, are not considered to be good conductors of heat. 除了液体金属和水银外，其他液体则被认为是不良导热体。 有些表示否定意义的介词短语如：under no circumstances, on no conditions, in no circumstances等，在汉译时通常要将否定介词宾语转 移为否定谓语。如： Under no circumstances can energy be created of destroyed. 在任何情况下， 能量既不能创造，也不能消灭。
Chapter Nine Translation from Sentence to Discourse
第1节 句子成分的译法 英语的句子成分主要由主语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语、 状语和补语。 由于英汉两种语言表达方式的差异，我们在翻译句子的过 程中，既不能按原文句子的语法成分来译，更不能逐词死 译、硬译。尤其是科技英语的翻译，译者既要准确地表达 原句的内容，使译文符合技术规范，又要使译文通顺易懂， 符合汉语的表达习惯。这就需要译者在认真分析和理解原 文的基础上，在翻译实践中，根据汉语的表达习惯对原句 子成分进行适当的调整和转换。
Chapter Nine Translation from Sentence to Discourse
第1节 句子成分的译法 5. 定语的译法 The low-frequency motions are considered to be meteorologically significant. 低频运动在气象学上是很重要的。（顺译） The gas to be studied is admitted to the tube at a known temperature and at atmospheric pressure. 被研究的气体在已知温度和大气压力下充入管中。（倒译） There are three states of matter: solid, liquid and gas. 物质有三态：固态、液态和气态。（译为主语）
Chapter Nine Translation from Sentence to Discourse
第2节 否定句的译法 3. 意义否定句的译法 英语里有些句子从形式上看是肯定句，但实际上是否定句，因为句子中 含有带否定意义的词或词组。这类句型在英语中非常普遍，翻译时，要 注意以适当的方式表达其含义。如： One wonders also why Nature with some snakes concocted poison of much extreme potency. 人们也不明白，为什么大自然在某些蛇身上配置如此剧烈的毒液。（动 词wonder具有否定含义） In such cases an antifriction bearing might be a poor answer. 这时如果用减摩轴承，可不是一种好的解决方法。（形容词poor具有否 定含义）
Chapter Nine Translation from Sentence to Discourse
第1节 句子成分的译法 6. 状语的译法 At this critical temperature, changes begin to take place in the molecular structure of the metal. 在这种临界温度时，金属的分子结构开始发生变化。（译 为主语） In larger amounts, ozone is unpleasant with s strong odor that irritates are eyes and lungs. 大量的臭氧都带有一种不舒服的强烈的气味，对眼睛及肺 部有刺激作用。（译为定语）
Chapter Nine Translation from Sentence to Discourse
第2节 否定句的译法 英汉两种语言在表示否定概念的词汇、语法、句 型等诸多方面都存在着许多差异。英语中表示否 定的形式可以说是多种多样的，否定句型有全部 否定、部分否定、意义否定、双重否定和几乎否 定。所以，在翻译否定句。特别是科技英语的否 定句时，译者应格外小心。
Chapter Nine Translation from Sentence to Discourse