goverment and trade
Why government intervene in the trade
Why government intervene in the tradeIntroductionFree trade has many advantages and merits for a country and its economy. The free trade can induce fully competitive economy which means a lower price with a higher production level. However, despite all of these benefits, governments in reality sometimes intervene in the trade. On one hand, governments may adopt quota and raise taxes to prohibit import and export. On the other hand, governments may also protect own emerging and young industries as well. Why should government intervene in the trade even though the free trade may have the advantages? Generally speaking, there are three parts constitute the reasons. They are political, economic and cultural motives of government intervene in the trade. This essay will be divided into three parts. The first part is to define the political motives and see how they influence government decisions on government interventions. Then this essay will investigate further into economic and cultural motives to see how they influence government decisions on government interventions as well.Political motivesIn nowadays world, the political force is a main strength which can put forward the trade between countries. The government officials love to intervene in the trade to show their wisdom and courage in order to satisfy the voters of the countries. However, the economy system has its own working and operation discipline. From the view of their motives, one can figure out the purpose of governments’interventions. Generally, there four motives which supporting governments’interventions. They are protection of jobs, preserving national security, responding to other countries’unfair trade practices and influencing over other counties (Baumol W.J, 1970). But before turning into the discussion of those four motives of interventions, let’s firstly look at political system and its definitions in order to make clear whether the system itself will have the intrinsic motives to intervene in trade.A political system can be interpreted into a countries’ government system. It equals tothe structure, effectiveness or the whole parts of a government. Through a political system one can figure out the main characteristic of a country. From the view of multitudes of scholars, the political system should be investigated from two dimensions (Miller D. 1976). The former one is concerned with the degree which a government put emphasize on collectivism over individualism. From this dimension one can divide the political system into collectivism and individualism. The latter one is concerned with the degree which a government put emphasize on democratic over totalitarian. From this dimension one can divide the political into democratic and totalitarian. Actually these two dimensions have intrinsic relationship. A political system which put a high emphasize on individualism can tend to be democratic. While a political system which put a high emphasize on collectivism can tend to be totalitarian. In conclusion, the political system of a nation will have the effect upon the intervention in free trade.The first motive of intervention in free trade is the protection of jobs. It is indisputable that the rate of unemployment will have a significant impact on the government. If the free trade ultimately influences the circumstances at home, then the government will surely consider intervention in the economy and the free trade. Sometimes the government will directly intervene into the free trade by raising the level of tarrif and adopting import quota. Sometimes the government will directly intervene into the free trade by allowance and some other policies (Nozick R. 1974, Rawls J. 1972). For example, when China dramatically changed the pattern of the steel industry by cheap labor in 1990s, the steel industry of the United States began to shrink and multitudes of people who once worked in Detroit lost their jobs. This throws a significant impact on US government. People gathered in front of the White House and protested China’s cheap labor conquered the once prosperous industries including the iron and steel industry. The related associations urged the government to take actions to save the industry on the cliff. Consequently, the government began to take over the bankrupt firms in order to improve the situation of finance and operation. Interestingly, a similar case happened in China as well. The Fuji corporation has a large marketshares of Chinese photographic film and this caused some so-called “patriot”suggested the Chinese government to help China Lucky film. This company is, however, a state-owned corporation which holds only seven percent market shares. In order to do this, the government provided nearly three hundred million dollars to save the corporation and the industry as well.The second motive of intervention is consideration of national security. It is obvious when the industry is one of the key industries which are associated with the whole benefit of a society (Koutsoyannis 1987, Margolis H 1982, Ministerie van V olksgezondheid et al. 1998). Governments will intervene in some other products like weapons and arms in order to control the risks which may threaten the whole country. Some other countries restricted weapon trades because of their law prohibits citizens to own weapons like China.The third motive of intervention is the response to unfair trade. Sometimes the developed countries will sue the developing countries that they are dumping their products. Therefore, they may increase the tariffs and adopt quota on the imports. In many cases, multitudes of countries protect the agricultural sector in order to maintain the national security. For example, in the soybean industry of China, nearly 80%of the products are shipped from America and this situation gives Chinese government a severe consideration of food and agricultural imports and exports. Occasionally, government of China will directly interfere into this industry in order to prevent the situation from worsening.The forth motive of interventions is the gain influence. This is the common one between larger nations and smaller nations. Sometimes the big one may use the power of trade intervention to influence small nations. Take the United States as example, it has large portion of the imports and exports with Caribbean basin. The government wants to maintain the relatively dominant status over the other small counties in order to gain a comparative advantage of politics. This is one of the reasons that the government of the United States canceled nearly all the international trade with communist Cuba.Economic motivesWhen talking about the economic motives of intervention, there approximately exist two parts including protecting infant industries and promotion of a strategic trade policy. Firstly, let’s look at the economic system and see whether there is a intrinsic motivation for a government to intervene into the free trade (Akerlof G.A 1970, Atkinson A.B. 1993).Generally speaking, there exist three kinds of economic systems. They are the market economy, command economy and the combination of both types. The third type can also be called mixed economy. Society which places individual goals superior to collective goals often chooses a free market system (Baumol W.J., 1976). While a society emphasizes the collective goals often chooses a command market with state-owned firms. In the former type of economic system, goods are produced by private sector and scare resources are allocated by supply and demand. This kind of actions results in a market price. In order to achieve this, fair and free competition must be encouraged and consumers ought to have their own sovereign to decide their purchases and produces. The latter type of economic system is due to the ownership of all the resources. Therefore, government has the rights to decide the quantity of products and prices of them (Birch S. et al. 1994). Moreover, all of the firms are state owned and their purpose is for the benefit of whole society rather than the consumer needs. Usually the economic resources are mobilized for the public good. So the individuals don’t have their rights to choose their lifestyle and purchases. The third type of economic system is the combination of both the market economy and command economy. The government will take over and own the enterprises which are considered to be important to the benefits of the whole society while some other economic sectors are privately owned and operated with the mechanisms of free market. There are some countries using the mixed economic system.The first motive of intervention is protecting young industries. The infant industries of a nation need to be protected in order to give them enough time and recourses to grow stronger (Coase R.H. et al. 1991). Otherwise, the mature industries abroad may put afierce attack on the relatively weak domestic ones. The example of China Lucky film which has been discussed above is a good example. Some scholars argued that in the view of steep learning curve, the young and emerging industries should be protected to foster their ability of creation and become strong enough. Well, some pointed out the flaws of protections. The first and foremost one is how to choose the industries which are really in need. Moreover, the companies may be too indulged in the protection of government to gain the sufficient knowledge, technology and resources in order to gain the competitive status. For example, millions of state-owned corporations went to bankruptcy when Soviet Union failed in 1990s and the government protections collapsed. The protection of governments result in monopoly and this will cause relatively high prices and low products. This is not good news for the whole society.The second motive of interventions is pursuing strategic trade policy. The government intervention of industries sometimes gives the companies the advantages of first-mover (Dasgupta A.K. et al. 1972). If the policy of intervention works, then the benefited companies will get first-mover advantages which will ensure their market shares and profits. So the result will be lifted overall social well-being. Take Taiwan for example, the government of Taiwan provided a variety of low-cost financing to the domestic lab-tap producers in 1970s. Moreover, the protection of intellectual property is weak in order to encouraging duplicating shipped goods. Now, Taiwan is one of the largest areas which produce lab-tap. However, there should be disadvantages of interventions. Otherwise, the nations worldwide would all have been intervening in the trade. The difficulty also comes from the distinguishing the needed industries from the various industries. If one utilizes the advantages of government assistance without lifting the social well-being, it is actually wasting resources and doing harm to the economy.Cultural motivesThe third motive of interventions is concerned with culture. Actually, nations will choose to prohibit the trade if they feel that the national identities are threatened. Thiskind of opinion is based on the ideology justification that culture and trade are interdependent and influence each other. If customers buy goods and products from abroad, they buy not only the products and goods, but the cultures of the nations as well (Drummond M. et al. 1993, Goudriaan F. et al. 1993). The culture includes the consuming habit and preference. The culture which is regarded as the threat to the unique culture of imported countries, then the government will restrict the relative countries. Moreover, the so-called patriot will pose pressure on the government. For example, the culture of South Korea can be dated back to Ancient China, so it is rather sensitive to the culture export with importing goods. If the country feels that the shipped products from China threaten the national identity of South Korea, the government will raise the level of tarrifs or pose the quota upon the relative industries. When talking about the cultural influence of exports, the United States will surely be a threat to cultures across the world. Even though China is now the largest net-export countries, the United States actually affects the whole world through its movies, music and magazines (Hayek F.A. 1976). Moreover, the multinational corporations of the United States are gradually shaping or assimilating the world using the standardized products and their corporate culture. A few years ago, a slogan of McDonald's is that everyone in the every corner of this world loves hamburgers. This cultural influence may cause moral hazards. For the protection of culture may be welcomed from the public and gain support from authorities, it is much easier for a domestic company to use this protection as a tool to enlarge its market share by restricting imports and exports. The domestic company will lobby government officials to get the protection from government and organizations.Another example of cultural motive is concerned about language. We know that English is the widest used language in this world. Students in China now have to pass the College English Test band 4 in order to acquire the bachelor degree. The young people who are mostly born after reform and opening up policy was adopted now are becoming addicted to the American culture and restricted to the traditional Chinese culture. This phenomenon has already arisen dramatic concerns on Chinesegovernment. Now Chinese government poses severe examinations on check of imported movies and musics.ConclusionsFrom what have been discussed above, this essay fully investigates three motives which will lead to government intervention into free trade. They are political motives, economic motives and cultural motives. Political motives can be derived from the system structure of political systems. Moreover, political motives constitute four parts. They are protection of jobs, preserving of national security, response to unfair trade and gain influence over other countries. Then the economic motives do have some similar reasons. Firstly, the structure of one nation impacts intervention directly. Various reasons lead to the interventions. Protecting infant industries and pursuing strategic trade policy are the most important factors contributing to the economic interventions. Lastly, the cultural motives can also influence a nation’s intervention. Those motives are interdependent and they do impact each other. Political motives can dramatically influence the economic motives and so is the same with economic motive. Governments should weigh the benefits and costs of those motives in order to make the right intervention.ReferencesAkerlof G.A. (1970). 'The Market for ‘Lemons’: Qualitative Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 84, 488-500.Atkinson A.B., Stiglitz J.E. (1980). Lectures on Public Economics. McGraw-Hill, London/New York.Baumol W.J. (1967). Macroeconomics of Unbalanced Growth: The Anatomy of the Urban Crisis. The American Economic Review, 12(4), 415-426.Baumol W.J.,Bowen W.G. (1976). On the Performing Arts: The Anatomy of theirEconomic Problems. The Economics of the Arts, London, 218-226.Birch S., Gafni A. (1994). Cost-Effectiveness Ratios: in a League of their Own.Health Policy, 133-141.Coase R.H. (1960). The Problem of Social Cost. Journal of Law and Economics, 16(4), 168-173Dasgupta A.K., Pearce D.W. (1972). Cost-Benefit Analysis: Theory and Practice.Houndmills, MacMillan Press Ltd.Drummond M., Torrance G.; Mason J. (1993). Cost-Effectiveness League Tables: More Harm than Good? SocialScience and Medicine, 37, 33-40. Goudriaan F. (1990). Substitutie van voorzieningen in de ouderenzorg: de mogelijkheden volgens onderzoek. Ministerie van WVC, Rijswijk.Hayek F.A. (1976). Law, Legislation and Liberty. Routledge and Kegan Paul, London. Koutsoyannis. (1987). Modern Microeconomics. MacMillan, London.Margolis H. Selfishness, Altruism and Rationality (1982). A Theory of Social Choice.Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Miller D. (1976). Social Justice. Clarendon Press, Oxford.Ministerie van V olksgezondheid (1998). Welzijn en Sport, Jaar Overzicht Zorg, Rijswijk.Mishan E.J. (1988). Cost-benefit Analysis, Unwin Hyman, London.Nozick R. Anarchy. (1974). The State and Utopia. Basil Blackwell, Oxford.Rawls J. (1972). A Theory of Justice. Oxford University Press, Oxford.。
市场和政府的关系英文作文
市场和政府的关系英文作文下载温馨提示:该文档是我店铺精心编制而成，希望大家下载以后，能够帮助大家解决实际的问题。
文档下载后可定制随意修改，请根据实际需要进行相应的调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种各样类型的实用资料，如教育随笔、日记赏析、句子摘抄、古诗大全、经典美文、话题作文、工作总结、词语解析、文案摘录、其他资料等等，如想了解不同资料格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by theeditor. I hope that after you download them,they can help yousolve practical problems. The document can be customized andmodified after downloading,please adjust and use it according toactual needs, thank you!In addition, our shop provides you with various types ofpractical materials,such as educational essays, diaryappreciation,sentence excerpts,ancient poems,classic articles,topic composition,work summary,word parsing,copyexcerpts,other materials and so on,want to know different data formats andwriting methods,please pay attention!The relationship between the market and the government is a complex and dynamic one. On one hand, the market operates based on the principles of supply and demand, competition, and profit maximization. On the other hand, the government plays a crucial role in regulating the market, ensuring fair competition, protecting consumer rights, and promoting social welfare.In a free market economy, the government's role is often limited to creating a legal and regulatory framework within which businesses can operate. This includes enforcing contracts, protecting property rights, and preventing anti-competitive practices. The government also provides public goods and services that the market may not adequately supply, such as infrastructure, education, and healthcare.At the same time, the government also intervenes in the market to correct market failures and promote socialwelfare. This may include implementing policies to address income inequality, protect the environment, or regulate industries with significant market power. Government intervention can take many forms, such as taxation, subsidies, price controls, and regulations.The relationship between the market and the government is not always harmonious. Conflicts often arise when the government's intervention is seen as excessive or when it fails to address the needs of the market. Businesses may lobby for deregulation and lower taxes, while consumers and workers may demand more government intervention to protect their interests.Despite these conflicts, the market and the government are interdependent and rely on each other to function effectively. The market needs the government to provide a stable and predictable legal and regulatory environment, while the government relies on the market to generate the tax revenue needed to fund its activities.In conclusion, the relationship between the market andthe government is a complex and multifaceted one. Both play essential roles in the economy, and their interactions shape the way resources are allocated, goods and services are produced and distributed, and the overall well-being of society.。
国院整顿边地贸易经营秩序制止假冒伪劣商品出境(9月23日)英汉对照法律英语.doc
国务院关于整顿边地贸易经营秩序制止假冒伪劣商品出境的通知(1993年9月23日)-英汉对照法律英语国务院关于整顿边地贸易经营秩序制止假冒伪劣商品出境的通知(1993年9月23日)Circular of the State Council Concerning Rectifying the Order of Frontier Local Trade Management and Checking the Flow of Fake and Low-quality Commodities Across the Border(Promulgated by the State Council on September 23, 1993)近年来，我国同周边国家边境贸易、地方易货贸易(以下简称边地贸易)迅猛发展，对加快边境地区经济发展，促进我国同周边国家的经贸往来，增进我国与周边国家的友好关系，起了积极作用。
In recent years, the frontier trade and local trade in commodity exchange (hereinafter referred to as frontier and local trade) between China and its neighboring countries has developed rapidly and played an active role in speeding up the economic development of the frontier regions, improving the economic and trade flow and enhancing the friendship.但与此同时，假冒伪劣商品通过边地贸易及旅游贸易等各种渠道不断流入独联体等周边国家市场，损害了当地消费者的利益，严重败坏了我国商品的信誉，对外造成很坏影响。
商务英语阅读(第三版)Chapter 1 Government and Trade
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According to the text, what revitalized trade policy may lead to a stronger U.S. economy?
sluggish economy _____________ trade deficit ____________ industrialized countries __________ international
specialization_________ trade surplus ____________
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full employment _____________ in-depth analysis _____________ free-trade agreement ___________ product differentiation________ determinative factor ____________
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中国政府机构名称的英文翻译.doc
、XX省人民政府办公厅General Office, the People ' s Government of XX Province二、省政府组成部门XX省发展计划委员会(XX 省粮食局) Development Planning Commission of XX Province (Grain Admi nistrati on of XX Province )XX省经济贸易委员会(XX省国防科学技术工业办公室，内设XX省安全生产监督管理局)Economic and Trade Commissio n of XX Province (Office of Scie nce,Tech no logy and In dustry for Natio nal Defe nse of XX Province, Bureau of Work Safety of XX Provin ce)XX 省教育厅Department of Education of XX ProvinceXX 省科学技术厅Department of Scienee and Technology of XX Province XX 省民族宗教事务委员会Ethnic and Religious Affairs Commission of XX ProvinceXX 省公安厅Department of Public Security of XX ProvinceXX 省国家安全厅Department of State Security of XX ProvinceXX 省监察厅Department of Supervision of XX ProvineeXX 省民政厅Department of Civil Affairs of XX ProvinceXX 省司法厅Department of Justice of XX ProvinceXX 省财政厅Department of Finance of XX ProvinceXX省人事厅(XX 省机构编制委员会办公室) Department of Personnel of XX Province (Office of Gover nment Set-up Committee of XX Provin ce)XX 省劳动与社会保障厅Department of Labor and Social Security of XX Province XX 省国土资源厅Departme nt of La nd and Resources of XX ProvinceXX 省建设厅Department of Construction of XX ProvinceXX 省交通厅Department of Communications of XX ProvinceXX 省信息产业厅Departme nt of In formation In dustry of XX ProvinceXX 省水利厅Department of Water Resources of XX ProvinceXX 省农业厅Department of Agriculture of XX ProvinceXX省对外经济贸易合作厅Departme nt of Foreig n Trade and Econo mic Cooperati on of XX ProvinceXX 省文化厅Department of Culture of XX ProvinceXX 省卫生厅Department of Health of XX Province XX省计划生育委员会Family Pla nning Commissio n of XX Province XX 省审计厅Audit Office of XX Province、省政府直属机构XX省地方税务局Admi nistrati on of Local Taxati on of XX ProvinceXX省环境保护局En vir onmen tal Protectio n Bureau of XX ProvinceXX省广播电影电视局Administration of Radio, Film and Television of XX ProvinceXX省体育局(XX 省体育总会)Administration of Sports of XX Provinee (Sports Federation of XX Provi nee)XX 省统计局Statistics Bureau of XX ProvinceXX省物价局Price Control Administration of XX ProvinceXX省工商行政管理局Admi nistrati on of In dustry and Commerce of XX ProvinceXX省新闻出版局(XX省版权局)Administration of Press and Publication of XX Province (Copyright Bureau of XX Provin ce)XX 省林业局Forestry Administration of XX ProvinceXX 省海洋与渔业局Adm ini strati on of Ocea n and Fisheries of XX ProvinceAdmi nistrati on of Quality and Tech no logy Supervisi on of XX ProvinceXX 省药品监督管理局Drug Administration of XX ProvinceXX省知识产权局In tellectual Property Office of XX ProvinceXX 省旅游局Tourism Administration of XX ProvinceXX省人民政府法制办公室Legislative Affairs Office,the People overnmeG of XX ProvinceXX省人民政府外事办公室(XX省人民政府港澳事务办公室)Foreign Affairs Office ，the People ' s Government of XX Province(Hong Kong and Macao Affairs Office, the People ' s Government of XX Provin ce)XX省人民政府侨务办公室Overseas Chin ese Affairs Office,the People vernmGoit of XX Province四、部门管理机构XX 省监狱管理局Prison Administration of XX ProvinceXX省劳动教养工作管理局Admi nistrati on of Reeducati on through Labor of XX ProvinceAdmi nistrati on of Traditi onal Chin ese Medici ne of XX Province五、议事协调机构的办事机构XX 省人民防空办公室Office of Civil Air Defense of XX ProvinceXX省人民政府打击走私综合治理办公室Office for Combating Smuggling, the People ' s Government of XX Province六、其他机构XX省人民政府新闻办公室Information Office, the People ' s Government of XX ProvinceXX省人民政府台湾事务办公室Taiwa n Affairs Office, the Peopl e' s Gover nment of XX ProvinceXX省国家保密局Admi nistrati on for the Protectio n of State Secrets of XX ProvinceXX省信访局Bureau for Letters and Calls of XX ProvinceXX省人民政府参事室(XX省人民政府文史研究馆)Counselors ' Office, the People ' s Government of XX Province(Researc h Institute of Culture and History, the People ' s Government of XX Provin ce)Representative Office in Beijing , the PeopleXX 省人民政府驻上海办事处Representative Office in Shanghai, the People ' s Government of XX Province七、 省政府直属事业单位XX 省科学院 XX Academy of SciencesXX 省社会科学院 XX Academy of Social SciencesXX 省农业科学院 XX Academy of Agricultural SciencesXX 省人民政府发展研究中心Development Research Center, the People ' s Government of XX ProvinceXX 省档案局 Archives Bureau of XX ProvinceXX 省地方史志办公室 Office of Local Chronicies Compilation of XX ProvinceXX 省机械设备成套局 Bureau of Complete Machinery & Equipment of XXProvince八、 归口部门管理的事业单位珠江电影制片公司 Pearl River Film Compa nyXX 省核工业地质局 Bureau of Geology for Nuclear In dustry of XX Provinces Gover nment of XX ProvinceBureau of Geological Prospect ing and Survey ing of XX ProvinceXX省机电设备招标局Bureau of Mach inery and Electric Equipme nt Ten deri ng of XX ProvinceXX 省航道局Waterway Bureau of XX ProvinceXX省社会保险基金管理局Admi nistrati on of Social In sura nce Fund of XX ProvinceXX 省信息中心In formation Cen ter of XX ProvinceXX人民广播电台Radio XXXX 电视台XX TelevisionXX 南方电视台Southern Television XX (TVS)XX 省广播电视技术中心Radio and Television Technical Center of XX Province XX 省建筑设计研究院XX Institute of Architectural Design and ResearchXX 省人民医院XX People ' s HospitalXX 省体育运动技术学院XX Institute of Sports TechniqueXX省生产力促进中心(XX省高技术研究发展中心) XX Productivity Center(XX High-Tech Research and Developme nt Cen ter)XX省测试分析研究所(中国广州分析测试中心) XX In stitute of An alysis(Chi na Nati onal An alytical Cen ter,Gua ngzhou)XX Supervisi on and Test Cen ter for Product QualityXX 省公路管理局Highway Administration of XX ProvinceXX 省考试中心Education Exami nation Authority of XXXX 省建设工程交易中心Construction Project Tendering Center of XXProvinceXX 省出版集团XX Publishing GroupXX 省水文局Hydrological Bureau of XX Province国务院各部委、各直属机构英文译名一、中华人民共和国国务院办公厅General Office of the State Council of the People ' s Republic of China二、国务院组成部门中华人民共和国外交部Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People ' s Republic of Chi na中华人民共和国国防部Ministry of National Defense of the Peo ple ' s Republicof China中华人民共和国国家发展计划委员会State Developme nt Pla nningCommission of the People ' s Republic of China中华人民共和国国家经济贸易委员会State Econ omic and Trade Commissi on中华人民共和国教育部Mi nistry of Education of the People's RepU Cihina 中华人民共和国科学技术部Mi nistry of Scie nee and Techno logy of thePeople ' s Republic of China中华人民共和国国防科学技术工业委员会Commissio n of Scie nee. Tech no logyand Industry for National Defense of the People ' s Republic of China中华人民共和国国家民族事务委员会State Eth nic Affairs Commission of thePeople ' s Republic of China中华人民共和国公安部Ministry of Public Security of the People ' s Republic ofChi na中华人民共和国国家安全部Ministry of State Security of the People ' s Republicof China中华人民共和国监察部Ministry of Supervision of the People 's Republic ofChi na中华人民共和国民政部Ministry of Civil Affairs of the People 's Republic ofChi na中华人民共和国司法部Ministry of Justice of the People 's Republic of China中华人民共和国财政部Ministry of Finance of the People 's Republic of China中华人民共和国人事部Ministry of Personnel of the People 's Repxfi China中华人民共和国劳动和社会保障部Mi nistry of Labour and Social Security of中华人民共和国国土资源部 Mi nistry of Land and Resources of the PeopleRepublic of ChinaChi naof China 中华人民共和国信息产业部 Mi nistry of In formation In dustry of the People' s Republic of China中华人民共和国水利部 Ministry of Water Resources of t he People ' s Republic of China中华人民共和国农业部 Ministry of Agriculture of the People' s Republic of Chi na中华人民共和国对外贸易经济合作部 Mi nistry of Foreig n Trade and Econ omic Cooperation of the People ' s Republic of China中华人民共和国文化部 Ministry of Culture of the People' s RepuChina 中华人民共和国卫生部 Ministry of Health of the People ' s Republic of China 中华人民共和国国家计划生育委员会 State Family Pla nning Commissi on of the People ' s Republic of China中国人民银行 People ' s Bank of China中华人民共和国建设部 Mi nistry of Con structio n of the People 's Republic of中华人民共和国铁道部 Ministry of Railways of the People 's Republic of China中华人民共和国交通部 Mi nistry of Com mun icatio ns of the Peoples Republic、国务院直属机构中华人民共和国海关总署General Administration of Customs of the People ' s Republic of China国家税务总局State Adm ini stratio n of Taxati on中华人民共和国国家工商行政管理总局State Admi nistratio n for In dustry and Commerce of the People ' s Republic of China中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局Gen eral Admi ni stratio n of Quality Supervision. Inspection and Quarantine o of the People ' s Republic of China 国家环境保护总局State En vir onmen tal Protectio n Admi nistrati on中国民用航空总局Gen eral Admi nistrati on of Civil Aviatio n of Chi na国家广播电影电视总局State Adm ini strati on of Radio, Film and Televisi on中华人民共和国新闻出版总署(中华人民共和国国家版权局) Gen eral Admi nistratio n of Press andPublication of the People ' s Republic of China(Nati onal Copyright Adm ini strati on of the People ' s Republic of China)国家体育总局Gen eral Adm ini strati on of Sport中华人民共和国国家统计局National Bureau of Statistics of the People ' s Republic of China中华人民共和国国家知识产权局State In tellectual Property Office of the 国家林业局State Forestry Admi ni strati on国家药品监督管理局State Drug Admi nistrationPeople ' s Republic of China中华人民共和国国家旅游局National Tourism Adminis tration of the People ' sRepublic of China国家宗教事务局State Admi nistratio n for Religious Affairs国务院参事室Counselors ' Office of the State Council国务院机关事务管理局Governme nt Offices Admi nistrati on of the StateCoun cil四、国务院办事机构国务院侨务办公室Overseas Chi nese Affairs Office of the State Cou ncil国务院港澳事务办公室Ho ng Kong and Macao Affairs Office of the StateCoun cil国务院法制办公室Legislative Affairs Office of the State Cou ncil国务院经济体制改革办公室Eco nomic Restructuri ng Office of the StateCoun cil国务院研究室Research Office of the State Cou ncil中华人民共和国国家知识产权局State In tellectual Property Office of the 国务院台湾事务办公室Taiwa n Affairs Office of the State Cou ncil国务院新闻办公室In formation Office of the State Cou ncil五、国务院直属事业单位新华通讯社Xinhua News Agency中国科学院Chinese Academy of Sciences中国社会科学院Chin ese Academy of Social Scie nces中国工程院Chinese Academy of Engineering国务院发展研究中心Developme nt Research Cen ter of the State Cou ncil国家行政学院Natio nal School of Admi nistrati on中国地震局China Seismological Bureau中国气象局China Meteorological Administration中国证券监督管理委员会China Securities RegulatoryCommission中国保险监督管理委员会Chi na In sura nee RegulatoryCommissio n全国社会保障基金理事会Nati onal Coun cil for Social SecurityFund国家自然科学基金委员会Nati onal Natural Science Foun dati on六、国务院部委管理的国家局国家信访局State Bureau for Letters and Calls国家粮食局State Administration of Grain国家安全生产监督管理局（国家煤矿安全检查局）State Admi nistratio n of Work Safety (State Admi nistratio n of Coal Mine Safety)国家烟草专卖局State Tobacco Mon opoly Adm ini strati on国家外国专家局State Admi ni strati on of Foreig n Experts Affairs国家海洋局State Ocea nic Admi ni strati on国家测绘局State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping国家邮政局State Post Bureau国家文物局State Administration of Cultural Heritage国家中医药管理局State Admi nistrati on of Traditio nal Chi nese Medici ne 国家外汇管理局State Admi ni strati on of Foreig n Excha nge国家档案局State Archives Admi ni strati on国家保密局Nati onal Admi ni strati on for the Protectio n of State Secrets。
trade的用法和短语例句辨析
trade的用法和短语例句辨析经常翻译成贸易的trade，它还有哪些用法是你不曾知道的?它的短语例句是?以下是店铺给大家带来trade的用法辨析和短语例句，以供参阅。
trade的用法trade的用法1：trade用作名词表示一般性非具体的“买卖,贸易,生意”时,是不可数名词,其前一般不加冠词。
trade的用法2：trade用作可数名词时,可表示“具体的生意或行业”“谋生手段,手艺,职业”等。
作“生意”解时,通常后接介词in引导的短语,表示“…方面的生意”; 作“谋生手段,手艺,职业”解时,通常指需要特殊手工的技巧。
trade的用法3：trade还可作集合名词,在英式英语中是“(从事某行业的)同仁,同行,同业”的总称,在美式英语中是“顾客,主顾”的总称,此时通常要加定冠词the,只有单数形式。
当其在句中充当主语时,其谓语动词既可用单数形式,也可用复数形式。
trade的用法4：trade用作动词的基本意思是从事贸易、做买卖或进行商品交换。
引申可指交换位置、交换邮票等。
trade的用法5：trade既可用作及物动词,也可用作不及物动词。
用作及物动词时,接名词或代词作宾语,常与for, in等连用; 用作不及物动词时,常与on〔upon〕, with等连用,还与at连用表示“在…买东西”,多用于美式英语中。
trade的常用短语trade at (v.+prep.)trade for (v.+prep.)trade in1 (v.+adv.)trade in2 (v.+prep.)trade off (v.+adv.)trade on〔upon〕 (v.+prep.)trade with (v.+prep.)trade的用法例句1. The nature of the polymer is currently a trade secret.这一聚合物的性质目前是个商业机密。
2. They issue a fixed number of shares that trade publicly.他们发行一定数量的可公开交易的股票。
2021年高考英语词汇素材：government延伸学习
government中文是什么意思音标：[ 'gʌvənmənt ]名词复数: governments•中文翻译•n.1.政治；政体；政权；管理，支配。
2.政厅；〔G-〕政府，〔英国〕内阁。
3.行政管理区域。
4.【语法】支配。
5.政治学。
6.〔美国〕〔pl.〕政府证券。
短语和例子constitutional government立宪政治。
democratic government民主政治。
the local government地方政府。
form a G- 〔英国〕组阁。
•government to government crude oil 政府间交易原油•government-to-government talks 政府对政府谈判•government-to-government trade 政府贸易•system of government; form of government 政体• a stable government 稳固的政权•act of government 政府行为, 政府法令•adsubstantival government 体词支配关系•advisor to the government 政府顾问•agent of the government 政府的代理人•aided government 受援政府•allegiance to the government 归顺政府•american government 美国政府•anti-government 反政府•auction by government 由政府拍卖•bank of the government 政府的银行•bavarian government 而被投入监狱; 那次行动旨在推翻巴伐利亚政府•beiyang government 北洋军阀政府; 北洋政府•big government 实行高压统治的政府。
金融英语口语大全：政府加快开放期货业
金融英语口语大全：政府加快开放期货业以下是###整理的《金融英语口语大全：政府加快开放期货业》，希望大家喜欢！Although the futures industry is the only financial sector that has no set timetable for opening-up under China's WTO commitment, there are signs that the government is already moving fast on this front.The quick pace, which became apparent late last year, is expected to stimulate the country's still-struggling futures industry, analysts and watchers say.Under Supplement II of CEPA (Mainland and Hong Kong Closer Economic Partnership Agreement), a pact signed in 2004 to boost the economic co-operation between Hong Kong and the Chinese mainland, qualified domestic futures brokerage will be allowed to set up their subsidiaries in Hong Kong beginning from this year."Domestic futures industry's enthusiasm for branching out in Hong Kong is obviously strong," said Chen Xiaodi, a researcher with China International Futures Co Ltd, China's futures house bellwether."It could broaden their investment channels as they could engage in business that is currently unavailable in domestic market such as trading of financial derivatives," Chen said.The foray into Hong Kong, analysts say, would also provide an investment conduit for domestic investors and a platform for domestic enterprises that have business needs, such as resource-extensive sectors.Currently, only 31 domestic enterprises are authorized to trade futures overseas for arbitrage, but many more are said to be interested in getting a licence. Analysts say this potential customer pool may become the primary target for domestic futures firms after they set up their subsidiaries in Hong Kong.While domestic futures players are entering overseas turfs, foreign investors are moving in.China published new rules last August that allow foreign brokers registered in Hong Kong or Macao to form ventures with Chinese partners.Companies with at least 50 million yuan (US$6.2 million) of registered capital and that have been in the futures broking business for at least five years and have madeprofits in the latest two years can apply to set up joint-venture futures house in China, according to the new rule.ABN Amro Bank NV, one of the world's largest banks, got the approval from CSRC in late November to team up with a local futures house, China Galaxy Futures Co Ltd, becoming the first foreign institution to do so under the new rule."Our company has also been approached by foreign peersfor co-operation," said a manager of a Guangzhou-based futures brokerage, declining to reveal the name of theforeign company."There are many foreign players dating with domestic futures firms now, but as far as I know, they are all in the preliminary stage," said the manager.According to the existing rule, the maximum ratio of stocks these overseas investors can hold in the joint ventures is 49 per cent, a ceiling that some say may dampen foreign investor's enthusiasm in forming the joint venture."Foreign investors have more lucrative investment sectors to put their money into, but the futures market is clearly not a sound option for them now as it is not profitable industry for the time being," Chen, the researcher, said."What they really want (by forming joint ventures) is to get familiar with the local market, but not for money-making at present," Chen said."They just want to get a foothold in and acquainted with the local market, so although they are not expected to make money in the immediate future, they will still be very much interested (in the joint venture)," said the manager.。
商务英语名词解释
1. Budget —预算an account of probable future income and expenditure during a stated, period, usu. a year used as a guide in making financial arrangements.2. Return —回报the gain from an investment, either as income or yield or as profit on the sale of the investment.3. Portfolio —证券投资组合the entire collection of investments in the form of stocks, bonds, or certificate of deposits for purposes other than controlling4. Royalty —专利税money paid to the owner of a copyright for permission to publish copyright material and to the owner of a patent for permission to use a patented design, usu. at a greed percentage of the selling price of the product.5. Patent —专利权a special right to an inventor to be the only person to make and sell, or to authorize others to make and sell a newly-invented machine or process.6. Non-tariff barrier —非贸易壁垒all forms of man-made obstructions to international trade other than tariffs, including prohibitions and quotas, etc.7. Franchise —经销权an arrangement by which a monopoly producer or owner gives another permission for the exclusive right to manufacture or sell the products ina certain area.8.Purchasing power —购买力of persons, the public, having the money to buy goods and services.9. PPP —购买力平价purchasing power parity10. tariff —关税tax levied by the customs11.barriers to trade —贸易壁垒any action by a government to limit or prevent the free flow of goods in and out of its country.12.primary commodities —初级产品those commodities not processed, or only slightly processed, usually farm produce or raw materials13.drawback —退税duties paid on imported goods that are refunded whenre-exported14.specific duties —从量税duties levied on the basis of quantity, weight, size etc. of the goods15.ad valorem duties —从价税duties levied on the basis of the price of the goods16.carriage —运费the price or cost of transportation17.voluntary offer —主动发盘an offer made on the initiative of the offerer18.contracting parties —缔约方signatories of an agreement19.force majeure —[不可抗力] social or natural calamities that take place beyond the control of a contracting party20.firm offer —持盘an offer whose terms and conditions are binding on the offer21.offeree —受要约人the party to whom an offer is made22.hyperinflation —极度通货膨胀soaring of prices beyond control23.inflation —通货膨胀rise in prices brought about by the excess demand, expansion of money supply, credit etc.24.protectionism —贸易保护主义the theory of the system of developing home countries through duties and other means imposed on competitive imports25.bilateral —双边的of two sides26.bundling—捆绑式销售the exchange of goods or services are tied together27.creditors —债权人a person to whom one owns money28.debtor —债务人a person who owes money29.default —违约fail to carry out an obligation30.draft —汇票an unconditional order to someone to pay a sum of money31.remittance —汇款the sending of money or the money sent32.drawe r —出票人the person who issues a draft, usually the exporter33.drawee—受票人the person to whom a draft is drawn34.credit-worthiness—资信being believed or accepted by others as reliable in making payment35.applicant of an L/C —出口信用证the importer that goes to a bank for the establishment of an L/C36.beneficiary —受益人the company that can make use of an L/C to get paid for its export37.confirming bank —保兑行the bank that adds its own commitment to an L/C38.reimburse—退款pay back to somebody for the expenses he has spent39.clean credit —光票信用证a credit that does not require shipping documents for payment40.sight credit —即期信用证a credit by which payment can be made upon presentation of the draft41.middleman—中间商trader through whom goods pass between the producer and the consumer42.consignee—收货人the party in the bill of lading to whom the goods are shipped43.shipping marks —唛头what is printed on the outer packing of goods as symbol for identification in the course of transportation44.insurance policy —保险单a document used for covering possible risks45.title —抬头right to the possession of a position or property46.insured—被保险人a person covered by an insurance policy47.premium—保险费the amount paid by an insured for coverage under the contract48.potential loss—潜在损失loss which is possible to incur49.claim—索赔a payment demanded in accordance with an insurance policy50.margin —利润amount above what is estimated as necessary51.underwriter —保险公司a person who carries on insurance as a business52.invoice —发票a document for the general description of the goods and the pricepensation —赔偿金something given or received as an equivalent for loss54.pooling —联营a combination of funds formed for common advantage55.multi-modal transportation —多式联运transport that combines road, rail, sea and air56.redeem —兑换to repay or pay off, esp. loan stock, debentures and preference shares or stock57.settlement —结算the act of paying a bill, debt, charge, etc58.exchange rate —汇率the price at which one currency can be exchanged for another currency59.money circulation —货币流通money in the hands of the public and being used to pay for goods and services60.devaluation —货币贬值the act of a government in reducing by law the exchange value of its currency in units of gold or as compared with other currencies61.reserve —储备金money held aside to meet future demand62.investment —投资the act of putting money to use in something offering profitable returns63.quota —配额a limit placed by a government on the amount of imports or commodity64.VER —自动出口限制an agreement by a country’s exporters or government to limit their exports or government to limit their exports to another country65.intellectual property —知识产权certain non-tangible assets held, principally covering the areas of patent protection, registered trade marks and designs, andcopy-right66.tax holiday —免税期a period of time during which tax is not levied67.joint venture —合资企业a business where the provision of risk capital is shared between two or more firms68.gilts —金边债券stocks issued by government69.cost-effective —成本效益好producing optimum results for the expenditure70.anti-dumping —反倾销one form of action which may be taken by a government to protect industries from unfair competition by which goods are sold at a price lower than in the country where they are manufactured71.mandate —授权authority given to perform a duty72.contracting party —缔约国a country or firm that signs a legal agreement73.Visible trade有形贸易 : The form of commodity trade, i.e. exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one country for consumption or resalein another. (including cash transaction-by means of money and market, and counter trade)74.Invisible trade无形贸易 : The form of transportation, communication, banking, insurance, consulting, information etc. is called invisible trade or service industries.75.FDI( foreign direct investments) is made of returns through controlling the enterprises or assets invested in a host country.76.Portfolio investment证券投资 : Purchases of foreign financial assets for a purpose other than controlling.77.Bonds债券: The papers issued by a government or a firm with promise to pay back the money lent or invested together with interest.78.Licensing许可经营 : In licensing, a firm leases the right to use its intellectual property to a firm in another country. They choose licensing because they do not have to make cash payments to stat business, and can simply receive income in the form of royalty.79.Franchising特许经营 : a firm called the franchisee, is allowed to operate in the name of another, called the franchiser who provides the former with trademarks, brand names, logos, and operating techniques for royalty.80.Franchiser特许方 : A firm who provides the franchisee with trademarks, brand names, logos and operating techniques for royalty.81.Franchisee被特许方 : A firm is allowed to operate in the name of another.82.GNP国民生产总值 : Gross national Product. The market value of goods and services produced by the property and labor owned by the residents of an economy. 83.GDP国内生产总值 : Gross Domestic Product. The market value of all goods and services produced within the geographic area of an economy.84.Per capita GDP人均国内生产总值 : It is calculated by dividing its total GDP by its population, which reveals the average income level of consumers.85.Income distribution收入分布 : The proportions of its rich, middle income and poor people.86.Free trade area自由贸易区 : The members remove barriers to trade among themselves while still adopts each own external policy87.Customs union关税同盟 : The members remove barriers to trade among themselves and adopt the same external policymon market共同市场 : The members remove barriers not only to trade but also to factors of production and adopt the same external policy.89.Economic Union (EU)经济同盟 : The members remove barriers not only to trade but also to factors of production, adopt the same external policy and harmonize their taxation, government expenditure, industry policies and use the same currency.90.Parent MNC headquarter跨国公司母公司，总部 is the original investing multinational corporation . It is also the international headquarters of the MNE .91.Home county母国 : The country where the headquarter of the investor is located.92.Host country东道国 : The host country is a foreign country where the investor operates.93.Absolute advantage绝对利益 : It holds that a commodity will be produced in the country where it costs least in terms of resources (capital, land and labor)parative advantage比较利益 : Even if a country is less efficient than another in the production of both commodities, there is still a basis for mutually beneficial trade.1..International trade国际贸易 : The exchange of goods and services produced in one country with those produced in another sufficient.2.Import duties进口关税 : Tariffs levied on goods entering an area3.Export duties出口关税 : Taxes levied on goods leaving an area4.Most-favored-nation (MFN) treatment最惠国待遇 : A tariff treatment under whicha country is required to extend to all signatories any tariff concessions granted to any participating country5.Inquiry / enquiry询盘、询价 : It is made by the buyers to get information about the goods to be ordered such as quantity, specifications, prices, time of shipment and other terms.6.Quotation报盘 : Estimate of how much something will cost7.Counter offer还盘: New offer made by the original offeree to the original offerer8.inflation : Rise in prices brought about by the excess demand, expansion of money supply, credit etc9.Barter易货贸易: The direct exchange of goods and services, which is completed ina short period of time.10.Counter purchase反向购买、互购贸易: The assumption by an exporter of a transferable obligation through separate but linked contract to accept as full or partial payment goods and services from the importer or importing country.11.Buyback回购贸易: An agreement by an exporter of plant and equipment to take back in the future part of the output produced by these goods as full or partial payment.12.Remittance 汇付: This method is always employed by the parties who are familiar with and trust each other13.Documentary draft跟单汇票: The draft is accompanied by the relevant documents.14.Documentary collection跟单托收: It is means of ensuring that the goods are only handed over to the buyer when the amount shown on a bill of exchange is paid or when the customer accepts the bill as a contract to pay by a specified date.15.Sight draft即期汇票: The draft calls for immediate payment on presentation to the drawee.ance draft远期汇票 Term draft = Tenor draft: The draft is payable at a later date on presentation to the drawee.17.Draft汇票:= Bill of exchange . It is an unconditional order to a bank or a customer to pay a sum of money to someone on demand or at a fixed time in the future.18.bill of exchange —汇票written order drawn by the beneficiary on the bank for the purpose of payment19.Applicant (Opener or Principal)申请人: The person who instructs his bank to issue an L/C. (the importer)20.applicant of an L/C :The importer that goes to a bank for the establishment of anL/C21.Opening bank (Issuing bank, Establishing bank)开证行: The bank that issues the credit.22.Opening bank: the bank that issues the letter of credit is called the opening bank .23.Beneficiary受益人 :The exporter in whose favor the credit is opened24.Correspondent band往来行、关系行 :The bank in the exporter’s country, which the opening bank sends the credit to it25.Advising bank通知行: The bank in the exporter’s country, which advises the exporter the L/C, is received.26.Confirming bank保兑行: The bank adds its confirmation to the credit.27.Paying bank付款行: The bank accepts or negotiates the bill of exchange.28.Negotiating bank议付行: The bank buys the exporter’s draft submitted to it undera credit.29.The documentary credit跟单信用证: The credits that require shipping documents to be presented together with the draft.30.Revocable credit可撤消信用证: The credits can be altered or even canceled without consulting with the beneficiary.31.Irrevocable credit不可撤消信用证 : The credit that can not be amended or revoked without the consent of al the parties concerned.32.Confirmed credit保兑信用证: The credit is confirmed by a bank other than the issuing bank33.Unconfirmed credit不保兑信用：The credit isn’t confirmed by another bank34.Sight credit即期信用证: The credit by which payment can be made upon presentation of the draftance credit (Term credit, Time credit)远期信用证: The credit by which payment cannot be made until a specific date or a specific time after the date of after sight.36.Transferable credit可转让信用证: The credit can be transferred by the original beneficiary to one or more parties.37.Non-transferable credit不可转让信用证: The credit can not be transferred.38.Non-draft credit无汇票信用证: The credit that payment of to be made by presentation of the documents without the formality of drawing and presenting a draft.39.Revolving credit循环信用证: The credit stipulated that its amount can be renewed or reinstated without specific amendment to the credit being made.mercial invoice商业发票: The document is the general description of the quality and quantity of the goods and the unit and total price.41.Legal holder合法持有人 is an owner of a property who is entitled to it by law42.Packing list装箱单: The documents gives information such as the number, date, name and description of the goods, shipping marks, packing, number of packages, specific contents of each package and its net with and gross weight etc.43.Straight bill of lading记名提单: It is made out so that only the named consignee is entitled to take delivery of the goods under the bill.mon carrier公共承运人: It is privately or publicly owned companies committed to performing a movement service of the same quality for all shippers on an equal basis and without discrimination.45.Contract carrier契约承运人: Individual contracts may be arranged between transportation users and carriers (the transportation company).46.Insured被保险人，保户: The person who transfer risk.47.Insurer承保人: The person or a company who assume risk (the insurance company, the underwriter).48.Cargo insurance货物保险: It is an activity aimed at moving the burden of risk from the shoulders of the exports and importers, and placing it upon the shoulders of specialist risk-bearing underwriters.49.Marine insurance海上保险: The insurance of ships and their cargoes.50.Insurance保险: It is a social device in which a group of individuals transfer risk and provides for payment of losses from funds contributed by all members who transferred risk.51.Direct quote / quotation（汇率）直接标价: A direct exchange rate is the price of a foreign currency in terms of the home currency. 1美元=6.8元外币为基准52.Indirect quote / quotation（汇率）间接标价: An indirect exchange rate is the price of home currency in terms of a foreign currency.53.Buying rate买入价: It refers to the rate by which a commercial bank buys a currency.54.Selling rate卖出价: It is the rate by which a bank sells a currency.55.Medial rate中间价 It is the average of the buying rate and the selling rate.56.SDR特别提款权: Special Drawing Right. It is sometimes called paper gold and used to settle official transaction at the IMF.57.Anti-dumping反倾销: to restrict the export expansion of other countries. plan : 商业计划future actions to be taken by a company, concerning products, production, market, investment, etc.59.collateral : property or an item of value acceptable as security for a loan or other obligation.担保物：被接受作为抵押或其他义务担保的财产60.stock exchange:证券交易市场a market where stocks and shares are bought and sold under fixed rules, but at prices determined by supply & demand.61.retail :零售the sale of goods or commodities in small quantities directly to consumers.62.tax deduction : an expense费用that a taxpayer is allowed to deduct from taxable income.63.policy :保单the printed legal document stating the terms of insurance contract that is issued to the policyholder投保人by company.64.public relations :公关PR, the activity of keeping good relationships between an organization and the people outside it.65.depression : a period of drastic decline in a national or international economy, characterized by decreasing biz activity, falling prices, and unemployment. 萧条，不景气：国家（或国际）经济不景气的一段时期，其特征是商业活动减少、价格下降、失业66.Trade deficit :贸易逆差imports minus exports of goods and services.67.trade surplus:贸易顺差exports minus imports of goods and services.68.Balance of trade 贸易支付差额the value of country’s exports minus the value of its imports.69.trade sanction : use of a trade policy as a sanction, most commonly an embargo禁运imposed against a country for violating human rights.70.trade reciprocity贸易互惠: the practice by which governments extend similar concessions 让步to each other, as when one gov’t lowers its t ariffs or other barriers impeding its imports in exchange for equivalent concession from a trading partner on barriers affecting its exports.71.venture capital : Money made available for investment in innovative enterprises or research, especially in high technology, in which both the risk of loss and the potential for profit may be considerable. Also called risk capital风险资本：投放在富革新精神的企业或研究的资金，尤指用于高科技，其中亏损的风险和赢利的潜力可能都会很大也作risk capital72.start-up: a biz or undertaking事业that has recently begun operation.73.balance sheet 资产负债表, 缩写B.S.: a financial statement that reports the assets and equities of a company at a particular time. 一个公司或机构在指定日期的资产、负债和所有者投资的列表说明74.re-capitalization资本额的调整the act or process of changing the capital structure of a company.75.stock market : a place where stocks, bonds, or other securities are bought and sold.76.cash flow : The cash receipts or net income from one or more assets for a given period, reckoned after taxes and other disbursements, and often used as a measure of corporate worth.现金流出量：在特定的一段时间内来自一项或数项财产，扣除税收和其它支付金额外所得的现金收入或净收入，常用来衡量公司的价值bor-intensive : requiring or having a large expenditure of labor in comparison to capital.78.market share : the proportion of total sales volumes of a certain market that a company captures.79.intellectual capital : assets or capital in the form of knowledge patent or technology, etc.80.publicly traded companies (PTC) : companies whose shares are traded in stock markets.81.emerging markets 新兴市场: markets which are newly formed or have just come into prominence.82.portfolio investment(有价)证券投资: investment in securities such as bonds and stocks with the aim to earn interest and dividends rather than participate in the management of companies.83.stock turnover: 库存[商品]周转率the number of times a particular stock of goods is sold and restocked during a given period of time.84.lead time订货至交货的时间：the period of time between the actual ordering of parts or equipment and the delivery of them.85.dealerships ：A franchise to sell specified items in a certain area.商品代理权：在某一区域内出售某特定商品的特许权86.economic recession : An extended decline in general business activity, typically three consecutive quarters of falling real gross national product.衰退：经济活动普遍而持续地衰败，尤指三个连续季度的社会总产品净值的下降87.depression : A period of drastic decline in a national or international economy, characterized by decreasing business activity, falling prices, and unemployment.88.liquidity squeeze流动性逃避: financial pressure caused by shortages of narrowing economic margins.89.reverse merger(借壳上市) ：it is a special kind of acquisition that enables a private company to get publicly-listed in a relatively short time period. a reverse merger occurs when a private company that has strong prospects and is eager to raise financing buys a publicly-listed shell company(空壳公司)。
(完整版)WTO术语中英对照
W T O 简明术语（中英文对照）Ad valorem tariff 从价税Anti-dumping duty反倾销税Appeal（争端解决）上诉ATC--Agreement on Textiles and Clothing《纺织品与服装协议》Bound level约束水平Compensation补偿Consensus协商一致Consultation磋商Countervailing duty反补贴税Customs valuation 海关估价DSB--Dispute Settlement Body争端解决机构Dumping倾销Export subsidy出口补贴GATS--General Agreement on Trade in Service《服务贸易总协定》GATT--General Agreement on Tariff and Trade《关税与贸易总协定》Government procurement政府采购Import licencing进口许可Import substitution进口替代Import surcharge 进口附加税Market access市场准入Market price support市场价格支持Material injury实质损害MFN--Most-favored-nation treatment最惠国待遇National treatment国民待遇Non-actionable subsidy（补贴协议）不可诉补贴NTMs--Non-tariff measures非关税措施Plurilateral agreement诸边协议Prohibited subsidy（补贴协议）被禁止的补贴Protocols议定书PSI--Preshipment inspection装运前检验Rules of origin原产地规则Safeguard Measures保障措施Schedule of concessions承诺减让表Specific tariff从量税SPS --Sanitary and phytosanitary measures动植物卫生检疫措施Subsidy补贴Tariff binding关税约束承诺Tariffication 关税化TBT--Technical barriers to trade技术性贸易壁垒TPRM--Trade Policy Review Mechanism贸易政策审议机制Transparency透明度TRIMs--Trade-related investment measures与贸易有关的投资设施TRIPS--Trade related intellectual property rights与贸易有关的知识产权TRQ--Tariff rate quotas/tariff quotas关税配额Waiver（WTO义务的）豁免WTO--World Trading Organization世界贸易组织Ad valorem Tariff 从价onTextiles and Clothing (ATC) 《纺织品与服装协议》Anti-dumping Duty 反倾销税Arbitration 仲裁Balance-of-payments（BOP）Provisions 国际收支条款Ceiling Bindings （关税）上限约束Conciliation 调解Compensation 补偿Consensus 协商一致Countervailing Duty 反补贴税Customs Valuation 海关估价de minimis 微量Export Subsidy 出口补贴GATT1994 《1994年关税与贸易总协定》General Agreement on Trade in Services（GATS）《服务贸易总协定》General Exceptions 一般例外Illustrative List 例示清单Import Licensing 进口许可Import Surcharge 进口附加税Infant Industry 幼稚产业Intellectual Property Rights（IPRs）知识产权Market Access 市场准入National Treatment 国民待遇Non-actionable Subsidy 不可诉补贴Non-tariffs Measures（NTMs）非关税措施。
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Government and Trade
New Words
⏹Frosty:
⏹ 1. You say that the weather is frosty when the temperature is below freezing
but it is not snowing.
⏹ 2. You describe the ground or an object as frosty when it is covered with frost.
⏹ E.g. I could feel the crisp frosty grass underfoot.
⏹ 3. You describe someone’s behavior as frosty when they are unfriendly or
disapproving.
⏹ E.g. The banker’s voice became frosty.
⏹
⏹Profile:
⏹ 1.Your profile is the outline of your face as it is seen when someone is looking
at you from the side.
⏹ E.g. I had a glimpse of her calm pale profile.
⏹ 2. A profile of someone is a short description of them, their life, and their
character in a newspaper or magazine or on television or radio.
⏹ 3. If you keep a low profile, you avoid doing things that make people notice
you.
⏹ E.g. Keep a low profile until you have had time to settle in.
⏹Burgeon:
⏹ 1. If something burgeons, it develops and grows rapidly.
⏹ E.g. The spring came and the leaves burgeoned.
⏹Burgeoning:
⏹ A burgeoning manufacturing industry
⏹Opt out:
⏹If you opt out, you choose to be no longer involved in something.
⏹ E.G. Today there is a growing tendency for people to opt out.
⏹He tried to opt out of political and economic decision-making.
⏹Opt-out n.
⏹
⏹Trade off:
⏹If you trade or trade off one thing for another thing, you exchange it for the
other thing.
⏹ E.g.
⏹Jane traded off a piece of her jewelry for food.
⏹We traded a job in New York City for the life of a cowboy.
⏹Envisage:
⏹If you envisage a situation or state of affairs, you imagines it as being true,
real, or likely to happen, especially in the future. E. g.
⏹The last forecast envisaged inflation falling to about 10 per cent.
⏹=envision
⏹
⏹Fickle:
⏹ 1. Some one who is fickle keeps changing their mind about what they like or
want: used showing disapproval.
⏹ E.g. She was extremely fickle.
⏹Fickleness n.
⏹ e.g. the fickleness of public taste
⏹ 2. If a wind or the weather is fickle, it changes often and suddenly.
⏹Incremental
⏹Something that is incremental increases in value, often by a regular amount.
⏹ E.g.
⏹Lecturer enjoy jobs security, steady incremental increase in salary, and
more or less regular working hours.
Background Introduction
Governments manipulate trade by restricting imports and encouraging exports:
1. Import Restriction:
⏹Tariffs & quantitative restriction
⏹Tariffs are taxes that are imposed upon imported goods upon their
entry into a country.
⏹Quantitative restriction seek to limit access to imports by making them
scarce, which, according to the laws of supply and demand, makes them more expensive. Most countries in the world apply quotas to the import of certain goods and services.
2. Encouraging exports:
⏹Export subsidies
⏹ A combination of tariffs, quotas, and subsidies can serve vital national
economic, and sometimes political objectives, but they can also impose costs, some of which are not always immediately apparent.
⏹GATT and WTO
⏹In the post World War II era the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, or
GATT, was an agreement that prompted regular negotiations among a growing body of members to reduce tariffs (import taxes) on imported goods on a reciprocal basis. During each of these regular negotiations, countries promised to reduce their tariffs on imports in exchange for concessions, or tariffs reductions, by other GATT members.
⏹When the most recent completed round was finished in 1994, the member
countries succeeded in extending the agreement to include liberalization promises in a much larger sphere of influence. Now countries would not only lower tariffs on goods trade, but would begin to liberalize agriculture and services market. They would eliminate the many quota systems that sprouted up in previous decades. And they would agree to adhere to certain minimum standards to protect intellectual property rights such as patents, trademarks and copyrights. The WTO was created to manage this system of new agreements, to provide a forum for regular discussion of trade matters and to implement a well-defined process for settling trade dispute that might arise among countries.。