一般现在时和一般过去时被动语态练习
现在和过去被动语态
一般现在时和一般过去时的被动语态一．一般现在时的被动语态结构： is /am/are +动词的过去分词1．Football （play） all over the world。
2．Many trees （plant） in North China every spring.3．Rice （grow） in South China.4．A camera （use） for taking photos5．I often （ask）to do this work.6. Which language _______the most widely_______（speak）in the world？7. The students _____ often _____(tell) to take care of their desks and chairs.8. What _______ knives ______ (make) of ?They_______________(make) of metal(金属) and wood.9. Some top students _____(send) to study in foreign countries once a year.10. The babies here _________(take) good care of every day.二．一般过去时的被动语态结构：was /were+动词的过去分词1.The house （build） in 1978.2. All the students _____________ (ask) to bring a kite with them last Sunday3. The car (clean) by Dad yesterday.4. I （tell）to wait for him just now.5. When the present （give）to him by his mother？6. Last year a large number of trees______________（cut）down．7. All the shoes __________(sell) out last week.8. He ____ _____ (tell) to return his books to the library yesterday. (黄冈市中考题）三．句型转换1. People use stamps for sending letters.（改为被动句）Stamps for sending letters by people.2. She invited many of her friends to come to her party.（改为被动句）3. Students used a radio to listen to music in the past.4. This kind of paper is made of wood.（就画线部分提问）this kind of paper of?5. This orphan（孤儿）is taken care of by an old lady?（改为一般疑问句）this orphan care of by an old lady?6.Is tea grown in South China？（改为主动语态）_______ people _________ tea in South China？7.My parents give me a birthday present every year.（改为被动语态）I a birthday present by every year．A birthday present _______ _______ _______ _______by my parentsevery year．8. Did they build a bridge here a year ago? (改为被动语态)__________ a bridge ____________ here by them a year ago?9. We call the game “Lianliankan”. (改为被动语态)The game _______ ________ “Lianliankan” by us.10. Another man-made satellite was sent up into space by them last week. (济南市中考题）（变为主动语态）____ ____ ____ another man-made satellite into space last week.四．单项选择()1.—Our classroom is so clean.—It every day.A.i s cleanedB. was cleanedC. cleansD. cleaned( )2. The People's Republic of China ___ on October 1, 1949.A. foundB. was foundedC. is foundedD. was found( )3. English ____ in Canada.A. speaksB. are spokenC. is speakingD. is spoken( )4. tea plants grown in Hangzhou?A.D oB. DidC. IsD. Are( )5. —Is it used for cutting things?—.A.Yes, it isB. No, it isC. Yes, it isn’tD. No, it used( )6. English is used travelers and business people all over the world.A.toB. forC. byD. as( )7. Annie to the party. She had a wonderful time with us.A.invitesB. is invitedC. was invitedD. has invited( )8. Desks are made wood.A.ofB. fromC. forD. in( )9. Bread is made wheat.A.intoB. ofC. fromD. for( )10. This kind of car ___ in Japan.A, makes B. made C. is making D. is made( )11. It was reported that nine Chinese people in a balloon crash(坠毁) in Egypt on February 26, 2013.A.are killedB. were killedC. will killD. have killed( )12. New computers ___ all over the world.A. is usedB. are usingC. are usedD. have used()13. This kind of apple ______ in Jinzhou.A.is grownB.growC.grewD.are grown( )14. In China the money ______ to children for good luck by theirparents or other senior in Spring FestivalA.givesB.is givenC.are givenD.give( )15. —At present, one of the best ways to study is working in groups.—More chances to students to learn from each other.A.offerB. are offeredC. have offeredD. are offering ( )16. Do you know when the first train in China?A.was producedB. producingC. producedD. is produced ( )17. Doctors ___ in every part of the world.A. needB. are needingC. are neededD. will need ( )18. I ___ five minutes to decide whether I should go or not.A. gaveB. was givingC. had givenD. was given( )19. --When ___ this kind of computers______? --Last year.A. did; useB. was; usedC. is; usedD. are; used ( )20. The Great Wall ____ all over the world.A. knowsB. knewC. is knownD. was known ( )21. Who _____ this book _____?A. did; writtenB. was; written byC. did; writtenD. was; written ( )22.A story _____ by Granny yesterday.A. was told usB. was told to usC. is told usD. told usHave you ever been ill? When you are ill，you must be unhappy because your body becomes hot，and there are pains all over your body. You don't want to work，you stay in bed，feeling very sad.What makes us ill? It is germs(细菌). Germs are everywhere. They are very small and you can't find them with your eyes，but you can see them with a microscope. They are very small and there could be hundreds of them on a very small thing.Germs are always found in dirty water. When we look at dirty water under the microscope，we shall see them in it. So your father and mother will not let you drink dirty water.Germs aren't found only in water. They are found in air and dust. If you cut your finger，if some of the dust from the floor goes into the cut(割开处)，some of the germs would go into your finger. Your finger would become big and red，and you will have much pain in it. Sometimes the germs would go into all of your body，and you would have pain everywhere.1. Which of the following is TRUE?A. If things are very small，they are germs.B. If things can't be seen，they must be germs.C. Germs are only in dirty water.D. Germs are everywhere around us.2. What is a microscope used for?A. Making very small things look much bigger.B. Making very big things look much smaller.C. Helping you read some newspapers.D. Helping you if you can't see things clearly.3. Why don't your parents let you drink dirty water?A. You haven't looked at it carefully.B. Water can't be drunk in this way.C. There must be lots of germs in it.D. Water will make you ill.4. Which of the following is NOT true?A. Germs can be found both in water and in the air.B. Germs can go into your finger if it is cut.C. If your temperature is not OK，there must be germs in your body.D. If your finger isn't cut，there aren't any germs on it.5. What's the main idea of the passage?A. Germs may make us ill.B. Germs are in dirty water.C. Don't drink dirty water.D. Take care of your fingers.。
被动语态专练(简单)78146
被动语态练习[各种时态的被动形式](1) 一般现在时：am, is, are + done(2) 一般过去时：was, were + done(3) 情态动词：can/could/may/must/should be +done*(4) 一般将来时：will be/be going to be + d one*(5) 进行时：am, is, are, was, were being + done*(6) 完成时：have/has been + done一、用read的被动语态填空。
1. A book ______________ by Tom every week2. A book ______________ by Tom last week.3. A book ______________ by Tom next week.4. A book ______________ by Tom for a week.5. A book ______________ by Tom while we were visiting him.6. A book might _________ by Tom.二、单项选择。
( )1. Our TV set _____ yesterday.A. is repairedB. was repairedC. has been repairedD. repaired( )2. A wonderful English talk _____ by Mr Liu tomorrow.A. has been givenB. is givenC. is being givenD. will be given( )3. Mr Li , you _____ on the phone.A. are wantedB. were wantedC. are being wantedD. will be wanted( )4. This maths problem _____ out by little Tom.A. can be easily workB. can easily be workedC. can is easily workedD. can easily worked ( )5. The monkeys ______ to the zoo tomorrow morning.A. may be sendB. may will sentC. may be sentD. is going to send( )6. The baby ____ when Mother was out.A. looked after wellB. was looked wellC. is well looked afterD. was well looked after( )7. In the past ten year, a lot of new buildings _____ in our city.. A. are put up B. have put up C. have been put D. have been put up( )8. People have come to know that their health must ______.A. pay more attentionB. pay more attention toC. be paid more attentionD. be paid more attention to( )9. The children ____ a beautiful picture by the teacher in the classroom.A. were shownB. were shown toC. was shownD. was shown to( )10. A beautiful picture ____ the children in the classroom.A. were shownB. were shown toC. was shownD. was shown to( )11. Mr Brown ____ take the medicine twice a day.( )12. The boys ____ copy the new words ten times before they went home.A. were madeB. were made toC. was madeD. was made to( )13. Mary ____ do morning exercises on the playground.A. saw toB. was saw toC. was seen toD. was seen( )14. A man ____ cry for help last night.A. was heard toB. was heardC. was hear toD. heard to( )15. Tom ____ watch TV after he finishes his homeworkA. will let toB. will be allowedC. will be letD. will be allowed to.( )16. Great changes ____ in the village since then.A . have been taken place B. took place C. have taken place D. were taken place( )17. In the last few years Beijing ____ greatly.A. has changedB. has been changedC. changedD. was changed( )18. He ____ much better today.A. is feltB. feltC. is being feltD. feels( )19. Vegetables, eggs and meat ____ in this shop.A. sellsB. soldC. is soldD. are sold( )20. What kind of books ____ well?A. sellsB. soldC. is soldD. are sold三、将下列句子变成被动语态将主动语态中的宾语变成被动语态的主语将谓语部分变成被动形式(注意人称和数要做相应变化，时态不变) 将主动语态中的主语变成被动语态的宾语（前面加by）1. Mother gave me a new desk as a present.2. I made my little brother a model ship last week.3. Ann must finish her homework first.4. He often passes me my pen.5. Did he buy you the book you wanted?6. I saw him go into the classroom.7. Who often takes care of the old granny?8. You could give him a ticket to a ball game.9. We must keep our classroom clean.10. You should water the flowers every day.11. They may invite him to the party.12. The teacher will ask you some questions.13. Bill looks after a cat carefully.14. She left some money on the table.15. I have learned 500 English words for two years.四、用所给动词的正确形式填空。
一般现在时和一般过去时的被动语态
5. Last year we built a library in our
school. A library __w__a_s__ __b_u_i_lt__ in our school last year.
7. Did you plant many trees at this time last year?
__W__er_e__ __m_a_n_y_ __t_r_e_e_s_ _p_l_a_n_t_ed_ at this time last time?
9. The foreign friends gave us some wonderful stamps. 1) __w_e____ __w_e_r_e_ __g_i_v_e_n_ some wonderful stamps.
复习
1. 一般现在时的被动语态构成： is / am / are + 及物动词的过分
词
练习
They do their homework after school.
He plays basketball every week.
My mother sweeps the floor every day.
invent
Thomas Edison invented the light. The light was invented by Thomas Edison .
练习
1.They had an evening party last week.
2，The students planted many trees yesterday
2) Some wonderful stamps __w__e_re__ __g_iv_e_n___ _t_o_____ _u_s_____.
被动语态总结及习题
习 题：主动被动转换
We should allow teenagers to watch TV on Sunday. Teenagers should be allowed to watch TV on Sunday( by us). People may catch fish in the river. Fish may be caught in the river (by people). I can finish the work. Should many more trees be planted by us? Many more trees should be planted by us. The work can be finished by me.
版 come true 实现 break out 爆发 run out 用光，耗尽
课堂练习
1. Look. The ground _i_s_c_o_v_e_r_e_d__（ cover） with white snow. 2. The park is often_c_l_e_a_n_e_d_（ clean） by many volunteers. 3. We_a_r_e_a_s_k_e_d__（ask） to hand in our homework on time
This pen _____smoothly.
A.writes B.write C.is written D.was written
句意为“这支钢笔写起来很流畅”。 write 的主动形式表示被动意义。
注意：（四）无被动
一．不及物动词（rise，happen...） 二．系动词（seem，get，turn，六变化，五感官，三保持） 三．部分短语：take place 发生，break down 损坏，come out 开花，出
一般现在时和一般过去时被动语态练习
一般现在时和一般过去时练习经典题请低调收藏2015.6.7一、将下列句子改为被动结构：1.Xu anqing bought a color TV set .______________________________________________________________2.Chen xiang mended his watch last night .________________________________________________________3.Mother made a big cake for us yesterday .________________________________________________________4.They painted the table green last week .__________________________________________________________5.They found some money lying on the floor .______________________________________________________6.She showed me her new skirt . _________________________________________________________________7.His mother made him do his homework carefully ._________________________________________________8. My uncle used up all of his money. _____________________________________________________________9. He told me to wait for him at the school gate._____________________________________________________10. John didn’t answer all the phones. ____________________________________________________________11. He didn’t see me in the street yesterday. ________________________________________________________12. Did Mike break the glass ___________________________________________________________________二、用正确的时态和语态填空1. It is a fine day. The sun _________________shine brightly.2. The students _______ often __________tell to take care of their desks and chairs.3. Mr Brown _________________live in Beijing since he came to China.4. The Smiths _________________ watch TV at this time last night.5. The teacher said that the moon __________go round the earth.6. Apples _________________grow in this farm.7. Russian _____________ learnas the second language by some students in China.8. The Young Pioneers will go to the zoo if it ______________not rain this Sunday.9. Listen They _______________talk about the new film.10. My mobile phone _______________steal on a bus last week.11. The Greens _________________watch TV now.12. He said that he ___________________ring me up when he got there.13. We _________________learn English for about three years.14. The red skirt _____________cost the girl forty yuan.15. You _______________can catch the early bus if you get up early.16. I’ll go home as soon as I ______________finish my homework.17. The cinema _______________ bulid in 1985.18. Most science books are _________________write in English.三、按要求改写下列句子1.Is tea grown in South China改为主动语态_______ people _________ tea in South China2.I am given a present by my parents every year．同义句转换A present __________ _________ __________ __________by my parents every year练习．3. People use metal for making machines. 改为被动语态Metal __________ ___________ __________making machines.4. He asked me do that for him. 改为被动语态I _________ __________ __________ _________ that for him.5. Did they construct reconnect here a year ago 改为被动语态__________ a reconnect ____________ here by them a year ago6. We call the game “Lianliankan”. 改为被动语态The game __________ ___________ “Lianliankan” by us.。
一般现在时和一般过去时的被动语态仿写句子
一般现在时和一般过去时的被动语态仿写句子一般现在时，为表示人或物已经离开自己的时间而采用的主动语态。
当主语不存在时，被动语态是一般现在时，表示所处时期。
如：这是一种非常熟悉的语言形态。
当主语不存在时，被动语态指由于客观原因而暂时失去语言意义的状态。
如：在这次期末考试中，学校的教学改革活动取得了显著成效。
对大多数学生来说，既重视老师讲得精讲课细，也重视同学们在课堂上积极主动地参与知识和技能的训练。
而对于学习英语来说尤其如此。
1.这个星期天是星期五。
这周我要去学习，他不在。
你不知道吗？他现在去了大学，我得带他去参加体育活动。
如果你想参加体育运动，你必须坚持在星期六下午6点之前到达学校。
不能提前到达学校，因为，由于交通原因，不能提前到达学校。
我在周一下午4点15分以前到达学校。
所以，没有任何准备。
】从上午9点到下午5点这段时间里，同学们都在努力学习。
他们在课堂上积极主动地参与知识和技能练习以提高自己、完善自己并迎接挑战。
学习态度十分认真。
2.今天你必须要参加一个小型英语学习小组。
我想你肯定想在这个小组里学习英语。
你们是一个小组，你们有许多共同的话题，比如你在学校里应该如何运用英语进行交流等。
当主语不存在时，一般过去时动词采用的是主动语态。
如：我必须要参加一个小型英语学习小组。
你应该非常了解自己的情况。
我每天都要坚持练习，把我从初中以来学到的知识应用到我的生活中去。
如：通过每天坚持练习英语，你在高中学习英语时将会学到很多东西。
只要你坚持每天进行练习就一定能提高自身各方面素质。
3.这是我们新学期第一次，在这样一个紧张的学期里，我要认真地学习，认真地对待。
我要认真地做好，认真地对待每一件事。
这次考试一定会考得很好，所以我要拿出最好的成绩，报答老师。
当人们都为一道题争论不休时，为什么我也要去？因为我是一名英语教师，所以我要尽最大努力向我的学生传授好的教师技能和教学经验。
我要努力做到最好。
我非常欣赏教师，因为我很敬佩他为学生服务的精神。
人教版九年级全册被动语态练习(含解析)
专题一语态被动语态考向高频考点考向1 一般现在时的被动语态考向2 一般过去时的被动语态考向3 一般将来时的被动语态被动语态各时态构成：一般现在时am / is /are+ done一般将来时will be / be going to be + done一般过去时was / were+done现在完成时have /has been+ done过去完成时had been+ done高分必刷一、单项选择1.（2023·湖北十堰·统考三模）—When shall we go and play basketball—Not until the work ________ tomorrow.A．is finished B．have finished C．will be finished D．will finish 2.（2023·福建泉州·统考二模）Nowadays, because of the program China in the Classics《典籍里的中国》on CCTV, more and more young people _______ reading the classic works in public places. A．will see B．were seen C．are seen3.（2023·河北衡水·统考二模）Every day, too much water . I thinkeveryone should take action to save it.A．wastes B．is wasted C．wasted D．was wasted4.（2023·辽宁盘锦·校联考三模）The Ministry of Education（教育部）announces that mobile phones ________ to take into school in China now because they are bad for the students.A．haven’t allowed B．are allowed C．aren’t allowed D．allow 5.（2023·四川成都·成都市树德实验中学校考二模）To response the labor education, different kinds of vegetables ________ by students every year at school.A．were planted B．have been planted C．are planted6.（2023·江苏徐州·校考二模）—Are you going to watch the coming show in Wanda Plaza—Sure. I will go there this Saturday unless the show ________. A．will be cancelled B．is cancelled C．will cancel D．cancels7.（2023·黑龙江哈尔滨·哈尔滨风华中学校考三模）—Your address ________ just now. Would you please say it again—No problem. It’s No 15, the Main Avenue.A．isn’t writing down B．hasn’t put down C．wasn’t taken down 8.（2023·湖南湘西·统考二模）The two sessions (两会) ________ in Beijing in March this year.A．hold B．held C．were held9.（2023·辽宁抚顺·统考三模）I didn’t answer when I _________ to dealwith the problem.A．was asking B．asked C．am asked D．was asked10.（2023·河北唐山·统考二模）A lot of flowers ________ in the park last year.A．plant B．are planted C．planted D．were planted11.（2023·重庆九龙坡·重庆实验外国语学校校考三模）Many interesting activities __________ during the Foreign Language Festival last month.A．were held B．hold C．are holding D．will be held12.（2023·河北衡水·校联考二模）Li Lei ________ to give a talk about how to learn English well. It was helpful for us.A．asks B．is asked C．asked D．was asked13.（2023·江苏镇江·统考一模）From 17 to 25 June 2023, the Special Olympics World Games ________ in Berlin.A．will hold B．will be held C．was held D．held14.（2023·湖北孝感·统考三模）A talk on how to learn English ________ in the school hall. I’m looking forward to it.A．gave B．has given C．is given D．will be given15.（2023·重庆沙坪坝·重庆八中校考三模）A new sports center________ in our community next year.A．builds B．will build C．was built D．will be built16.（2023·江西吉安·统考一模）The government is building a schoolin my village. I hope it _______ before August.A．Finished B．will finish C．is finished D．will be finished17.（2023·福建福州·福建省福州杨桥中学校考三模）—I’m afraid thatI can’t finish the task on time.—Don’t worry. You ________ three more days.A．will give B．will be given C．has given18.（2023·福建三明·统考三模）It has been more than 60 years since the death of Lei Feng, but the “Lei Feng spirit” is still alive. The hero ________ forever.A．Remembered B．was remembered C．will be remembered 19.（2023·四川泸州·统考一模）We should ________ make our own decisions.A．allow B．be allowed C．allow to D．be allowed to20.（2023·江西吉安·统考一模）—Road safety is very important to teenagers.—Yes. I think more rules about it ________ in the future.A．have made B．should be made C．are made D．were made 21.（2023·江西上饶·校联考一模）—Mom, could I take out the rubbish—Sure. But it ________ into different kinds for recycling first. A．separates B．separated C．was separated D．should be separated 22.（2023·四川达州·统考二模）I don’t know when the sports meeting________. When it ________, I will watch the players all the time. A．is held; takes place B．will take place; is held C．will be held; will take place23.（2023·安徽滁州·统考二模）—What do you think of the graduation ceremony（典礼）—Oh, excellent, it’s worth ________ forever.A．to remember B．be remembered C．remembering D．remembered24.（2023·江苏镇江·统考二模）This English book, together with its listening material, ________ well.A．sells B．is sold C．sell D．are sold25.（2023·辽宁营口·统考二模）There are so many places of interest in our country that are worth ______.A．visit B．visiting C．to visit D．to be visited参考答案：1．A【详解】句意：——我们将什么时候去打篮球？——直到明天工作被完成。
一般现在、一般过去时被动语态基础练习
一般现在时被动语态专练（一）结构式：a.肯定句：主语+ am / is / are +动词的过去分词+(by+人代宾格)+其他eg .English is studied (by us ) every day.b.否定句：：主语+ am / is / are + not +动词的过去分词+(by+人代宾格)+其他eg. English is not studied (by us) every day.c.疑问句：Is English studied (by us) every day?d.特殊疑问句：What/Where/When+ am / is / are +主语+动词的过去分词+其他?一．把主动语态变成被动语态。
1.He cleans the room every Sunday.2.Farmers grow rice in the south.3.People in England speak English.4.We play football on the playground every afternoon.5.Do you often watch TV at home in the evening?6.She doesn’t finish her homework.7.They don’t read that book.8.Where do they watch the basketball match every week?9.What does Tom study?10.When do you listen to music?二．把被动语态变成主动语态。
1.Keys are used for locking. (we)2.Football is played. (the students)3.Desks are made of wood. (workers)4.Chinese isn’t had in the classroom. (the teacher)5.Is this book read every day? (we)6.Where are bikes made? (they)7.What is done? (Lucy)8.Are the pens made in the factory? (you )9.Engli sh isn’t spoken by people in China.10.We are given some money. (they)一般过去时被动语态专练（二）结构式：a.肯定句：主语+ was /were+动词的过去分词+(by+人代宾格)+其他eg .English was studied (by us ) yesterday.b.否定句：主语+ was /were+ not +动词的过去分词+(by+人代宾格)+其他eg. English was not studied (by us) yesterday.c.疑问句：Was English studied (by us) yesterday?d.特殊疑问句：What/Where/When +was /were +主语+动词的过去分词+其他? 一．把主动语态变成被动语态1.We built this library last year.2.I watched TV yesterday evening.3.He passed me a book.4.She heard me sing in the next room.5.They didn’t finish their homework yesterday.6.Did you play football on the playground yesterday?7.Where did you fly a kite?8.When did they read this book?9.What did you use it for?10.He asked me not to go there.二．被动语态变成主动语态。
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一般现在时/一般过去时/一般将来时/过去将来时/情态动词被动语态练习
一、将下列句子改为被动结构：
1.My cousin bought a color TV set .______________________________________________________________
2.My brother mended his watch last night . ________________________________________________________
3.Mother made a big cake for us yesterday .________________________________________________________
4.They painted the table green last week .__________________________________________________________
5.They found some money lying on the floor .______________________________________________________
6.She showed me her new skirt . _________________________________________________________________
7.His mother made him do his homework carefully ._________________________________________________
8. My uncle used up all of his money. _____________________________________________________________
9. He told me to wait for him at the school gate._____________________________________________________
10. John didn’t answer all the phones. ____________________________________________________________
11. He didn’t see me in the street yesterday. ________________________________________________________
12. Did Mike break the glass? ___________________________________________________________________
13.We will visit Chenqiaoyi on May Day.
14. The boy is buying some books in the bookstore.
15. The Smiths were watchingTV at this time last night.
16. The teacher said that the moon goes round the earth.
17. People grow apple trees in this farm.
18. Some students learn Russian as the second language in China.
19. The Young Pioneers will play football this Sunday.
20. Listen! They are talking about the new film.
21. My mobile phone _______________(steal) on a bus last week.
22. The Greens _________________(watch) TV now.
23. He said that he would ring me up when he got there.
24. We will learn English next year.
25. The red skirt cost the girl forty yuan.
26. You can catch the early bus if you get up early.
27. I’ll go home as soon as I ______________(finish) my homework.
28. The cinema _______________ (bulid) in 1985.
29. Most science books are _________________(write) in English.
三、按要求改写下列句子
30.Is tea grown in South China？（改为主动语态）.People _________ tea in South China
31.I am given a present by my parents every year．（同义句转换）
A present __________ _________ __________ __________by my parents every year．
32. People use metal for making machines. (改为被动语态)
Metal __________ ___________ __________making machines.
33. He asked me do that for him. (改为被动语态)
I _________ __________ __________ _________ that for him.
34. Did they help the old man a year ago? (改为被动语态)
__________ the old man _____ _______ here by them a year ago?
35. We call the game “Lianliankan”. (改为被动语态)
The game __________ ___________ “Lianliankan” by us.
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Nur für den persönlichen für Studien, Forschung, zu kommerziellen Zwecken verwendet werden.
Pour l 'étude et la recherche uniquement à des fins personnelles; pas à des fins commerciales.
толькодля людей, которые используются для обучения, исследований и не должны использоваться в коммерческих целях.
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For personal use only in study and research; not for commercial use.
Nur für den persönlichen für Studien, Forschung, zu kommerziellen Zwecken verwendet werden.
Pour l 'étude et la recherche uniquement à des fins personnelles; pas à des fins commerciales.
толькодля людей, которые используются для обучения, исследований и не должны использоваться в коммерческих целях.
以下无正文。